Name___________________________________________ Date ___________ Section#___________ AP Government Some Review Items for the Final Fall 2011 Aristotle, on men

and societies The best political community is, according to Aristotle, Demagogues Rampant democracies; Middle constitutional governments; Oligarchies; Madison and factions Madison and a republican solution Aristotle and moderate democracies tyranny of the majority relationship between trust government and political efficacy Definition of Citizenship Politics Autocracy Plutocracy Pluralism federal immigration policy Trends in American racial identification Plessey v. Furgeson Brown v. Board of Education Liberty to Americans Value conflicts in American political culture popular sovereignty elements that have transformed constitutional governments totalitarian authoritarian allocation of values Political culture laissez-faire economics value trade-offs Security and liberty Politics and complex societies The bourgeoisie and the development of modern democracies prudential decisions

Be able to interpret this diagram

Dual federalism Gibbons v. Ogden was : delegated powers implied powers inherent powers concurrent powers Powers given to the states under the constitution are called: reserved; special; concurrent; delegated

American Dual Federalism is compared to a certain kind of cake in your text. Which kind? Layer cake; Fudge cake; Angel food cake Fruit cake Which of the following is an example of the constitutional requirement that states grant full faith and credit to one another? California banning fresh produce coming in from Nevada New York recognizing a Maine birth certificate as proof of age Illinois returning a fugitive from South Carolina Texas allowing a New Mexican to open a business in Dallas Either B or C The Tenth Amendment states that powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states are reserved to: the states the states or the people local government the national government The power to license doctors is an example of a ____________ power concurrent denied delegated reserved The full privileges and immunities clause is the basis for the fact that a contract in Texas must be honored in Maine Promises that a small business man moving to New York must be given the same tax breaks and protections as a native New York businessman Defines who has a right to vote in national elections Only A and C _____________ tell the states what they must do, often without Federal financial assistance. revenue sharing; unfunded mandates grants in aid bloc grants revenue sharing; In terms of federal-state relations, federal laws take priority over state laws. This is the result of : full faith clause privileges and immunities supremacy clause categorical clause. A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) ________ power. Assigned power general power enumerated power

implied

Which of the following describes the constitutionally permitted relationship between the states? No state may ever enter into a contract or agreement with another state. No state shall enter into a contract or agreement with another state without the approval of Congress. States may have treaties with other states or with Indian reservations with the approval of Congress. The Senate controls all interstate relationships. A kind of bribe or a carrot that Congress gives in the form of money to state and local governments with the condition that the money will be spent for a particular purpose as designed by Congress is called a grant-in-aid. funded mandate. reapportionment. line-item appropriation. One consequence of federalism is that when a president wishes to influence a governor he can simply order the governor to comply with his policy wishes often has to rely on a combination of financial incentives via grants and simple persuasion; can depend on the Supreme Court and its recent interpretations of the Commerce Clause he can depend on the supremacy clause In the case of a national drunk driving law, it was the ________ method that got state compliance: carrot stick Patronage Trade-off Which of the following is NOT a valid argument for returning more power and responsibilities to the states State governments can best respond to local needs and conditions state governments are physically closer to the people Different states can experiment with alternative policies to the benefit of the whole union states traditionally have done a better job of protecting racial and cultural minorities. Under the Devolution program set in place by the Republican Revolution of 1994 Congress : sends power from the Federal government back to the states takes more power from the states and concentrates it in the Federal government reverts to the pattern of Federalism called Cooperative federalism only A and C Preemption refers to: The decision by the Federal government to regulate in an area it had previously left to the states The tendency of the State governments to take over regulations from the Federal government The practice of downsizing Federal programs in favor of upsizing state programs The practice of emphasizing co-operative federalism over dual federalism.

II. Matching

For example , the suspension of habeas corpus. Efforts to redistribute power in the federal system by consciously sending program controls back to the states. Name given to federalism from the New Deal to about the Nixon administration. For example, the power to coin money. Symbolized by 2 interacting gears.. Trade between the states One of the important motivations for regulated federalism For example, Social Security... Congress cant use the commerce clause to prosecute wife abuses Funds distributed on the basis of some mathematical rule, for example, how many students a state has on reduced lunch programs... For example, demanding that the states install access ramps for all public buildings, but not providing any funds to pay for it. For example, removing state regulation of coal power plants emissions and replacing it with Federal regulations. Congress cant use the commerce clause to regulate gun possession around schools and churches. The Courts cases in support of New Federalism involves what some scholars call ____________ Federalism. cooperative federalism concurrent denied Alabama syndrome unfunded mandate =AB= New Federalism =AC= devolution =AD= Lopez =AE= delegated =BC= dual federalism =BD= formula =BE= preemption =CD= Redistributive programs = CE = Antifederalist =DE= intrastate commerce =ABC= interstate commerce = ABD= Morris =ABE= State Rights =BCD= Individual Rights Which of these are constructional provisions/articles used by the courts to restrict federal power over the states since 1980? Takings clause sovereign immunity th 10 Amendment th 11 Amendment

