Catalogue of Publications 09 August 2011

CATALOGUE of PUBLICATIONS
09 August 2011
Contents The catalogue lists the publications which can be purchased from CIGRE, by both members and non members. There are other documents, which are available for CIGRE members only. As part of membership benefits, CIGRE members may download most documents from the site www.e-cigre.org free of charge. The catalogue lists: -The CIGRE Technical Brochures, which are comprehensive technical documents issued by CIGRE Study Committees. They are usually available in hard copy and electronic format, unless otherwise stated. -The sets of papers or discussion contributions from the most recent CIGRE Sessions and Symposia. A set of 4 CDs in which are recorded the contents of ELECTRA from 1967 to 2000. For each item in the Catalogue a short presentation of the contents is given, as well as the selling price and some details such as number of pages, file size You can also search and order CIGRE publications on-line on: www.e-cigre.org Structure of the Catalogue Documents in the Catalogue are in four categories. Table of Contents There is a table of contents at the beginning of the Catalogue, with a total of 22 lines (19 for the Technical Brochures, 1 for the Sessions, 1 for Symposia and 1 for ELECTRA). A hyperlink gives direct access to the related part of the catalogue, to facilitate the search. Technical Brochures Within the overall area covered by CIGRE Study Committees (numbered A to D), brochures are listed under the different fields of interest of the SCs, but a number of brochures are relevant to more than one field. The first group of brochures are those of more general character, within the scope of CIGRE. Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1; the other in alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest.
The second group are the brochures dealing with the specific area of the first Study Committee, starting with the A Committees. A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines); then the group of brochures related to the field of A2 and so on up to D2 Information Systems and Telecommunications. Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1; the other in alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest. Set of Session Papers In this category are the sets of Session Papers and Proceedings of recent Sessions, given in chronological order. (Only the whole set can be bought, not an individual paper ) Set of Symposia Papers In this category are the sets of Papers presented at Symposia, and, when available, the Proceedings (discussions record). These documents are given in chronological (year) order. ELECTRA Papers 4 CDs record of the contents of the journal ELECTRA from 1967 to 2000. Ordering publications You can still use the order form, available on the website, but it is now much easier to use e-cigre (www.e-cigre.org). VAT conditions: Not applicable. Special Mail: Standard delivery is by air-mail. On request delivery can be by special mail (courier): an extra charge of 15% will be added. Means of payment (cheque, transfer, credit card) are specified on the Order Form.
Enquiries should be directed to: publications@cigre.org, secretary-general@cigre.org, membership@cigre.org (for membership details)
Intellectual ownership of CIGRE documents. All documents are protected by CIGRE copyright. Ownership of a CIGRE publication, whether in paper form or on electronic support only infers right of use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication for use other than personal or transfer to a third party Collective members are allowed to make the document available for internal use by their staff, reproduction or circulation on intranet or other company network. Commercial use or transfer outside the company is prohibited.
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS _________________________________________________ 3 TECHNICAL BROCHURES _____________________________________________ 4
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 CIGRE - General - CIGRE ________________________________________________ 4 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines __________________________________________ 5 A2 - Transformers _______________________________________________________ 9 A3 - High Voltage Equipment _____________________________________________ 15 B1 - Insulated Cables ____________________________________________________ 25 B2 - Overhead lines _____________________________________________________ 33 B3 - Substations ________________________________________________________ 50 B4 - HVDC and Power Electronics ________________________________________ 61 B5 - Protection and Automation ___________________________________________ 74 C1 - System Development and Economics ___________________________________ 86 C2 - System Operation and Control ________________________________________ 95 C3 - System Environmental Performance __________________________________ 102 C4 - System Technical Performance ______________________________________ 105 C5 - Electricity Markets and Regulation ___________________________________ 125 C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation _______________________ 128 D1 - Materials and Emerging Technologies_________________________________ 131 D2 - Information Systems and Telecommunications _________________________ 139 List in numerical order _________________________________________________ 153 List in alphabetical order _______________________________________________ 178
3 4 5
SET OF SESSION PAPERS ____________________________________________ 203 SET OF SYMPOSIA PAPERS __________________________________________ 207 ELECTRA PAPERS___________________________________________________ 217
2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES
2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE
REF. 001
CIGRE CIGRE
1974
25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index

This document gives information about the first CIGRE Sessions 1921-1974. It is organized in three main parts : List of papers from 1921-1974, List of authors and list of Papers published in ELECTRA.
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros
181 pages , file: 11.4 MB
REF. 032
CIGRE Ad Hoc WG
1972
Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group

The report shows how the question was asked by the IEC, how the Ad Hoc Group was formed, how it worked, and what were the main results. It has been worded from seven detailed reports by 7 CIGRE Study Committees, which, in their own scope, have had the possibility of bringing parts of the answer to the specific problem.
REF. 231
CIGRE JTF IEEE/CIGRE
2003
Definition and classification of power system stability.

Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and closely examines the practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more precisely; provide a systematic basis for classifying power system stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power system reliability and security.
REF. IAC
CIGRE
1998
White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE

Resulting from the work of the Study Committees over the past 20 years, this brochure shows the contribution of CIGRE to the development of electrical energy in the world. It includes an Executive Summary by the President of CIGRE .
2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines
REF. 002
SC 11 WG 11.01
1988
Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices.

Preventive maintenance of generators is an important contribution to the improvement of their availability. The number and nature of the maintenance tasks as well as the periodicity depend largely upon the machine type, its design and its duty type. These practices are generally agreed between the manufacturer and the user.
REF. 116
SC 11/14 JWG 11/14.09
1997
Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators.
Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection".
REF. 119
SC 14 WG 14.05
1997
Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report.

It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination.
REF. 138
SC 39/11 JWG 39/11
1999
Exchange of services between large electricity generating plants and high voltage electric power systems.
Public electricity supply systems have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management of the relationship between the components is crucial to the provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity to the end-user customer.
REF. 257
SC A1 WG A1.01.06
2004
EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators

EL CID technique was originally dvised in UK and developed as portable test equipment for inspection and repair of rotating electric machine. The paper briefly discusses the technique, its benefits and its limitations.
REF. 258
SC A1 WG A1.01.06
2004
Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating Machines

Partial Discharges (PD) is a phenomenon which has been known for more than 100 years, which applications developed mainly in the 80s. PD testing for rotating machines has now gained widespread acceptance as a maintenance decision support tool and the purpose of this paper is to be a guidance document on the appropriate use of PD technology,for on-line measurements.
REF. 386
SC A1 WG A1.04
2009
Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes

The maintenance, inspection and testing of large hydrogen & water cooled turbo-generators is a significant cost of the ownership of such assets. This study surveyed international practices, and in so doing attempted to identify the reasons and justification for differences between recommended and actual practice. In addition, innovative and/or best practice maintenance procedures and strategies were explored.
REF. 392
SC A1 WG A1.10
2009
Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures

A large-scale failure in Hydro-generators is always a setback that costs both time and money. In order to prevent this or to reduce the consequences, the first step is to identify the most common failures, the extent of damage and the root causes. Based on statistical information of real cases, the TB analyzes those aspects, including the aid of monitoring systems.
REF. 397
SC A1 WG A1.09
2009
Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on turbogenerators
Stator earth faults are the most common anomaly in generators. The damage to the stator core depends on the ground-ing system. In this guide the effects of a stator phase to earthfault, analyzing stator winding grounding systems are reviewed,and calculation criteria of stator winding grounding is proposed,in order to reduce damages.
REF. 437
SC A1 WG A1.11
2010
Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Turbo-Generators

In the TB the definition and componence of the on-line monitoring system and types of systems for monitoring and information interpretation are presented. 21 parameters/components being monitored and the correspondent devices are described, stressing the benefit for using these systems as well as the reasons for their future development.
REF. 454
SC A1 WG A1.04
2011
Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update

The report is an update of a former survey made in 1981 which was extended to explore new possibilities of experience gathering by covering the groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and Consulting Companies. Answers received from 20countries allowed comparative analysis from similar aspects seen by the different groups. A total of 65 questionnaires provided a huge amount of data that is available for further surveys.
REF. 454A
SC A1
2011
Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex)

This is the annex to the report which is an update of a former survey made in 1981 extended to explore new possibilities of experience gathering by covering the groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and Consulting Companies. Answers received from 20 countries allowed comparative analysis from similar aspects seen by the different groups. A total of 65 questionnaires provided a huge amount of data that is available for further surveys.
Member Price: Euros Non member Price: Euros
REF. 469
SC A1 WG A1.12
2011
State of the Art in Efficiency of Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990

The TB provides a broad overall view of substation equipment condition monitoring. It investigates the technology currently available and analyses the factors that need to be considered to determine the degree of application which will provide the optimum Value solution, taking into account the improved reliability and availability of modern HV substation equipment.
REF. 470
SC A1 WG A1.18
2011
Life Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants

The present work is based on a questionnaire about the practices of predictive and preventive maintenance as well as in the monitoring systems of large motors. It was verified that many of the motors manufactured in the 70s are still operating in several power plants around the world. The implementation of predictive maintenance techniques and monitoring are of fundamental importance for extension of the operational life of old and new motors.
2.3 A2 - Transformers
REF. 096
SC 12 WG 12.09
1995
Thermal aspects of transformers.

Contains chapters on : Heat run test procedure; Direct measurement of the hot-spot temperature; A survey of facts and opinions; Lifetime evaluation; Dissolved gas analysis; Analytical determination of winding hot spot factor; Experimental determination of power transformer hot spot factor; Survey of power transformer overload field practices.
REF. 156
SC 12 WG 12.15
2000
Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above.
This document has been prepared as an aid to customers and manufacturers of power transformers in the preparation of specifications for purchasing transformers. Its aim is to highlight some of the important topics that should be considered for includion in an enquiry document. Wherever possible guidance and other practical information about such topics are provided to explain their purpose and significance in transformer enquiries. Clearly it is not possible to address all the issues that may arise. Neither is the document in any way intended to be a complete and applicable specification.
REF. 157
SC 12 WG 12.17
2000
Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength.

The effect of particles on the dielectric strength of insulating oil has long been recognized by researchers and much effort has been devoted in attempts to characterize this effect. However, only few experiments have been carried out with insulated electrodes and even then, the extrapolation from test set-up to full-size transformers is very difficult given the effect of the oil volume on the probability of breakdown.
REF. 170
SC 12/15 JWG 12/15.13
2000
Static electrification in power transformers

Interfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods; CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References.
REF. 204
SC 12 WG 12.22
2002
Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above.
A guide to customers of power transformers for conducting design reviews with manufacturers. A design review is a planned exercise to ensure there is a common understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements, and to provide an opportunity to scrutinise the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturer's proven materials and methodology. The document does not include design limits or parameters.
REF. 209
SC 12 WG 12.19
2002
The short circuit performance of power transformers.

Service conditions-questionnaire et conclusions. Design calculations: magnetic field and force calculations; mechanical stress calculations. Design review procedure; description of radial and axial forces; manufacturing issues; references. Monitoring: winding movement detection techniques, standardisation and optimisation techniques, problems of interpretation, winding slackness, on-line monitoring, recommendations, references. Includes: questionnaire, summary of responses, detailed information on failures.
REF. 211
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
2002
General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment

The reliability of network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an important characteristic of network components and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience.
REF. 227
SC A2 WG A2.18
2003
Life management techniques for power transformers.

Emphasis on common goals and benefits and a vocabulary of commonly used terms. A presentation of general knowledge and theoretical issues: basic failure concepts, condition, classification,recommendations on failure identification. Detailed appendices with examples and checklists, catalogue of defects and faults. A summary of dangerous effect of degradations factors is proposed. Methodologies. Diagnostic and monitoring techniques
REF. 240
SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01
2004
Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance

A presentation of performance summaries with failure areas described and classified as bushings, valve windings, AC windings, static shields, load tap changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and leads together with short descriptions of the failures. Present transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy. Comparisons with the previous report are included.
REF. 248
SC A2 WG A2.20
2004
Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD)

Guide designed to help transformer and asset managers perform economic evaluations of proposed solutions. A list of key parameters has been established covering technical, operational, economical, environmental and other strategic aspects that arose during the early development of the guide. Some models and flow charts have been included. Intended mainly for transformer managers/asset managers managing high-voltage electric systems. Includes 4 parts : Risk management, Specification & Purchase, Operation & Maintenance, Repair vs.replacement.
Papier +CD
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 68 pages , file: 1.2 MB
REF. 254
SC D1 TF D1.01.09
2004
Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers.

The dryness and ageing state of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and long term reliability of a power transformer since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing rates. Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in service is determined indirectly via moisture measured from oil samples according to IEC 60422.
REF. 296
SC D1/A2 JTF D1.02/A2.11
2006
Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers.

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV equipment in service. New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have been introduced into revised IEC Publication 60567 and interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in IEC Publication 60599. Following questions about the typical gas concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by IEC TC14 (transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation which needed clarifications or improvements.
REF. 298
SC A2 WG A2.23
2006
Guide on transformer lifetime data management

Transformer lifetime data management is important for a cost efficient, risk minimized and efficient asset management and maintenance process in the utility. Based on transfromer engineering view an analysis is made, a generic data model derived and the related information technology aspects shown. The guide should support the interested professional and ease the decision of the utility regarding its lifetime data strategy.
REF. 323
SC D1 TF D1.01.10
2007
Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers

The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for transformers. The various cellulose materials and their properties are described. New knowledge on oxidation and hydrolysis and the influence of the chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal stresses are described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for maintenance of the cellulose are discussed.
REF. 342
SC A2 WG A2.26
2008
Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)

The TB provides an introduction of the FRA test for detecting winding movement and presents recommendations for standardisation of good measurement practices. It also gives a description of typical responses and controlling factors, together with a collection of case examples, which illustrate how various types of winding movement can be detected by FRA.
REF. 343
SC A2 WG A2.27
2008
Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition Assessment Facilities for Transformers
Transformer on-line condition monitoring has been the subject of significant research and development over the past few years and it is becoming increasingly important that monitoring can be easily and safely applied to a transformer at whatever point in its lifetime. The brochure considers the benefits of possible standardisation of the interface between monitoring systems and the transformer with the aim to provide a guide to the specification of a transformer intended to be "condition monitoring ready".
REF. 349
SC A2 WG A2.30
2008
Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems

This TB describes moisture equilibrium and migration in oil-pape rinsulated power transformers. It gives in-depth knowledge of the main sources of moisture contamination, the solubility of water in oils, the adsorption in the cellulose, the physical background for moisture equilibrium and bubble evolution. Practical advice for moisture determination via equilibrium diagrams and for migration time constants, and moisture measurement techniques are provided.
REF. 378
SC A2 WG A2.32
2009
Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation

This document deals with various aspects of the problem with copper sulphide in transformer insulation. Possible mechanisms of copper sulphide formation and of failure are discussed, and also the influence of temperature, oxygen content, ageing of the oil, etc. Experiences of mitigation techniques are shared, and recommendations for owners of transformers and reactors are given.
REF. 393
SC A2 WG A2.24
2009
Thermal Performance of Transformers

The modern economics situation has made loading of large transformers beyond the name plate rating relatively common. WG A2.24 was inaugurated to review how present knowledge, diagnostic tools, fibre optic sensors and DGA can be utilized to improve the thermal design and assure better understanding of the loading capabilities of transformers.
REF. 406
SC A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28
2010
HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service
JWG A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter Transformers and the TB reports, over a period 1971-2009, an encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing standard test specifications, with a view of representing the real service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal (PR) test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this stage the existing test should not be modified.
REF. 407
2010
HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers
A design review provides a common customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturers proven materials and methodology. This document prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on the existing guide (TB 204) while expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC Converter Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient waveforms.
REF. 436
SC A2 WG A2.35
2010
Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids

The group of alternative transformer insulating fluids covered in this brochure, namely synthetic esters, natural esters and silicone fluids, have been in widespread use for several years. These are increasingly being used in various applications and especially at higher power ratings. This TB covers a comprehensive range of topics in sufficient depth to give the reader an informed picture of the properties, applications and end user experiences of these fluids.
REF. 445
SC A2 WG A2.34
2011
Guide for Transformer Maintenance

Maintenance, availability and reliability are closely related and the transformer user has to specify a maintenance level that will ensure an acceptable reliability. This guide will help users to define and apply best maintenance: best practice, component selection, checking and testing in order to evaluate condition, time intervals for the various actions, advanced maintenance activities, human and material aspects of transformer maintenance.
Member Price: 67,5 Euros Non member Price: 135 Euros
2.4 A3 - High Voltage Equipment
REF. 007
SC 34 WG 34.03
1980
Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.

For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster fault clearance times.
REF. 023
SC 38 TF 38.04.03
1985
An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment. (1968-1985).

Contains sections concerning : Insulation co-ordination; Switchgear; Shunt reactors; Surge arresters; Power transformers; Current and voltage measuring equipment, Station design and operating experience, Testing facilities, Index of authors.
REF. 034
SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05
1989
Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations.
This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations is a supplement to the application guide for insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter stations published in Electra No.96 (Oct. 1984). It gives basic information about metal oxide material and basic arrester characteristics which will be of value when designing and specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the arresters.
38 pages , file: 3 MB
REF. 035
SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
1989
Monograph on GIS very fast transients.

With the introduction of GIS a new type of overvoltages called "fast transients" was created. They contain frequencies far above those arising in conventional open-air substations and have thus caused unexpected problems for the GIS insulation or the insulation of other equipment connected to it.
REF. 047
SC 13 WG 13.04
1996
Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2.

The brochure deals mainly with line-charging current switching for voltages 72.5 kV and above, by circuitbreakers and switches, provided the latter have a limited time spread between pole contact parting. The report does not deal with medium-voltage line-charging current switching even if the basic phenomena are the same.
REF. 050
SC 13 WG 13.02
1995
Interruption of small inductive currents.

This brochure contains the ELECTRA articles prepared by WG13.02 and it aims at presenting the theoretical background to IEC 1233. The test circuits and test procedures prescribed in the IEC report differ somewhat from those proposed by 13.02. Since they are in principle equivalent, the IEC proposals have been adopted in this brochure. When new experience is available this is taken into account.
REF. 057
SC 23 WG 23.07
1990
Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer.

The document is a set of papers issued in Electra expected to be complete enough and useful for manufacturers or users of equipment : i.e. General considerations; Design and construction; Checking and monitoring; Failure survey; Endurance - testing - life test; Non standardised stresses and Quality assurance.
REF. 059
SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
1990
Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment for AC applications and its effects on insulation coordination. State of the art report.
The present report prepared after three WG meetings, presents the state of the art of the diagnostic methods available today, to the WG members knowledge, to verify the dielectric conditions of insulating materials used in electrical equipment for AC applications. The WG has taken into account as much as possible all the previous work on the subject performed with CIGRE SC and WG and references to the relevant papers have been made.
REF. 060
SC 33 WG 33.06
1991
Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems.

The development of the zinc oxide varistors to be applicable to the protection of transient overvoltages in HV systems, introduced an equipment with qualities very much different from the qualities of the up to then well known surge arresters with silicon carbide resistors and series spark gaps. The correct application of this new type of surge arrester needed more detailed knowledge about the transient behaviour of the system and the arrester stresses caused by the system during different operating conditions.
REF. 072
SC 33 WG 33.07
1992
Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation.

This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special reference to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general trends in dielectric strength as a function of the most important influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its evaluation.
REF. 083
SC 13 WG 13.06
1994
Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuitbreaker failures and defects in service.
The studies include items such as : Use of diagnostics; Maintenance policy; System reliability study data; Kind of operating mechanism; Comparison of metal enclosed versus non metal enclosed reliability; Impact on testing; SF6 gas leakages.
REF. 085
SC 38 WG 38.04
1994
Ultra high voltage technology.

The brochure presents the state of the art of UHV technology with focus on : UHV system planning, performance and reliability aspects; UHV transmission lines; UHV substations and equipment; UHV testing facilities and new technology.
REF. 114
SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08
1997
Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report.

HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations. The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations.
REF. 134
SC 13 WG 13.CC.03
1998
Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks.

Items considered : TRV and circuit configuration ; TRV for the first, second and third pole to clear ; Collection of TRV field data ; TRV under short line fault ; TRV in case of transformer fed faults ; TRV in cade of series reactor limited faults ; TRV in case of faults at the secondary side of transformers ; clearing faults near capacitor banks ; arc-circuit interaction ; topology of test circuits to represent realistic system conditions.
REF. 135
SC 13 WG 13.01
1998
State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling.

A comprehensive overview on the state of the art. An edition which is a compilation of three reports: Practical application of arc physics in circuit-breakers. Survey of calculation methods and application guide ; Applications of black box modelling to circuit-breakers ; and, Survey on analytical and graphical tools for circuit-breaker behaviour description.
REF. 158
SC 33 TF 33.04.01
2000
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge.

The performance of insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines and in outdoor substations is a key factor in determining the reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must withstand normal operating voltage, but also must withstand overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating surfaces from air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially conducting surface layer when wet.
REF. 165
SC 13 WG 13.08
2000
Life management of circuit-breakers.

Current life experience of high and medium voltage circuit-breakers of older and current design; determination and evaluation of residual life expectancy, possibilities and procedures; risk assessment; possibilites for life extension such as monitoring, maintenance procedures, availability and maintainability; testing; economic impact taking into account additional expenditures of preventive measures, reduction of reliability etc; legal, environmental and strategic aspects; changes in network condition.
REF. 167
SC 13 WG 13.09
2000
User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above.
Condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are playing an increasingly important role in the design, life cycle cost evaluation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and end of life determination of substation equipment. Users need guidance on the applicability and implications of the various techniques and how their benefits can be evaluated.The report gives guidelines for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques covering all switching technologies and including disconnectors and earthing switches as well as circuit-breakers.
REF. 211
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
2002

REF. 239
SC A3 WG A3.10
2003
Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems

Contains 4 major parts : - Part A : Fault current limiters - state of the art; B: Functional specification for a fault current limiter; C: Fault current limiters - system demands; D: Fault current limiters - testing. An extensive reference list regarding limiting technology is included as part of the brochure.
REF. 259
SC A3 WG A3.12
2004
Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems

This brochure gives a summary of the results of the survey whicgh was conducted on the frequency and nature of the failures. It gives a world wide overview of the experience with different technologies.
REF. 262
SC A3 WG A3.07
2004
Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects

Part 3 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers" It deals with generic technological ad economic aspects. Benefits are considered in relation to the cicuit breaker,the switched load and the whole power system.Additional costs and disadvantages are discussed when appropriate.
REF. 263
SC A3 WG A3.07
2004
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further applications including unloaded transformer switching
Part 2 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers". This part complements part 1 and discusses switching cases which are less developed or still subject of theoritical development. It also reports on the possibility of using the technique to uprate existing installations (uprating and retrofitting)
REF. 264
SC A3 WG A3.07
2004
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Planning,Specifications & Testing

Part 1 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers". This part gives guidance to the user on how to approach controlled switching projects and, in particular, how to study,specify, and test circuit breakers and controller systems.
REF. 304
SC A3 WG A3.11
2006
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I

The Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background information on the requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general subjects and the second with making and breaking tests.
REF. 305
SC A3 WG A3.11
2006 II
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part
The Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background information on the requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general subjects and the second with making and breaking tests.
REF. 319
SC A3 WG A3.12
2007
Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker Controls Systems

Working Group A3.12 has investigated the reliability of circuit breaker control systems (conventional and digital) and made recommendations on how to improve their reliability and performance. Six components were found to account for 88% of reported failures. The failure causes of these components have been analyzed and corrective actions identified to improve reliability are presented.
REF. 335
SC A3 WG A3.13
2007
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated above 1 kV.
DG and its further growth give evidence that the effects and impact of DG on the systems behavior cannot longer be neglected. It results in higher short-circuit currents, other patterns of power flows, different voltage profiles and voltage variations, protection and control issues, potential islanding, synchronisation , safety issues, fault location, black-start conditions, system restoration, etc., reported in the TB.
REF. 336
SC A3 WG A3.13
2007
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II: The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment.
Interconnections between major networks are becoming increasingly important but more difficult to achieve. Existing overhead lines (OHL) have to be up-rated whilst more compensated lines, cables or HVDC connections are applied. Several up-rating methods are used: utilize the dynamic (cyclic) loading capacity, increase the operating voltage, apply compensation, phase shifting transformers, FACTS and HVDC systems, apply new designs for lines. The impact for HV equipment are investigated and reported in the TB.
REF. 337
SC B4/A3/B3 JWG B4/A3/B3.43
2007
Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations of Power Semiconductors

The TB presents the present developments of power semiconductors, with lower losses, higher switching frequency, converter modularization, and their new application areas, in order to propose and evaluate new or enhance equipment for increased system efficiency.
REF. 339
SC A3 WG A3.16
2008
Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on Protection System

WG A3.16 focuses on the interaction between fault current limiting (FCL) technologies, both existing and novel, and different protection systems in MV and HV. A set of criteria are derived to qualify the potential impact of each type of FCL on the various protection principles. Basis for this investigation are the FCL characteristics as defined in TB 239 (WG A3.10).
REF. 362
SC A3 WG A3.22
2008
Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC

To answer demand for standardisation in the field of UHV, WG A3.22 surveyed the current state of the art in the field of UHV technology. The findings and recommendations are presented in the TB and form the basis for the future work needed in a number of different technical areas.
REF. 368
SC A3 WG A3.18
2009
Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers

Voltage grading capacitors are accessories for HV circuit-breakers used to control the voltage distribution across each interrupting chamber of multi-unit circuit-breakers. The TB reviews utility service experience and all aspects of their operating environment. Based on Recommendations are given with regard to commonly accepted environmental, electrical and mechanical test procedures.
REF. 394
SC A3 SC A3
2009
State of the Art of Instrument Transformers

The WG launched by SC 12 (Transformers) in the mid-90s, and later transferred in 2002 to SC A3, has completed this state of the art of Instrument Transformers at the start of the 21st century a few years ago, without publishing a formal report. It has been felt that the results, of significant value for designers and users, deserve publication as a TB.
REF. 408
SC A3 WG A3.19
2010
Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-phase shortand long-line fault clearing
Faults on high voltage overhead lines are recognised to impose onerous transient recovery voltage (TRV) conditions upon the interrupting circuit-breakers and the Standards test the most critical line fault clearing conditions by means of the short-line fault duties. As recent studies have highlighted potentially more severe TRV conditions when clearing three-phase faults, at a long distance, WG A3.19 was established to assess whether these conditions may be regarded as covered by the existing Standards.
REF. 455
SC A3 WG A3.21
2011
Aspects for the Application of Composite Insulators to High Voltage (72kV) Apparatus
This TB considers the influence of active internal parts such as contacts and conductors on the design and testing of polymeric insulators. The influence of internal parts on the external electric field, long and short term electrical performance, thermal, mechanical and chemical interactions are considered. Recommendations are made regarding standardisation of these aspects. Environmental and economic spects are also addressed.
REF. 456
SC A3 WG A3.22
2011
Background of Technical Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC

TB 362 collates background information for UHV specifications and presents recommendations for the international specification and standardization of UHV equipment. Aspects such as insulation co-ordination (including the use of surge arresters), switching phenomena for circuit-breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches, and testing are addressed. Some subtle modifications to earlier conclusions and recommendations are incorporated in this document however these are both minor and limited.
2.5 B1 - Insulated Cables
REF. 005
SC 21 WG 21.02
1976
Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads.

The document provides methods for calculating rating factors for cyclic loads and for calculating the response of a cable to a suddenly applied step function load.
REF. 086
SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
1994
Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report.

The number of HVDC projects using long DC cables is increasing, mostly for submarine power transmission. A larger number of such HVDC schemes are already in operation or in planning stage. The economic design of DC cables is very important, because the cost of DC cables is high in proportion to the total cost of HVDC submarine cable transmission.
REF. 089
SC 21 WG 21.06
1994
Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and terminology.

This work categorises the types of accessory designs available for use on HV cables with extruded insulation for AC transmission voltages of 60 kV and above. The typical types of extruded cable insulation being low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR).
REF. 104
SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21
1996
Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component.

