Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Estates
• First Estate: Clergy
The clergy consisted of about 100 000 people, or 0.5% of the population of France.
They owned 10% of the land in France.
o The Lower Clergy (94 000 people):
The priests of the country that did parish work. They were responsible
for collecting the tithe.
o The Higher Clergy (6000 people):
They comprised of nobles that lived at Versailles and basically did
nothing. They earned all the money that was collected from the tithe
and weren’t very religious.
o Every 10 years the clergy would give a gift to the king by using 5% of the
tithe. The roles of the church included: parish work, maintaining the church
and education.
o Bourgeoisie
To be a member of the bourgeoisie one might be a very wealthy
financier or a shopkeeper, artisan, lawyer or bureaucrat. Many among
the bourgeoisie aspired to be nobility and some bought positions such
as membership in the parlements that conferred noble status to the
family. Enterprising businessmen desirous of joining the nobility
invested in land and bought offices that carried a title, using their
money to advance their social position rather than to expand their
business.
They were implicated in finances, commerce and the professional
world (law, medicine etc). Between 1730 and 1770 they prospered
through commerce and mercantilism. They were owners of slaves of
which they sold and were used to maintain their plantations of sugars
and tropical fruits. They were so rich that they used to lend the king
money, however, they had no power. Their anger came from the fact
that they couldn’t accept their predicament and deemed it unjust to
pay all their taxes. Since their idols were the philosophers of the
enlightenment, they started to criticize the monarchy and this then led
to a rebellion.
o Workers
650 000 people in Paris who were afraid of bread shortages. There
were many riots in 1788 due to that cause. They lost trust in the king
because he would buy all the bread and flour and then sell the bread
when the prices increased. These people were extremely volatile
during the revolution and formed many riots and barricades.
o Peasants
They were composed of at least 86% of the population. They paid a lot
of taxes but were still supportive of the monarchy and the church. It
was only during isolated instances such as the Great Fear that they
really played a role during the revolution. They were also involved in
the army.
They worked on the lands of nobles, and were basically treated as
slaves. They were anti-Versailles and pro-king. They were very
attached to their king, seeing him as the intermediate between the
people and God. However, they were not pleased with the expense of
Versailles. They were basically the source of revenue with their many
taxes: la gabelle (salt tax), wine taxes, leather taxes. The tithe (la
dîme) is paid to the church in which they pay 10% of what they make
within a year. Also, they gave a percentage of their harvest to the
seigneurs which falls under the rights outlined in the feudal system.
Last of all they had obligations to the state, such as military services
or the royal corvées (chores) in which they constructed roads, etc.
Financial Crisis
• ¼ of the revenues- army
• ½ of the revenues- national debt
• Financing the American War of Independence of 1776
• The extravagances of Marie Antoinette
• Harvest failure of 1788
• Maintenance of Versailles
Necker
• Fired in 1781
• Hired in 1788 because of the financial crisis
• Reform Possibilities Suggested by Necker:
o Tax the nobles
o Eliminate tariffs
o Expropriate religious lands
o Have provincial assemblies with reps from all estates
• Nobles said they wanted to consult the Estates Generals.
• Fired on July 11, 1789, which enraged the Paris mob and was the triggering effect
• Hired again on July 16, 1789
Abbé Sièyes
1. Qu’est-ce que le Tiers-Etats? Tout.
2. Qu’a-t-il été jusqu’à present dans l’ordre politique? Rien.
3. Que demande-t-il? A y devenir quelque choses.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen [August 26, 1789]:
• Blueprints of the constitution
• “It asserted political and social equality of all men, the sovereignty of the people, and
the natural right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to opposition,”
• “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, became the motto for the future.”
• The king refused to sign the declaration until after the March to Versailles on Oct. 5.
• Articles:
o Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be
founded only upon the general good.
o The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and
imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and
resistance to oppression.
o All persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty.
o The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of
the rights of man.
o A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces
and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among
all the citizens in proportion to their means.
o Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived
thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand
it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and
equitably indemnified.
Clubs
• Girondins [Brissotins]:
o In power from Sept. 1792 - June1793
o Wanted a strict application of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
o Believed in federalism
o Were in favour of war against Austria which didn’t work out too well
The Commune
• They were the revolutionary government of Paris who were led by Hébert. They were
more concerned of the short term issues such as bread shortages. Hot heads, workers.
• The Girondins persuaded Louis XVI that France could win a war against Austria. Hence,
on April 21, 1792, the French government declared war on Austria. As Prussia was
allied with Austria, France found itself fighting a war against two countries. The first
foray into the war was in the Austrian Netherlands where the French were not only
defeated but routed. The French army had been emasculated by the loss of its officer
corps. The only factor that prevented a swift defeat overall was that Russia was busy
in eastern Poland. Russia, Austria and Prussia and had begun the partition of Poland in
1772 and neither Austria nor Prussia was willing to allow Russia a free hand in this
second attempt at partition. As a result, the war with France was a secondary matter
and Paris escaped occupation.
• Paris seethed with discontent throughout the summer of 1792. Hungry, distrustful of
government, and discouraged by failures in the war, Parisians grew increasingly
restless. On Aug. 10, 1792, they turned against the king. The mob stormed the
Tuileries where the royal family was being held. Killing some of the Swiss Guard, they
seized the king and the royal family. They set up a revolutionary municipal
government in Paris. They demanded a new constitution and a convention to replace
the Legislative Assembly. They wanted all male citizens to cast a vote for the electors
who would choose the new government. These elections would no longer have to meet
property qualifications and hence the doors would be opened to the lower levels of the
bourgeoisie.
September Massacres [1792]:
• In the fall of 1792, hysteria, uncertainty and fear gripped the city. Rumours circulated
that 3000 prisoners held in Paris prisons were planning to stage an uprising. News that
Verdun was threatened by the Prussian army was the spark that began what was
called the “September Massacres.” An angry mob stormed the prisons and over the
next five days about 1100 prisoners were killed. The mob justified their actions by
maintaining that they were preserving the republic. This action was only a prelude to
the Reign of Terror that was unleashed the following year.
Constitution of 1793:
• Revolutionary laws were put in place and suppressed the articles promised in the
Declaration. These laws were put in place to “save the revolution” and to stop the
return of the ancien régime at all costs.
• Levée en Masse:
Very similar to conscription in that everyone had to help out with the
war effort. Bachelors, aged 18-25, had to serve in the army; married
men made weapons; women made tents and became nurses; the
elderly taught the young children to hate tyrants through
indoctrination; and the children picked up rags around the city to make
clothes.
• Loi sur les Suspects:
This law was put in place to keep order within society by stopping
those who were suspected to be a counter-revolutionary or a federalist
(sharing of power between the king and the Convention). In Paris,
250 000 people were killed and in the country, 40 000.
• Law of the Maximum:
This law was put in place to keep order within the economy and to
stabilize the fixation of prices and goods.
Execution of Marie-Antoinette [Oct. 16, 1793]