I,ii,iii,iv, I,iii,iv Ii,iii,iv Ii,iv

III. Mini-Matching: Interstate commerce includes services as well as goods. States must abide by the Family Leave Act they cannot engage in gender discrimination States can discriminate in the employment of the elderly States can violate the Federal overtime payment laws. States cant tax the Bank of the US. The power to tax is the power to destroy. Marbury v. Madison Gibbons v. Ogden McCollough v Maryland Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000) Alden v. Maine (1999) =AB= Nevada v. Holmes (2003)

Which of the following are potentially valid comments about devolution? Devolution In theory brings control of bureaucracies closer to the average citizen In theory allows for greater efficiencies doing more with less In practice , runs into the problem that average citizens are not likely to show up at accountability hearings All of these The growth of programs like Social Security, unemployment insurance, nutrition programs for children and pregnant women are all part of: American Socialism Welfare statism Compassionate Conservativism Pragmatic Liberalism Which of these are expressed powers? Levying and collecting taxes Borrowing money Raising an army All of these Only A and B.

The traditional system of federalism is also called: Dual Federalism Co-operative Federalism New Federalism Regulated Federalism Under New Federalism, the Federal government:

Places mandates on the states and expects them to legislate and administer programs to meet the mandates Provides resources and devolved power to the states and lets them create local programs to satisfy the program requirements Works to create totally separate spheres of operation for the Federal and State governments. Uses mostly stick enforcement techniques to get state compliance. Which of the following explains why Federalism was adopted and has worked in the US? As a recognition of the Historical status of state and local governments in the Colonies As a protection from overly powerful centralized government It allows for local cultural diversity which is important in light of our multicultural population All of these Only A and B. Your text justifies federalism because of the Founders beliefs that governmental power poses a threat to individual liberty the exercise of governmental power must be restrained dividing governmental power, as federalism does, is to curb it and so prevent its abuse all of these only A and B ____________is a system of government in which a written constitution divides the powers of government on a territorial basis between a central, or national, government and several regional governments, usually called states or provinces. Federalism Socialism Confedederalism Unitarianism Under the Lopez decision of 1995, the Supreme Court seems to be Signaling a new expansion of federal power at the expense of the states the contraction of federal powers over the states under the 14th amendment the contraction of federal powers over the states using the Commerce Clause both B and C The greatest share of laws that touch the daily life of the average citizen are: state laws federal laws city ordinances international treaty laws Which of the following are true under American Federalism? States cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government The federal laws are not automatically superior to conflicting state laws The federal government has the power to regulate intrastate commerce only A and C

Under the Devolution program set in place by the Republican Revolution of 1994 Congress : sends power from the Federal government back to the states takes more power from the states and concentrates it in the Federal government reverts to the pattern of Federalism called Cooperative federalism only A and C

The concept of separate but related sovereignty for states and the national government is called: checks and balances separation of powers federalism confederalism Read the following excerpt from a United States Supreme Court decision: We are unanimously of opinion , that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void...This is a tax on the operation of an instrument employed by the government of the Union to carry its powers into execution. Such a tax must be unconstitutional This decision of the Supreme Court in this case upheld the principle that the federal government and the state government are equal Congress has only those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution Congress has the power to make laws to carry out its constitutional duties taxation without representation is unconstitutional the federal government alone may levy taxes The "full faith and credit" and the "privileges and immunities" clauses of Article IV of the Constitution both are concerned with relations between the federal government and the state governments relations between states of the union control of criminal activity slavery and its spread What is the significance to federalism of the consolidation of categoric grants_in_aid into block grants? They give the federal government more power over states; They give the federal government more power over local governments; They restore power to the states and localities; They have created a third level of federalism.

Studies show that people are more likely to participate in politics when they are paid to do so. someone asks them to get involved. government officials officially invite input and feedback. they are able to participate electronically through e-mail and computer voting. Studies have discovered __________ to be the key element of successful mobilization efforts. personal contact direct mailings extensive use of phone banks advertising in local media Which of the following have political parties been doing less of in recent years? fund-raising advertising mobilizing voters nominating candidates