Considerable work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines, but relatively little has been published on the fields from underground cable systems. The report details the levels of magnetic field that occur in various typical situations. The analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without ferromagnetic component; for which analysis is relatively easy.
REF. 110
SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01
1996
Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines.
It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation, environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives.
REF. 177
SC 21 WG 21.06
2001
Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation

Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years.
REF. 182
SC 21 WG 21.16
2001
Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems

Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects, selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site PDD.
REF. 194
SC 21 WG 21.17
2001
Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems.
The focus of general public concern on the environment results in the use of underground lines being considered since they offer alternative or interesting complementary solutions for the bulk transmission of electrical energy. This leads to the installation of underground cables in some areas, where overhead lines would automatically have been considered in the past.
REF. 199
SC 38 TF 38.01.11
2002
Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure and control.

A distillation of many discussions on the possible impacts of superconducting power cables in power transmission systems in the future. Only oxide superconductors are discussed. In order to clarify the possibility of using SC cables, the Task Force collected and discussed worldwide background data concerning underground (or undersea) cables and analyzed the trend of SC cable applications in future power grids.
REF. 210
SC 21/15 JTF 21/15
2002
Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables.

Although interfaces in joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified as crucial parts, some of the mechanisms related to ageing are not well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study the behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The results are reported in this brochure.
REF. 211
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
2002

REF. 218
SC 23/21/33 JWG 23/21/33.15
2003
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL)

Techical information to be of assistance in the design of circuits using GIL: definition and description of GIL; general technical characteristics and their comparison with O/H lines and conventional cables; continuous and short-term current rating of directly buried GIL, sensitivity analysis to design parameters. Insulation and overvoltage aspects from a long term reliability point of view. Mechanical corrosion and installation aspects of directly buried GIL. Environment considerations. Economic aspects. Recent GIL projects and R&D programmes.
REF. 219
SC 21 WG 21.01
2003
Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to 250 kV

Tests apply to the complete HVDC cable system as installed and as intended to function. Wherever possible the tests have been based on existing recommendations, standards and practices. New tests have however been introduced where required by considerations specific to the new technology. New technology may involve the use of many different materials such as thermoplastic or cross linked polymers and differing manufacturing processes. Tests are largely functional and not specific to one material or manufacturing process.
REF. 229
SC B1 WG B1.20
2003
High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems.

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable systems seem to promise a number of fascinating advantages for bulk power transmission. The state of the art of the technology is presented, with the results of the work of the WG on HTS systems components and issues of specifications and testing. Many questions remain still open ,especially about its practical application and competivity. These issues will have to be studied later when feedback experience will be available .
REF. 247
SC B1 WG B1.02
2004
Optimization of power transmission capability of underground cable systems using thermal monitoring
This report is aimed primarily at the user and reviews the technologies currently available. Results of a survey provide some indication regarding the current utilization of both cable temperature monitoring and dynamic cable rating systems. Some recommendations are proposed in connection with the application of these systems and identifies possible future development trends.
REF. 250
SC B1 WG B1.19
2004
Technical and environmental issues regarding the integration of a new HV underground cable system in the network.
The design of underground lines should address the technical and environmental issues concerning their integration in the network,during the design, installation, operation and upgrading stages. WG B1.19 report provides guidelines for the design of transitions between OHL and underground cables.It deals with land AC extruded cables, but some sections are applcable to DC and/or submarine and SCFF cables. One chapter is dedicated to Enviromental Impact Assessment. It presents an example of of ageneral method for the evaluation of impacts and offers a typical table of contents for an environmental evaluation report.K
REF. 268
SC B1 WG B1.05
2005
Transient voltages affecting long cables

Long cables are subjected to lower lightning overvoltages than short cables due to the cable self-protective effect. This paper investigates the possibility of utilizing the full range of IEC impulse levels instead of the current practice of using the highest level. Calculated results of lightning overvoltages vs. impulse levels are provided for a cable inserted in an overhead line, for a number of cable types and system voltages. It is shown that for cable lengths that are of tens of kilometers it may sometimes be possible to even adopt the lowest IEC impulse level.
REF. 272
SC B1 WG B1.03
2005
Large cross-sections and composite screens design.

The core of large cross-section HV and EHV extruded cables are genarally segmental, to reduce losses due to the skin effect. The TB gives details on both theoritical and experimental approach, from which the WG could propose recommendations for evaluating the a.c. resistance of these cores, to be taken into account when calculating the cable current carrying capacity. It describes the calculations of losses in composite screens, combination of a bundle of wires and a metallic sheath (or a foil) and proposes a method of calculating the permissible short-circuit current of this kind of metallic screens.
REF. 279
SC B1 WG B1.04
2005
Maintenance for HV cables and accessories

This Technical Brochure is based on the report prepared by CIGRE WG B1.04. The attention will be focused on the present utility practices regarding maintenance, the failure modes for the usual cable systems and the related diagnostic methods, and recommendations to utilities for effective and efficient maintenance. One of the main recommendations is that maintenance should be based on a clear strategy and elaborated in a clear maintenance plan. Finally the TB indicates that maintenance trends are moving to so called predictive maintenance.
REF. 283
SC B1 WG B1.18
2005
Special bonding of high voltage power cables

Special sheath bonding has been used for over 40 years to help reduce cable system losses. Previous articles in ELECTRA 28, 47 and 128 addressed the subject, however it was considered that certain issues should be updated in the light of more experience and recent developments in analytical techniques. The results are published in this TB.
REF. 297
SC D1 TF D1.02.05
2006
Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD in power cables

For enhancement of the reliable operation of power cable networks preventive PD diagnosis tests are increasingly performed. In order to assess the insulation condition on the basis of the obtained data, fundamental knowledge on the PD occurrence is required.The Brochure deals with both theoritical analysis and experimental studies on the wave propagation of PD pulses in power cables. Furthermore practical aspects of the detection and location of PD faults are discussed.
REF. 303
SC B1 WG B1.06
2006
Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage and extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems
In 2002, WG B1.06 has been launched to deal with the revision of qualification procedures of underground HV and EHV cable systems with possible changes in cables or accessories. WG B1.06 has completed this task in recommending a simplified "extension of qualification" test procedure for changes in EHV cable systems. For HV systems, a prequalification procedure is recommended for cable system design with high stresses when no earler experience is available.
REF. 338
SC B1 WG B1.07
2007
Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks

Statistics for currently installed lengths of underground and overhead circuits are presented. The main technical factors influencing the cost and complexity of undergrounding are examined, as are the factors to be considered in evaluating the cost of overhead or underground connections. Significant cable projects of the last decade are described. Details of cable type, installation methods and reasons for their choice are given.
REF. 347
SC B1 TF B1.26
2008
Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen Systems

Earth Potential Rise occurring in underground systems during phase-to-earth faults should be considered when designing specially bonded systems. The most vulnerable cable systems are those connected to overhead lines and those connected into substations having high earthing impedances. Detailed calculation of EPR being complex, simplified methods are reported, which may be sufficient to detect potential problem systems, for internal (cable) and external faults.
REF. 351
SC B3/B1 JWG B3/B1.09
2008
Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines

The brochure gives information on the application of long high capacity Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL) in structures like bridges or tunnels. It is written as a guide for technical experts but can also be used for general information on GIL technology. It explains the planning steps and requirements concerning route planning and the possibilities and limits given by the GIL.
REF. 358
SC B1 WG B1.09
2008
Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground Lines

Practical guidelines are given to perform "remaining life management" on HV cables. The methodology for these guidelines is based on a combination of technical, economical and strategical criteria, resulting in recommendations about cable replacement or life extension program. In 7 case studies the proposed methodology is applied on practical cases to demonstrate the feasibility.
REF. 379
SC B1 SC B1
2009
Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine Cable Systems

A survey has been carried out recently to collect and analyse data relating to the installed quantities of AC and DC underground and submarine cable systems, rated at 60 kV and above, and their service experience and performance. Failure and typical repair times are given, as well as trends in cable and accessory technology and changes in modes of installation.
REF. 398
SC B1 WG B1.21
2009
Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables

Most cable failures are caused by third parties. To reduce themain threats to underground and submarine cables, the TBproposes to define a Cable Protection Index, which is a rela-tive number indicating which cables are most exposed to third-party damage and gives guidelines for setting up a risk reduc-tion process.
REF. 403
SC B1 WG B1.08
2010
Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures

HV and EHV cable systems are increasingly being installed in tunnels and bridges. Often they share these structures with other utilities. Shared structures offer some unique opportunities for route selection as well as reducing cost and time required for project implementation. However, the management of access, maintenance and repairs could be more complicated. The technical, administrative and legal issues to be considered during the planning and construction phases are discussed in detail. Examples of existing installations are included in the TB.
REF. 415
SC B1 WG B1.24
2010
Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated Voltages 30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV)
Large numbers of old underground cable systems are made with paper-insulated cables whilst the majority of newly produced cables have extruded insulation. This introduces the need for jointing the two kinds of cables with suitable transition joints. Currently no IEC document specifies requirements for testing these devices. The TB reviews the range of transition joints currently available and recommends tests to prove their development, design, manufacturing and installation.
REF. 446
SC B1 WG B1.25
2011
Advanced design of metal laminated coverings: recommendation for tests, guide to use, operational feed back
Due to environmental restrictions, advanced laminate coverings are preferred to lead sheath to cover High Voltage extruded cables. The WG B1.25 has taken advantage of an operation survey in 13 countries to establish a recommendation for tests and a guide to use these advanced laminate coverings, where several layers of plain (not corrugated) metal and plastic materials are bonded together to get a special set of properties. It replaces Electra 141 (1992).
2.6 B2 - Overhead lines
REF. 048
SC 22 WG 22.06
1995
Tower top geometry.

The study is to define clearances between live conductors and earthed structures under the action of wind. This case is particularly significant for suspension towers equipped with I-type suspension insulator sets. In addition to insulator swing the following requirements may also affect the tower top geometry : Clearances between conductors in mid-span; Provisions for conductor galloping and Distances for live line maintenance.
REF. 081
SC 22 WG 22.07
1994
Foundation testing
With the change in design philosophy from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach, the necessity for determining the strength distribution for individual components of an overhead transmission line has increased. The report gives recommendations on the procedures to be undertaken during the testing of foundations from the initial planning stage through to test evaluation and acceptance.
REF. 085
SC 38 WG 38.04
1994

REF. 109
SC 22 WG 22.06
1996 Loading and strength of overhead lines
Review of IEC 826 :
The brochure comprises 4 different chapters : 1) Questionnaire on use and application of IEC 826; 2) Application example of IEC 826; 3) Analysis of recent transmission line failures; 4) Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concept.
REF. 110
SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01
1996
Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines.
It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation, environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives.
REF. 141
SC 22 WG 22.07
1999
Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations.

This report provides an outline of good practice on the refurbishment and upgrading of existing overhead transmission line support foundations. Possible reasons for foundation deterioration are reviewed, which may result from such diverses causes as early-age concrete cracking to damage by frost forces. the critical nature of the inspection and testing strategy are considered, with attention focussed on the economics of the inspection/testing regime, the use of alternative strategies and the different levels of foundation inspection together with the actual inspection test methods.
REF. 147
SC 22 WG 22.14
1999
High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations
Electricity utilities involved in transmission development, maintenance and operation face increasingly severe challenges as a result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive legislation and standards and growing public expectations and concerns.These trends will have a major influence on the approach of companies to the management of both new projects and existing transmission assets.
REF. 174
SC 22 WG 22.06
2000
Load control devices on overhead transmission lines.

Electricity utilities need to design overhead lines to withstand potential cascade failures of towers which could occur as a result of exceptional icing or rupture of conductors. Some utilities simply design the lines with section towers at frequent intervals and other utilities use special devices called 'load control devices' (LCD) the function of which is to limit the stresses applied to the towers in cases of exceptional longitudinal loads.
REF. 175
SC 22 WG 22.13
2000
Management of existing overhead transmission lines.

Can you answer the following questions : Can you quantitatively justify investments in you O/H transmission system ? Can you predict the probability of you next O/H transmission line failure event ? Do you collect the right data when you have a failure event ? Do you know the present capability of you OHTL components ? Could you manage these data effectively if you did collect them ?
REF. 178
SC 22 WG 22.06
2001
Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines

Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years.
REF. 179
SC 22 TF 22.06.01
2001
Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead power line conductors
When criteria for ice loading on overhead transmission lines are established, experiences from existing lines and line networks are of great economical value. This document describes the importance of such data and procedures for collecting them. Guidelines for company routines as well as recommendations for tools, training and observation procedures are given. Includes two sets of observation forms : for collecting fundamental and accurate information on ice loadings and shedding on various conductor types and a simplified set for collecting basic information.
REF. 184
SC 22 WG 22.03
2001
Composite insulator handling guide

With a view to preventing failures this documents serves to describe how critical damage can occur in the field and the measures that should be taken to avoid such damage. Typical problems are illustrated to show the defects that can be introduced by inappropriate treatment and construction practices, to indicate the possible long term effects of such defects and to assist in their identification to facilitate the rigourous inspection of composite insulators prior to line commissioning.
REF. 196
SC 22 WG 22.08
2001
Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports

Following a review of the available standards worldwide, it became obvious to the WG there was little definitive documentation addressing the application, design or requirement for horizontal diaphragms (plan bracing) within lattice steel supports.SC22 compiled a questionnaire concerning the design "rules" currently employed within the industry addressing its scope to self-supporting and guyed lattice steel supports. 21 responses were received and are published in this brochure.
REF. 206
SC 22 WG 22.07
2002
The design of transmission line support foundations - an overview.

Transmission line foundations provide the interlinking component between the support and in-situ soil and/or rock. The interrelationship between the support type and the applied foundation loadings are considered, together with the methods of determining the engineering properties of the in-situ soil and/or rock. Two principal categories of foundations have been considered: separate and compact. The major types applicable to each category are reviewed e.g. monoblock, spead, drilled shaft, pile, anchor, direct embedment of poles, etc
REF. 207
SC 22 WG 22.12
2002
Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors.

In most countries the demand for electric power is constantly increasing, and there is a corresponding requirement to increase the power transferred by transmission and distribution lines. A solution would be to build new lines, but this may not be feasible on account of economic or environmental considerations. Hence, there may be pressure to increase the load transfer capacity of both new and old lines.
REF. 211
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
2002

REF. 216
SC 22 WG 22.12
2002
Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing and replacement criteria

Description of the tests currently available to determine the condition of joints in order to establish their quality and ability for a reliable and continuing service especially when an increase in electrical load is expected. For example when increasing the operating temperature of a line. It should be noted that this is not exclusive to ACSR joints.
REF. 230
SC B2 TF B2.08.01
2003
Assessment of existing overhead line supports.

Results of a questionnaire comparing worldwide information about practices on assessment of all types of existing overhead line supports: inspection techniques, causes and types of defects and management criteria to undertake actions, especially routine maintenance, repaire, life extension, refurbishment and upgrading of supports. Includes: self supporting lattice steel structures; guyed lattice steel structures; self supporting hollow steel section structures; steel poles; concrete poles, wood poles.
REF. 244
SC B2 WG B2.12
2004
Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines

Methods for increasing the thermal rating of existing overhead transmission lines : weather data and load profiles fed into computer programs - real-time monitoring - re-assessment of electrical clearances under an existing line replacement of existing conductors,
REF. 251
SC B2 WG B2.11
2004
The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings (CD + Brochure)

The Brochure compiles work previously published on the behaviour of conductors and fittings, as spacers and space dampers.Futures updates are planned when new information will be available.
paper +CD
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros pages , file: MB
REF. 256
SC B2 WG B2.16
2004
Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude of high intensity winds

The technical brochure focuses on the description of the extreme meteorological events and provides their main characteristics. A review of the overhead lines design rules is given.
REF. 265
SC B2 WG B2.15
2005
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines

This BT presents a broad examination of LCA and LCA methodologies. A summary is given on how LCA developed and how it is classified and outlined in the ISO 14040 series. Included is a full review of work done in Scandinavian countries on LCA. An explanation and comparison is provided on various LCA software packages, and some studies dealing with the overhead line as a system are included. Finally conclusions and recommendations are presented.
REF. 273
SC B2 TF B2.11.04
2005
Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations

The TB deals with "Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations". Part one considers single unarmored, unprotected conductors of the most common types. Part two deals with single conductor lines protected by means of Stockbridge-type vibration dampers set up at span extremities. Part three deals with bundled conductor lines ( twin horizontal bundles, triple apex-down bundles and quad horizontal bundles)
REF. 274
SC B2 WG B2.15
2005
Consultation models for overhead line projects.

The TB examines "best practice" consultation approaches for overhead line projects, to provide a reference for those invoved in delivering projects in challenging circumstances. Five detailed cases studies are included with the findings of an international survey of "best practice" approaches.The nature of consultations, legislative requirements, timescales, impact of market restructuring, society expectations, use of new technologies and consultation requirements associated with international financing are examined. In concluding, key ingredients for success are identified.
REF. 275
SC C4 WG C4.2.02
2005
Methods for measuring the earth resistance of transmission towers equipped of earth wires.
The Technical Brochure reports the responses from a questionnaire regarding this subject some years ago.The used methods are described and analysed.Their pros and cons are discussed. The widely used method based on injected high frequency current has been theoritically analysed.
REF. 277
SC B2 WG B2.11
2005
State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers

The Technical Brochure presents a general description of the different types of spacers and spacer dampers used on overhead transmission lines with bundled conductors. The material requirement is reviewed and also the different types of clamping systems currently used. Mechanical, dynamic, electrical and environmental design characteristics are covered. The state of the art survey includes a review of the actual experience gained with current practice and the results of a questionnaire summarising the most common problems occurring.
REF. 278
SC B2 WG B2.06
2005
The influence of line configuration on environment impacts of electrical origin

The aim of the TB is to show how different design parameters of overhead lines affect on electrical impacts and the way to reduce these impacts by using appropriate parameters. The design parameters considered are the phase configuration, the number and diameter of sub-conducts per each phase, the phase to phase distance and the clearance to ground. The impacts include electric and magnetic fields, radio interference and audible noise.
REF. 281
SC B2 WG B2.07
2005
Design and Installation of micropiles and ground anchors for OHL support foudations
The overview of micropiles and anchors is written to provide advice and information to generalist overhead line engineers as well as to specialist foundations engineers. For the former the TB describes the foundations and explains their advantages. For the latter it provides information, data and references covering all aspects of design and construction. Also included are many photographsillustrating the system.
REF. 284
SC B2 WG B2.03
2005
Use of corona rings to control the electrical field along transmission line composite insulators
The Technical brochure shows that it is most important to control the electrical field near the HV and ground ends of Hv overhead line composite insulators. This can be achieved by fitting the insulator with corona rings. Their size and position are critical to correctly control the electrical field. The insulator manufacturer is best equipped to correctly define the dimensioning and location of these rings.
REF. 289
SC B2 WG B2.06
2006
Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines Advantages, Applications and Comparisons
This Technical Brochure promotes Reliability Based Design (RBD) methods for Overhead Lines and provides recommendations to make Standard IEC 60826 Ed.3, October 2003 and other relevant RBD Codes (ASCE 74, EN 50341) more consistent. Section I summarizes advantages of probabilistic methods over deterministic methods as well as the key features of IEC 60826, and its companion document, CIGR TB No. 178. In Section II possible interpretations of IEC 60826 are clarified by application examples. Section III compares the other RBD Codes with IEC 60826 to assess the significance of any major difference.
REF. 291
SC B2 WG B2.16
2006
Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical Methods and Topographical Effects
Atmospheric icing is a complex phenomenon involving many basic processes affected by large variations over time and space and influenced by topography. The brochure attempts to provide guidelines to overhead line designers with respect to icing models and statistical methods including topographical effects. These guidelines are generally provided from a meteorological point of view with relevant background material.
REF. 294
SC B2 WG B2.06
2006
How overhead lines are redesignd for uprating/upgradingAnalysies of the replies to the questionnaire.
The scope of the questionnaire was to collect and compare worldwide best practices on uprating and/or upgrading works on overhead transmission lines in order to assess the reasons, the design requirements and the results achieved.This TB describes the correlation noticed between actions such as increasing transmission capacity and structural reliability, improving line performance and extending remaining life.The methods and tools for uprating/upgrading are summarized. Finally some didactic cases are provided as well as the remarkable results from the statistical analysis of the results.
REF. 299
SC B2 WG B2.12
2006
Guide for the selection of weather parameters for bare overhead conductor ratings
This paper provides an overview on the process for selecting weather parameters for application of TB 207.The brochure recommends conservative base-line ratings which can be applied universally. It also recommends methods for safe use of higher ratings, based on either line specific weather studies or real time rating equipment.
REF. 306
SC B2 WG B2.03
2006
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What to and when to replace
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What to check and when to replace. Based on the results of a series of standard IEC tests carried out on insulators that were in service for periods from 11 to 45 years, a test procedure has been established to determine the state of old insulators and to decide on the safe time for their replacement.
REF. 308
SC B2 WG B2.07
2006
Foundation Installation An Overview

The aim of the Brochure is to provide an overview of the methods and procedures adopted for the installation of the different types of support foundations. To achieve this overall aim, an extensive literature review has been undertaken to identify how the influences described above interact with the installation process.
REF. 322
SC B2 TF B2.11.O6
2007
State of the art conductor galloping

Galloping is a low frequency high amplitude wind induced vibration of both ice-coated single and bundle conductors. It has a major impact on the design of overhead lines, for both clearances and tower loadings. This brochure is giving an actualized state of the art of the phenomenon mechanisms, its impact, how to control it, as well as new trends to determine galloping amplitudes.
REF. 324
SC B2 TF B2.12.03
2007
Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines

This brochure identifies and describes the most essential elements of the sag-tension calculation process and the various mathematical and experimental methods used to predict sag and tension of catenaries over the whole range of conductor temperatures and ice and wind loads: the goal is not to develop a unique calculation method but to provide the engineers with a basic explanation of the sag-tension calculation methods that are in common use throughout the world and with a physical understanding of the processes and mathematical relationships that underlie these methods.
REF. 331
SC B2 SC B2
2007
Considerations relating to the use of high temperature conductors

The use of high temperature conductors ( for operating temperature above 100C ) to increase power transfer thermal limits (thermal ratings) is becoming widespread.This brochure describes the more common available conductors types, examines the effects of high temperature operation on conductors and fittings and reviews the types of fittings used, ( which were found to be largely conventionnal ). Whilst very few problems were reported, users are advised to ensure that allowable insulator temperatures are not exceeded.
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REF. 332
SC B2 TF B2.11.07
2007
Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp Systems Update of Present Knowledge

The understanding and prediction of failures of conductors as a result of fretting fatigue are critical for a modern utility to effectively manage overhead lines assets. This TB covers the theory of fretting fatigue, the phenomenon of aeolian vibrations as well as measurement thereof. Determination of possible damage and ways to predict remaining life of conductors as well as new methods to test conductor clamp systems are described.
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REF. 333
SC B2 WG B2.03
2007
Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted insulator testing stations

With the introduction of composite insulators, outdoor test stations got another important meaning for the preselection of insulator types. The combination of the many variable environmental parameters which can influence an insulator's behaviour over its lifetime are difficult to artificially simulate and, moreover, to accelerate, and the validity of laboratory tests is thus often questioned. The TB serves as a general for the establishement of natural test stations.
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REF. 344
SC B2 WG B2.06
2008
Big Storm Events - What we have learned

After the storm events in Canada in early 1998 and again in France in late 1999, the idea to share information on the impact of severe and widespread Big Storm Events came up strongly: knowledge of characteristics and origin of the storm event as well as its impact, strategy of upgrading and adapting the network for future similar or more severe events, need to improve design practices and emergency preparedness.
REF. 345
SC B2 WG B2.12
2008
Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically stranded Conductors

The electrical resistance of conductors for overhead lines depends on the cross-section, the conductivity of the aluminium alloy, the lay length of the aluminium layers. The presence of a steel core can increase the resistance due to core magnetizing effects. The TB describes a process of AC resistance calculation for bare stranded aluminium conductors, both with and without a steel core.
REF. 348
SC B2 WG B2.06
2008
Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances

For a line the dimensions of the tower top are determined by phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase clearances. The position of conductors and earth wire at tower and the sag at mid span change with climatic conditions. Practices of several countries are compared. The study results in the proposal to consider "still air" and "high wind" cases to withstand respectively overvoltages and power frequency voltages.
REF. 350
SC B2 TF B2.06.09
2008
How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High Intensity Winds - Basic Understanding
This TB presents an overview of the literature on localized High Intensity Winds and their effects on OHL, in order to provide a basic understanding of these phenomena from design perspective. Simplified load cases are proposed, recognizing that improvements will follow current and future research efforts, simulations, observations and field data collection.
REF. 353
SC B2 WG B2.13
2008
Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing Overhead Transmission Lines

Over the past twenty years, there have been major developments in transmission line asset renewal driven by increasing network constraints and demands for high availability and capacity. The aim of the Brochure is to provide executives and asset managers guidelines for the economic and technical considerations for transmission line asset renewal and any combination of uprating, upgrading, refurbishment and asset expansion.
REF. 363
SC B2 WG B2.07
2008
Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength Factor using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design Engineers
This TB introduces a reliability based calibration methodology of foundation strength factor using full-scale test data. A flow diagram provides the necessary steps for the calibration process and a foundation design problem is also presented as an example to demonstrate the methodology.
REF. 365
SC B2 WG B2.21
2008
On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for composite Insulators on Transmission Lines
The requirement for power arc protection devices is dependent primarily on the network parameters and secondarily on the insulator types. The TB deals with thermal effects of arcs, design rules of protection devices, applied test philosophies and practical examples as well as the coordination between corona and power arc protections.
REF. 369
SC B2/D2 WG B2/D2.18
2009
New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information as applied to Overhead Power Lines
This TB on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is a strategy document that may be used by a utility to gain an understanding of best practices in GIS and advantages of its application. It describes examples, of benefit for the management of the Transmission Business.
REF. 384
SC B2 WG B2.08
2009
Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice Tower Design and Detailing
This document collects and compares the current practices within the industry for the design and fabrication of lattice steel structures for lines. A questionnaire was circulated; international standards and industry practices in 5 countries were consulted. The TB aims to promote the knowledge through comparison of the existing practices and highlighting their differences.
REF. 385
SC B2 WG B2.20
2009
Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in Transmission OHL

Increasing the load-flow in existing transmission lines to meet the growth in demand is seen as a valid alternative due to difficulties to build new lines. This increase could not be realized without risk management because the original work was not designed to take into account this aspect: the TB explains in details the risk approach and presents the practical case of joints on conductors.
REF. 387
SC B2 WG B2.08
2009
INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES
This Brochure reports on the influence exerted by the statically indeterminate (hyperstatic) modeling on the behavior of Lattice OHL towers. For this purpose 3 prototype towers were designed, manufactured and tested. The tests were monitored with manufactured strain-gage systems, allowing real time readings on bar loads. Interesting conclusions are shown comparing the estimated versus measured forces on the prototypes bars.
REF. 388
SC B2/B4/C1 JWG B2/B4/C1.17
2009
IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC PROJECTS

The study considers the overall HVDC system economics, capital (lines and stations), losses, operation and maintenance. The most economically favorable voltages and conductor configurations are studied for several HVDC system alternatives. It is shown how the HVDC line and the converter stations selection impact each combination. Directives are presented on the 'best-solutions' for different sets of transmission parameters.
REF. 395
SC B2 WG B2.08
2009
Investigation on the Structural Interaction between Transmission Line Towers and Foundations
This paper reports the investigations carried out by WG.07 and B2.08 on the structural interaction between line towers and foundations. The main purpose was to analyze the impact of foundation movements on member forces. Using appropriate device, especially designed for applying up and down displacements, numerical simulations are compared with results in real scale tests.
REF. 396
SC B2 WG B2.08
2009
Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings

Large OVHL crossings are designs at the limit of the stateof-the-art, as they demand long spans and/or tall supports and standards do not cover their design; therefore information about crossing projects already constructed could assist in making the right decisions. The data collected in the TB record spans, tower heights and weights, conductor types, insulator strings and other useful information.
REF. 399
SC B2 WG B2.08
2009
Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology

For a long time, new tower designs have been validated by loading tests. IEC 60652, Loading Tests on Overhead LineStructures, was first published in 1979 to standardize and provide guidance for performing Tests. After some years of practical experience with that standard, WG B2.08 decided to review its application. With this objective two questionnaires were circulated. A summary of the answers and the relevant conclusions are shown in the TB.
REF. 410
SC B2 WG B2.16
2010
Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific Terrain Features

