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• Average: An average is a single value which is used to describe the entire mass of
data. For e.g. A boy got 60 % in S.S.C
• Types of averages:
1. Arithmetic mean (A.M)
2. Median (C.F)
3. Mode
1. Arithmetic mean:
• Simple A.M X = ∑ X X= 1,2,3,4,………………n
n

• Arithmetic mean for GROUPED DATA X = ∑fx

∑f

X f fx
10 2 20
12 3 24
13 1 13

• Arithmetic mean with C.I X = ∑fx

∑f

C.I F X fx
0-10 2 5 10
10-20 3 15 45
20-30 4 25 100

2. Median: Median is the value of middle observation when data is arranged in

ascending order of their magnitude.
• Simple median:
If there are an even numbers of observation then median is average of two
middle observations.
E.g. 3, 8, 12, 6, 9, 4.
Arranging in ascending order 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12

Median = M = 6 + 8 = 14 = 7
2 2

If there are an odd numbers of observations then median is the value of

middle observation
E.g. 2,7,5,4,1
Arranging in ascending order 1,2,4,5,7

Median = M = 4

• Median for grouped data:

X F c.f
1
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10 2 2
11 3 5
12 4 9
13 1 10
N = 10
N = 10
∑f + 1 = 10 + 1 = 5.5
2 2
Therefore, Median M = 12

• Median for Class – interval. (IMP.)

C.I f cf
0-10 2 2
10-20 3 5
20-30 4 9
30-40 5 14
40-50 1 15
∑f = 15

Median = M = l1+ (l2 – l1) ( ∑f /2 – cf )

f

Where: N/2 = 15/2 = 7.5

Where: l1 = 20 & l2 = 30
Where: f = 4 & cf = 5
3. Mode: Mode is that value of the observation which appears most frequently
(i.e. with greatest frequency) In other words, It is the value around which the
items tend to be most heavily concentrated.
• Simple mode:
Find mode from the following numbers,
1, 2, 180, 5, 63, 24, 2, 14, 2
Here the mode is 2 since 2 have repeated maximum times.

When there are two or more values with greatest frequency, mode is said
to be ill – defined, such a series is also known as bi-modal or multi-modal.
E.g. 23, 25, 27, 23, 32, 25, 64, 27
Here the mode is 23, 25 & 27 since these three numbers repeated more
but same as 2 times.

2
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• Mode for grouped data:

X F
10 2
11 3
12 4
13 1
Here Mode = 12 since it has maximum
frequency of 4.

• Mode for class – interval

C.I f
0-10 2
10-20 3
20-30 4
30-40 5
40-50 1
∑f = 15
Here Mode = l1 + (l2 – l1)(f1 – f0)
(2f1-f0-f2)