Checkbook democracy arises when there is a decline in political participation. fund-raising becomes the most important task for political organizations. participation levels take on an unequal economic bias. all of the above occur. The Supreme Court has ruled that excessive campaign contributions must be strongly regulated by Congress since the electoral process may be in danger of becoming corrupted. has ruled that campaign contributions are a form of free speech. has ruled that it is illegal for candidates to spend more than $10,000 of their own money to run for office. has made no comment pertaining to the issue of campaign contributions.
Which of the following is an institutional barrier to voting? the Electoral College system The Motor Voter Act th The 14 Amendment The political party system Voter fraud, the target of new voter id laws Is quite widespread, especially in minority communities Is so minuscule as to be almost non-existent Is a growing problem which needs to be addressed before it gets out of hand Was a problem in the 60s but not any longer. Under the Citizens United ruling of 2010, While corporations or unions may not give money directly to campaigns, they may seek to persuade the voting public through other means, including ads political campaign communication which expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with or at the request or suggestion of a candidate, candidates authorized committee or a political party, cannot be limited Super PACs do not have to reveal the names of those who pay for their ads even though the ads themselves may be thinly veiled recommendations for or against a particular candidate. All of these are true Only A and B.

Figure 1: Selected Factors in Voting , 1998 Use figure 1 to answer the next 2 questions: Which of these factors seemed to be the most important one in who voted in 1998? Education Employment Gender Race Age Which of these generalizations is NOT supported by the data in this figure: There is a gender gap in the voting behavior of men and women. The more education one had in 1998, the more likely you were to vote. Married people tended to voter at higher rate than those of other martial statuses. In terms of employment status, being employed was the best predictor of who did and did not vote. In order to be successful in marketing an idea, it is very useful to have access to a. financial resources. b. the support of public or private institutions. c. An educated support cadre. d. all of the above.

Which of these are (a) source(s) of measurement error in polls ? a. Non-random sample selection. b. poorly worded questions. c. push polling. d. All of these e. only A and B A random sample is one selected by means of which of the following rules? The sample should be selected so that. a. each element of the population is equally represented. b. need be only 15 percent of the targeted population. c. those in the target population must have the same proportional chance as everyone else to end up in the sample population. d. all the registered voters must have the same proportional chance as everyone else to end up in the sample population. Which of the following is true about the role of religious identity in American politics over the last 30 years? a. Black churches played an important role in the Civil Rights movement. b. White evangelicals have found a home in the Republican Party. c. Catholics have totally deserted the Democratic Party for the Republican . d. All of these e. only A and B. Which of the following is not a reason for why there may be a lack of consistency between public opinion and government policy? a. The structure of the Constitution was designed to provide checks to popular sentiment. b. Minority rights and limits placed on the judiciary may often set boundaries for majority rule. c. Public opinion is never clear enough to provide concrete policy goals. d. An intensely committed minority may trump a majority preference that is weakly held. In times when Corporate power surges in American politics, Populists would insist on letting the market cycle take care of the problem. Depend upon Keynesian economic theory to provide a solution. Insist upon more government regulation and supervision of corporations. Expansion of the welfare state

Libertarians: Support greater government power in order to insure greater security for the nation. Have a sense of small town propriety and thus fear too much individual liberty Oppose government intervention in the economy. All of these Only A and B. In a reactionary ideology, which of the core American values is most important? liberty democracy

equality Stability and order Peoples underlying beliefs and ideologies compel them to think carefully about each opinion they hold. color their perceptions, often causing them to make automatic judgments on particular issues. prevent liberals and conservatives from sharing similar core values. are established when people are young, and rarely change as they get older. Studies of political opinion show that most people do not hold specific and clearly defined opinions on all political issues. peoples ideologies guide them toward formulating an opinion on almost all political issues. people understand their keen interests with or without political knowledge. most Americans are ardently concerned with how their government works. Why does the marketplace of ideas often have a moderating effect on peoples opinions? Given constant exposure to other peoples ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify ones own viewpoints. Moderate ideas usually have the best financial backing, and the greatest publicity. The most popular ideas are usually the most moderate ones. Those who shop in the marketplace of ideas typically start with moderate viewpoints. Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the Clinton White House and public opinion polls? Clinton relied heavily on public opinion polling to determine which positions to adopt. Positions taken by the Clinton White House were usually defined by the presidents competition with Congress. Clinton used public opinion data sparingly, preferring to take his cues from the use of elite media organizations. The Clinton White House depended on advice from both interest groups and the Democratic Party in order to build successful strategies. An overarching and complex set of beliefs and values that form a general philosophy about the role of government is called political science. ideology. absolutism. dogmatism. Most people acquire their initial orientation to politics from families. exposure to new media. educational background. membership in social groups. For example, labor unions. Voluntary social group gender gap

Divisive opinion Involuntary social group Which of the following most likely caused differences between African Americans and white Americans in terms of their views on the O. J. Simpson trial [background: Simpson was accused of a gruesome murder of his ex-wife and one of her friends. He was acquitted , partially on the defenses presentation of evidence about the conduct of the LA Police Department toward minorities] Different perspectives on the justice of trying someone for a murder that had no eyewitnesses. The two groups hold different political values. The two groups have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system. The two groups have different party affiliations. Today most Americans share a common set of political opinions that generally include a belief in equality of results, community support, and tradition. results, individual liberty, and democracy. opportunity, community support, and tradition. opportunity, individual liberty, and democracy. The main problem with voting as a form of political participation is that citizens cannot communicate very much information by only casting a ballot. that the electoral system is rigged to favor the status quo. that voting is a form of political participation that requires the most time and commitment. all of the above.