High winds have often caused severe damages to electric overhead lines. When such high winds appear localised within certain areas, they can often be explained by features of the localtopography. The TB explains vortex shedding behind steep ter-rain and provides a systematic approach to evaluate local windspeeds that may occur on overhead lines in such terrain.
REF. 416
SC B2 WG B2.08
2010
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports

Years ago, aesthetics was not taken into account in the design of OHL supports. Towers were not judged as 'pretty'or 'ugly'; they were just considered essential for transmission of electricity. Nowadays, overhead line projects have to start with an environmental impact assessment aiming tor educe their impact on the landscape. This brochure produced by WG B2.08 has the purpose of reporting how aesthetic towers have been used as a solution to mitigate these impacts.
REF. 416Annex 2010

SC B2 WG B2.08
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports

Years ago, aesthetics was not taken into account in the design of OHL supports. Towers were not judged as 'pretty'or 'ugly'; they were just considered essential for transmission of electricity. Nowadays, overhead line projects have to start with an environmental impact assessment aiming tor educe their impact on the landscape. This brochure produced by WG B2.08 has the purpose of reporting how aesthetic towers have been used as a solution to mitigate these impacts.
REF. 425
SC B2, C1 WG B2/C1.19
2010
Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines: Needs and Solutions

This TB explores the subject of achieving large capacity increases on existing transmission lines. It first touches the roles and interrelations of planners and designers and then discusses technologies that can be used to increase the capacity. At the end it shows the importance of the relationship between owners, operators and the public and its representatives.
REF. 426
SC B2 WG B2.26
2010
Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for Use on Overhead Transmission Lines
This guide provides general recommendations for methods and testing useful to qualify high temperature bare conductors for use on OHL, designed and intended for maximum operating temperatures in excess of 150C. It includes recommendations for laboratory and outdoor testing of the complete High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) stranded conductor system, including accessories.
REF. 428
SC B2 WG B2.08
2010
The Effect of Fabrication and Erection Tolerances on the Strength of Lattice Steel
Transmission Line towers are fabricated and erected based on the workshop drawings assuming a certain level of imperfections (tolerances). As comprehensive standards do not exist for such tolerances, a questionnaire was issued about the international industry practices. The purpose of the TB reported is to quantify the effect of some of those tolerances on tower member forces verifying their relevance.
REF. 429
SC B2 WG B2.30
2010
Engineering guidelines relating to fatigue endurance capability of conductor/clamp systems

Conductor fatigue most often occurs at suspension clamps. The design tools presently available for the prediction of aeolian vibration amplitudes, the in-situ measurements of conductor vibration and the determination of the fatigue endurance of a conductor clamp system are presented. Important limitations of the present design tools for the determination of the fatigue endurance of a system and the prediction of aeolian vibration amplitudes are discussed.
REF. 438
SC B2 WG B2.29
2010
Systems for Prediction and Monitoring of Ice Shedding, AntiIcing and De-Icing for Overhead Power Line Conductors and Ground Wires
This TB presents some operational or potential anti- and deicing systems (AI/DI). However, for a better understandingand appropriate application of the recommended techniques, the TB also informs on some fundamental aspects of ice accretion and its mechanical and thermodynamic behaviour. The promising potential of new materials such as AI coatings and the role of modern meteorological forecasting models for reliable use of AI/DI techniques are also discussed.
REF. 471
SC B2 WG B2.33
2011
Working Safely while Supported on Aged Overhead Conductors

In 2008 WG B2.33 issued a questionnaire intending to canvass the industry to understand several aspects of cart use on older overhead HV lines as related to safety. The TB identifies the factors that affect the structural integrity of the aged conductor systems and therefore, the risks associated with the use of carts on aged conductors. Guidelines are given for developing criteria or rules for use of carts, for inspection and assessment of safe conditions as well as alternative methods for dealing with presumed or known unsafe conditions.
REF. 473
SC B4/C3/B2 WG B4/C3/B2.50
2011
Electric Field and Ion Current Environment of HVDC Overhead Transmission Lines
This TB presents a report on the Electric Field and Ion Current Environment of HVDC Overhead Transmission Lines. It provides information on the electric fields and ion currents produced by DC overhead transmission lines, the methods for calculating these parameters, field data measured under some operating lines and test lines, an evaluation of current scientific research on potential health and environmental implications of exposures to DC electric fields and ions, and a discussion of the role that sensory perception of field and ions may have in the design of DC lines. Examples of how design parameters that affect the levels of DC electric fields and ion current densities under DC lines are included.
2.7 B3 - Substations
REF. 006
SC 23 WG 23.02
1987
Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air Substations.

The short-circuit current levels in HV and EHV networks have been increasing considerably in recent decades and further increases may be expected in the future. High levels of short-circuit current in substations results in high mechanical stresses and in some cases, displacements, on bus systems, connections to apparatus, substation equipment and bus supports.
REF. 009
SC 34 WG 34.02
1985
Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital Techniques in Substations.

Digital computer technology has been applied in electric power substations for many years. Data acquisition, alarms, status monitoring and supervisory control systems have all been converted to digital computer systems to some extent, and in many cases these systems are entirely digital in nature. Protection of power apparatus and systems is a function that has been considered for conversion to digital computer technology during recent years.
REF. 023
SC 38 TF 38.04.03
1985

REF. 035
SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
1989

REF. 044
SC 23 WG 23.10
1993
Earthing of GIS. An application guide.

Electra No. 151 (Dec. 1993). Whilst, over the past few years, numerous papers have been written on the subject of transient ground potential rise in GIS and the consequences in relation to earthing, so far as the WG is aware no international document has been published dedicated entirely to the earthing of GIS installations.
REF. 069
SC 23 WG 23.04
1992
General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations.

The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide to the design of an outdoor, AC substation, from the system requirements, through the selection of the most suitable site, to the design of the equipment to be installed. It gives advice on the general principles, refers to relevant IEC standards and CIGRE reports, and gives an indication of the economic factors involved.
REF. 080
SC 23 WG 23.08
1993
Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power plants.

The report surveys all practicable types of large variable speed electrical machines (> 200 kW) and their control systems as applied in the past and as used today. The possible circuits are described and the speed torque diagrams are shown.
REF. 088
SC 23 WG 23.05
1994
Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems.

The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations. However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations even though they are generally less complex.
REF. 098
SC 23 WG 23.08
1995
Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations.
This report deals with overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations. it includes earthing practice of the generator circuit, such as neutral point treatment of generator and generator transformer. Different kinds of overvoltages are described, together with their origin. Methods for calculation of overvoltages are presented as well as protection systems to minimise the effects of overvoltages.
REF. 105
SC 23 WG 23.11
1996
The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests.
This document is a revision of the earlier CIGRE brochure (No.6) published in 1987. Although the text is based on the former brochure, some parts of which explicitly remain unchanged, other sections have been fully modified and others cancelled because they are no longer relevant.
REF. 117
SC 23 WG 23.10.01
1997
SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical power equipment and final disposal.
All significant aspects of the recycling of SF6 gas used in electrical power equipment. Recommendations for the design of electrical equipment using it to allow ease of recycling, appropriate handling and recycling procedures and essential features of gas handling and recycling equipment. Identifies the origins, quantities and deteriorating effects of contaminants to be expected in SF6 and proposes purity standards to allow safe re-use. A final disposal concept is proposed to remove SF6 from the ecocycle and transform it into environmentally comptatible substances. General recommendations for handling for manufacturers, users and producers. Recommendations for further studies. This Brochure is replaced by an updated version, TB 234
REF. 125
SC 23 TF 23.10.03
1998
User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above.
WG 23-04 has published general guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations (Publ.-69). Apart from some minor comments the scope was limited to air-insulated switchgear (AIS). Therefore all points which are specific for GIS for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above or different from AIS are covered by this new application guide. Selection of most suitable site, area requirements, environmental factors and substation layout are described here.
REF. 150
SC 23 WG 23.02
2000
Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience
Reliability, economic advantage for lige cycle cost and physical compactness of HV GIS have resulted in their widespread use over some 30 years. Many Users' approach to its application is still rather unique. GIS technology can however contribute very effectively to increasing the relaibility of new substations and to improving the asset life cycle of existing ones. For the user to be able to decide on GIS he needs data on which to judge his investment and maintenance decision. WG 23.02 has created a database to be updated every 5 years with the results being accessible through CIGRE channels.
REF. 152
SC 23/39 JWG 23/39
2000
An international survey of maintenance policies and trends

General information about the utilities that responded. Quality of information is generally good but it is necessary to bear in mind that due to the nature of the information requested (e.g. replacement costs, type of equipment, age etc) much of the information was estimated. 64 responses were entered into a computerised database. Analysis of the general information obtained. Further details of the construction of the database and calculation of composite size and age factors used in the analysis are also given. The method used for detecting correlation between answers is also given.
REF. 161
SC 23 WG 23.03
2000
General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. (2nd version).

Evolving techniques and the opening market have contributed to new aspects which have made a revision of the brochure issued in 1992 (Ref. 69). The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide for designing an outdoor AC substation, considering the systems requirements, the most suitable site, and design of the equipment to be installed. It provides advice on the general principles, relevant IEC standards and CIGRE reports, as appropriate, and also takes the economic factors involved.
REF. 162
SC 23 WG 23.01
2000
Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design operation and maintenance of future substations.
In Cigr report 23-207 of 1996 "The future substation : a reflective approach" a number of conclusions were made which to a great extent is forming the base for this questionnaire. 49 responses were received : 30 from utilities 16 from manufacturers and 3 from consultants.
REF. 163
SC 23 TF 23.02.01
2000
Guide for SF6 gas mixtures.

This guide addresses the issues of using an SF6 mixture where SF6 is diluted by one other gas, typically nitrogen or CF4, added at a concentration in the range of 5 to 90%. The practical application of SF6 mixtures in electrical equipment requires an understanding of their performance, both environmental and functional, as well as methods and equipment for handling gas mixtures.
REF. 197
SC 23 WG 23.04
2002
Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and distribution systems

The objective is to present an overview of the current practice and state of the art of auxiliaries power supplies for electric power stations. It is intended to be a support for design engineers. The overview considers the basic design of auxiliaries power supplies particularly regarding the process of developing the main electrical scheme and selection of rated voltages as required in the development of specifications.
REF. 201
SC 23/39 JWG 23/39.14
2002
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines

In CIGRE 2000 Session papers concepts of outsourcing were reviewed including business models, assessing the risk through outsourcing exposure and the development of contractor-owner relationships. These guidelines attempt to review these in a systematic manner. Part I discusses the general issues around the development of a service options strategy, Part 2 focuses on the analysis of outsourcing opportunities, Part 3 considers some more general aspects of outsourcing and Part 4 discusses key performance indicators.
REF. 211
SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
2002

REF. 213
SC 23 WG 23.04
2002
Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations

To identify the current practice of safety earthing systems in power stations. To give suggestions and useful proposals for planning, design, calculation and construction of earthing systems in order to provide safe and effective installations. Useful for checking of existing earthing systems. The report is intended to be an engineering guide including reference to different rules and standards as applied in various countries. Special attention is given to current practice for different types of power stations.
REF. 214
SC 23 WG 23.03
2002
The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105
A technical base for the methods to be suggested in substation design against short circuit mechanical loading. To understand the technical background behind IEC methods,to think about system design taking into consideration SCC loads at early stage and not simply verify structures against SCC loads, to give them trend to decrease SCC loading for uprating, refurbishement as well as designing of new substations.To help equipment suppliers when providing new design not only for static loads but also for dynamic loads.
REF. 218
SC 23/21/33 JWG 23/21/33.15
2003
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL)

Techical information to be of assistance in the design of circuits using GIL: definition and description of GIL; general technical characteristics and their comparison with O/H lines and conventional cables; continuous and short-term current rating of directly buried GIL, sensitivity analysis to design parameters. Insulation and overvoltage aspects from a long term reliability point of view. Mechanical corrosion and installation aspects of directly buried GIL. Environment considerations. Economic aspects. Recent GIL projects and R&D programmes.
REF. 221
SC B3 WG B3.03
2003
Improving the impact of existing substations on the environment

To assist asset owners and designers to identify and address key environmental issues of existing substations. Presents various methods to reduce the environmental impact of existing substations and offers management strategies and case studies of international efforts. Includes discussions on: aesthetics - audible noise - release of insulating oil - site contaminants and remediation - managing SF6 gas - reduction of electromagnetic fields.
REF. 233
SC B3 WG B3.05
2003
Application policy for computer-based control systems in substations: a review.

Case studies from seven utilities about their application policy for computer-based control systems in substations. The application policy and the relevant experience of the utilities are given under the headings of costs architecture - EMC - functionality - communication - reliability - flexibility - operation - maintenance and relationship with the vendor. Conclusions are drawn about similarity.
REF. 234
SC B3 TF B3.02.01
2003
SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003.

Reviews all significant aspects of the recycling of SF6 gas used in electrical power equipment. Recommendations for the design of equipment using SF6 to allow ease of gas recycling and appropriate gas handling and recycling procedures - essential features of handling and recycling equipment. Identifies origins - quantities and deteriorating effects of contaminants to be expected in SF6 used in electrical power equipment and proposes purity standartds to which SF6 gas should be reclaimed to allow its safe re-use.
REF. 252
SC B3 WG B3.01
2004
Functional specification and evaluation of substations.

Liberalisation of energy markets has led to new requirements from asset owners for high voltage substations. New concepts and solutions have been developed by solution providers. In response to this challenge two task forces looked at effective ways of evaluating substations, both for conventional solutions and solutions involving innovative concepts. The results of the work of these Task Forces are published in this brochure.
REF. 253
SC B3 WG B3.03
2004
Substations physical security trends.

In response to the growing concern for the security of substation physical assets an international survey was undertaken to assess the use and effectiveness of various security measures for the prevention - detection and control of unauthorized human intervention during the construction - operation and maintenance of substations. This brochure presents the results and includes case studies of security measures to prevent unauthorised access to substation property and protect substation assets raising awareness about substation physical security issues and employee safety.
REF. 276
SC B3 TF B3.02.01
2005
Guide for the preparation of customised Practical SF6 handling instructions

Guide for the preparation of customised "Practical SF6 handling instructions". State-of-the-art procedures, equipment, tools and instruments are described and suggested to minimize on-site SF6 handling losses down to the minimum functional level for the equipment. The safety issue as well as the personal protection equipment are also treated. Each module is stand-alone so that it can be used to compile a customized operating manual for "Practical SF6 handling instructions".
REF. 300
SC B3 WG B3.03
2006
Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of existing air insulated sbstations

There are growing needs of renovation of substations, which have to meet the present requirements on cost control and environmental acceptance. The TB analyses more particularly the requirements for renewal, the methods for condition assessment and the possible options, and proposes optimal approach to the problem.
REF. 317
SC D2/B3/C2 JWG D2/B3/C2.01
2007
Security for information systems and intranets in electric power systems

This report informs on the final JWG results and recommendations in the field of information and control systems security. The objective is to raise the awareness and provides guidance when developing and implementing cyber security in an Electric Power Utility. The report is based on the members own experiences, existing guidelines, best practices and standards, as well as intermediate results of ongoing work in the field of cyber security.
REF. 329
SC B5 WG B5.18
2007
Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation automation systems

The aim of the brochure is to provide guidelines for the preparation of substation automation specifications. It gives also supporting information and methods for the evaluation of the different offers submitted by the bidders.
REF. 337
2007

REF. 351
SC B3/B1 JWG B3/B1.09
2008
Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines

The brochure gives information on the application of long high capacity Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL) in structures like bridges or tunnels. It is written as a guide for technical experts but can also be used for general information on GIL technology. It explains the planning steps and requirements concerning route planning and the possibilities and limits given by the GIL.
REF. 354
SC B3 WG B3.15
2008
Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated Substations

This brochure provides a range of important information, which contributes to optimizing the construction cost of AIS substations from the conceptual engineering stage to project close out. A number of case studies are also included in the brochure to show how cost reductions have been achieved in practice by various utilities.
REF. 380
SC B3 WG B3.01
2009
The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design

The TB provides guidelines on the technical issues and challenges of introducing new technology into the substation environment, with a general overview in the main body of the document and fine detail in the appendices. It is not intended as a problem solver for system issues, but as a guide to some of the practicalities and problems to be faced when installing the solution.
REF. 381
SC B3 WG B3.17
2009
GIS: State of the Art 2008

The TB provides a comprehensive overview about the state of the art of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS): history, technology, solutions and applications including testing and functional specifications. It will help to understand the evolution of GIS, and thus enable users and suppliers to optimise the future utilisation of GIS.
REF. 389
SC B3 WG B3.11
2009
Combining Innovation with Standardization

Utilities think that standardization in substation design has many benefits, but in recent years there has been a significant move to introduce innovation. The objective of the TB is to investigate the benefits and drawbacks of both approaches and to provide guidelines by which these two apparently contradictory philosophies could be coordinated in the design of future substations with minimal risk.
REF. 390
SC B3 WG B3.20
2009
Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS, GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above
New HV switchgear components have been developed based either on AIS or on GIS technologies, or on a combination of both of them (MTS). The TB objective is to provide comparative information of the possible numerous arrangements to aid in the selection of the most effective equipment solution for a new or existing substation.
REF. 400
SC B3 WG B3.22
2009
Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800 kV

The TB has been discussed and prepared, just when Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines and substations in China havealready started to operate, and brought satisfactory results. It describes some technical considerations and recommendations on UHV substations to fulfill the multiple requirements which should be taken into account.
REF. 430
SC B3 WG B3.18
2010
SF6 Tightness Guide

SF6 tightness of electric power equipment is essential for the functionality of the equipment itself and for the protection of the environment. The guide reviews all significant aspects of measuring and ensuring the tightness of electric power equipment containing SF6. A functional description concerning state-of-theart test procedures, test methods and instrument devices is performed.
Type-testing, factory routine testing and on-site testing during service are described; continuous on-line monitoring is also included. Recommen dations are given to users and OEMs how to work towards maintaining a high level of SF6 tightness.
REF. 439
SC B3 WG B3.21
2010
Turnkey Substations
This TB presents the full turnkey process from conception to completion and enables the reader to adapt the process to his particular project, from single bay extension to buildingof a complete new substation. It also covers the issues arising from conversion from the traditional process of completing the project in-house to the turnkey process.
REF. 462
SC B3 WG B3.12
2011
Obtaining Value from On-Line Substation Condition Monitoring

The TB provides a broad overall view of substation equipment condition monitoring. It investigates the technology currently available and analyses the factors that need to be considered to determine the degree of application which will provide the optimum Value solution, taking into account the improved reliability and availability of modern HV substation equipment.
REF. 472
SC B3 WG B3.10
2011
Primary / Secondary systeminterfacemodelling for total asset performance optimization

Secondary installations in HV substations are constantly involved in renewal processes and the life cycle difference between the primary and secondary devices complicates those activities. A revision of the current renewal strategy is needed which will even have an impact on the design of new substations and systems. A standardised interface between the primary and the secondary systems will help to cope with these difficulties over the whole lifetime of the asset.
2.8 B4 - HVDC and Power Electronics
REF. 000
SC 14 WG 14.02
1994
A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and Control Performance in HVDC Schemes.
A survey questionnaire on HVDC controls and control performance was formulated and copies submitted for completion to DC schemes. This report serves as a data collection and summary of general control arrangements, strategies and parameters used in the schemes for which questionnaires were returned. For some schemes having significant and relevant operational experience, control performance was reported on and a summary analysis is contained.
REF. 003
SC 14 WG 14.04
1987
Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World.

The Compendium wants to give a survey of the HVDC systems all over the world in detailed fashion. Many datas are required for these descriptions and they have not been obtained from many systems. Those systems, for which not all data is available are described as far as possible. The compendium can only be updated if all receipients support the work and send information on latest available data.
REF. 025
SC 38 TF 38.01.02
1986
Static var compensators

The rapid development of semiconductor devices and control techniques within the last two decades have enabled the development of controllable shunt reactive compensation devices with rapid response for electric power system applications. In recognition of the potential applications and the impact of such a flexible system design tool on future electric power systems CIGRE decided to form an Ad-Hoc Group to review the progress on the subject.
REF. 034
SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05
1989
Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations.
This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations is a supplement to the application guide for insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter stations published in Electra No.96 (Oct. 1984). It gives basic information about metal oxide material and basic arrester characteristics which will be of value when designing and specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the arresters.
REF. 051
SC 38 WG 38.01.06
1996
Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS controllers.

The brochure gives an overview on the impact of different FACTS controllers on the system and presents examples of the use of such equipment in the system. It is written for engineers to understand the basic interactions between the FACTS equipment and the system when solving system problems.
REF. 065
SC 14 WG 14.03
1990
AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics.
This paper summarises a report prepared by WG14-03 (Filtering and reactive compensation for HVDC) and is a complement to the paper published in Electra No. 63 (1979). The brochure included details on : Importance of non-characteristic harmonics, Generation of non-characteristic harmonics, Impact on AC and DC networks, Disturbance criteria, Transient operating modes, Solutions selected for recent links etc.
REF. 068
SC 14 WG 14.07
1992
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction phenomena.
Part I of the Guide AC/DC system interaction phenomena, discusses the effects of various aspects of interactions between AC and DC systems on the design and performance of DC schemes connected at locations where the AC system appears as high impedance. Part II : Planning guidelines, considers the impact of the interactions and their mitigation on economics and overall system performance.
REF. 077
SC 38 WG 38.05.04
1993
Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission systems.

The thyristor controlled static var compensator is in widespread use in power transmission systems, although it is a relatively new shunt reactive power compensation device. With the aim to enlighten the possibilities and limitations of employing SVC's for voltage control and stability improvement a study has been performed on the subject.
REF. 078
SC 14 WG 14.01.02
1994
Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static var compensators.
The application of SVC employing thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly increasing in the past decade. Nevertheless there is no International Standard for testing of the valves. As an essential step in developing a guideline the TF undertook a thorough review of the electric stresses experienced by the thyristor valves in operation.
REF. 082
SC 38 WG 38.01.05
1994
Use of DC converters for VAR control.

This brochure is intended as an application guide for system planners and operators as well as equipment engineers who want to evaluate control strategies for DC converters. It starts with an explanation of DC converter capabilities and how this can be evaluated for var control.
REF. 086
SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
1994

REF. 092
SC 14 WG 14.03.02
1995
DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems

The report deals with the harmonic voltages and currents of concern on the DC side of HVDC transmission systems. Its aim is to provide some guidance to both users and suppliers of HVDC links in such a way that a common understanding could be established in the area of DC side harmonics and filtering.
REF. 093
SC 14 WG 14.01.02
1995
Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var compensators.

The application of static var compensators using thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly increasing in the past decade. Nevertheless there is no international standard for testing of thyristor valves for SVC. The scope of the work was limited to SVCs for power transmission systems. SVC for industrial applications (e.g. flicker control, control of voltage fluctuations caused by motor starting) are not in the scope.
REF. 097
SC 14 WG 14.12
1995
System tests for HVDC installations.

This guide is structured in eight parts and should give potential users guidance, regarding which course of action should be taken in planning commissioning activities. Structure of the tests and a brief statement of the purpose of the individual group of tests is presented. Commissioning an HVDC system is a very complex task which may affect more than the actual contract parties.
REF. 103
SC 14 WG 14.05
1996
Commutation failures. Causes and consequences.

Many aspects of the impact and role of the HVDC system on the rest of the power system can be studied and analysed without a detailed knowledge of the actual design and behaviour of the conversion process taking place in the HVDC convertors, but a more detailed scrutiny of a number of phenomena requires a more detailed knowledge and modelling of the HVDC system and of the DC conversion process.
REF. 112
SC 14 WG 14.17
1997
Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS controllers.

During the recent years there has been a growing need for better utilisation of high voltage transmission systems. Power electronic equipment, having an inherent fast controllability, offers solutions to transmission system problems such as load flow and stability. Therefore, engineers are increasingly studying the potential of such equipment to make transmission systems more flexible and adaptive to changing requirements.
REF. 113
SC 14 WG 14.01.03
1997
Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves.

In conformity with the usual classification of the specified tests into two major categories, dielectric tests and operational tests, the report is in two parts : Part 1 - Dielectric tests which deals principally with test circuits for verifying the high voltage characteristics of the valve, and Part 2 - Operational tests, which deals principally with test circuits for verifying the turn-on, turn-off and current related characteristics of the valve.
REF. 114
SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08
1997
Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report.

HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations. The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations.
REF. 115
SC 14 WG 14.07
1997
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning guidelines.
Guidance on planning and design of DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities relative to the DC power infeed. The Guide is limited to those aspects of interactions between AC and DC systems which result from the fact that the AC system is 'weak' compared to the power of the DC link (i.e. AC system appears as a high impedance at the AC/DC interface bus). Some more general aspects of the design and planning of HVDC transmission schemes are described only when this adds to the understanding of the interaction phenomena and for the sake of completeness of the guidelines.
REF. 116
SC 11/14 JWG 11/14.09
1997
Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators.
Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection".
REF. 119
SC 14 WG 14.05
1997
Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report.

It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination.
REF. 123
SC 14 WG 14.18
1997
Thyristor controlled series compensation.

The application of power electronic thyristor valves in HVDC and SVC technologies has enabled the development of controllable series devices with rapid response for use in electric power transmission systems. With growing environmental, regulatory and financial constraints facing the electric utility industry, technical advancements and economic solutions which allow increased utilization and relaible operation of transmission systems have potential benefits for utilities and their customers.
REF. 127
SC 14 WG 14.11
1998
Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC transmission

Following the installation of the first HVDC transmission scheme between Sweden and the Island of Gotland in 1954, over 60 HVDC schemes throughout the world have been installed. Since their initial installation many of the HVDC schemes have been upgraded in various ways. By reviewing both what has been achieved in terms of upgrading and what potentially is possible to accomplish in an upgrade, this guide provides direction and the latest information on the subject.
REF. 130
SC 14 WG 14.23
1998
Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems

Major advances in technology for controlling HVDC systems has led to greater efficiency in operation and maintenance, as well as providing a reduction in staff. The quality and reliability of an HVDC system is directly dependent on the type of monitoring implemented. Recent developments now allow implementation of computer based information systems with significant improvements in the delivery and presentation of data necessary for supporting the operation.
REF. 136
SC 14 TF 14.01.04
1999 thyristor valves and valve halls.
Fire aspects of HVDC
Survey of the possible causes of fires in valves and valve halls; assistance to users in the areas of specification, engineering and construction; comparative information on fire detection and protection systems; fire alarm and fire control sustems; guidance with fire-fighting, operation and maintenance; guidance to actions after a fire. This is also a reference document for discussion with insurance companies.
REF. 139
SC 14 WG 14.30
1999
Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters for HVDC systems.
The principal purpose of the document is to give guidance to those responsible for : preparing the a.c. filtering aspects of Technical Specifications for HVDC projects ; evaluating the proposed designs, and monitoring the subsequent project. The main objective is to enable informed judgements to be made and future Technical Specifications to be written, such that the resulting a.c. filters are effective yet economical and are non under or over designed.
REF. 143
SC 14 WG 14.25
1999
Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes

Harmonic cross-modulation is a term used to describe the variety of frequency interactions around the two converters that comprise and HVDC link and the effect on and interactions with the DC system and both AC systems. Because there are two converters involved, as well as two AC systems and any number of coupled frequencies, the number of interactions to be considered is infinite. Questions to be answered are : which interactions are the strongest, and whether they are likely to cause steady state or transient problems, and how to determine these interactions.
REF. 144
SC 14 WG 14.19
1999
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

Rapid developments of solid state power electronic devices in the last three decades have led to the development and widespread application of static var compensators (SVCs). These shunt connected reactive compensation equipment provided an important means for enhancing electric power transmission system performance. Continued rapid developments in power electronic devices and control techniques let to utilisation of gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) devices to form new power electronic shunt compensation equipment which offered more robust output.
REF. 149
SC 14 WG 14.29
1999
Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the same system.

Power electronics applications in high-voltage electric power systems date from the early 1970s when converters for HVDC systems bagan using thyristors to replace mercury arc valves. Since the mid-1970s all new HVDC systems have employed thyristor valves. Advances in power electronics have extended the application of fast switching currents to AC systems as well, resulting in the technology commonly known as FACTS, Flexible AC Transmission Systems. This document is intended to provide guideliens into the kinds of interactions that can occur and the means of analysis and design that are available to assure that a coordinated response is achieved and adverse interactions are avoided.
REF. 160
SC 14 WG 14.27
2000
Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The result of a dialogue between utilities and manufacturers concerning the application of the unified power flow controller (UPFC). its purpose is to provide comprehensive information on the physical nature of such devices, the functions they can provide, the value of these functions for utilities, the way to implement them in the network, the problems to anticipate and the obstacles that may exist regarding cost-effective implementation.
REF. 183
SC 14/37/38/39 JWG 14/37/38/39.24
2001
FACTS technology for open access

Summary of the present state of the art on the key technological developments in the FACTS area, addressing in particular the open access aspects of networks and the scope for the application of FACTS devices therein. Contains the approved terms of reference. Definition of FACTS includes conventional devices such as phase shifting transformers, series capacitors and HVDC links for completeness and the possibility of combining them with FACTS devices to improve HVAC transmission system flexibility and control.
REF. 186
SC 14 WG 14.20
2001
Economic assessment of HVDC links

HVDC has been a viable technique since the 60's and has played a vital part in both long distance transmission and in the interconnection of systems. Its relative economic position has been much discussed over 30 years and this report is both an update of those considerations and a review of the present position. It reviews many aspects of transmission development common to both AC and DC transmission with a concentration on the specific aspects of DC as they give advantage or extra dimension to the long distance transmission of electrical power.
REF. 202
SC 14 WG 14.26
2002
HVDC stations audible noise

The principle purpose of this guide is to give specific recommendations to those responsible for preparing the audible noise aspects of technical specifications for HVDC projects, evaluating the proposed designs and monitoring the subsequent project. The main objective is to enable future technical specifications to be written and informed judgements made, such that the resulting outdoor audible noise levels fulfil applicable regulations and standards.
REF. 205
SC 14 WG 14.31
2002
Custom power - State of the art.

Custom power is a concept, based on the use of static controllers in the distribution system or in some instances, rotating machines, for the electric utilities to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality requested by the customers. It includes consideration of all aspects of power supply that impact individual customers, including harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage dips, overvoltages, range of steady state voltage and frequency variations and phase unbalance, in addition to the abover consideration fo reliability.
REF. 215
SC 14 WG 14.32
2002
HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV

The scope of the work is to review the current state of HVDC converter stations up to 600 kV and the problems associated with it and to investigate in detail what needs to be done to expand the technology to voltages above 600 kV and specifically to 800 kV. Parallel operation of converters is not considered in this document.
REF. 222
SC B4 WG B4.05
2003
On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems

Significant new results concerning the definitions of voltage and power stability on AC/DC systems.
REF. 223
SC B4 WG B4.28
2003
Active filters in HVDC applications

This report presents both DC and AC active filters including the existing installations. The items of the report are nearly arranged in two consecutive parts, the first treating the DC application, while the second covers the AC filters. As active DC and AC filters share many concepts subjects may be dealt with in both parts.
REF. 237
SC B4 WG B4.19
2003
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc furnace and flicker compensation
The brochure describes the application of STATCOM for arc furnace and flicker compensation. Starting from the measured flicker of an actual arc furnace, performances of the actual SVC compensation and the calculated STATCOM are compared. An utility application is presented which demonstrates the accuracy of the calculation method.
REF. 240
SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01
2004
Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance

A presentation of performance summaries with failure areas described and classified as bushings, valve windings, AC windings, static shields, load tap changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and leads together with short descriptions of the failures. Present transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy. Comparisons with the previous report are included.
REF. 242
SC B4 WG B4.35
2004 2
Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and
A two part report containing three non-conventional methods of voltage regulation by reactive power control : voltage controlled static var compensator, shunt capacitor bank series shorting and special delta star switching. The second part explores the feasibility of static on-load transformer tap changers.
REF. 269
SC B4 WG B4.37
2005
VSC Transmission
This Brochure describes VSC Transmission technology, i.e. HVDC transmission using Voltage Sourced Converters. A comparison with Line Commutated HVDC technology is provided. The WG found no technical reason why this technology could not be used at high voltage and power, and concluded that such development would depend solely on the perceived commercial return on the R&D investment.
REF. 280
SC B4 WG B4.33
2005
HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems

The development of new high power electronic switches has made it possible to implement Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) and other converters for usage in power systems. These converters offer now applications in distribution systems too, where they can resolve problems of environmental or planning restrictions and, as they are fast acting, they can either eliminate or mitigate frequently appearing power quality problems.
REF. 337
2007

REF. 352
SC B4 WG B4.34
2008
Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC Interconnections: Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit
Capacitor Commutated Converter -CCC- calls for developing models for digital studies. The TB discusses the state of the art in digital studies of HVDC connections with CCC converters and proposes a benchmark circuit. It will serve as a simplified guide for application/specification of this type converter stations.
REF. 364
SC B4 WG B4.41
2008
Systems with multiple DC Infeed

The TB provides an analytical framework for the understanding of interactions amongst multiple HVDC line commutated inverter stations within a common ac system. The theoretical development is complemented by actual system examples of multi-infeed HVDC planning.
REF. 370
SC B4 WG B4.39
2009
Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC and Power Electronics
New large wind farms, both onshore and offshore, may face challenges such as, system stability issues, the need for the wind farm to provide system/ancillary services, and difficulties to build overhead lines. The TB shows how HVDC and other types of Power Electronics can help overcome these challenges, thereby helping to integrate large scale wind farms into power systems.
REF. 371
SC B4 WG B4.40
2009
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

The TB provides the basic principles of the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), its functional features, basic characteristics and applications, and gives information on topologies, harmonic generation issues and modeling. It describes existing worldwide SSSC installations and presents a future outlook of SSSC.
REF. 388
2009

REF. 406
2010
HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service
JWG A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter Transformers and the TB reports, over a period 1971-2009, an encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing standard test specifications, with a view of representing the real service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal (PR) test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this stage the existing test should not be modified.
REF. 407
2010
HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers
A design review provides a common customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturers proven materials and methodology. This document prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on the existing guide (TB 204) while expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC Converter Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient waveforms.
REF. 417
SC B4 WG B4.45
2010
Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications

Studies carried out by the WG and work being carried out by manufacturers show that no major problem is anticipated with the implementation of 800kVdc HVDC technology,considered techno-economical where large amounts o fpower is to be transmitted over long distances. The test levels specified in this TB should be beneficial to utilities andmanufacturers and should streamline the requirements oftesting and test values.
REF. 447
SC B4 WG B4.48
2011
Components Testing of VSC System for HVDC Applications

The increasing application of VSC technology in HVDC transmission demands in-depth research on the tests of related components and subsystems in VSC system. So WG B4.48 was organized to carry out such research and prepare the TB. The brochure gives detailed description of component stresses under steady-state condition and fault condition respectively, followed by the test philosophies. The useful test procedures are also presented.
REF. 473
SC B4/C3/B2 WG B4/C3/B2.50
2011
2.9 B5 - Protection and Automation
REF. 007
SC 34 WG 34.03
1980
Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.

For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster fault clearance times.
REF. 008
SC 34 WG 34.01
1983
Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks.
The power generating units and the transmission network operate as an interactive system. Faults and switching actions in the network cause electrical system transients which stimulate torsional oscillations along the turbine generator shaft. In the past, the generator three-phase terminal short-circuit was considered as the most critical mechanical stress condition for the turbine generator unit.
REF. 009
SC 34 WG 34.02
1985

REF. 010
SC 34 WG 34.03
1986
Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-Checking and Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability.
The increasing sizes of power networks with increasing transfer of energy and fault current levels have stressed the importance of reliable fault clearing. Great care is taken in circuit design, selection of components, careful production and quality control to assure reliable fault clearing. Nevertheless components in the fault clearing chain will degrade by time or fail suddenly and cause either failure to operate or incorrect operation.
REF. 011
SC 34 WG 34.04
1986
Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System Protection Relays and Protective Systems.
This report is intended to provide guidance on the tests required to establish the characteristics and performance of power system protection relays and protective systems, leaving the issuing of a standard to IEC. These functional tests are performed as a part of a type test program. The diversity of types of protection relays and protective systems prevents the definition of a universal type test programme.
REF. 012
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35
1969
Teleprotection.
Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various telecommunication systems.
REF. 013
SC 34 JWG 34/35.05
1987
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication.

Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by engineers.
REF. 038
SC 34 WG 34.01
1989
Digital protection techniques and substation functions.

The report summarises the findings and recommendations of WG34.01, dealing with various aspects of digital computer techniques for protection of electric power systems and the impact of an integrated hierarchical structure on all protection and control tasks. An important part of the report is defining the structure for collection and description of significant test cases for protection and control.
REF. 049
SC 34 WG 34.02
1995
Adaptive protections and control.

The concept of adaptive protection evolved during the 1980's. By then, digital computer based relaying was well accepted. Most relaying functions have been shown to be amenable to digital computer implementation and the satisfactory field experience with these devices has allayed the fears of protection engineers about the survivability of computer relays in the harsh environment of electric utility substations.
REF. 064
SC 34 WG 34.04
1992
Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configurations.

This guide is primarily aimed at the application engineer who has a basic protection knowledge but needs expert assistance to plan and operate the protection of more complex transmission systems. This publication may however, also be of interest to experienced engineers as it contains recent information collected through analysis of the responses to a world-wide survey questionnaire issued in 1989.
REF. 067
SC 35 WG 35.01
1992
Renewal of existing telecontrol systems.

The utilisation of digital computers in electric power control systems is now widespread around the world. On the basis of the acquired experience the operating life of a telecontrol system ranges from 10 to 15 years. Several factors intervene over the years to render the telecontrol system obsolescent. The hardware is certainly one of the main reasons.
REF. 084
SC 34 WG 34.05
1994
Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits.

The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends and presents some opportunities for new applications.
REF. 087
SC 34 WG 34.06
1994
Maintenance and management of protection systems.

The growing size and complexity of power systems generate increasing needs for maintenance and management efforts to optimise investment and renewal costs. On the other hand the rapid development of information technology can provide a new approach to reduce life cycle costs. SC34 has considered these aspects from the point of view of protection and control systems.
REF. 088
SC 23 WG 23.05
1994
Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems.

The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations. However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations even though they are generally less complex.
REF. 128
SC 34 WG 34.08
1998
Protection against voltage collapse

This report marks a milestone in the actual comprehension of the complex phenomenon called "voltage collapse" in power transmission systems. It offers an in-depth survey of our present knowledge about this typical system disturbance, restricting the analysis to the so-called "long-term" variant, the one for which it seems most feasible to develop some sort of system protection to cope with.
REF. 140
SC 34 WG 34.01
1999
Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection.

The scope of the work covers back-up protection policies, including breaker failure protection, for lines, transformers and busbars of a primary transmission network. it defines input data and describes a theoretical and reasonable approach to evaluate the necessity and performance of a general back-up protection system assuming the input data is known. A description of the moste wide-spread and near-future back-up protection systems and the principal advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Application of the previous theoretical approach to the different solutions described.
REF. 159
SC 34 WG 34.10
2000
Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes.

The question of how to test numerical relays has become an important topic over the last few years. The protection functions of the relay and the transient currents and voltages are still the same, but it is the present state of technology that offers new possibilities and makes the number of functions in the relay more complex. It is generally agreed that testing numerical protection should be different from older techniques.
REF. 180
SC 34 WG 34.03
2001
Communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations

Electric utilities all over the world have been undergoing radical changes in their market and regulatory structure. A basic trend in this restructuring process has been the replacement of traditional expansion planning and operation procedures, based on centralised optimisation, by market oriented approaches. A study of communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations covering communication of all functions usually performed i.e. all tasks of protection, control, monitoring, measuring, disturbance recording etc. The complete definition of all communication requirements has to provide the rating guide for existing/coming communication networks/busses and the basis for the definition of standards.
REF. 187
SC 38 TF 38.02.19
2001
System protection schemes in power networks

The institutional changes taking place in the Electricity Supply Industry all over the world are drastically changing the approach to quality of supply. Where it previous represented a National target it is currently developing towards a purely commercial issue between a supplier and its customers.The aim of the CIGRE WG is to examine quality of supply from the customers point of view instead of from a system approach as has been done in the past.
REF. 192
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35.11
2001
Protection using telecommunications

Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication network technologies and advances in numerical protection, has resulted in the need to reconsider traditional methods of delivering teleprotection schemes and their associated bearer services. Fibre-optic technology is commonly deployed in new telecommunication networks for inter-station communication and utility-owned and public telecommunication networks from third parties are available for protection purposes.
REF. 200
SC 34 WG 34.08
2002
Isolation and restoration policies against power system collapse

This report discusses characteristics of severe system disturbances and describes measures applied by utilities against wide-spread blackouts, including currently applied special protection schemes against power system collapse. Normal protective relays used for fault clearance are not considered. Emphasis is placed on: circumstances which could lead to severe disturbances; utilities policies for preventing system collapse; SPS in operation; performance of SPS against disturbances; interaction of SPS and the power system.
REF. 212
SC 34 WG 34.09
2002
Report on survey to establish protection performance during major disturbances

The objectives of the questionnaire were to review significant disturbances since 1986 (i.e. where load loss exceeded 1 system-minte or generation loss exceeded 10% peak demand) ; identify and categorise the cause and nature of the disturbances ; to collect user experience relating to behaviour of protection and control systems during such disturbances.
REF. 232
SC B5 WG B5.09
2003
Optimisation of protection performance during system disturbance

Attempts to identify the potential vulnerabilities of protection schemes in the event of major disturbances and recommend strategies to optimise protection performance. Given the rapid pace of technology development reference is also made to possible future improvements in such defence schemes.
REF. 236
SC B5 WG B5.01
2003
Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations

Modern substation automation systems rely on IEDs and serial communication.The objective of the work is to provide guidelines for testing communication in substations up to interoperability, with a view of giving a broader approach and not only answering the case of a specific standard.It covers the test system, the test configuration,the test scenrios for the evaluation of performances,and the evaluation/acceptation criteria.
REF. 246
SC B5 WG B5.07
2004
The automation of new and existing substations: why and how

.Discusses the impact of modern secondary equipment in substations to utilities. Overall and not individual functions are discussed. It applies to new substations as well as for refurbishment of secondary equipment in existing substations. The purpose is to assist engineers who have not yet had experience with modern secondary equipment. It provides useful information gained by utilities, manufacturers and system integrators
REF. 270
SC B5 WG B5.O1
2005
Auto-reclosing and local system restoration

The Technical Brochure describes the current state of the art of autoreclosing, examines how it may be further improved, using new technologies and the automatic system restoration. The Brochure contains also the results out of a survey, which collected established local practices, problems and possible improvements from different utilities and manufacturers throughout the world.
REF. 295
WG B5.17
2006
Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient analysis programs
Relay models have been used for performing a variety of protection studies. It started with the practices of building prototypes, a practice which remained in use when solid state technology was introduced in manufacturing protection relays and continued even after the introduction of digital electronics technology. Gradually it was replaced by using computer programs that modelled the performance of relays, which purpose was to study the impact of the operation of relays on system performance. Models of relays are now being used in designing relays, analysing system performance and studying the impact of relay operation on system security.
REF. 307
SC B5 WG B5.09
2006
Remote on-line management for protection and automation

The report handles the application of Information Technology (IT) for the remote, on-line management of Substation protection and automation systems. Examples of core Information Technology that might be applied are presented to highlight the operational advantages of such enabling technologies. It is the belief of SC B5 that remote, on-line management will play a fundamental role in helping utilities to integrate capabilities within a scaleable enterprise.
REF. 318
SC B5 WG B5.22
2007
Wi-Fi
Protected Access for protection and automation
SC B5 commissioned this study to survey applications using Wi-Fi in protection and automation schemes, and the mitigation of security vulnerabilities offered by IEEE 802.11i on system reliability and performance. This paper summarizes the findings of the survey, as well as the results of analysis that suggests specific design requirements and security levels needed for Wi-Fi protected access. The security levels are prioritized in terms of their mitigation of risk related to critical mission protection and automation functions. Specific mechanisms needed to adequately implement Wi-Fi are identified and are related to existing or emerging standards.
REF. 326
SC B5 WG B5.11
2007
The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and automation within substations
IEC 61850 is more than a communication standard and its introduction will have a high impact on substations automation systems and their users. Both the procurement process in the utilities has to be adapted to this kind of systems and the specification has to focus on functions performance and availability. The key role of the system integrator has to be defined from the beginning and is needed with some modifications of his task over the complete life cycle of the system.
REF. 329
SC B5 WG B5.18
2007
Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation automation systems

The aim of the brochure is to provide guidelines for the preparation of substation automation specifications. It gives also supporting information and methods for the evaluation of the different offers submitted by the bidders.
REF. 355
SC B5 WG B5.03
2008
Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent Systems

The Technical Brochure presents an overview on the requirements for monitoring the system protections and the dynamic performance of electric power system, combining the possibilities and characteristics offered by local instrumentation with the adequacy of system dynamic simulation studies.
REF. 359
SC B5 WG B5.15
2008
Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications

The document aims at providing up to date information and essential material that will directly benefit protection engineers and other professionals interested in modern distance protection devices and their application. It focuses on improvements over previous technologies, discusses the principles of adaptive functions and covers the functional integration aspect in modern distance protection devices.
REF. 401
SC B5 WG B5.32
2009
Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems

Introduction of IEC 61850 standard requires new waysto test their performance. The TB describes a structured method to specify functional tests on systems based on this standard. An object oriented approach is proposed. Conformance and interoperability tests are not treated, being already standardized.
REF. 402
SC B5 WG B5.94
2009
High Impedance Faults

High Impedance Faults (HIFs) have been a challenge for pro-tection engineers for a long time. The TB presents the current experiences, worldwide, and the methods used or pro-posed for detecting HIFs. It assesses their state of progressand their degree of implementation, in order to guide the users in the optimization of the protection schemes.
REF. 404
SC B5 WG B5.13
2010 In HV Substations
Acceptable Functional Integration
The TB discusses functional integration in substation protection and control systems, its advantages, disadvantages and impact on reliability, engineering, maintenance and testing. A paradigm shift requires development of new skills and organisational changes. One of the primary tasks was to prepare, perform, analyse and report an industry survey (utilities and manufacturers) on the acceptable level of Functional Integration.
REF. 411
SC B5 WG B5.10
2010
Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated Networks

The TB reports the work done over years 2002 - 2009. It focuses on the secondary equipment for compensated networks, as well as on the relevant issues related to series capacitors and associated equipment installed on series capacitor banks. The case studies and the survey results included in the report inform the reader about the current practices of different utilities worldwide.
REF. 421
SC B5 WG B5.34
2010
The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Generation on Substation Protection and Automation
The TB reviews anti-islanding methods, together with the methodology for the protection performance assessment. It also presents a comparative analysis of the different practices for the protection schemes and settings. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the new protection and generation technologies that permit an effective integration of large scale DG are identified.
REF. 424
SC B5 WG B5.20
2010
New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis

The TB starts with a justification of why automation of fault and disturbance analysis may be needed. Then it focuses on three important questions: the present status, the future needs, and the requirements for future solutions. The final section deals with the implementation issues. Conclusions and recommendations indicate the automated analysis is feasible and desirable.
REF. 427
SC B5 WG B5.38
2010
The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using IEC 61850

To better understand the impact of cyber security on IEC 61850 systems, B5.38 surveyed existing (and workinprogress) standards, reports and technical papers to assess the quality of the solution offered. The assessment describes the strengths and weaknesses of each solution from a protection engineers point-of-view. A gap analysis shows where further research is needed.
REF. 431
SC B5 WG B5.16
2010
Modern Techniques for Protecting Busbars in HV Networks

This TB is intended to assist the relay application engineer in the correct selection and application of busbar protection. It provides relevant information about their performance, operation, testing, and maintenance. Two main designs used for HV busbar protection today are high impedance and low impedance differential protection systems. Features of modern low impedance differential protection are described in details.
REF. 432
SC B5 WG B5.19
2010
Protection Relay Coordination

Adequate and reliable protection coordination is constantly emerging as power systems are becoming more complex. Stiff competition and demand for high quality power are a trend that every user is seeking to achieve. WG B5.19 aimed to identify and describe practical solutions on protection relay coordination based on theories and philosophies. This TB provides useful information for engineers involved in power system protection.
REF. 448
SC B5 WG B5.08
2011
Refurbishment Strategies based on Life Cycle Cost and Technical Constraints

The TB provides guidelines / recommendations to utilities that are planning on defining an objective refurbishment strategy for secondary systems in substations. Driving factors for change, such as new technology for the replacement of secondary protection and control systems, along with experiences in several countries are detailed. A summary of several ways to calculate life cycle costs are described based on a combination of a risk and economical assessment.
REF. 463
SC B5 WG B5.05
2011
Modern Techniques for Protecting, controlling and monitoring power transformers

The TB provides an overview of protection, monitoring and control of power transformers. It gives also examples of relay settings for transformers used in different applications. The information available, the topics discussed and the setting examplesmake this report a comprehensive reference document.
REF. 464
SC B5 WG B5.06
2011
Maintenance Strategies for Digital Substation Automation Systems

A considerable number of Digital Substation Automation Systems (DSAS) are already in operation, and utilities worry about the most efficient, cost effective and safe way of maintaining them during their lifetime. There is a general consensus within the industry that maintenance strategies for DSAS cannot be the same as those employed for conventional SAS and would need to be adapted tomeet these specific needs. This is related to the particular characteristics and implemented technologies of DSAS. The TB covers the issues that have to be taken into account when defining the maintenance strategy for DSAS.
REF. 465
SC B5 WG B5.07
2011
Modern Techniques for Protecting and Monitoring of Transmission Lines

Modern transmission line protection IEDs includes a large number of additional protection elements, control and monitoring functions, which provide almost unlimited flexibility to design protection and control schemes. The TB addresses subjects related to the reliability of protection systems, digital relay filtering, applied telecommunication technologies, transmission line protection, control andmonitoring functions, auxiliary functions, integration and data management, IEC 61850 impact, application examples, testing and future rends.
REF. 466
SC B5 B5.12
2011
Engineering Guidelines for IEC 61850 Based Digital SAS

IEC 651850 standard has already changed many things, from equipment to SAS architecture, and now engineering must change in accordance. The engineering tools are still one step behind the rest of the IEC 61850 world. In this document the engineering approach has been analyzed pointing out possible gaps and suggesting ideas for the engineering tools to be developed.
2.10 C1 - System Development and Economics
REF. 022
SC 37 WG 37.03
1987
Methods of forecasting demand for electricity.

The concept of electricity demand forecasting covers in fact a number of diverse activities, corresponding to different purposes. Forecasts may concern either the short-term, for budget or actual management purposes, or the long-term, to support investment planning. They can be done at national, regional or local levels, being then particularly useful for planning of generation capacities, of the transmission and interconnection network and of distribution networks.
REF. 024
SC 38 TF 38.01.03
1986
Planning against voltage collapse.

Extensive version with all appendices. It is well known that transmission of active power is dependent on the voltages at both the sending and receiving ends of a transmission system. The most well known steady state limitation to power transmission on a system occurs when the electrical angle between the voltage sources at the two ends reaches 90.
REF. 025
SC 38 TF 38.01.02
1986

REF. 056
SC 37 WG 37.13
1996
Environmental aspects of links between power system planners and decision makers in the energy area.
The report does not focus on the necessity of communication as such, or whether communication actually is desired, but rather addresses means to improve the communicative process and where experiences gained have shown interesting or encouraging results.
REF. 070
SC 38 WG 38.03.10
1992
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II

This guide supplements Part I (Doc. 26) as an example and comparison of results for combined generation and transmission network reliability evaluations. The key new materials presented here are the results of combined transmission and generation reliability analysis of an actual operating power system. The report presents a complete example, including the data required, the assumptions to be made and the techniques available for the analysis.
REF. 071
SC 37 WG 37.09
1992
International experiences in improving the links between power system planners, the general public and decision makers in the energy policy area.
New electric power facilities can be accepted and sited, but only if the dialogue with all those concerned is successful. There is always a risk that permissions and licenses from authorities and energy policy decision makers are revised and changed, if the proper dialogue with the general public has not taken place in advance of authority decisions.
REF. 077
SC 38 WG 38.05.04
1993
Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission systems.

The thyristor controlled static var compensator is in widespread use in power transmission systems, although it is a relatively new shunt reactive power compensation device. With the aim to enlighten the possibilities and limitations of employing SVC's for voltage control and stability improvement a study has been performed on the subject.
REF. 082
SC 38 WG 38.01.05
1994
Use of DC converters for VAR control.

This brochure is intended as an application guide for system planners and operators as well as equipment engineers who want to evaluate control strategies for DC converters. It starts with an explanation of DC converter capabilities and how this can be evaluated for var control.
REF. 085
SC 38 WG 38.04
1994

REF. 099
SC 37 WG 37.07
1995
Interaction between transmission and distribution system planning.

The scope of the WG is defined on three main subjects : 1. Voltage levels for transmission, sub-transmission and distribution systems; 2. Size and density of substations and transformer capacities; 3. Architecture of transmission, sub-transmission and distribution networks. This report is meant to be an executive summary of the work carried out. The Group produced four main technical reports which are added as appendices.
REF. 127
SC 14 WG 14.11
1998
Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC transmission

Following the installation of the first HVDC transmission scheme between Sweden and the Island of Gotland in 1954, over 60 HVDC schemes throughout the world have been installed. Since their initial installation many of the HVDC schemes have been upgraded in various ways. By reviewing both what has been achieved in terms of upgrading and what potentially is possible to accomplish in an upgrade, this guide provides direction and the latest information on the subject.
REF. 137
SC 37 WG 37.23
1999
Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system.

The traditional large power plants are now challenged by dispersed generation whose growth will certainly have consequences on the power systems. Several different scenarios are possible. They much depend on the driving forces (economic, legislation, regulation and environmental obligations). However, many technical effects are awaited. They concern generation, planning the development of the systems or its operation etc.
REF. 154
SC 38 TF 38.05.08
2000
Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties.

Until recently transmission planning used to be a very well defined set of methods and tools for deciding reinforcements to the transmission system. Traditional sources of uncertaintly existed (demand growth, fuel prices, security of fuel supplies, lines and generator breakdowns). In some cases, deterministic criteria were used so that the system could be operated at all load levels to withstand some unscheduled contingencies without instability, cascading or interruption of load. In other cases uncertainties were taken into account, with known probability laws. This time has gone
REF. 176
SC 37 WG 37.27
2000
Ageing of the system. Impact on planning.

In the past the driving force for system odernisation has been load growth : equipment was replaced because its rating or characteristics were no longer compatible with the changing requirements due to steady and considerable load growth. Nowadays in the low growth environment that prevails in many countries - many assets are rated sufficiently to fulfil their roles in electricity transmission up to the expiry of their lifetimes.
REF. 183
SC 14/37/38/39 JWG 14/37/38/39.24
2001
FACTS technology for open access

Summary of the present state of the art on the key technological developments in the FACTS area, addressing in particular the open access aspects of networks and the scope for the application of FACTS devices therein. Contains the approved terms of reference. Definition of FACTS includes conventional devices such as phase shifting transformers, series capacitors and HVDC links for completeness and the possibility of combining them with FACTS devices to improve HVAC transmission system flexibility and control.
REF. 188
SC 37 WG 37.28
2001
Quality of supply. Customers requirements

REF. 191
SC 38 TF 38.06.01
2001
Methods to consider customer interruption costs in power system analysis

Electrical power utilities have to continually make decisions regarding the level of investment that should be provided in their systems. Low levels of investment can result in generally unreliable supplies while excessive investment can result in unnecessary expenditures with a resulting increase in the cost of electricity energy to customers. These considerations have always been of considerable importance to utilities. The restructuring and privatisation of many electricity supply systems has however imposed additional considerations on many utilities.
REF. 198
SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
2002
Glossary of terms used in the electricity supply industry.

Glossary of: Electrical quantities; electricity systems; system operation; electricity market; entities in the electricity market; electrical plant primary, secondary and general. Refs. NERC - NECA - IEEE.
REF. 199
SC 38 TF 38.01.11
2002
Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure and control.