Which of the following are nonelectoral forms of political activity? protests and riots lobbying litigation All of the above are nonelectoral forms of political activity. What is the main difference between voting and lobbying? Unlike voting, lobbying involves an attempt to directly influence a government official. Unlike voting, lobbying is a corrupt and undemocratic form of participation. Unlike voting, lobbying is something done by most American citizens. Lobbying is a form of voting done only by members of Congress. When the auto industry produced an advertising campaign against a bill passed to raise fuel economy standards, it was engaged in bribery. lobbying. public relations. protest. Litigation can be a form of participation in which people hire advertising firms to promote causes and policies. file lawsuits in order to change public policies.

pressure members of legislatures into adopting a particular policy. send letters or e-mails to government officials. Voting is a form of participation most heavily favored by the wealthy. gives ordinary Americans a more equal chance to participate in politics. requires more knowledge and resources than either litigation or lobbying. is the most recent form of participation arising in Western democracies. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the criteria for determining ones eligibility to vote were established by the U.S. Constitution. the federal government. state governments. the common-law tradition. The term turnout describes the number of people who register to vote. actually vote. vote for the incumbent. both A and B Approximately __________ of eligible voters turn out for midterm congressional elections. 10 percent one-third half three-fifths What bloc of voters has recently been called the sleeping giant? African Americans Latinos Asian Americans middle-class whites What is an important difference between Hispanic Democratic voters and non-Hispanic Democratic voters? Hispanic Democrats vote in greater numbers than non-Hispanics. Non-Hispanic voters tend to split their ticket more often. Hispanic Democrats tend to be more socially conservative than non-Hispanic democrats. All of the above are significant differences. The political power of Asian Americans has recently been hindered because of the diversity of national backgrounds and cultures. political apathy among Asian American voters. disfranchisement of Asian American voters in the 1990s. lack of a sufficiently large population for bloc voting. Approximately what percentage of senators and representatives in Congress are women? 5 percent

15 percent 30 percent 45 percent Which of the following best describes the goal of the EMILYs List organization? to promote the expansion of pro-choice legislation to advocate a pro-life position to raise money for Democratic women candidates interested in running for office to litigate sex discrimination cases in court Which statement is correct? Religion has played an important role in organizing political participation. Religious groups have played a relatively minor role in politically mobilizing Americans. Catholics and Protestants in the United States remain deeply divided politically. Political groups usually attempt to keep religious issues out of politics. Evangelical Protestants are more likely to be associated with the Republican Party. the Democratic Party. the Moral Majority Party. no party; they are typically nonpartisan. The power of the Christian Coalition in the 1990s was due to its ability to donate large sums of money to candidates. its success in mobilizing a large grassroots base. the number of its members who were elected to political office. all of the above. Which of the following groups have had the highest levels of political participation? senior citizens Asian Americans the youth Latinos

What is the most common form of participation carried out by young people in the United States? protest marches community service volunteerism voting lobbying Which of the following is not a key factor in indicating ones level of participation? age income geographic region education The socioeconomic status model explains ones political participation by examining an individuals level of education, income, and occupational status.

membership in community organizations. legal right to vote. membership in political organizations. Which of the following is true about political participation? African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites. African Americans and Latinos participate in politics at either the same or higher levels than whites. African Americans hardly participate in politics at all, while Latinos participate at extraordinarily high level. Latinos barely participate in politics, while African Americans participate at extraordinarily high levels. The strongest critique of the socioeconomic status models explanation of political participation is that African Americans with high levels of education do not participate. education levels are rising while rates of participation are falling. people from the lowest income brackets participate the most in politics. income levels are decreasing while rates of political participation are increasing. Your level of concern about public issues is best measured by the degree of your political connections. civic engagement. suffrage. protest. Participation in politics depends on resources, civic engagement, and recruitment. a good reputation, a high education, and the support of an association. civic spirit, popularity, and energy. lawyers, guns, and money.

An example of social settings influencing political participation is visible through the way __________ help(s) foster political participation in the United States. television bowling leagues churches workplace cooperatives What was the original purpose of voter registration? to reduce corruption by making it more difficult to vote to simplify the process of voting to make voters more dependent on the political parties to raise revenues for the government What was the effect of the National Voter Registration Act (Motor Voter Act)? Voter registration rose, but voter turnout did not. Both voter registration and voter turnout rose. Neither voter registration nor voter turnout rose.