A distillation of many discussions on the possible impacts of superconducting power cables in power transmission systems in the future. Only oxide superconductors are discussed. In order to clarify the possibility of using SC cables, the Task Force collected and discussed worldwide background data concerning underground (or undersea) cables and analyzed the trend of SC cable applications in future power grids.
REF. 203
SC 38 TF 38.05.10
2002
Optimal network structure in an open market environment

The focus of this report is on network planning in the "new environment" of a liberalised electricity market. The development of the network is viewed from different stakeholders' objectives. The stakeholders in the transmission network are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or an expectation of the development and performance of the network. An open network exists when all market players meet equal admission rights and obligations. This required that the grid be administered through a transparent set of rules such as a grid code.
REF. 220
SC 37 WG 37.30
2003
Network planning in a deregulated environment.

The overall objective of the study is to analyse the need for development of the medium and long term transmission planning approach in deregulated surroundings. This includes identification and analysis of the changing conditions and the key issues determining the system reliability and need for transmission capacity.
REF. 235
SC C1 WG C1.31
2003
Management of transmission capacity and access : impact on system development.

Overall aim is to define transmission capacity, identify the options for managing transmission capacity and assess the impact of management of transmission capacity on system development..
REF. 271
SC C6 WG C6.02
2005
Connection of generators and other customers - rules and practices

The Brochure presents the rights and duties of generators and other customers connected to the network. On the basis of an extensive questionnaire information was gathered from 18 power systems. The report covers the definition of connection, procedure for connection, ownership, tariffs and contractual agreements. Furthermore the transmission service is discussed and also the impact of the connection on the transmission network. The connection of dispersed generation is considered separately.
REF. 282
SC C1 WG C1.26
2005
Planning issues for newly industrialised and developing countries fron ASEAN
This TB documents the issues, methods and approaches to carrying out power system planning undertaken by these countries. The TB acts as a reference for regional utilities to benchmark planning methods and strategies.
REF. 293
SC C1 WG C1.3
2006
Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty of Wind Generation

The Technical Brochure deals with the uncertainty that faces system developers and operators resulting from the rapid increase in wind farms.
REF. 309
SC C1 WG C1.1
2006
Asset Management of Transmission Systems and Associated CIGRE Activities

The TB develops the main aspects of the concept of Asset Management definition, core processes, relationship between Asset Owners, - Asset Managers, Service Providers, core competences, policy and experiences with outsourcing. Methodologies to take decisions on Run/Repair/Refurbish/Replace are given, including Asset Health Indicators, Operations & Maintenance costs, re-investment costs, maintenance strategy and diagnostics/monitoring.
REF. 312
SC C1 WG C1.04
2007
Application and required developments of dynamic models to support practical planning

Dynamic analyses at the planning stage are becoming an increasingly important issue, especially in liberalised electricity markets. To help planners complete this difficult task, a series of case studies has been investigated and presented in the WG C1.04 report. Moreover, a general methodology to set up dynamic models and discriminate among different dynamic phenomena is suggested. Models for wind farms and loads were identified as particularly important.
REF. 327
SC C1 WG C1.6
2007
Impact of regulatory environments on investment decisions in transmission

Efficient investment in transmission pays a critical role in the operation of electricity markets. From the feedback of a questionnaire sent to operators, the TB analyses the impact of the regulatory environment on the investment decisions.
REF. 334
SC C1 WG C1.2
2007
Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain Environment

The TB considers the issues associated to major system unreliability events that can be related to planning factors, in the present uncertain context. The analysis identified a number of lead indicators of susceptibility of a particular power system to major unreliability events and, as some of the studied events resulted in part or total loss of supply to major cities, the TB includes the results of a survey of planning standards in cities.
REF. 357
SC C1 WG C1.7
2008
Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load, Generation and Markets in System Development Planning
System planners face today unique challenges to accommodate the new uncertainties in markets, loads and generation and to develop system plans that balance reliability, economy and risk. The report summarizes a survey of the methods used worldwide. In addition, case examples are provided to illustrate in more detail these methods.
REF. 367
SC C1 WG C1.11
2009
Asset Management Performance Benchmarking

This TB provides the results of a study on the current state of performance measurement and benchmarking, within the High Voltage Electricity Utility Industry, based on a world-wide survey. It identifies the typical challenges related to benchmarking and the approach most commonly used by utilities and regulatory authorities.
REF. 374
SC C1 WG C1.8
2009
Review of Structures for the System Development Activity

The TB presents a characterization of the Electric Industry in relation to the System Development Activity, supported by a review of the physical boundaries, the responsible actors and the functions assignment. Highlights and recommendations are drawn and might be useful to people involved in Electric Industry Assessment.
REF. 388
2009

REF. 422
SC C1 WG C1.16
2010
Transmission Asset Risk Management

International developments in asset management resulted in new approaches and specifications which emphasize or mandate risk management as one of the key processes for asset management decision making. The TB describes these developments in electricity transmission systems and specifically as it applies to the major risk for the electricity transmission companies, namely asset aging.
REF. 425
SC B2, C1 WG B2/C1.19
2010
Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines: Needs and Solutions

This TB explores the subject of achieving large capacity increases on existing transmission lines. It first touches the roles and interrelations of planners and designers and then discusses technologies that can be used to increase the capacity. At the end it shows the importance of the relationship between owners, operators and the public and its representatives.
REF. 433
SC C1 WG C1.17
2010
Planning to Manage Power Interruption Events

This article describes the motivation for the work and its focus on measures to limit the impact of major unreliability events rather than their prevention. It briefly addresses various themes: review of past major unreliability events and their common features, justification of investment in defence measures, a new understanding of security and coordination of aspects of power system planning and operation.
2.11 C2 - System Operation and Control
REF. 018
SC 35 WG 35.01
1987
Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems.

The methods for designing telecontrol systems vary very much in different countries due to different conditions, e.g. power production and grid, as well as of an organisational nature. One is also dependent on the techniques and economics of the control system components, e.g. computers and communication equipment. The report discusses the most common methods for designing telecontrol systems, but many other methods could and will be applied in the future.
REF. 031
SC 39 WG 39.04
1985
Nuclear power plant performance in power system control. A review of international practice.
Part I of the paper presents an overview of the design principles from a control and performance viewpoint of the power reactors and nuclear steam supply systems adopted for nuclear power stations by 21 countries. Part II is a compilation and analysis of an international survey of the NSSS by reactor and plant type, control systems and the capability of NSSS to withstand load rejection and continued operation at low load.
REF. 033
SC 39 WG 39.03
1989
Methodologies in power systems operations planning

This brochure reports the results of an enquiry conducted with some 30 utilities from all over the world. Its aim is to illustrate the methodologies adopted by power industry to set-up generation strategies or schedules, taking due account of the requirements for economy and security of operation.
REF. 036
SC 39
1989
Control of power systems during disturbed and emergency conditions.

SC32 (later 39) supported a WG on the control of power systems during disturbed or emergency conditions for some 12 years. During that period 9 Papers - some surveys, some giving analysis and developments in the subject - were published in Electra or at Sessions. The brochure summarises their contents. It also refers briefly and selectively to complementary work on reliability of supply.
REF. 051
SC 38 WG 38.01.06
1996
Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS controllers.

The brochure gives an overview on the impact of different FACTS controllers on the system and presents examples of the use of such equipment in the system. It is written for engineers to understand the basic interactions between the FACTS equipment and the system when solving system problems.
REF. 053
SC 39 WG 39.05
1990
Bulk electricity system operational performance. Measurement systems and survey results.
This brochure contains information concerning : Objectives for BES operations management; Measurement philosophy; Security measurement system; Survey of utility disturbance performance; Results of disturbance survey; Quality measurement system; Survey of delivery point performance; Results of delivery point survey; Measurement system for BES frequency; Results of frequency quality survey, etc.... In French : ref. 054 (054.pdf)
REF. 090
SC 38 WG 38.06.04
1994
The use of expert systems for power system restoration.

The brochures comprises the following parts : A survey of the already developed expert systems for restoration; a study on strategy in restoration expert systems; and finally the lessons learned from the development of these systems. It may be useful for power system operation and control experts, when considering the possible applications of expert systems to assist the operators during restoration.
REF. 101
SC 38 WG 38.02.12
1995
Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse.

Based on many incidents that have been experienced, the electric power industry is increasingly concerned with bulk power system voltage instability and collapse. There is now a large literature on voltage stability analysis methods. Production grade simulation software is also now available. There is relatively little information available however on reliability criteria and effective voltage collapse countermeasures.
REF. 126
SC 38 WG 38.04.01
1998
Unit commitment
The Unit Commitment problem is the problem of scheduling the generation units to be operated and their power output, during a certain time period (typically from one day to one week). Generating units should meet the demand for electricity at each point in time (typically each hour), at the lowest total production cost, and without violating their technical constraints.
REF. 138
SC 39/11 JWG 39/11
1999
Exchange of services between large electricity generating plants and high voltage electric power systems.
Public electricity supply systems have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management of the relationship between the components is crucial to the provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity to the end-user customer.
REF. 148
SC 38 TF 38.02.14
1999
Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under major frequency disturbance. Final report.
The content of the task force final report is certainly not an extensive or exhaustive inventory of all the theoretical and practical frequency related topics but the result of the shared experience of the task force members in that field. Due to their relatively disperses geographical origin and related power system size, it represents a reasonable overview of today's situation in the matter.
REF. 152
SC 23/39 JWG 23/39
2000
An international survey of maintenance policies and trends

General information about the utilities that responded. Quality of information is generally good but it is necessary to bear in mind that due to the nature of the information requested (e.g. replacement costs, type of equipment, age etc) much of the information was estimated. 64 responses were entered into a computerised database. Analysis of the general information obtained. Further details of the construction of the database and calculation of composite size and age factors used in the analysis are also given. The method used for detecting correlation between answers is also given.
REF. 166
SC 38 TF 38.02.16
2000
Impact of interactions among power system controls.

Survey on power system control systems, both continuous and discrete - the tools and techniques used in their analysis and the methodologies used in their design; Examine and compare the tools, techniques and design methodologies identified; Propose guidelines on the coordination of control systems with overlapping spheres of influence.
REF. 171
SC 38 TF 38.04.04
2000
Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power systems

A wide range of methods for long-term operation of both thermal and hydro systems have been in use for many years. Many of the methods are based on the same basic algorithm principles but quite different in implementation. Various approximations are used tailored to system characteristics. This report addresses the state-of-the-art methods for long-term operation planning in pure hydro - pure thermal and in hydro-thermal systems. The focus is on optimization methods.
REF. 187
SC 38 TF 38.02.19
2001
System protection schemes in power networks

REF. 198
SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
2002

REF. 201
SC 23/39 JWG 23/39.14
2002
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines

In CIGRE 2000 Session papers concepts of outsourcing were reviewed including business models, assessing the risk through outsourcing exposure and the development of contractor-owner relationships. These guidelines attempt to review these in a systematic manner. Part I discusses the general issues around the development of a service options strategy, Part 2 focuses on the analysis of outsourcing opportunities, Part 3 considers some more general aspects of outsourcing and Part 4 discusses key performance indicators.
REF. 208
SC 39 WG 39. 01
2002
The needs and environment of control centre operators during power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire survey.
A presentation of the results of a questionnaire survey on power system restoration, covering operator needs and the changing industry environment. Responses were received from 36 organisations all over the world and the analyses are presented in two parts: Part I - Business, which deals with organisational and strategic aspects of restoration and the influence of market liberalisation on restoration. Part II - Domain, which anlyses domain specific issues related to restoration: operator problems in restoration, ideal needs and their current availability and the gaps
REF. 243
SC C2 WG C2.01
2004
Improving resilience in power control centres

An examination of the factors influencing utilities, or those segments which are responible for Power Control Centre operations, to examine the risks posed to continuous and satisfactory operations of their enterprises. The forces which generate a need for increased resilience are summarised; the technological developments which act as enabling factors in increasing resilience are summarised. Steps that can be taken to increase resilience are examined. System and equipment design, staff training and business continuity planning steps are also discussed.
REF. 316
SC C2 TF C2.02.24
2007 against extreme contingencies
Defense plan
This comprehensive Technical Brochure on the development of defense plans to mitigate extreme system contingencies is the roadmap that leads power system professionals to improve electric system reliability and security of the grid. From the concept to the design, engineering, implementation, and testing of these schemes, the report proposes ways to implement theses schemes securely while operationally acceptable to system coordinators.
REF. 317
2007

REF. 330
SC C4 WG C4.601
2007
Wide area monitoring and control for transmission capability enhancement

This document presents a comprehensive descirption of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations and applications around the world and future expectations for this technology. This includes a review of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations, including their applications and reasons for applying this technology. Thorough discussion is provided of the future role and development of this technology from the monitoring and control point of view.
REF. 356
SC C2 WG C2.01
2008
Data Exchange Issues within the Power System Operation and Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire Survey
This brochure presents the results of a questionnaire on data exchange practices and issues in the control centre environment. The responses, from 26 organisations all over the world, address the organization power and control system, the functions performed, the what and how of data exchange and the plans for improvement.
REF. 405
SC C2 WG C2.11
2010
System Control in Light of Recent Developments in Substation Control (IEC Standards)

Substation control systems (SCS) are the first level of control in Transmission System Operation. They integrate station control and protection. The TB discusses recent advances both in IEC standards and SCS and how the latter operate in hierarchical control systems. System operation in terms of integrated monitoring, control (especially of wind generators) andprotection is also discussed.
REF. 474
SC C2/C5 JWG C2/C5.05
2011
Interface between System Operators and Regulators

The objective of regulators is to make sure that the System Operator, despite its monopoly, acts in an efficient and customer oriented way, and that it provides high quality and efficiency at low costs. Conditions are that necessary investments be made in due time and that market parties have non-discriminatory access to the grid. The BT addresses the interface of the System Operator with the regulator.
2.12 C3 - System Environmental Performance
REF. 056
SC 37 WG 37.13
1996
Environmental aspects of links between power system planners and decision makers in the energy area.
The report does not focus on the necessity of communication as such, or whether communication actually is desired, but rather addresses means to improve the communicative process and where experiences gained have shown interesting or encouraging results.
REF. 071
SC 37 WG 37.09
1992
International experiences in improving the links between power system planners, the general public and decision makers in the energy policy area.
New electric power facilities can be accepted and sited, but only if the dialogue with all those concerned is successful. There is always a risk that permissions and licenses from authorities and energy policy decision makers are revised and changed, if the proper dialogue with the general public has not taken place in advance of authority decisions.
REF. 147
SC 22 WG 22.14
1999
High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations
Electricity utilities involved in transmission development, maintenance and operation face increasingly severe challenges as a result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive legislation and standards and growing public expectations and concerns.These trends will have a major influence on the approach of companies to the management of both new projects and existing transmission assets.
REF. 221
SC B3 WG B3.03
2003
Improving the impact of existing substations on the environment

To assist asset owners and designers to identify and address key environmental issues of existing substations. Presents various methods to reduce the environmental impact of existing substations and offers management strategies and case studies of international efforts. Includes discussions on: aesthetics - audible noise - release of insulating oil - site contaminants and remediation - managing SF6 gas - reduction of electromagnetic fields.
REF. 250
SC B1 WG B1.19
2004
Technical and environmental issues regarding the integration of a new HV underground cable system in the network.
The design of underground lines should address the technical and environmental issues concerning their integration in the network,during the design, installation, operation and upgrading stages. WG B1.19 report provides guidelines for the design of transitions between OHL and underground cables.It deals with land AC extruded cables, but some sections are applcable to DC and/or submarine and SCFF cables. One chapter is dedicated to Enviromental Impact Assessment. It presents an example of of ageneral method for the evaluation of impacts and offers a typical table of contents for an environmental evaluation report.K
REF. 265
SC B2 WG B2.15
2005
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines

This BT presents a broad examination of LCA and LCA methodologies. A summary is given on how LCA developed and how it is classified and outlined in the ISO 14040 series. Included is a full review of work done in Scandinavian countries on LCA. An explanation and comparison is provided on various LCA software packages, and some studies dealing with the overhead line as a system are included. Finally conclusions and recommendations are presented.
REF. 340
SC C3 WG C3.03
2008
Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development

The strategy toward a Sustainable Development is not standardised and it is useful to compare approaches of companies. WG C3.03 analysed a number of Sustainability Reports or Environmental Reports, published by Utilities, exposing their current approaches to the three "Pillars": environmental aspects, society development and economical performances. Case studies, relevant to the three "Pillars", show examples of practices.
REF. 383
SC C3 WG C3.02
2009
Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for Transmission System Operators

Sustainable Development is a key issue for Transmission System Operators. The performance in such a wide activity has to be monitored and reported with relevant indicators. WG C3-02 presents in this Technical Brochure the results of its analysis of reports and guidelines and the WG selection of the most important indicators.
REF. 473
SC B4/C3/B2 WG B4/C3/B2.50
2011
2.13 C4 - System Technical Performance
REF. 020
SC 36 WG 36.01
Description of phenomena. Practical guide for calculation.
1974
Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems.
REF. 021
SC 36 WG 36.01
Description of phenomena. Practical guide for calculation.
1980
Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission systems.
REF. 023
SC 38 TF 38.04.03
1985

REF. 024
SC 38 TF 38.01.03
1986
Planning against voltage collapse.

Extensive version with all appendices. It is well known that transmission of active power is dependent on the voltages at both the sending and receiving ends of a transmission system. The most well known steady state limitation to power transmission on a system occurs when the electrical angle between the voltage sources at the two ends reaches 90.
REF. 025
SC 38 TF 38.01.02
1986

REF. 026
SC 38 WG 38.03
1987
Power system reliability analysis. Application guide.Part I.

The document is intended as an application guide to power system reliability analysis. It presents an overview of system reliability concepts and an outline of the methodologies whereby these concepts are applied. It concerns the application of analytical methods to power system reliability evaluation based on pragmatic concepts and principles. Its purpose is to cover reliability aspects in the fields of power generation and transmission from the system point of view.
REF. 027
SC 38 TF 38.01.03
1987
Methods for reactive power optimisation.

Three questions arise with regard to the problem of organization techniques and modelling : a) Which methods are available for solving an optimization problem ? b) How can these methods be used in reactive power planning ? c) Are these methods sufficiently efficient for solving the general reactive problem, or is there any need for new methods and tools to be established ?
REF. 028
SC 38 TF 38.02.04
1987
Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system dynamic and security performance. Results of a questionnaire.
Answers to the questionnaire are divided into the following subjects : a) Load flow aspects. Analytical techniques. State estimation, Contingency evaluation, Operators load flow, Sensitivity analysis, Optimal load flow, Stochastic load flow. Multiple solutions. b) Stability aspects. Voltage stability, Steady state stability, Transient stability, Long term stability.
REF. 029
SC 38 TF 38.02.07
1988
An international survey of the present status and the perspective of expert systems on power system analysis and techniques.
The growing needs for supplying vast amounts of electric energy with high quality have necessitated more sophisticated approaches to power system planning, operation and control. The above requirements have so far been achieved partly by great efforts of experienced operators and partly by the introduction of partially automated systems which have become possible by the active application of advanced analysis techniques.
REF. 030
SC 38 TF 38.03.01
1989
Reactive power compensation analyses and planning procedure.

The brochure contains chapters concerning : Analysis and planning procedure, Reactive power sources, Load demand and modelling, Planning against voltage collapse, Reactive power optimization methods and techniques.
REF. 035
SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
1989

REF. 039
SC 33 WG 33.02
1990
Guidelines for representation of network elements when calculating transients

This report gives guidance to all experts as well as to beginners who have to deal with any kind of electrical transient phenomena in power systems, how to represent network elements to achieve an acceptable accuracy for their calculations.
REF. 055
SC 33 SC 33
1990
Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused by transient corona.

This brochure reports on the results of experimental and analytical studies which were performed during several years of collaboration between Electricit de France and the Polytechnical Institute in Bucarest (Romania).
REF. 059
SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
1990
REF. 061
SC 36 WG 36.01
1997
Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems.

As far as we know, the corona phenomena and its consequences are a very complicated problem. Since decades, the engineers are concerned with this question and the actual solutions are more or less adequate. Partial electrical discharges in air at the atmospheric pressure around overhead line conductors and under all the possible weather conditions are a real complex exercise.
REF. 063
SC 33 WG 33.01
1991
Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines.

The primary aim of the guide is apply modern knowledge about various aspects of the lightning discharge including the striking process, the discharge parameters and the overvoltage disturbance mechanism, as well as the related transmission line overvoltage response - in a set of practical engineering procedures, whereby the expected lightning performance of a line may be estimated with a reasonable degree of confidence.
REF. 070
SC 38 WG 38.03.10
1992
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II

This guide supplements Part I (Doc. 26) as an example and comparison of results for combined generation and transmission network reliability evaluations. The key new materials presented here are the results of combined transmission and generation reliability analysis of an actual operating power system. The report presents a complete example, including the data required, the assumptions to be made and the techniques available for the analysis.
REF. 072
SC 33 WG 33.07
1992
Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation.

This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special reference to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general trends in dielectric strength as a function of the most important influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its evaluation.
REF. 073
SC 38 WG 38.02.08
1992
An International survey of the present status and perspective of long-term dynamics in power systems.
The objectives of the questionnaire survey are : (1) Experience of major disturbances in various countries; (2) Needs and objective of LTD analysis; (3) Current status and perspective of analytical tools.
REF. 074
SC 36 WG 36.01
1993
Electric power transmission and the environment. Fields, noise and interference.
It is well known that the operation of the electrical systems and equipment can alter the electromagnetic conditions in their vicinity and that this can lead to various effects. The annoying effects reported result mainly from electrostatic or electromagnetic induction in metallic objects or structures not well connected electrically to the ground.
REF. 075
SC 38 WG 38.02.10
1993
Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena.

The brochure describes modelling and simulation techniques for voltage stability analysis. Dynamic analysis is clearly required for fast forms of voltage collapse. Fast or transient voltage collapse usually involves induction motor loads and motor stalling (or re-acceleration difficulty) following faults.
REF. 086
SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
1994

REF. 090
SC 38 WG 38.06.04
1994
The use of expert systems for power system restoration.

The brochures comprises the following parts : A survey of the already developed expert systems for restoration; a study on strategy in restoration expert systems; and finally the lessons learned from the development of these systems. It may be useful for power system operation and control experts, when considering the possible applications of expert systems to assist the operators during restoration.
REF. 091
SC 38 WG 38.02.11
1995
Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena.

Most coltage collapses turn out to have a critical time scale of the order of a few minutes. This is just slow enough to be within the scope of what an operator can handle, but leaves absolutely no time to waste before appropriate action should be taken. Hence the world-wide interest in reliable early detection of voltage instability risks and accurate indication of the endangered areas.
REF. 094
SC 33 WG 33.01.02
1995
Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical engineering: assessment of sensing, recording and mapping requirements in the light of present technological advancements.
Power systems are always exposed to some extent to lightning caused disturbances. Unfortunately, lightning protection design and protection devices do not always provide the desired reduction of damage. Sometimes, the reason is that designs are based on lightning data which are not always properly used, since records show that parameters can present different values at different geographical locations.
REF. 095
SC 36 WG 36.02
1995
Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on metallic pipelines.

Cases of close proximity of high voltage structures and metallic pipelines become more and more frequent. Therefore there is a growing concern about possible hazards resulting from the influence of electrical systems : safety of people making contact with the pipeline, damage to the pipeline and to cathodic protection equipment. All these problems can be mastered but this control requires a serious consideration of the influences.
REF. 100
SC 38 WG 38.02.09
1995
Assessment of practical fast transient stability methods : performance comparison.Phase II.

Power systems are increasingly being planned with heavier loading on existing transmission circuits to cope with increasing power transfers without constructing new lines. This has meant that the system is planned and operated closer to the transient stability limits. This Phase II report covers a. Stability limits on power flows; b. Higher-order machine models and c. AVR and governor models.
REF. 101
SC 38 WG 38.02.12
1995
Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse.

Based on many incidents that have been experienced, the electric power industry is increasingly concerned with bulk power system voltage instability and collapse. There is now a large literature on voltage stability analysis methods. Production grade simulation software is also now available. There is relatively little information available however on reliability criteria and effective voltage collapse countermeasures.
REF. 102
SC 38 WG 38.02.08
1995
Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report.

The aim of the second phase of TF38.02.08 was 1. To proceed to a practical assessment of the performances of simulation tools; 2. To provide the researchers or practicioners with benchmarks or test systems to be used for the assessment of existing tools or of new developments in the field of LTD.
REF. 104
SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21
1996
Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component.

Considerable work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines, but relatively little has been published on the fields from underground cable systems. The report details the levels of magnetic field that occur in various typical situations. The analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without ferromagnetic component; for which analysis is relatively easy.
REF. 111
SC 38 WG 38.01.07
1997
Analysis and control of power system oscillations.

Power systems contain many modes of oscillation due to a variety of interactions among its components. Many of the oscillations are due to synchronous generator rotors swinging relative to one another. The electromechanical modes involving these masses usually occur in the frequency range of 0.1 to 2 Hz. Particularly troublesome are the intra-area oscillations, which typically are in the frequency range of 0.1 to 1 Hz.
REF. 118
SC 33 WG 33.01.03
1997
Lightning exposure of structures and interception efficiency of air terminals.

A review of lightning parameters derived from field measurements of real and triggered lightning and experimental data published in the scientific literature is presented to define the parameters needed for the simulation of lightning phenomenon. In particular the relationship between the negative charge in the downward leader channel and the lightning current amplitude of the first stroke is derived.
REF. 120
SC 38 WG 38.04.03
1997
Methods and tools for transmission costs.

Many countries have experimented with several transformations in their power sectors. These transformations have one or more of the following characteristics : improvement in the efficiency of the electric power sector; introduction of competition in generation under the hypothesis that this competition will lead to technological improvements, better services and least cost.
REF. 121
SC 38 WG 38.02.13
1997
New trends and requirements for dynamic security assessment.

Power system security can be defined as the art and science of the "survival" of power systems. In order to ensure their survival, power systems are operated within certain power transfer limits, commonly referred to as security limits. If such limits depend on steady state feasibility or adequacy criteria, they are called steady-state or static security limits; otherwise, if such limits depend on transient or long-term stability criteria, these are referred to as dynamic security limits.
REF. 122
SC 38 WG 38.04.02
1997
Application of optimisation techniques to study power system network performance.

The focus is on the application of optimisation methods and techniques to improve the planning and operation of the network. The search for an optimal solution can consist of several steps of which some are done automatically and some require user interaction for the selection of next step. Seen from a very broad point of view it is possible to define the whole process as optimisation (the definition is constrained to those parts which can be formulated mathematically).
REF. 124
SC 36 WG 36.04
1997
Guide on EMC in power plants and substations.

As electrical generating stations, substations, control centres and networks have become more complex, their required standards of reliability have become more demanding. These needs have been met by the widespread use of electronic systems, based on increasingly high-speed and low-power semiconductor technology. These systems provide the major computing power and the readily accessible information that make on-line automation possible.
REF. 126
SC 38 WG 38.04.01
1998
Unit commitment
The Unit Commitment problem is the problem of scheduling the generation units to be operated and their power output, during a certain time period (typically from one day to one week). Generating units should meet the demand for electricity at each point in time (typically each hour), at the lowest total production cost, and without violating their technical constraints.
REF. 129
SC 38 TF 38.03.11
1998
Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of interconnected systems.

Policies concerning the power sector have been changing in the recent past all around the world and the electricity supply industry (ESI) has entered a period of restructuring. In some countries the process has been almost completed, even if feedback from the experience could modify the "original" framework. In others it is still under way.
REF. 142
SC 33 TF 33.04.07
1999
Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing of polymeric insulators

The purpose of the report is to review the current state of knowledge on ageing and pollution tests for polymeric insulators; this review deals with outdoor polymeric insulations including, but not limited to : composite line insulators defined in IEC 1109 ; composite line post insulators defined in IEC project 1952 ; hollow composite insulators defined in IEC project 1462 ; insulators for other applications using similar technology. The test procedures that have been reviewed are also generally applicable for RTV coated ceramic insulators, hybrid insulators and resin based insulators for outdoor use (e.g. expoxy resin). However specific evaluation criteria for these insulators are not discussed.
REF. 145
SC 38 TF 38.01.08
1999
Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in load flow and stability programs : a representation guide for power system planning and analysis
The document covers the following devices : SVC, STATCOM, BESS, SMES, TCSC, SSSC, TCPAR, UPFC, HVDC, SCDC. Each section has been written so that it can be read independently from each other; A survey on existing tools and practices on FACTS is given before the descriptions of the various FACTS device models in the succeeding sections.
REF. 148
SC 38 TF 38.02.14
1999
Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under major frequency disturbance. Final report.
The content of the task force final report is certainly not an extensive or exhaustive inventory of all the theoretical and practical frequency related topics but the result of the shared experience of the task force members in that field. Due to their relatively disperses geographical origin and related power system size, it represents a reasonable overview of today's situation in the matter.
REF. 151
SC 33 WG 33.07
2000
Guidelines for insulation coordination in live working

The Guide contains the main aspects to be taken into consideration in the assessment of insulation coordination during live working on overhead transmission lines; the basis rules and influence factors for the determination of the minimum distances to be maintained between parts at different potential, including the worker himself, are given as well as for the evaluation of the risk of insulation failure.
REF. 154
SC 38 TF 38.05.08
2000
Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties.

Until recently transmission planning used to be a very well defined set of methods and tools for deciding reinforcements to the transmission system. Traditional sources of uncertaintly existed (demand growth, fuel prices, security of fuel supplies, lines and generator breakdowns). In some cases, deterministic criteria were used so that the system could be operated at all load levels to withstand some unscheduled contingencies without instability, cascading or interruption of load. In other cases uncertainties were taken into account, with known probability laws. This time has gone
REF. 155
SC 38 TF 38.02.17
2000
Advanced angle stability controls.

This report provides industry guidance in solving stability problems with new or relatively new technologies. The technologies include control theory and applications, power electronics, microprocessor controllers, signal processing, digital and optical transducers and telecommunications. There is great opportunity for synergism in these areas. The goals are new control strategies that are effective and robust. Effective in an engineering sense means "cost-effective". Control robustness is the capability to function appropriately for a wide range of power system operating and disturbance conditions.
REF. 158
SC 33 TF 33.04.01
2000
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge.

The performance of insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines and in outdoor substations is a key factor in determining the reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must withstand normal operating voltage, but also must withstand overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating surfaces from air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially conducting surface layer when wet.
REF. 166
SC 38 TF 38.02.16
2000
Impact of interactions among power system controls.

Survey on power system control systems, both continuous and discrete - the tools and techniques used in their analysis and the methodologies used in their design; Examine and compare the tools, techniques and design methodologies identified; Propose guidelines on the coordination of control systems with overlapping spheres of influence.
REF. 171
SC 38 TF 38.04.04
2000
Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power systems

A wide range of methods for long-term operation of both thermal and hydro systems have been in use for many years. Many of the methods are based on the same basic algorithm principles but quite different in implementation. Various approximations are used tailored to system characteristics. This report addresses the state-of-the-art methods for long-term operation planning in pure hydro - pure thermal and in hydro-thermal systems. The focus is on optimization methods.
REF. 172
SC 33 TF 33.01.02
2000
Characterization of lightning for applications in electric power systems.

This document evolves as a continuation of a previous report (No. 94). Both documents are aimed at providing insight into lightning parameters for application in the electric power industry. It now discussed the role that different lightning parameters play in the creation of surge overvoltages that may produce line insulation flashover. The possibility to use lightning current estimates as the base predictor of other parameters is addressed both for negative and positive flashes. An overview of protection design is described.
REF. 185
SC 38 TF 38.01.10
2001
Modelling new forms of generation and storage

Several new generation and storage technologies have the potential to significantly impact power system performance. Most of these new technologies are well suited for distributed generation and storage applications and are connected at the MV distribution level. This form of generation is termed Dispersed Generation or Embedded Generation; On-site generation is another term frequently used in the USA. It should be noted however that new generation technologies are also found in larger installations of some 100 MWs, e.g. recent development of off-shore Wind Energy Conversion Systems.
REF. 189
SC 21/33 JWG 21/33
2001
Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable systems

Increasing environmental and aesthetic concerns regarding the utilisation of overhead electrical power transmission lines are resulting in a growing need to progress the use of underground alternatives. This increases the importance of looking for opportunities to further reduce the cost ratio between overhead and underground distribution and transmission. One approach is to address the inherent costs associated wtih the cable system by reducing the required withstand capability in line with the actual service requirements rather than traditional levels in particular the transient overvoltage performance.
REF. 205
SC 14 WG 14.31
2002
Custom power - State of the art.

Custom power is a concept, based on the use of static controllers in the distribution system or in some instances, rotating machines, for the electric utilities to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality requested by the customers. It includes consideration of all aspects of power supply that impact individual customers, including harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage dips, overvoltages, range of steady state voltage and frequency variations and phase unbalance, in addition to the abover consideration fo reliability.
REF. 222
SC B4 WG B4.05
2003
On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems

Significant new results concerning the definitions of voltage and power stability on AC/DC systems.
REF. 231
CIGRE JTF IEEE/CIGRE
2003
Definition and classification of power system stability.

Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and closely examines the practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more precisely; provide a systematic basis for classifying power system stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power system reliability and security.
REF. 238
SC C4 TF C4.02.25
2003
Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in combined cycle power plants.
A comprehensive document describing the dynamic characteristics of combined cycle power plants, their control and protection and modeling of such plants in power system stability studies
REF. 261
SC C4 WG C4.07
2004
Power Quality Indices and Objectives

The report first provides an overview of existing indices and objectives and then presents power quality data gathered by the working group from several different countries across a number of monitoring points over a number of years.The WG recommendations are given. Concerning harmonics, flicker and voltage unbalance, site and system indices and objectives are given for planning levels and for future voltage characteristics at HV and EHV. Concerning voltage dips and interruptions, indices are given with reference to various standards for enabling performance to be assessed and reported in a consistent manner.
REF. 266
SC C4 WG C4.02
2005
Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power line towers
The technical brochure is a reduced version of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) Recommendation regarding the installation of Radio Base Stations on Power line Towers, prepared with CIGRE. The full recommendation is available from ITU.
REF. 275
SC C4 WG C4.2.02
2005
Methods for measuring the earth resistance of transmission towers equipped of earth wires.
The Technical Brochure reports the responses from a questionnaire regarding this subject some years ago.The used methods are described and analysed.Their pros and cons are discussed. The widely used method based on injected high frequency current has been theoritically analysed.
REF. 287
SC C4 JWG C4.4.02
2006
Protection of MV and LV networks against lightning Part 1: Common topics

This brochure presents basic information and principles related to lightning protection of Medium Voltage (MV) and (LV) networks. The present material constitutes the first part of a 3-part guide. Parts 2 and 3, to be published later, will deal specifically with the application to MV (Part 2) and LV (Part 3) networks. This part provides first a survey of different sources of overvoltages, as well as a review of the most widely accepted and well established methods of evaluating the expected rate of direct lightning strokes and induced lightning overvoltages. The document describes in addition the characteristics of lightning overvoltages, general characteristics of surge protective devices, and earthing systems.
REF. 290
SC C4 JWG C4.2.02
2006
AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to Interference from AC Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and Countermeasures
AC corrosion has been a matter of concern for pipeline owners and corrosion specialists for many years. Therefore, the CIGRE/CIRED Joint Working Group C4.2.02 has in cooperation with CEOCOR prepared a this guide,which describes and links the mechanisms for electrical interference with the mechanism for corrosion.
REF. 310
SC C4 TF C4.602
2007
Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks.

The report provides a comprehensive overview of the current methods and practices in the area of coordinated voltage control of transmission networks. Broad lines of research and advanced engineering projects to improve the coordinated voltage control in various countries are described along with the technological issues involved and the existing methods of analysis and software tools.
REF. 320
SC C4 TF C4.205
2007
Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields

In the context of human exposure, extremely low frequencies (ELF) magnetic field levels cannot be adequately characterized by a single figure. Taking into account that the magnetic field is a time varying three-dimensional vector depending mainly on the load currents flowing in the power systems, the guide presents a list and a description of the most important parameters (mainly statistical parameters) that are needed for characterizing the magnetic field together with representative statistical ratios between some of the parameters.
REF. 325
SC C4 WG C4.601
2007
Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools and techniques

This document addresses the subject of one-line dynamic security assessment (DSA) tools. This report is a comprehensive technical brochure on several aspects on dynamic security assessment (DSA) tools and techniques including an overview of salient security issues which are fundamental in ensuring the robust and reliable operation of power system. A description of the generic requirements for on-line DSA systems is provided as well as a survey of the state-of-the-art in on-line DSA systems around the world.
REF. 328
SC C4 WG C4.601
2007
Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as it relates to power system control and dynamic performance
This TB is a comprehensive document aiming at providing a single source of information for planning engineers in describing the characteristics and performance of wind turbine generators in both distributed and large scale wind farm applications. In addition, the document focuses on presenting recommendations on ways of modeling wind farms for both bulk power system studies and specialised studies. This inlcudes many generic model structures presented in the main report as well as some detailed and manufacturer models presented in the appendices.
REF. 330
SC C4 WG C4.601
2007
Wide area monitoring and control for transmission capability enhancement

This document presents a comprehensive descirption of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations and applications around the world and future expectations for this technology. This includes a review of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations, including their applications and reasons for applying this technology. Thorough discussion is provided of the future role and development of this technology from the monitoring and control point of view.
REF. 360
SC C4 WG C4.302
2008
Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC Condition
This TB reviews insulation co-ordination related to internal insulation of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) in SF6, and also some aspects of N2/SF6 gas mixtures under AC condition, considering the current worldwide issues and referring to the latest research on the insulation properties and techniques. The results would contribute to the further compactness of a GIS with high reliability and to the reduction of SF6 volume.
REF. 361
SC C4 WG C4.303
2008
Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines for Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles and the A.C. Case
The guide aims to provide tools to select and dimension outdoor insulation with respect to polluted conditions, taking into account the wide variety of available materials and insulator types and the desired levels of performance. It describes general principles and contains details on the dimensioning for AC. Appendixes give detailed information, worked examples and a proposal for a laboratory pollution test method for polymeric insulation.
REF. 372
SC C4 TF C4.102
2009
Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools

A voltage dip is a sudden reduction of the voltage below a specified threshold followed by its recovery after a brief interval, which can cause problems on sensitive equipment. The TB introduces the subject of voltage dips and their characterisation, equipment behaviour and mitigation techniques. Furthermore, a review is given of simulation tools and calculation methods that can be used for voltage dip assessment.
REF. 373
SC C4 WG C4.204
2009
Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields originated from Electric Power Systems
For several reasons -mainly related to possible effects on human health- it can be necessary to mitigate magnetic fields produced by electrical power installations. This TB presents a compilation of techniques employed to achieve this operation. It comprises fundamentals, methods, design procedures and -in some cases- cost assessment. Examples highlighting the use of these techniques are also included.
REF. 375
SC C4 WG C4.203
2009
Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines
This TB deals with the important subject of measurement of low frequency electrical and magnetic fields near electric power lines. The report discusses general information about these fields, the required measurement probes and equipment, and factors influencing the measurements are analysed and best practices are recommended to avoid measurement bias.
REF. 376
SC C4 WG C4.404
2009
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from Lightning Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance.
A limited but essential set of lightning parameters needed for engineering applications can be derived from lightning location systems (LLS). Applied sensor and location network configuration can significantly affect system detection efficiency and consequently the resulting peak current distribution. Ground truth references are used to confirm some model - based performance values of LLS.
REF. 391
SC C4 JWG C4.202
2009
Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV and MV substations

Extensive use of high power electronic equipment and increasing use of digital radio systems increases the risk of radio frequency interference from electric power systems. Therefore, the JWG C4.202 has prepared a comprehensive 'Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV and MV substations Disturbance propagation, characteristics of disturbance sources, measurements techniques, conversion methodologies and limits'.
REF. 412
SC C4 WG C4.110
2010
Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations

This document covers methods to improve the voltage-dip immunity of installations, starting from a detailed description of voltage dips, an overview of the knowledge on equipmentimmunity, and global voltage-dip statistics. The economics of voltage-dip immunity are discussed. Recommendations for immunity testing are given. A systematic method for designing and improving the immunity of an industrial process is introduced.
REF. 434
SC C4 WG C4.601
2010
Review of the Current Status of Tools and Techniques for RiskBased and Probabilistic Planning in Power Systems
This document covers the subject of probabilistic and riskbased tools and techniques for planning analysis. The benefits and challenges with using probabilistic based tools and the present available tools are discussed. The gaps and challenges that exist in fully deploying these tools in day to day planning and operational studies are also reported.
REF. 440
SC C4 WG C4.301
2010
Use of Surge Arresters for Lightning Protection of Transmission Lines

This document covers the subject of applying surge arresters for the purpose of lightning protection of transmission lines. The guide proposes a method to calculate lightning performance of different types of transmission lines and evaluate improvement resulting from the addition of arresters on selected phases of the lines.
REF. 441
SC C4 WG C4.402
2010
Protection of Medium Voltage and Low Voltage Networks Against Lightning

Overvoltages due to direct and indirect lightning events depend on several factors and are characterized by complex wave shapes. This document covers the subject of assessing the protection of medium and low voltage networks against lightning. The characteristics of lightning are discussed as well as the main principles of protection.
REF. 449
SC C4 WG C4.108
2011
Review of Flicker Objectives for LV, MV and HV Systems

This BT documents the current industry practice regarding rapid voltage changes and shows how these vary widely and are not necessarily consistent with any existing standard or guide. This is mainly due to the fact that there are presently many inconsistencies across the existing standards on flicker requirements. However, recent research in this area has led to the proposal of new indices for quantifying rapid voltage changes in a defined manner. These indices and sample field test results are also documented in the WG report.
REF. 467
SC C4 WG C4.107
2011
Economic Framework for Power Quality

Improving facility performance during power quality variations can result in significant savings and a competitive advantage. Therefore, it is important for customers and suppliers to work together in identifying the best alternative for achieving the required level of performance. Various independent studies have been undertaken by power companies, consultants, regulators, and research organizations to estimate the cost of power quality problems to the power companies and their customers.
REF. 468
SC C4 WG C4.109
2011
Review of Disturbance Emission Assessment Techniques

This TB focuses mainly on experience with the application of disturbance emission level assessment guidelines in the context of post-connection investigations, in order to check if the actual disturbance emission levels of a given installation comply with the limits established according to IEC/TR 610003-6, -3-7 and -3-13.
2.14 C5 - Electricity Markets and Regulation
REF. 120
SC 38 WG 38.04.03
1997
Methods and tools for transmission costs.

Many countries have experimented with several transformations in their power sectors. These transformations have one or more of the following characteristics : improvement in the efficiency of the electric power sector; introduction of competition in generation under the hypothesis that this competition will lead to technological improvements, better services and least cost.
REF. 181
SC 38 TF 38.05.09
2001
Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive framework

Electric utilities all over the world have been undergoing radical changes in their market and regulatory structure. A basic trend in this restructuring process has been the replacement of traditional expansion planning and operation procedures, based on centralised optimisation, by market oriented approaches
REF. 190
SC 38 TF 38.05.07
2001
Methods and tools for costing ancillary services

An overview of ancillary service concepts and practices in a number of markets and a description of means by which the costs of various services can be measured, quantified and allocated. General methodology for the allocation of ancillary service costs for services that can be considered as common goods. Tools based on notions of allocation based primarily on an extension of marginal costing to situations where revenue reconciliation is necessary. Many markets operate successfully with the need for guaranteed allocation of fixed costs but there are circumstances that suggest the use of allocation methods for the recovery of certain expenses.
REF. 191
SC 38 TF 38.06.01
2001
Methods to consider customer interruption costs in power system analysis

Electrical power utilities have to continually make decisions regarding the level of investment that should be provided in their systems. Low levels of investment can result in generally unreliable supplies while excessive investment can result in unnecessary expenditures with a resulting increase in the cost of electricity energy to customers. These considerations have always been of considerable importance to utilities. The restructuring and privatisation of many electricity supply systems has however imposed additional considerations on many utilities.
REF. 195
SC 38 TF 38.05.12
2001
Portfolio and risk management for power producers and traders in an open market.
Electricity markets in Europe, South America, Australia and the USA have been liberalised or will be opened in the near future, respectively. In consequence the power business undergoes a fundamental change. In the past electricity markets were monopolies. After the liberalisation power producers as well as customers face a market risk with prices which can be very volatile.
REF. 198
SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
2002

REF. 203
SC 38 TF 38.05.10
2002
Optimal network structure in an open market environment

The focus of this report is on network planning in the "new environment" of a liberalised electricity market. The development of the network is viewed from different stakeholders' objectives. The stakeholders in the transmission network are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or an expectation of the development and performance of the network. An open network exists when all market players meet equal admission rights and obligations. This required that the grid be administered through a transparent set of rules such as a grid code.
REF. 235
SC C1 WG C1.31
2003
Management of transmission capacity and access : impact on system development.

Overall aim is to define transmission capacity, identify the options for managing transmission capacity and assess the impact of management of transmission capacity on system development..
REF. 301
SC C5 WG C5.4
2006
Congestion management in liberalized market environment

This paper is based on the survey conducted by WG C5.4 on congestion management. It describes market conditions and institutional arrangements in the 18 countries participating in the survey, and internal and crossborder congestion management. The interaction with the electricity market is dsicussed, considering allocation of transmission capacity, market schedule, congestion management tools and payment for the costs incurred. The survey shows that there is a tendency towards the use of market-based methods.
REF. 435
SC C5 WG C5.06
2010
Ancillary Services: an overview of International Practices

The state of the art of Ancillary Services in various regions with different organizations is described, as the result from the responses to questionnaires. It provides a review of the classical classification of control functions, and analyses their methods of procurement, providers, methods of instruction, monitoring and penalty on non delivery. Detailed results are presented, and appendices
REF. 474
SC C2/C5 JWG C2/C5.05
2011
Interface between System Operators and Regulators

The objective of regulators is to make sure that the System Operator, despite its monopoly, acts in an efficient and customer oriented way, and that it provides high quality and efficiency at low costs. Conditions are that necessary investments be made in due time and that market parties have non-discriminatory access to the grid. The BT addresses the interface of the System Operator with the regulator.
2.15 C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation pages , file: MB
REF. 137
SC 37 WG 37.23
1999
Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system.

The traditional large power plants are now challenged by dispersed generation whose growth will certainly have consequences on the power systems. Several different scenarios are possible. They much depend on the driving forces (economic, legislation, regulation and environmental obligations). However, many technical effects are awaited. They concern generation, planning the development of the systems or its operation etc.
REF. 271
SC C6 WG C6.02
2005
Connection of generators and other customers - rules and practices

The Brochure presents the rights and duties of generators and other customers connected to the network. On the basis of an extensive questionnaire information was gathered from 18 power systems. The report covers the definition of connection, procedure for connection, ownership, tariffs and contractual agreements. Furthermore the transmission service is discussed and also the impact of the connection on the transmission network. The connection of dispersed generation is considered separately.
REF. 311
SC C6 WG C6.03
2007
Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information & Communication Technology)

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is expected to play an important role in that Dispersed Generation smoothly disseminates in coordination with keeping system reliability, stability and power quality enough. This paper presents the results of surveys, which were conducted to assess R&D on the application of ICT. The surveys were conducted among members of CIGRE Study Committee C6 and WG C6.03.
REF. 313
SC C6 TF C6.04.01
2007
Connection criteria at the distribution network for distributed generation

The Task Force C6.04.01 brochure contains a review of the current connection criteria and protection practices applied in various countries for DGs, a review of existing international standards, simplified methods applied to DG connection in various countries, identifies inadequacies in existing connection practices and describes appropriate connection analysis techniques that could be applied for connection evaluation and formulates relevant recommendations.
REF. 328
SC C4 WG C4.601
2007
Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as it relates to power system control and dynamic performance
This TB is a comprehensive document aiming at providing a single source of information for planning engineers in describing the characteristics and performance of wind turbine generators in both distributed and large scale wind farm applications. In addition, the document focuses on presenting recommendations on ways of modeling wind farms for both bulk power system studies and specialised studies. This inlcudes many generic model structures presented in the main report as well as some detailed and manufacturer models presented in the appendices.
REF. 423
SC C6 WG C6.10
2010
Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER / microGrid Components

The main objective of the TB is to review commercial and technical communication standards applicable to Low Voltage distributed generation technologies and provide a critical review. This twofold target should pave the way to allow the easy installation of micro sources with plug and play capabilities into existing power networks, with particular focus on microGrids.
REF. 450
SC C6 WG C6.08
2011
Grid Integration of Wind Generation

The increasing amount of fluctuating wind energy will change the planning and operation methods for transmission and distribution systems significantly. The TB describes this challenge and presents solutions for different countries. It is focused on the following topics: power flow control and contingency management, influence on the conventional generation, frequency control, grid stability, reactive power and voltage control.
REF. 457
SC C6 WG C6.11
2011
Development and Operation of Active Distribution Networks

Active distribution networks is a recently developed concept that considers the move toward the management of active distribution systems, where the DSO integrates distributed generation, demand response and energy storage into the operation of the system. The TB defines this technology, its functionalities and the state-of-the-art and concludes with recommendations for actions to promote further development of the concept and its applications.
REF. 458
SC C6 WG C6.15
2011
Electric Energy Storage Systems

Renewable energy sources are becoming an important component of the power system structure. Nevertheless their integration is a challenging task. WG C6.15 has investigated electric energy storage system aiming to evaluate different storage technologies, their commercial backgrounds and the integration and support of power networks with a high penetration of renewable based generation (RES).
REF. 475
SC C6 WG C6.09
2011
Demand Side Integration (DSI)

This TB is a wide ranging report regarding Demand Side Integration (DSI). DSI is focused on advancing the efficient and effective use of electricity in support of power systems and customer needs. It covers all activities focused on advanced end-use efficiency and effective electricity utilization. Demand Side Resources (DSR) are resources on the customer side of the meter that can be relied on to respond in a coordinated fashion to electric power system or market conditions.
2.16 D1 - Materials and Emerging Technologies
REF. 004
SC 15 WG 15.03
1977
Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields.

The Technical Brochure gives Paschen curves for nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrogen, carbon dioxyde and helium.
REF. 059
SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
1990
REF. 066
SC 15 WG 15.01.02
1992
Statistical analysis of dielectric test results.

The brochure is the attempt of TF15.01.02 to give missing information in the form of a detailed guide for the analysis of the results of any kind of dielectric tests by means of statistical methods based on the principle of the maximum likelihood. The other classical methods, except the most simple graphical method are not considered since the advantages of the likelihood approach have been shown already.
REF. 169
SC 15 WG 15.09
2000
Advanced materials - Final Report

The status of materials suitable for cables - switchgear - transformers - substation and overhead lines are reviewed. Some opportunities and suggestions are noted. In many cases individual CIGRE Study Committees are focussed on state-of-the-art technology; however new opportunities do exist. Advanced materials issues relate to definition - methods of reporting and proprietary concerns - all of which are addressed.
REF. 170
SC 12/15 JWG 12/15.13
2000
Static electrification in power transformers

Interfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods; CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References.
REF. 182
SC 21 WG 21.16
2001
Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems

Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects, selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site PDD.
REF. 210
SC 21/15 JTF 21/15
2002
Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables.

Although interfaces in joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified as crucial parts, some of the mechanisms related to ageing are not well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study the behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The results are reported in this brochure.
REF. 224
SC D1 JAG D1.02/TC
2003
Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel 2002)

To review the emerging technologies and material challenges to enable introduction of newer concepts to more rapidly and more efficiently meet the challenges that will result from the drivers now facing the EPI. The document integrates a report on prospects for energy services in 2020.
REF. 225
SC D1 JAG D1.02/TC
2003
Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002)

Report on the Panel Session at the 2002 CIGRE Session. 4 invited contributions and the ensuing discussions.
REF. 226
SC D1 WG D1.11
2003
Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in service

A discussion of the possibility of interpretation (knowledge) rules to support PD diagnostic of service aged HV components. Based on systematic experience from this field it evaluates and classifies PD quantities which are found useful for diagnosis monitoring of different HV components, particularly for different insulation systems of HV components like instrument and power transformers, distribution and transmission power cables, GIS, generator stator insulation general characteristics of typical PD quantities are also evaluated.
REF. 228
SC D1 WG D1.11
2003
Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the ageing process.

A new methodology to analyse and manager service aged insulation. In contrast to the usual focus on accelerated aging in a laboratory this approach starts from scientific observations on aged or failed in-service equipment.
REF. 254
SC D1 TF D1.01.09
2004
Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers.

The dryness and ageing state of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and long term reliability of a power transformer since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing rates. Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in service is determined indirectly via moisture measured from oil samples according to IEC 60422.
REF. 255
SC D1 WG D1.14
2004
Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. State of the art.

An urgent need was indicated for material standards which define the physical properties of polymers applied for outdoor insulation. This report lists the important material properties for polymeric materials already used in outdoor installation and where applicable the standardised test methods already existing including the minimum requirements. If no standardization tests are available then test methods reported in literature are summarised. Categories considered : housing materials (in general a silicone rubber, EPDM,EVA etc); core materials (FRP etc); structural materials (Epoxy etc).
REF. 260
SC D1 TF D1.03.10
2004
N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems

The brochure presents the insulating properties of N2/SF6 mixtures, and the techniques for using such mixtures in gas insulated lines (GIL). Since the presentation is based on fundamental physical principles, it gives the reader the in-depth knowledge of gas breakdown needed to understand the problems which may arise during the manufacture or operation of N2/SF6 insulated equipment, and to develop new applications for gaseous insulation.
REF. 286
SC D1 TF D1.02.08
2005
Instrumentation and measurements for in-service monitoring of high voltage insulation

The Technical Brochure summarizes the work performed by TF D1.02.08: "High Voltage Test and Measuring Technique" and presents an overview of today applied methods for In-Service Monitoring of High Voltage Insulations and conclusions regarding the state of the knowledge on the applicability. General guidelines for the design, operation and integration of monitoring sytems are given.
REF. 288
SC D1 TF D1.12.1
2006
Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics and insulating materials

The guide covers space charge measurements in dielectrics and insulating materials and gives a description of the physical background of methods for space charge measurements. It also guides through the most important aspects in selecting the values of the important components of the measuring system to achieve the required accuracy and sensitivity for the type of insulation to be investigated by a particular measurement method.
REF. 292
SC D1 TF D1.11.04
2006
Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power Transmission Field

There are increasing demands to better exploit system and equipment databases. Data mining is part of a broader process termed knowledge discovery in databases. Essentially, it is the application of relatively novel approaches to find undiscovered meanings in data accumulations. The aim is to find patterns that are not readily predicted by established theory and unlock the information held within the data. TF D1.11.04 in association with WG D1.11 has investigated and reported on data mining utilization, methods and on a few relevant power transmission applications.
REF. 296
SC D1/A2 JTF D1.02/A2.11
2006
Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers.