Voter registration did not rise, but voter turnout levels did.

Studies of political opinion show that a. most people do not hold specific and clearly defined opinions on all political issues. b. peoples ideologies guide them toward formulating an opinion on almost all political issues. c. people understand their keen interests with or without political knowledge. d. most Americans are ardently concerned with how their government works. While an individuals underlying beliefs help shape his opinions on particular issues, two other important factors are a. ones knowledge of political issues and the outside influences affecting that persons views. b. the relative popularity of liberalism and conservatism, along with ones ideological history. c. the state of the economy and whether the United States is at war. d. the wording of public opinion poll questions and the illusion of saliency. The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers to a. important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans access to free information. b. the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums. c. the use of opinion pollsters who market a politicians speeches, ideas, and votes. d. the explosion of information brought on by the Internet and other advances in electronic communication. Which of the following, concerning the marketplace of ideas, is true? a. The English created the marketplace of ideas in the seventeenth century. b. Very few ideas emerge in the marketplace spontaneously. c. The marketplace of ideas involves political controversies, but not scientific or religious ones. d. Only since the 1960s has the First Amendment been interpreted as a protective force for the marketplace of ideas. Which of the following shapes public opinion? a. the government b. private groups c. the news media d. all of the above Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the Clinton White House and public opinion polls? a. Clinton relied heavily on public opinion polling to determine which positions to adopt. b. Positions taken by the Clinton White House were usually defined by the presidents competition with Congress. c. Clinton used public opinion data sparingly, preferring to take his cues from the use of elite media organizations.

d. The Clinton White House depended on advice from both interest groups and the Democratic Party in order to build successful strategies. Which of the following has not been part of the Bush administrations effort to maintain support for its war on terror? a. presidential speeches b. press conferences c. donations to academic institutions d. press releases Groups market ideas most effectively with access to a. financial resources. b. the support of public or private institutions. c. education. d. all of the above. Which statement concerning the news media is not true? a. The methods used to report the news help shape the underlying attitudes and opinions of those consuming the news. b. In a free democracy, the news media provide information without framing or interpreting it in any particular way. c. The news media are often a tool for politicians to use. d. The amount of investigative reporting has increased over the past thirty years. In public opinion surveys, a sample of the total population a. must be at least 50 percent of the targeted population. b. need be only 15 percent of the targeted population. c. must be representative in that the views of those in the sample must accurately and proportionately reflect the views of the whole population. d. must be based on all the registered voters in the targeted population. The failure of major pollsters to predict Jesse Venturas 1998 victory in Minnesotas gubernatorial election demonstrates that a. pollsters placed too much emphasis on the two major parties candidates. b. researchers polled only people who had voted before, ignoring potential new voters. c. poll takers believed that voters would actually show up to vote if they said they would. d. the wording of the polls overemphasized Venturas past career in wrestling. Question formats can cause errors in polling that affect the polls a. validity. b. bellwether effect. c. quota. d. hypothesis. The practice of push polling involves a. polling services like Harris and Gallup attempting to sell their polling data to major news media at higher prices during election seasons. b. the system of calling people during dinner and evening hours to assure that as many

people as possible will be home. c. the procedure of asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondents opinion. d. the effect of polls having to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt. During presidential elections, there is often a post-convention __________ in the popularity of a presidential candidate resulting from increased media attention. a. slump b. horse race c. bounce d. lull An important reason for why public policy and public opinion may not coincide in the United States is that a. the American system of government includes arrangements, such as an appointed judiciary, which may produce policy decisions that run contrary to prevailing popular sentiment. b. the American system of government was not designed to account for public opinion. c. the American system of government was designed to account for the elites needs and demands. d. American society fears a tyranny of the majority. In times of economic recession Libertarians would insist on letting the market rebound by itself Keynesian economic solutions increased government regulation expanding the welfare state A political ideology is best defined as the specific preferences individuals contemplate while discussing an issue the basic principles that shape particular attitudes. a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government. the concrete interests that people try to defend through public policy. Populist Fear big institution such as banks and large corporations Have a sense of small town propriety and thus fear too much individual liberty Support government intervention in the economy. All of these Only A and B. The transition many white southerners made from the Democratic to the Republican Party is a good example of a. the shifting political values of white southerners over time. b. the changes in political conditions and circumstances in the South, rather than in opinions or values. c. the growing conservative ideology in the South.

d. the rise of labor unions and other associations in the South. In a liberal ideology, which of the core American values is most important? a. liberty b. democracy c. equality d. Justice __________ is the core political value most highly prized by American conservatives. a. Democracy b. Liberty c. Equality d. Family Peoples underlying beliefs and ideologies a. compel them to think carefully about each opinion they hold. b. color their perceptions, often causing them to make automatic judgments on particular issues. c. prevent liberals and conservatives from sharing similar core values. d. are established when people are young, and rarely change as they get older. _________ refers to a complex set of beliefs and values that, as a whole, form a general philosophy about government. For example, the opinion reflected in the Alien and Sedition Acts. For example, ones socioeconomic class at birth. _________ term used to denote citizens attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events. The small but relevant difference in voting tendencies between men and women. The processes that form political beliefs and values are collectively called __________ ___________ are a persons basic orientation to politics For example, labor unions. Family, popular movements, professional associations Sexual divide Voluntary social group gender gap Public opinion Values Agents of socialization Divisive opinion Involuntary social group Political ideology political socialization Consensus opinion II. Multiple Choice:

Which of the following terms describe Americas fundamental political values?.

liberal and conservative Republican and Democrat internationalist and isolationist liberty, equality, and democracy The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that values are conservative while attitudes are liberal. values are held for a short term while attitudes are held for a long term. values are basic principles while attitudes are specific preferences. There is no difference. Fundamental political values unify Americans around a common set of goals for the government. divide those Americans who are in sharp disagreement over political values. are vague and nearly useless during political debates. are unknown in the United States because of the nations diversity. Peoples political party preferences are primarily acquired through the influence of their families. the region of the country they inhabit. their education. the media they consume. Which of the following most likely caused differences between African Americans and white Americans in terms of their views on the O. J. Simpson trial [background: Simpson was accused of a gruesome murder of his ex-wife and one of her friends. He was acquitted , partially on the defenses presentation of evidence about the conduct of the LA Police Department toward minorities] Different perspectives on the justice of trying someone for a murder that had no eyewitnesses. The two groups hold different political values. The two groups have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system. The two groups have different party affiliations. Which of the following causes differences in political opinions? race income education all of the above

The controversial nature of affirmative action reveals that Americans have varied outlooks on the importance of equal opportunities. different policy outcomes can be based on the same fundamental principle.

Americans are forever separated by racial differences. Americans are very politically active.
After WWII, the law school cases and the white primaries case were part of the Supreme Courts effort to . Reinforce the Southern strategy of separate but equal Undermine the Plessey decision Gradually win over Southern leaders and persuade them to end racial segregation on their own Only B and C. President Obama remarked during the campaign that: If you look at the victories and failures of the civil rights movement, and its litigation strategy in the court , it had certain successes and certain limitations. Which of the following did he point out? The successes in vest formal rights in previously dispossessed peoples The inability of the movement to solve the underlying social and economic injustices The success of the movement in building a long term political movement that kept minority people political engaged and active. The inability of the movement to get beyond the expansion of positive liberties so as to protect negative ones from state violation. All of these =AB= A and B only. =A,B,C= only A,B and C. =BCD= B,C and D only. The Supreme Courts dilemma in enforcing the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was that courts could impose racial preferences on foot-dragging or inept institutions and violate the letter of the law or : It could admit it lacked the authority to enforce the law ( and thus violate the spirit of the law) They could order less onerous steps they knew would be ineffective, thus letting discrimination continue (and by doing so violate their duty under Title VII). They could declare the Act unconstitutional and return the matter to Congress, thereby admitting they had no role to play in this important constitutional issue. Return to the separate but equal doctrine and there fail to carry out the intention of the law. Which of the following are true, given Aristotles analysis of equality and justice? To treat people equally is to always do them justice Equal treatment is hardly ever just treatment Sometime treating people equally is just, sometimes treating people differently or unequally is just. [There is NO alternative D] According to the lectors analysis of the purpose of affirmative actions selection by race or gender it wasand is to: Compensate individuals for past harms caused by racism

To change institutions so that they can meet the nondiscrimination mandate of the Civil Rights Act To solve the problem of economic inequality and injustice All of these Only A and B. The protections won by the African American civil rights movement Had no consequences for other minorities Provided tactics and legal tools for women in their fight for rights spilled over to protect other groups as well, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, among others. All of these Only B and C. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court helped to establish gender discrimination as a major and highly visible civil rights issue and it Held that the burden of proof in gender discrimination suits would be the same as racial discrimination suits. Would be intermediate scrutiny which placed some of the burden of proof on both the person bringing the suit and on the company or institution accused. Held that the burden of proof in gender discrimination suits would be traditional burden of proof found in criminal cases. [There is NO alternative D] The situation of Latinos seeking more recognition and protection for their rights was that: Unlike the ethnic groups of larger Northeastern cities , they could not create ethnic voting blocs and create political machines The rights they sought were denied by the terms of the treaty that ended the MexicanAmerican war The patron system had produced such effective protections for Latino rights (even though these rights were limited) that there was no support for change. Only A and C. Which of the following are true of the Asian American experience? They faced less discrimination the African-Americans The denial of basic civil rights lead to Japanese Americans internment during WWII camps during World War II. They formed political organizations very early on to push for rights protections. Only A and C In the ______________ decision , the Supreme Court ruled that school districts have to provide education for students whose English is limited. Lau v. Nichols Wong Kim Arc v. United States Sun Yet-sen v Peterson Romer v. Evans