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV equipment in service. New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have been introduced into revised IEC Publication 60567 and interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in IEC Publication 60599. Following questions about the typical gas concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by IEC TC14 (transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation which needed clarifications or improvements.
REF. 297
SC D1 TF D1.02.05
2006
Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD in power cables

For enhancement of the reliable operation of power cable networks preventive PD diagnosis tests are increasingly performed. In order to assess the insulation condition on the basis of the obtained data, fundamental knowledge on the PD occurrence is required.The Brochure deals with both theoritical analysis and experimental studies on the wave propagation of PD pulses in power cables. Furthermore practical aspects of the detection and location of PD faults are discussed.
REF. 323
SC D1 TF D1.01.10
2007
Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers

The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for transformers. The various cellulose materials and their properties are described. New knowledge on oxidation and hydrolysis and the influence of the chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal stresses are described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for maintenance of the cellulose are discussed.
REF. 366
SC D1 WG D1.33
2008
Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements in compliance to IEC 60270

For better understanding the background of the IEC 60270, D1.33 edited a guideline for engineers dealing with PD tests. After a brief review of the history of PD recognition, some fundamentals of the PD occurrence are presented. Based on this, the design of PD measuring circuits, the PD measuring principles and the calibration procedures are discussed.
REF. 409
SC D1 WG D1.01
2010
Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment

Gas monitors used in oil-filled electrical equipment (on-line or portable) have been evaluated in this TB in terms of applications in service, accuracy and stability. Gas monitor readings have thus been found to be accurate enough for diagnosis to be made on-line, except for hydrogen with some monitors. This TB provides a method for comparing monitor readings with laboratory results.
REF. 413
SC D1 WG D1.01
2010
Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination

Mineral insulating oil in service subjected to heat, electrical stress, consequently deteriorates to a point which renders it no longer suitable for further use. The common practices are to change the oil or reclaim the oil. The reclaimed oil may not pass the requirement of oil oxidation stability test as required. Consequently such oil should be inhibited using commercially available inhibitors. For mineral oil contaminated by PCB, method of PCB destruc-tions and oil decontamination is described in this report.
REF. 414
SC D1 WG D1.01
2010
Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer Windings

The report presents guidelines for performing meaningful dielectric response measurements on power transformers for diagnosing moisture content in insulation systems. Factors, like type of pressboard material as well as oil conductivity and its acidity, influence the quality of the diagnosis and the resulting errors are estimated. Study cases are reported in order to exemplify different practical situations that should be con-sidered when performing measurements.
REF. 418
SC D1 WG D1.15
2010
Status of Development and Field Test Experience with HighTemperature Superconducting Power Equipment
Superconducting and Insulating Materials for HTS Power Applications and HTS Power System Equipment is making rapid progress in recent years. The TB introduces and discusses worldwide field-test experiences and state-of-the-art HTS power applications (cables, rotating machines, fault cur-rent limiters and magnetic energy storage). State-of-the-art of HTS material as well as the role of electrical insulation atcryogenic temperatures are discussed too.
REF. 420
SC D1 WG D1.17
2010
Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment of HV Assets and Related Knowledge Rules
The asset management decisions involve a large amount ofinformation aspects. A considered maintenance program is based on the asset types and their present insulation status and involves condition assessment by suitable diagnostics.This report contributes to the discussion on utility maintenance processes and necessary data structure to describe the condition records of HV assets.
REF. 442
SC D1 WG D1.14
2010
Evaluation of dynamic hydrophobicityproperties of polymeric materials for non-ceramic outdoor insulation Retention and transfer of hydrophobicity
Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. The TB describes test methods and evaluation criteria for the retention of hydrophobicity, i.e. the resistance of polymeric insulating materials to loss of hydrophobicity due to pollution initiated surface discharges, and the hydrophobicity transfer, i.e. the transfer of hydrophobicity from the bulk of the sample material onto artificial pollution layers on the surface. The reproducibility of the test methods has been verified by round robin testing.
REF. 443
SC D1 WG D1.32
2010
DGA in Non-Mineral Oils and Load Tap Changers and Improved DGA Diagnosis Criteria
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is increasingly used as a diagnosis tool in load tap changers and non-mineral oils. This Report describes the adjustments that should be made to DGA interpretation methods for such applications. It also contains recent investigations of CIGRE concerning DGA in transformers, oil sampling and carbon oxide formation.
REF. 444
SC D1 WG D1.33
2010
Guidelines for unconventional Partial Discharge measurements

PD measurement is a worldwide-accepted method for insulation diagnosis and a required part of the acceptance testing for many HV assets. To facilitate PD measurements different techniques/methods have been developed and they are in use for laboratory and on-site applications. All these methods can be divided into conventional and unconventional PD measuring methods. The latter are the subject of this guide.
REF. 451
SC D1 WG D1.24
2011
Polymer Nanocomposites - Fundamentals and possible applications to Power Sectors

Polymer nanocomposites are emerging superior dielectrics developed to improve electrical insulation systems of power apparatus and cables. Such advanced materials are excellent in that they can be obtained from conventional polymers or plastics, which are converted into novel materials by adding inorganic nano fillers. They have been exhaustively and critically surveyed on their fundamental material and dielectric characteristics to show present and future applications in the power sectors. Risk assessment of nano fillers is also reported.
2.17 D2 - Information Systems and Telecommunications
REF. 009
SC 34 WG 34.02
1985

REF. 012
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35
1969
Teleprotection.
Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various telecommunication systems.
REF. 013
SC 34 JWG 34/35.05
1987
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication.

Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by engineers.
REF. 014
SC 35 WG 35.04
1974
Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems.

The memorandum is intended to provide information on the already extensive and growing use of high frequency power line carrier systems by the power authorities in many countries. Since such telecommunications systems are operated over open wire lines designed for the bulk transmission of energy, there can in principle be some radiation of high frequency energy and conversely the communication system may itself suffer interference from other systems.
REF. 015
SC 35 WG 35.04
1979
Guide On Power Line Carrier.

The increasing complexity and interconnection of power networks has resulted in the continuing development and application of power line carrier in many countries. There is a need to supplement and bring up to date existing information on PLC and to incorporate information on the current state of the art, together with a sufficient theoretical treatment of the subject so as to assist in the better understanding of the basic aspects of PLC communication.
REF. 016
SC 35 WG 35.04
1985
Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication Networks.

The objective of this guide is to bring together information on the varieties of services required for power system telecommunications networks and on the typical properties of the various possible methods in order to assist in the choice of method and thus to facilitate the planning of future networks. The design of a power authority telecommunications network may differ widely from one country to another as dictated by the geographic conditions, the economics ...
REF. 017
SC 35 WG 35.04
1987
Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities.

A reliable and effective communications network is an essential feature of an electricity undertaking's operational and engineering functions, contributing to the safety of personnel, the public and plant, and optimising the available resources of the organisation. As a result, the quality of service to the customer is considerably enhanced. Mobile radio enables the communication network to be extended to the man in the field.
REF. 018
SC 35 WG 35.01
1987
Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems.

The methods for designing telecontrol systems vary very much in different countries due to different conditions, e.g. power production and grid, as well as of an organisational nature. One is also dependent on the techniques and economics of the control system components, e.g. computers and communication equipment. The report discusses the most common methods for designing telecontrol systems, but many other methods could and will be applied in the future.
REF. 019
SC 35 WG 35.06
1989
Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission systems (Substation control).

This report does not attempt to give a precise description of the possible solutions but should be treated as a guide for persons working in this field rather than a collection of definitive recommendations. Whilst the report is confirmed to transmission application, many of the techniques discussed are applicable to distribution systems.
REF. 037
SC 35 WG 35.02
1989
Guide for planning of power utility digital telecommunications networks.

The planning guide does not propose exact recommendations for network selections or equipment selections. However descriptions of possible alternative solutions and evolution paths are postulated. Particularly the guide attempts to highlight the various items to be considered when a power utility is planning the transition to a digitally based network.
REF. 040
SC 35 WG 35.01
1994
Guidelines for software project control.

The purpose of the report is to provide guidelines for customer and supplier project control to ensure quality in developing software for telecontrol system projects. The report is focusing on project management from a software point of view and is therefore intended as practical manual for the software management, rather than as a general project management manual.
REF. 041
SC 35 WG 35.01
1995
New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems.

The power utilities are undergoing significant changes including deregulation, increased competitions, take-overs, mergers and down sizing. Top utility management is emphasing innovative approaches to better planning and operations. As power utilities transform into the 90's, the business of operating a power system has become very complex and is changing rapidly. Environmental concerns are leading to emissions trading and operating constraints.
REF. 042
SC 35 WG 35.02
1994
Mobile radio systems in power utilities.

SC35 published a first Guide on Mobile Radio in Power utilities in 1985. Since that date many new mobile radio systems have been introduced or are planned. This new brochure takes care not to repeat the earlier works and therefore readers will need to refer back to the original guide on matters of principle and for the details and descriptions of basic and conventional systems.
REF. 043
SC 35 WG 35.02
1994
Telecommunication network management in power utilities.

This report includes a description of telecommunication networks and their use in power utilities, the needs, reasons and requirements for telecommunications network management; Descriptions of existing telecommunication network management systems; a description of trends in management, the concept of an integrated network management system....
REF. 045
SC 35 WG 35.04
1994
Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities.

The guide sets out to provide all the necessary information required by a power utility not schooled in the technology to plan and define an optical telecommunications system. Power utilities may be considering optical telecommunications systems for their own technical and business requirements or for third party business ventures outside the needs of the utility.
REF. 046
SC 35 WG 35.01
1997
Database management for telecontrol systems.

To perform real-time control it is necessary to handle information. Progress in technology allowed a tremendous increase in the use of microprocessors in industrial equipment, hence information began to appear organized in databases structures and the software and control centres became more elaborated, increasing the number of applications with specific requirements in terms of information performance.
REF. 052
SC 35 WG 35.01
1990
Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on availability.

The growing use of computerised control systems in electric power networks has increased the importance and interest of their availability performance and maintenance arrangements. This paper describes the results of a study on this subject which has been carried out by WG01 of SC35.
REF. 058
SC 35 WG 35.04
1990
Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for power utilities communications.

The information given ranges from general aspects to applications, parameters of typical systems, optical fibre cables and also to commercial and legal questions. These results will be used for the future activities of the Working Group.
REF. 062
SC 35 WG 35.03
1991
Requirements and performance of packet switching networks with special reference to telecontrol.
Power utilities are already using packet switching networks for many purposes, ranging from real-time to administrative data and from inter-utility to intra-utility communications and there is a general interest in this kind of network. Nevertheless there are no requirements yet set for such technology in the field of telecontrol.
REF. 067
SC 35 WG 35.01
1992
Renewal of existing telecontrol systems.

The utilisation of digital computers in electric power control systems is now widespread around the world. On the basis of the acquired experience the operating life of a telecontrol system ranges from 10 to 15 years. Several factors intervene over the years to render the telecontrol system obsolescent. The hardware is certainly one of the main reasons.
REF. 076
SC 35 WG 35.01
1992
Man machine interface using full graphics.

There is a major change in technology in progress in the energy control centres today, and this will reflect in the use of work stations with full graphics in the man-machine interface. Semi-graphics display technology has been used in the power industry for some years. It provided high speed display response at reasonable cost and was sufficient and flexible enough for many implementations, particularly in the field of transmission telecontrol.
REF. 079
SC 35 WG 35.03
1993
The use of the transport layer in telecontrol systems.

The brochure gives an overview of the possibilities and implications of the introduction of a transport layer in telecontrol systems in the context of the ISO seven layer architecture for the interconnection of open systems.
REF. 084
SC 34 WG 34.05
1994
Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits.

The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends and presents some opportunities for new applications.
REF. 106
SC 35 WG 35.04
1997
New opportunities for optical fibre technology in electricity utilities.

The brochure provides utilities with ideas for maximising the utilisation of deployed optical cables. In addition, widespread deregulation of the telecommunications service industry has meant that utilities are now able to offer telecommunications services to external customers and many utilities have already sought additional business opportunities by developing their networks beyond the requirements for their own business.
REF. 107
SC 35 WG 35.07
1997
Power system communication in the high speed environment.

The brochure focuses on the present high speed transport and access technologies being considered and employed by various utilities. Special attention is given to the operational services, their requirements and how they can be realised on top of these technologies. It is noted that the technologies have not reached full maturity, that the standardisation process is still incomplete and that the employment of these technologies needs special attention.
REF. 108
SC 35 WG 35.08
1997
Business opportunities for power utilities in the telecommunications market.

The purpose of this brochure is to provide the telecommunications managers of power utilities with information on the business opportunities for their organisation to enter the telecommunications market, the potential benefits to the core utility business, the risks involved and the steps necessary to plan and implement a successful entry into the market. It is intended to enable those decision makers to formulate a strategic response that best meets the needs of their utility.
REF. 131
SC 35 WG 35.04
2001
Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities using optical fibres

The report provides an assessment of the range of optical fibre cable solutions available, by type e.g. OPGW, ADSS, rather than by design. it also examines the key issues which will influence an electricity utilities decisions and proposes a method of evaluating the options to identify the one which most closely matches the utility's critical needs, with measurements against time, cost and quality targets.
REF. 132
SC 35 WG 35.04
2001
Optical fibre cable selection for electricity utilities.

The use of overhead power line routes by electricity utilities to develop a telecommunications right of way has now become common place throughout the world. The aerial optical fibre cabling technology used to exploit these rights are either additional to or replacement for the existing earth wires or phase conductors and in these situations form an integral part of the power transmission system.
REF. 133
SC 35 WG 35.04
2000
Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical cables on overhead power lines.
The use of overhead power line routes by electricity utilities to develop a telecommunications right of way has now become common place throughout the world. The aerial optical fibre cabling technology used to exploit these rights are either additional to or replacement for the existing earth wires or phase conductors and in these situations form an integral part of the power transmission system.
REF. 146
SC 35 TF 35.13.02
1999
Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A practical approach

Computer technology is now at a state where providing fully supported real-time intelligent alarm processing will help control centre operators with incident analysis and service restoration. Many intelligent applications installed in operational control centres have been for test and development purposes. This has advanced the technology and this report fills a need to distribute the lessons learnt to allow practical application.
REF. 153
SC 35 WG 35.07
2000
The use of IP technology in the power utility environment.

This document addresses the new issues presented by internetworking technologies. The emphasis is on the application of these technologies for power utility applications. A comprehensive explanation of the IP technology has been included. Special interest has been devoted to those aspects that are relevant for the implementation of IP networks in the power utilities environment. It mainly develops the IP over ATM models since they are the most commonly used in present and future implementations. Other emerging architectures such as IP over SDH or OP over Dark Fibre are also mentioned.
REF. 164
SC 35 WG 35.09
2000
Report on digital power line carrier.

Technology aspect defining a digital PLC. Coexistence of digital PLC and analogue PLC in the same network. Application side and what can be gained with the new solutions. Planning and performance parameters. List of the requirements that are applicable for a digital PLC, guidelines on how to specify them and remarks about transmission parameters.
REF. 168
SC 35 TF 35.13.03
2000
Communication concepts for control systems.

SCADA systems have been in service for many years in power utilities for operation and control of their electrical systems. Traditionally data communications for telecontrol within SCADA systems for electricity utilities is based on well proven solutions. Nevertheless they continue to evolve due to recent developments in telecommunications, computers and standardisation areas which have allowed the addition of more features and flexibility, finally challenging the traditional solution.
REF. 173
SC 35 TF 35.05
2000
Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power utilities.

The impressive commercial success of GSM and the widespread use of mobile communications have made it essential to investigate the possibilities for power utilities to use either public GSM networks or mainstream commerical mobile technology based on the GSM standard for their internal radio communication needs. GSM networks are available in more than 140 countries and serve more than 100 million GSM terminals per year in a great variety of designs.
REF. 192
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35.11
2001
Protection using telecommunications

Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication network technologies and advances in numerical protection, has resulted in the need to reconsider traditional methods of delivering teleprotection schemes and their associated bearer services. Fibre-optic technology is commonly deployed in new telecommunication networks for inter-station communication and utility-owned and public telecommunication networks from third parties are available for protection purposes.
REF. 193
SC 35 WG 35.13
2001
Alarm handling techniques

Alarm processing is an area with a low standardization level. Current systems from different providers have customization possibilities that make alarm applictaions completely different on each implementation. Summary of the current situation for alarm handling and the different techniques with the intention of having a reference to improve this area of cantrol systems. It focuses on alarm handling for system operation but adds new ideas for use of alarms in other areas.
REF. 217
SC 35 WG 35. 07
2002
The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised ?

The aim is to provide utility company managers and technical staff with a view of what has been achieved to date using a range of telecommunications technologies and to look at emerging technologies in order to understand what options will be available in the foreseeable future. The report is not restricted to the telecommunications elements of mobile data - it seeks to look at the business drivers within utility companies and to explain how these needs can be met by the implementation of new technology.
REF. 241
SC D2 WG D2.15
2004
All-optical backbone technology

Outlines backbone technologies such as multiplexing methodology, amplifier technology, fibre technology, maintenance technology and measurement technology, to realize economical and efficient all-optical backbone network.
REF. 245
SC D2 WG D2.15
2004
New optical access technology

New optical technologies for access networks are outlined in this report including the access methods, cable technology, installation technology and maintenance technology required to realise economic and efficient optical networks for access networks..
REF. 249
SC D2 WG D2.07
2004
Integrated service networks for utilities.

This work - together with two previously published technical brochures and a number of papers - completes a comprehensive set of publications that offer a complete view of the broadband technologies and their use in the power utility environment.
REF. 267
SC D2 WG D2.09
2005
Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to improved mobility.

Need for mobility is a long standing requirement of the Electricity Supply Industry. Today liberalization, unbundling, cost-reduction thrust and out-sourcing possibilities offered by telecommunications operators lead to consider new strategies for the provision of the telecommunication services. The objective of the technical brochure is to present the various needs with their context, and to analyse the qualities and risks of the different solutions.
REF. 285
SC D2 WG D2.14
2005
White paper on medium voltage powerline communication (PLC) networks

Medium Voltage powerline Communications (PLC) networks could generate a new source of revenues by offering broadband Internet access, telephony and other value added services to existing electric customers. Furthermore, Electrical distribution Companies operating in a competitive deregulated environment and facing up the currents boundary conditions must combine costs optimization with customers and regulators requirements to improve Quality of Service (QoS) and Energy Efficiency. Broadband PLC would allow the creation of Intelligent Distribution Networks improving the efficiency of utilities core business.
REF. 302
SC D2 TF D2.08
2006
Digital power line carrier equipment - present use and future applications
This Technical Brochure presents experience, based on a questionnaire, from power utilities using digital power line carrier (DPLC) links. The Brochure also deals with the different aspects of implementing DPLC links in a network, including a detailed procedure for planning the links.
REF. 314
SC D2 WG D2.12
2007
Protocol Conformance Testing

This technical brochure presents an evaluation of modern communications protocols used in the Utility industries. It describes, based on different real life experiences, the current status regarding protocol testing, the available documentation, tools and testing laboratories, and the practical experiences with conformance testing for a number of de-facto, IEC and proprietary protocols.
REF. 315
SC D2 WG D2.16
2007
Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design of Modern Protection and Control Systems
This technical brochure analyses the advantages and disadvantages of both the use and impact of available communication technologies, inside and outside the substation, in protection and control systems for a Substations Automation System by means of a cross matrices methodology. The output matrix provides a relative assessment of communications technology performance for lead applications in substations.
REF. 317
2007

REF. 321
SC D2 TF D2.10
2007
Operational services using IP virtual private networks

An Integrated Management Information system is a common platform that permits the different information processing, storage and exchange systems and other infrastructure components in the Power Utility to interact, in order to perform different tasks such as asset management, maintenance, condition and performance monitoring, and planning. It overcomes the problem of multiplicity of management systems in a multi-vendor, multi-technology environment.
REF. 341
SC D2 WG D2.17
2008
Integrated Management Information in Utilities

An Integrated Management Information system is a platform that permits the different information processing, storage and exchange systems and other infrastructure components in the Power Utility to interact, in order to perform different tasks such as asset management, maintenance, condition and performance monitoring, and planning. It overcomes the problem of multiplicity of management systems in a multi-vendor, multi-technology environment.
REF. 369
SC B2/D2 WG B2/D2.18
2009
New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information as applied to Overhead Power Lines
This TB on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is a strategy document that may be used by a utility to gain an understanding of best practices in GIS and advantages of its application. It describes examples, of benefit for the management of the Transmission Business.
REF. 377
SC D2 TF D2.13
2009
New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors

Today almost all utility companies rely on public mobile phone networks for day to day communications. Still many are continuing to support and, in a few cases use, a private mobile network. Using the results of a worldwide enquiry on existing and planned developments, this study considers and reports on the issues involved in implementing new mobile services and systems.
REF. 382
SC D2 WG D2.21
2009
Broadband PLC Applications

Power Line Communications (PLC) is a broadband access technology that uses the LV and MV grid to provide telecommunication services. Energy-related services based on PLC represent a field where Utilities can respond to the most important challenges in the Power Distribution area: the conversion of their network into an "intelligent" network, providing Broadband Telecommunication solutions for core-business applications.
REF. 419
SC D2 WG D2.22
2010
Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities (EPUs)

As providers of critical products and services, EPUs need to develop new security systems and procedures that are responsive to the improvements in Information and Communications Technology and also recognize the development of threats and attacks. There are a great and increasing number of studies that support EPUs but also create a confusing situation when a Security Framework is to be chosen and the information security issues are to be managed. This TB will answer this question.
72 pages , file:
MB
REF. 452
SC D2 WG D2.24
2011
EMS for the 21st Century - System Requirements

The TB provides a common, world-wide system architectural vision for the next generation of Energy Management Systems (EMS) and related real-time grid and market systems. The architecture is based on SOA principles and is comprised of the following sub-architectures: Information Architecture, Integration Architecture, User Interface Architecture, Security & Network Architecture, and Platform & Business Continuity Architecture.
REF. 459
SC D2 WG D2.18
2011
Metering, revenue protection, billing and CRM/CIS functions

The TB aims to identify the state of the art and of the practice as well as the trends in metering, revenue protection, billing and CRM/CIS functions and systems. The last two functions are approached with emphasis in vertically structured utilities, however, exploring their sensitivity level for liberalized markets has been also considered. Standards and recommendations are presented, as well as case studies.
REF. 460
SC D2 WG D2.23
2011
The use of Ethernet Technology in the Power Utility Environment

The objective of the TB is to assist utilities to plan, specify, design and implement Ethernet infrastructures necessary for the IP-based operational applications. The document covers operational applications of Ethernet technology relative to the power delivery process in the HV substation and in the Control Centre, as well as the associated Operation Support applications.
REF. 461
SC D2 WG D2.26
2011
Telecommunication Service Provisioning and Delivery in the Electrical Power Utility

Electrical Power Utilities require stable, predictable, secure and reliable communication services for their operational applications. The TB reports on the present state and near future perspectives of operations-related communication services, providing guidelines on quality constraints, their specification, service provisioning and delivery organizations, and the way the services and their underlying network infrastructure can be planned, deployed and managed.
2.18 List in numerical order