The single most useful thing that would help lower class admissions to college would be: more money must be invested in their education earlier in their lives so that they are better prepared for college More scholarship money available with generous terms of repayment; More dedicated high school teachers and counselors More advanced classes in public schools. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits companies from paying retired persons a wage that is equal to or greater than the minimum wage standard age discrimination against people without a valid occupational reason. state governments from hiring individuals who have not yet had their 21st birthday. Social Security recipients from working any job What barriers exist in gaining admission and then attending college? Structural injustices Inadequate personal drive and ambition Legal discrimination All of these Only A and B. Why does it matter who attends college? College graduates are resources for both society and their communities College degrees are a very important way in which social mobility is made possible The perception of opportunity which broad and inclusive access to college provides is good for social stability and co-operation. All of these Only A and B What role does public policy and programs play in who gets into to prestigious colleges? No role at all: personal effort is everything An important role in providing equitable opportunities for preparation An important role in the provision of funding support for both students and institutions Only B and C. The short cutting Diversity v. White Privilege offers a short anecdote about the authors grandfather. The point of the cutting is that: The current generation cannot be fairy asked to compensate for historical racism of the past. Historical racism keeps providing benefits to the descendants of those benefitted back in the day. Historical racism was really individualized, not structural. Only A and C

The Court characterized ___________________ as any exclusionary practice not necessary to an institution's activities. Economic discrimination Ethnic discrimination statutory discrimination Social discrimination

_________________ refers to sexual discrimination which involves policies or laws which have the intention of protecting women against harms which are claimed to unique to their gender. Pedentialism Chauvinism Social Discrimination Misogyny

The metaphor which the lecturer argues best describes America's oppurtunity environment is: Bootstrapping The Level playing field, The 300 year long poker game Socrates' cave

What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187? It barred illegal immigrants from voting. It barred illegal immigrants from receiving most public services. It barred illegal immigrants from ever receiving green cards.

It attempted to limit illegal immigration at the border through the use of racial profiling
Affirmative action in the United States involves compensatory action to overcome the consequences of past discrimination. mandatory strict hiring quotas, established by the Department of Labor, for all federal agencies and programs. initiating lawsuits against the U.S. government for its past discriminatory practices. all of the above. The civil rights of Latinos and Asian Americans were assisted by the Supreme Courts ruling that school districts are required to provide bilingual education to nonEnglish-speaking students. school districts must provide instruction that students can understand bilingual ballots must be provided in several different languages. literacy tests are unconstitutional. Under what conditions can a plaintiff successfully bring a sexual harassment charge? only if the plaintiff can prove both economic and psychological harm only if the plaintiff can prove either economic or psychological harm the plaintiff need prove neither economic nor psychological harm, only sexual harassment or a hostile work environment. only quid pro quo forms of harassment may be brought into court To draw voting districts so that one groupor party is unfairly advantaged is called gerrymandering. busing. logrolling. disfranchisement. In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint? the Supreme Court Congress the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission the Department of Commerce Which of the following best describes the federal courts trend toward school desegregation since the 1990s? The courts increased the federal supervision of local school desegregation. The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation. Federal courts continued the active use of busing. Federal courts ordered the withdrawal of federal education funds from school districts that do not combat de facto desegregation. What was the Supreme Courts ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer? Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts. Universities and professional schools had to desegregate.

Public universities were required to admit women, but private colleges could still segregate on the basis of gender. Only B and C. Most of the governments positive actions associated with the civil rights issue in the United States stem from the application of the civil rights clause of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution. the commerce clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. the Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In regards to bussing, the Supreme Court by the 1980s : Continued to support busing children across school districts for the purpose of desegregation. Made a school districts intention to desegregate sufficient to meet the required burden and thus no longer mandated bussing. Turned from bussing to magnet schools as a way of satisfying the Brown decision. Only B and C. The NAACP sought to win political rights for African-Americans by means of political pressure Litigation. Mass demonstrations All of these Only A and B. Issues of civil rights are; above politics since they deal with matters of basic justice; part of the politics of rights, therefore part of the poitical push and shove; subject to the usually political battles pitting group against group , since they often create winners and relative losers; only B and C The short answer to the question of who goes to college is: children from white upper income offspring families where one or both parents have been to college middle class offspring. I,II,III II,III I,III II Sexual harassment includes Unwanted physical or verbal conduct abuse of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance actions that create a hostile environment actions carries and implicit or explicit threat of adverse employment consequences

I,II,III,IV I,II,III II,IV I,III The Brown decision led to; other rulings against other forms of discrimination; speedy compliance all over the country; calls for the Chief Justice to run for president as a Southern candidate; the Civil Rights Act of 1864. The impact of unequal access to housing for minorities was to; deny access to good quality schools in many cases; racket up the cost of housing for minorities; reinforce patterns of residential segregation; all of these only A and In the Bakke case, the Court issued an opinion that was; unanimously in favor of affirmative action; unanimously opposed to affirmative action; divided but rejected race as a possible part of medical school admission; divided but supportive of race as one possible part of medical school admission criteria

To enforce the Fourteenth Amendment more effectively , Congress passed the; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Gramm-Ruddman-Hollings Act Social Security Act Twenty-sixth Amendment War Powers Resolution. The Plessey case produced; Racial Dualism; De facto segregation in the North; separate-but-unequal schools; the birth of the Ku Klux Klan. The Brown decision led to; other rulings against other forms of discrimination; speedy compliance all over the country; calls for the Chief Justice to run for president as a Southern candidate; the Civil Rights Act of 1864. Segregation with a legal basis is called: affirmative action; de jure segregation;

for in the Brown decision; de facto segregation. De facto segregation is based on; residential segregation; separating black and white students in schools; the Dred Scott decision; legislative action. Early efforts for women's rights; started in the 1830's parallel to the fight for abolition of slavery; date to the 1920's; were closely associated with the "takings movement" of the 1870's; Were aided by their experience with union strikes in the 1930's. "Merit" , as used by colleges and universities to determine admissions:. Used to be the sole criteria used until the advent of affirmative action; Includes tests scores and grades; Includes other factors besides ""objective"" tests, such as region of origin, race, special talents, special circumstances, et Should, according to the sources cited in our handouts, be limited, in all fairness, to objective things like SAT performance and teacher recommendations. I,II,III,IV; II,III,IV; II, III II, IV In the case of Grutter v. Bollinger, Justice O'Connor decision held that a narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions is constitutional the school had proven a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body that racial quotas were violations of the 6th amendment All of these =AB= only A and B According to the College Board, people with a bachelor's degree will earn, on average ___________ dollars more than those with just high school diploma 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 As discusses in the handout, merit-based programs like the Georgia HOPE scholarship: Are popular with voters Show great promise in making college available to the working poor. Take up to 80 percent of their participants form among those who would have attended college anyway

all of these Only A and B Lower class kids face several environmental problems in getting into college including: Lowered self-esteem; Constant relocations Poor public school preparation; All of these For American society in general colleges exist to serve the general good to provide job training for the affluent To ensure that the most intellectually gifted are educated to their fullest capacity; Only B and C To what does the term "redlining" refer? the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods the practice of drawing districts that are biased against minority groups denying one the right to vote by drawing a red line through a citizen's name in the voter registry the practice of denying someone rights by labeling him or her a communist Before the 1920s, what was the political status of Native Americans? They were federal citizens but not citizens of the states in which they live They were considered as foreigners, because their tribes were regarded as separate nations. They were considered to be illegal immigrants, unless on reservations. They had no political status. The rights of the disabled not to be discriminated against in employment and access to public businesses is guaranteed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. the amended Civil Rights Act of 1991 the federal courts, not by laws passed by Congress To believe in the principle of __________ means that you believe that it is a violation of civil rights for the government ever to make decisions on the basis of race, even as a remedy for past discrimination. color blindness affirmative action equality of opportunity Pro-choice Matching: No discrimination in federally subsidized educational programs In some instances, discrimination is not a consequence of individual actions or omissions, but of the institutional rules and social customs of a people. This is called by the lecturer..

The SAT I is less accurate in telling us about the future achievement of African-Americans. The transmission of economic advantages and inequalities from parents to children. Monetary damages can be awarded in sexual harassment and discrimination suits. Diversity is a legitimate and constitutional justification for using race as one factor in college admissions , but rigid quotas are not permissible. Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. The court's last word on the legality of homosexual behavior in private between consenting adults. Firefighters Local #1784 v. Stotts Social sin Prediction bias Content bias Political sin Title IX of the Civil Rights Act =AB= Title VII of the Civil Rights Act =AC= Franklin v Grinnett County Public Schools =AD= LAWRENCE ET AL. v. TEXAS =AE= Grutter v. Bollinger =BC= intergenerational transmission of economic status =BD= Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964