REF. 000 A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and Control Performance in HVDC Schemes. B4 REF. 001 25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index CIGRE REF. 002 Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices. A1 REF. 003 Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World. B4 REF. 004 Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields. D1 REF. 005 Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads. B1 REF. 006 Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air Substations. B3 REF. 007 Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers. A3/B5 REF. 008 Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks. B5 REF. 009 Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital Techniques in Substations. B3/B5/D2 REF. 010 Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: SelfChecking and Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability. B5 REF. 011 Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System Protection Relays and Protective Systems. B5 REF. 012 Teleprotection. B5/D2 REF. 013 Protection Systems Using Telecommunication. B5/D2 REF. 014 Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems. D2 REF. 015 Guide On Power Line Carrier. D2 REF. 016 Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication Networks. D2 REF. 017 Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities. D2 REF. 018 Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems. C2/D2
REF. 019 Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission systems (Substation control). D2 REF. 020 Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems. C4 REF. 021 Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission systems. C4 REF. 022 Methods of forecasting demand for electricity. C1 REF. 023 An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment. (1968-1985). A3/B3/C4 REF. 024 Planning against voltage collapse. C1/C4 REF. 025 Static var compensators B4/C1/C4 REF. 026 Power system reliability analysis. Application guide.Part I. C4 REF. 027 Methods for reactive power optimisation. C4 REF. 028 Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system dynamic and security performance. Results of a questionnaire. C4 REF. 029 An international survey of the present status and the perspective of expert systems on power system analysis and techniques. C4 REF. 030 Reactive power compensation analyses and planning procedure. C4 REF. 031 Nuclear power plant performance in power system control. A review of international practice. C2 REF. 032 Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group CIGRE REF. 033 Methodologies in power systems operations planning C2 REF. 034 Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations. A3/B4 REF. 035 Monograph on GIS very fast transients. A3/B3/C4 REF. 036 Control of power systems during disturbed and emergency conditions. C2 REF. 037 Guide for planning of power utility digital telecommunications networks. D2 REF. 038 Digital protection techniques and substation functions. B5
REF. 039 Guidelines for representation of network elements when calculating transients C4 REF. 040 Guidelines for software project control. D2 REF. 041 New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems. D2 REF. 042 Mobile radio systems in power utilities. D2 REF. 043 Telecommunication network management in power utilities. D2 REF. 044 Earthing of GIS. An application guide. B3 REF. 045 Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities. D2 REF. 046 Database management for telecontrol systems. D2 REF. 047 Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2. A3 REF. 048 Tower top geometry. B2 REF. 049 Adaptive protections and control. B5 REF. 050 Interruption of small inductive currents. A3 REF. 051 Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS controllers. B4/C2 REF. 052 Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on availability. D2 REF. 053 Bulk electricity system operational performance. Measurement systems and survey results. C2 REF. 055 Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused by transient corona. C4 REF. 056 Environmental aspects of links between power system planners and decision makers in the energy area. C1/C3 REF. 057 Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer. A3 REF. 058 Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for power utilities communications. D2 REF. 059 Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment for AC applications and its effects on insulation coordination. State of the art report. A3/C4/D1 REF. 060 Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems. A3
REF. 061 Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems. C4 REF. 062 Requirements and performance of packet switching networks with special reference to telecontrol. D2 REF. 063 Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. C4 REF. 064 Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configurations. B5 REF. 065 AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics. B4 REF. 066 Statistical analysis of dielectric test results. D1 REF. 067 Renewal of existing telecontrol systems. B5/D2 REF. 068 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction phenomena. B4 REF. 069 General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. B3 REF. 070 Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II C1/C4 REF. 071 International experiences in improving the links between power system planners, the general public and decision makers in the energy policy area. C1/C3 REF. 072 Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation. A3/C4 REF. 073 An International survey of the present status and perspective of long-term dynamics in power systems. C4 REF. 074 Electric power transmission and the environment. Fields, noise and interference. C4 REF. 075 Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena. C4 REF. 076 Man machine interface using full graphics. D2 REF. 077 Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission systems. B4/C1 REF. 078 Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static var compensators. B4
REF. 079 The use of the transport layer in telecontrol systems. D2 REF. 080 Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power plants. B3 REF. 081 Foundation testing B2 REF. 082 Use of DC converters for VAR control. B4/C1 REF. 083 Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuit-breaker failures and defects in service. A3 REF. 084 Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits. B5/D2 REF. 085 Ultra high voltage technology. A3/B2/C1 REF. 086 Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report. B1/B4/C4 REF. 087 Maintenance and management of protection systems. B5 REF. 088 Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems. B3/B5 REF. 089 Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and terminology. B1 REF. 090 The use of expert systems for power system restoration. C2/C4 REF. 091 Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena. C4 REF. 092 DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems B4 REF. 093 Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var compensators. B4 REF. 094 Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical engineering: assessment of sensing, recording and mapping requirements in the light of present technological advancements. C4 REF. 095 Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on metallic pipelines. C4 REF. 096 Thermal aspects of transformers. A2 REF. 097 System tests for HVDC installations. B4 REF. 098 Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations. B3
REF. 099 Interaction between transmission and distribution system planning. C1 REF. 100 Assessment of practical fast transient stability methods : performance comparison.Phase II. C4 REF. 101 Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse. C2/C4 REF. 102 Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report. C4 REF. 103 Commutation failures. Causes and consequences. B4 REF. 104 Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component. B1/C4 REF. 105 The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests. B3 REF. 106 New opportunities for optical fibre technology in electricity utilities. D2 REF. 107 Power system communication in the high speed environment. D2 REF. 108 Business opportunities for power utilities in the telecommunications market. D2 REF. 109 Review of IEC 826 : lines B2 Loading and strength of overhead
REF. 110 Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines. B1/B2 REF. 111 Analysis and control of power system oscillations. C4 REF. 112 Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS controllers. B4 REF. 113 Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves. B4 REF. 114 Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report. A3/B4 REF. 115 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning guidelines. B4 REF. 116 Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators. A1/B4 REF. 117 SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical power equipment and final disposal. B3
REF. 118 Lightning exposure of structures and interception efficiency of air terminals. C4 REF. 119 Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report. A1/B4 REF. 120 Methods and tools for transmission costs. C4/C5 REF. 121 New trends and requirements for dynamic security assessment. C4 REF. 122 Application of optimisation techniques to study power system network performance. C4 REF. 123 Thyristor controlled series compensation. B4 REF. 124 Guide on EMC in power plants and substations. C4 REF. 125 User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. B3 REF. 126 Unit commitment C2/C4 REF. 127 Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC transmission B4/C1 REF. 128 Protection against voltage collapse B5 REF. 129 Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of interconnected systems. C4 REF. 130 Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems B4 REF. 131 Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities using optical fibres D2 REF. 132 Optical fibre cable selection for electricity utilities. D2 REF. 133 Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical cables on overhead power lines. D2 REF. 134 Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks. A3 REF. 135 State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. A3 REF. 136 Fire aspects of HVDC halls. B4 thyristor valves and valve
REF. 137 Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system. C1/C6
REF. 138 Exchange of services between large electricity generating plants and high voltage electric power systems. A1/C2 REF. 139 Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters for HVDC systems. B4 REF. 140 Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection. B5 REF. 141 Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations. B2 REF. 142 Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing of polymeric insulators C4 REF. 143 Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes B4 REF. 144 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) B4 REF. 145 Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in load flow and stability programs : a representation guide for power system planning and analysis C4 REF. 146 Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A practical approach D2 REF. 147 High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations B2/C3 REF. 148 Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under major frequency disturbance. Final report. C2/C4 REF. 149 Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the same system. B4 REF. 150 Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience B3 REF. 151 Guidelines for insulation coordination in live working C4 REF. 152 An international survey of maintenance policies and trends B3/C2 REF. 153 The use of IP technology in the power utility environment. D2 REF. 154 Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties. C1/C4 REF. 155 Advanced angle stability controls. C4 REF. 156 Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. A2
REF. 157 Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength. A2 REF. 158 Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge. A3/C4 REF. 159 Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes. B5 REF. 160 Unified power flow controller (UPFC) B4 REF. 161 General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. (2nd version). B3 REF. 162 Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design - operation and maintenance of future substations. B3 REF. 163 Guide for SF6 gas mixtures. B3 REF. 164 Report on digital power line carrier. D2 REF. 165 Life management of circuit-breakers. A3 REF. 166 Impact of interactions among power system controls. C2/C4 REF. 167 User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. A3 REF. 168 Communication concepts for control systems. D2 REF. 169 Advanced materials - Final Report D1 REF. 170 Static electrification in power transformers A2/D1 REF. 171 Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power systems C2/C4 REF. 172 Characterization of lightning for applications in electric power systems. C4 REF. 173 Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power utilities. D2 REF. 174 Load control devices on overhead transmission lines. B2 REF. 175 Management of existing overhead transmission lines. B2 REF. 176 Ageing of the system. Impact on planning. C1 REF. 177 Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation B1
REF. 178 Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines B2 REF. 179 Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead power line conductors B2 REF. 180 Communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations B5 REF. 181 Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive framework C5 REF. 182 Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems B1/D1 REF. 183 FACTS technology for open access B4/C1 REF. 184 Composite insulator handling guide B2 REF. 185 Modelling new forms of generation and storage C4 REF. 186 Economic assessment of HVDC links B4 REF. 187 System protection schemes in power networks B5/C2 REF. 188 Quality of supply. Customers requirements C1 REF. 189 Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable systems C4 REF. 190 Methods and tools for costing ancillary services C5 REF. 191 Methods to consider customer interruption costs in power system analysis C1/C5 REF. 192 Protection using telecommunications B5/D2 REF. 193 Alarm handling techniques D2 REF. 194 Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems. B1 REF. 195 Portfolio and risk management for power producers and traders in an open market. C5 REF. 196 Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports B2 REF. 197 Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and distribution systems B3 REF. 198 Glossary of terms used in the electricity supply industry. C1/C2/C5 REF. 199 Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure and control. B1/C1
REF. 200 Isolation and restoration policies against power system collapse B5 REF. 201 Maintenance outsourcing guidelines B3/C2 REF. 202 HVDC stations audible noise B4 REF. 203 Optimal network structure in an open market environment C1/C5 REF. 204 Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. A2 REF. 205 Custom power - State of the art. B4/C4 REF. 206 The design of transmission line support foundations an overview. B2 REF. 207 Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors. B2 REF. 208 The needs and environment of control centre operators during power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire survey. C2 REF. 209 The short circuit performance of power transformers. A2 REF. 210 Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables. B1/D1 REF. 211 General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment A2/A3/B1/B2/B3 REF. 212 Report on survey to establish protection performance during major disturbances B5 REF. 213 Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations B3 REF. 214 The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105 B3 REF. 215 HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV B4 REF. 216 Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing and replacement criteria B2 REF. 217 The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised ? D2 REF. 218 Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) B1/B3
REF. 219 Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to 250 kV B1 REF. 220 Network planning in a deregulated environment. C1 REF. 221 Improving the impact of existing substations on the environment B3/C3 REF. 222 On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems B4/C4 REF. 223 Active filters in HVDC applications B4 REF. 224 Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel 2002) D1 REF. 225 Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002) D1 REF. 226 Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in service D1 REF. 227 Life management techniques for power transformers. A2 REF. 228 Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the ageing process. D1 REF. 229 High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems. B1 REF. 230 Assessment of existing overhead line supports. B2 REF. 231 Definition and classification of power system stability. C4/CIGRE REF. 232 Optimisation of protection performance during system disturbance B5 REF. 233 Application policy for computer-based control systems in substations: a review. B3 REF. 234 SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003. B3 REF. 235 Management of transmission capacity and access : impact on system development. C1/C5 REF. 236 Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations B5 REF. 237 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc furnace and flicker compensation B4 REF. 238 Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in combined cycle power plants. C4 REF. 239 Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems A3
REF. 240 Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance A2/B4 REF. 241 All-optical backbone technology D2 REF. 242 Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and 2 B4 REF. 243 Improving resilience in power control centres C2 REF. 244 Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines B2 REF. 245 New optical access technology D2 REF. 246 The automation of new and existing substations: why and how B5 REF. 247 Optimization of power transmission capability of underground cable systems using thermal monitoring B1 REF. 248 Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD) A2 REF. 249 Integrated service networks for utilities. D2 REF. 250 Technical and environmental issues regarding the integration of a new HV underground cable system in the network. B1/C3 REF. 251 The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings (CD + Brochure) B2 REF. 252 Functional specification and evaluation of substations. B3 REF. 253 Substations physical security trends. B3 REF. 254 Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers. A2/D1 REF. 255 Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. State of the art. D1 REF. 256 Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude of high intensity winds B2 REF. 257 EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators A1 REF. 258 Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating Machines A1 REF. 259 Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems A3 REF. 260 N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems D1
REF. 261 Power Quality Indices and Objectives C4 REF. 262 Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects A3 REF. 263 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further applications including unloaded transformer switching A3 REF. 264 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs Planning,Specifications & Testing A3 REF. 265 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines B2/C3 REF. 266 Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power line towers C4 REF. 267 Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to improved mobility. D2 REF. 268 Transient voltages affecting long cables B1 REF. 269 VSC Transmission B4 REF. 270 Auto-reclosing and local system restoration B5 REF. 271 Connection of generators and other customers - rules and practices C1/C6 REF. 272 Large cross-sections and composite screens design. B1 REF. 273 Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations B2 REF. 274 Consultation models for overhead line projects. B2 REF. 275 Methods for measuring the earth resistance of transmission towers equipped of earth wires. B2/C4 REF. 276 Guide for the preparation of customised Practical SF6 handling instructions B3 REF. 277 State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers B2 REF. 278 The influence of line configuration on environment impacts of electrical origin B2 REF. 279 Maintenance for HV cables and accessories B1 REF. 280 HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems B4 REF. 281 Design and Installation of micropiles and ground anchors for OHL support foudations B2
REF. 282 Planning issues for newly industrialised and developing countries fron ASEAN C1 REF. 283 Special bonding of high voltage power cables B1 REF. 284 Use of corona rings to control the electrical field along transmission line composite insulators B2 REF. 285 White paper on medium voltage powerline communication (PLC) networks D2 REF. 286 Instrumentation and measurements for in-service monitoring of high voltage insulation D1 REF. 287 Protection of MV and LV networks against lightning Part 1: Common topics C4 REF. 288 Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics and insulating materials D1 REF. 289 Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines Advantages, Applications and Comparisons B2 REF. 290 AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to Interference from AC Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and Countermeasures C4 REF. 291 Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical Methods and Topographical Effects B2 REF. 292 Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power Transmission Field D1 REF. 293 Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty of Wind Generation C1 REF. 294 How overhead lines are redesignd for uprating/upgrading-Analysies of the replies to the questionnaire. B2 REF. 295 Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient analysis programs B5 REF. 296 Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers. A2/D1 REF. 297 Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD in power cables B1/D1 REF. 298 Guide on transformer lifetime data management A2 REF. 299 Guide for the selection of weather parameters for bare overhead conductor ratings B2
REF. 300 Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of existing air insulated sbstations B3 REF. 301 Congestion management in liberalized market environment C5 REF. 302 Digital power line carrier equipment - present use and future applications D2 REF. 303 Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage and extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems B1 REF. 304 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I A3 REF. 305 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part II A3 REF. 306 Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and LongRod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What to and when to replace B2 REF. 307 Remote on-line management for protection and automation B5 REF. 308 Foundation Installation An Overview B2 REF. 309 Asset Management of Transmission Systems and Associated CIGRE Activities C1 REF. 310 Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks. C4 REF. 311 Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information & Communication Technology) C6 REF. 312 Application and required developments of dynamic models to support practical planning C1 REF. 313 Connection criteria at the distribution network for distributed generation C6 REF. 314 Protocol Conformance Testing D2 REF. 315 Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design of Modern Protection and Control Systems D2 REF. 316 Defense plan against extreme contingencies C2
REF. 317 Security for information systems and intranets in electric power systems B3/C2/D2 REF. 318 Wi-Fi B5 Protected Access for protection and automation
REF. 319 Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on CircuitBreaker Controls Systems A3 REF. 320 Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields C4 REF. 321 Operational services using IP virtual private networks D2 REF. 322 State of the art conductor galloping B2 REF. 323 Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers A2/D1 REF. 324 Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines B2 REF. 325 Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools and techniques C4 REF. 326 The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and automation within substations B5 REF. 327 Impact of regulatory environments on investment decisions in transmission C1 REF. 328 Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as it relates to power system control and dynamic performance C4/C6 REF. 329 Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation automation systems B3/B5 REF. 330 Wide area monitoring and control for transmission capability enhancement C2/C4 REF. 331 Considerations relating to the use of high temperature conductors B2 REF. 332 Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp Systems - Update of Present Knowledge B2 REF. 333 Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted insulator testing stations B2 REF. 334 Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain Environment C1 REF. 335 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated above 1 kV. A3 REF. 336 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II: The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment. A3
REF. 337 Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations of Power Semiconductors A3/B3/B4 REF. 338 Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks B1 REF. 339 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on Protection System A3 REF. 340 Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development C3 REF. 341 Integrated Management Information in Utilities D2 REF. 342 Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) A2 REF. 343 Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition Assessment Facilities for Transformers A2 REF. 344 Big Storm Events - What we have learned B2 REF. 345 Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically stranded Conductors B2 REF. 346 Protocol for reporting the Operational Performance of HVDC Transmission Systems REF. 347 Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen Systems B1 REF. 348 Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances B2 REF. 349 Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems A2 REF. 350 How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High Intensity Winds - Basic Understanding B2 REF. 351 Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines B1/B3 REF. 352 Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC Interconnections: Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit B4 REF. 353 Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing Overhead Transmission Lines B2 REF. 354 Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated Substations B3 REF. 355 Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent Systems B5
REF. 356 Data Exchange Issues within the Power System Operation and Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire Survey C2 REF. 357 Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load, Generation and Markets in System Development Planning C1 REF. 358 Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground Lines B1 REF. 359 Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications B5 REF. 360 Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC Condition C4 REF. 361 Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines for Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles and the A.C. Case C4 REF. 362 Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC A3 REF. 363 Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength Factor using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design Engineers B2 REF. 364 Systems with multiple DC Infeed B4 REF. 365 On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for composite Insulators on Transmission Lines B2 REF. 366 Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements in compliance to IEC 60270 D1 REF. 367 Asset Management Performance Benchmarking C1 REF. 368 Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers A3 REF. 369 New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information as applied to Overhead Power Lines B2/D2 REF. 370 Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC and Power Electronics B4 REF. 371 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) B4 REF. 372 Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools C4 REF. 373 Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields originated from Electric Power Systems C4
REF. 374 Review of Structures for the System Development Activity C1 REF. 375 Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines C4 REF. 376 Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from Lightning Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance. C4 REF. 377 New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors D2 REF. 378 Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation A2 REF. 379 Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine Cable Systems B1 REF. 380 The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design B3 REF. 381 GIS: State of the Art 2008 B3 REF. 382 Broadband PLC Applications D2 REF. 383 Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for Transmission System Operators C3 REF. 384 Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice Tower Design and Detailing B2 REF. 385 Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in Transmission OHL B2 REF. 386 Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes A1 REF. 387 INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES B2 REF. 388 IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC PROJECTS B2/B4/C1 REF. 389 Combining Innovation with Standardization B3 REF. 390 Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS, GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above B3 REF. 391 Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV and MV substations C4 REF. 392 Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures A1 REF. 393 Thermal Performance of Transformers A2 REF. 394 State of the Art of Instrument Transformers A3
REF. 395 Investigation on the Structural Interaction between Transmission Line Towers and Foundations B2 REF. 396 Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings B2 REF. 397 Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on turbogenerators A1 REF. 398 Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables B1 REF. 399 Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology B2 REF. 400 Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800 kV B3 REF. 401 Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems B5 REF. 402 High Impedance Faults B5 REF. 403 Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures B1 REF. 404 Acceptable Functional Integration B5 In HV Substations
REF. 405 System Control in Light of Recent Developments in Substation Control (IEC Standards) C2 REF. 406 HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service A2/B4 REF. 407 HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers A2/B4 REF. 408 Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3phase short- and long-line fault clearing A3 REF. 409 Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment D1 REF. 410 Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific Terrain Features B2 REF. 411 Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated Networks B5 REF. 412 Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations C4 REF. 413 Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination D1
REF. 414 Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer Windings D1 REF. 415 Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated Voltages 30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV) B1 REF. 416 Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports B2 REF. 416Annex Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports B2 REF. 417 Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications B4 REF. 418 Status of Development and Field Test Experience with High-Temperature Superconducting Power Equipment D1 REF. 419 Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities (EPUs) D2 REF. 420 Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment of HV Assets and Related Knowledge Rules D1 REF. 421 The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Generation on Substation Protection and Automation B5 REF. 422 Transmission Asset Risk Management C1 REF. 423 Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER / microGrid Components C6 REF. 424 New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis B5 REF. 425 Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines: Needs and Solutions B2/C1 REF. 426 Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for Use on Overhead Transmission Lines B2 REF. 427 The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using IEC 61850 B5 REF. 428 The Effect of Fabrication and Erection Tolerances on the Strength of Lattice Steel B2 REF. 429 Engineering guidelines relating to fatigue endurance capability of conductor/clamp systems B2 REF. 430 SF6 Tightness Guide B3 REF. 431 Modern Techniques for Protecting Busbars in HV Networks B5 REF. 432 Protection Relay Coordination B5
REF. 433 Planning to Manage Power Interruption Events C1 REF. 434 Review of the Current Status of Tools and Techniques for Risk-Based and Probabilistic Planning in Power Systems C4 REF. 435 Ancillary Services: an overview of International Practices C5 REF. 436 Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids A2 REF. 437 Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Turbo-Generators A1 REF. 438 Systems for Prediction and Monitoring of Ice Shedding, Anti-Icing and De-Icing for Overhead Power Line Conductors and Ground Wires B2 REF. 439 Turnkey Substations B3 REF. 440 Use of Surge Arresters for Lightning Protection of Transmission Lines C4 REF. 441 Protection of Medium Voltage and Low Voltage Networks Against Lightning C4 REF. 442 Evaluation of dynamic hydrophobicityproperties of polymeric materials for non-ceramic outdoor insulation Retention and transfer of hydrophobicity D1 REF. 443 DGA in Non-Mineral Oils and Load Tap Changers and Improved DGA Diagnosis Criteria D1 REF. 444 Guidelines for unconventional Partial Discharge measurements D1 REF. 445 Guide for Transformer Maintenance A2 REF. 446 Advanced design of metal laminated coverings: recommendation for tests, guide to use, operational feed back B1 REF. 447 Components Testing of VSC System for HVDC Applications B4 REF. 448 Refurbishment Strategies based on Life Cycle Cost and Technical Constraints B5 REF. 449 Review of Flicker Objectives for LV, MV and HV Systems C4 REF. 450 Grid Integration of Wind Generation C6 REF. 451 Polymer Nanocomposites - Fundamentals and possible applications to Power Sectors D1
REF. 452 EMS for the 21st Century - System Requirements D2 REF. 453 Glossary of Terms used in the Electric Industry REF. 454 Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update A1 REF. 454A Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex) A1 REF. 455 Aspects for the Application of Composite Insulators to High Voltage (72kV) Apparatus A3 REF. 456 Background of Technical Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC A3 REF. 457 Development and Operation of Active Distribution Networks C6 REF. 458 Electric Energy Storage Systems C6 REF. 459 Metering, revenue protection, billing and CRM/CIS functions D2 REF. 460 The use of Ethernet Technology in the Power Utility Environment D2 REF. 461 Telecommunication Service Provisioning and Delivery in the Electrical Power Utility D2 REF. 462 Obtaining Value from On-Line Substation Condition Monitoring B3 REF. 463 Modern Techniques for Protecting, controlling and monitoring power transformers B5 REF. 464 Maintenance Strategies for Digital Substation Automation Systems B5 REF. 465 Modern Techniques for Protecting and Monitoring of Transmission Lines B5 REF. 466 Engineering Guidelines for IEC 61850 Based Digital SAS B5 REF. 467 Economic Framework for Power Quality C4 REF. 468 Review of Disturbance Emission Assessment Techniques C4 REF. 469 State of the Art in Efficiency of Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990 A1 REF. 470 Life Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants A1
REF. 471 Working Safely while Supported on Aged Overhead Conductors B2 REF. 472 Primary / Secondary systeminterfacemodelling for total asset performance optimization B3 REF. 473 Electric Field and Ion Current Environment of HVDC Overhead Transmission Lines B2/B4/C3 REF. 474 Interface between System Operators and Regulators C2/C5 REF. 475 Demand Side Integration (DSI) C6 REF. IAC White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE CIGRE
2.19 List in alphabetical order

A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and Control Performance in HVDC Schemes. REF. 000 B4 Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices. REF. 002 A1 Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World. REF. 003 Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields. REF. 004 D1 B4
Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads. REF. 005 B1 Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air Substations. REF. 006 B3 Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers. REF. 007 A3/B5 Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks. REF. 008 B5 Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital Techniques in Substations. REF. 009 B3/B5/D2 Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-Checking and Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability. REF. 010 B5 Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System Protection Relays and Protective Systems. REF. 011 B5 Teleprotection. REF. 012 B5/D2 B5/D2 D2
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication. REF. 013 Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems. REF. 014 Guide On Power Line Carrier. REF. 015 D2
Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication Networks. REF. 016 D2 Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities. REF. 017 D2 Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems. REF. 018 C2/D2 Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission systems (Substation control). REF. 019 D2
Power system reliability analysis. Application guide.Part I. REF. 026 C4 Methods for reactive power optimisation. REF. 027 C4 D2
Database management for telecontrol systems. REF. 046
Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems. REF. 020 C4 Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission systems. REF. 021 C4 Methods of forecasting demand for electricity. REF. 022 An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment. (1968-1985). REF. 023 A3/B3/C4 Planning against voltage collapse. REF. 024 Static var compensators REF. 025 B4/C1/C4 C1/C4 C1
Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system dynamic and security performance. Results of a questionnaire. REF. 028 C4 An international survey of the present status and the perspective of expert systems on power system analysis and techniques. REF. 029 C4 Reactive power compensation analyses and planning procedure. REF. 030 C4 Nuclear power plant performance in power system control. A review of international practice. REF. 031 C2 Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group REF. 032 CIGRE
Methodologies in power systems operations planning REF. 033 C2 Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations. REF. 034 A3/B4 Monograph on GIS very fast transients. REF. 035 A3/B3/C4
Control of power systems during disturbed and emergency conditions. REF. 036 C2 Guide for planning of power utility digital telecommunications networks. REF. 037 D2 Digital protection techniques and substation functions. REF. 038 B5
Guidelines for representation of network elements when calculating transients REF. 039 C4 Guidelines for software project control. REF. 040 D2
New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems. REF. 041 D2 Mobile radio systems in power utilities. REF. 042 D2
Telecommunication network management in power utilities. REF. 043 D2 Earthing of GIS. An application guide. REF. 044 B3 D2
Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities. REF. 045 Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2. REF. 047 A3 Tower top geometry. REF. 048 B2 B5 A3
Adaptive protections and control. REF. 049
Interruption of small inductive currents. REF. 050
Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS controllers. REF. 051 B4/C2 Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on availability. REF. 052 D2 Bulk electricity system operational performance. Measurement systems and survey results. REF. 053 C2 Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused by transient corona. REF. 055 C4 Environmental aspects of links between power system planners and decision makers in the energy area. REF. 056 C1/C3 Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer. REF. 057 A3
Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for power utilities communications. REF. 058 D2 Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment for AC applications and its effects on insulation coordination. State of the art report. REF. 059 A3/C4/D1 Statistical analysis of dielectric test results. REF. 066 D1
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II REF. 070 C1/C4
Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission systems. REF. 077 B4/C1 Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems. REF. 060 A3
Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems. REF. 061 C4 Requirements and performance of packet switching networks with special reference to telecontrol. REF. 062 D2 Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. REF. 063 C4 Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configurations. REF. 064 B5 AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics. REF. 065 B4 Renewal of existing telecontrol systems. REF. 067 B5/D2
General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. REF. 069 B3 An International survey of the present status and perspective of long-term dynamics in power systems. REF. 073 C4 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction phenomena. REF. 068 B4 International experiences in improving the links between power system planners, the general public and decision makers in the energy policy area. REF. 071 C1/C3 Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation. REF. 072 A3/C4 Electric power transmission and the environment. Fields, noise and interference. REF. 074 C4 Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena. REF. 075 C4 Man machine interface using full graphics. REF. 076 D2
Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static var compensators. REF. 078 B4 The use of the transport layer in telecontrol systems. REF. 079 D2
Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power plants. REF. 080 B3 Foundation testing REF. 081 B2 B4/C1
Use of DC converters for VAR control. REF. 082
Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuitbreaker failures and defects in service. REF. 083 A3 Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits. REF. 084 B5/D2 Ultra high voltage technology. REF. 085 A3/B2/C1 B1/B4/C4 B5
Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report. REF. 086
Maintenance and management of protection systems. REF. 087 Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems. REF. 088 B3/B5 Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and terminology. REF. 089 B1 The use of expert systems for power system restoration. REF. 090 C2/C4 Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena. REF. 091 C4 DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems REF. 092 B4 Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var compensators. REF. 093 B4
Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical engineering: assessment of sensing, recording and mapping requirements in the light of present technological advancements. REF. 094 C4 Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on metallic pipelines. REF. 095 C4 Thermal aspects of transformers. REF. 096 A2 B4
System tests for HVDC installations. REF. 097
Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations. REF. 098 B3 Interaction between transmission and distribution system planning. REF. 099 C1
Assessment of practical fast transient stability methods : performance comparison.Phase II. REF. 100 C4 Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse. REF. 101 C2/C4 Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report. REF. 102 C4 B4
Commutation failures. Causes and consequences. REF. 103 Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component. REF. 104 B1/C4
The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests. REF. 105 B3 New opportunities for optical fibre technology in electricity utilities. REF. 106 D2 Power system communication in the high speed environment. REF. 107 D2 Business opportunities for power utilities in the telecommunications market. REF. 108 D2 Review of IEC 826 : REF. 109 B2 Loading and strength of overhead lines
Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines. REF. 110 B1/B2 Analysis and control of power system oscillations. REF. 111 C4 Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS controllers. REF. 112 B4 Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves. REF. 113 B4
Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report. REF. 114 A3/B4 New trends and requirements for dynamic security assessment. REF. 121 C4 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning guidelines. REF. 115 B4 Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators. REF. 116 A1/B4 SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical power equipment and final disposal. REF. 117 B3
Lightning exposure of structures and interception efficiency of air terminals. REF. 118 C4 Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report. REF. 119 A1/B4 Methods and tools for transmission costs. REF. 120 Thyristor controlled series compensation. REF. 123 C4/C5 B4 C4
Guide on EMC in power plants and substations. REF. 124 Unit commitment REF. 126 C2/C4
Application of optimisation techniques to study power system network performance. REF. 122 C4 User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. REF. 125 B3 Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC transmission REF. 127 B4/C1 Protection against voltage collapse REF. 128 B5
Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of interconnected systems. REF. 129 C4 Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems REF. 130 B4 Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities using optical fibres REF. 131 D2 Optical fibre cable selection for electricity utilities. REF. 132 D2 Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical cables on overhead power lines. REF. 133 D2 Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks. REF. 134 A3 State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. REF. 135 Fire aspects of HVDC 136 B4 A3
thyristor valves and valve halls. REF.
Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system. REF. 137 C1/C6 Exchange of services between large electricity generating plants and high voltage electric power systems. REF. 138 A1/C2
Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters for HVDC systems. REF. 139 B4 Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection. REF. 140 Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations. REF. 141 Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing of polymeric insulators REF. 142 C4 Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes REF. 143 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) REF. 144 B4 B4 B2 B5
Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A practical approach REF. 146 D2 Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the same system. REF. 149 B4 Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in load flow and stability programs : a representation guide for power system planning and analysis REF. 145 C4 High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations REF. 147 B2/C3 Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under major frequency disturbance. Final report. REF. 148 C2/C4 Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience REF. 150 B3 Guidelines for insulation coordination in live working REF. 151 C4 An international survey of maintenance policies and trends REF. 152 B3/C2 The use of IP technology in the power utility environment. REF. 153 D2 Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties. REF. 154 C1/C4 Advanced angle stability controls. REF. 155 C4
Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. REF. 156 A2 Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength. REF. 157 A2
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge. REF. 158 A3/C4 Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes. REF. 159 B5 Unified power flow controller (UPFC) REF. 160 B4
General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. (2nd version). REF. 161 B3 Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design operation and maintenance of future substations. REF. 162 Guide for SF6 gas mixtures. REF. 163 B3 D2 A3 B3
Report on digital power line carrier. REF. 164 Life management of circuit-breakers. REF. 165
Impact of interactions among power system controls. REF. 166 C2/C4 Advanced materials - Final Report REF. 169 D1
Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power systems REF. 171 C2/C4 Characterization of lightning for applications in electric power systems. REF. 172 C4 User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. REF. 167 A3 Communication concepts for control systems. REF. 168 Static electrification in power transformers REF. 170 D2 A2/D1
Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power utilities. REF. 173 D2 Load control devices on overhead transmission lines. REF. 174 B2 Management of existing overhead transmission lines. REF. 175 B2 Ageing of the system. Impact on planning. REF. 176 C1
Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation REF. 177 B1 Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines REF. 178 B2
Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead power line conductors REF. 179 B2 Communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations REF. 180 B5 Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive framework REF. 181 C5 Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems REF. 182 B1/D1 FACTS technology for open access REF. 183 Composite insulator handling guide REF. 184 B4/C1 B2 C4
Modelling new forms of generation and storage REF. 185 Economic assessment of HVDC links REF. 186 B4
System protection schemes in power networks REF. 187 Quality of supply. Customers requirements REF. 188 C1
B5/C2
Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable systems REF. 189 C4 Methods and tools for costing ancillary services REF. 190 Methods to consider customer interruption costs in power system analysis REF. 191 C1/C5 Protection using telecommunications REF. 192 Alarm handling techniques REF. 193 D2 B5/D2 C5
Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems. REF. 194 B1 Portfolio and risk management for power producers and traders in an open market. REF. 195 C5 Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports REF. 196 B2
Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and distribution systems REF. 197 B3 Glossary of terms used in the electricity supply industry. REF. 198 C1/C2/C5 Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure and control. REF. 199 B1/C1 Isolation and restoration policies against power system collapse REF. 200 B5
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines REF. 201 HVDC stations audible noise REF. 202 B4
B3/C2
Optimal network structure in an open market environment REF. 203 C1/C5 Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. REF. 204 A2 Custom power - State of the art. REF. 205 B4/C4
The design of transmission line support foundations - an overview. REF. 206 B2 Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors. REF. 207 B2
The needs and environment of control centre operators during power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire survey. REF. 208 C2 The short circuit performance of power transformers. REF. 209 A2 Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables. REF. 210 B1/D1 Report on survey to establish protection performance during major disturbances REF. 212 B5 Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations REF. 213 B3 General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment REF. 211 A2/A3/B1/B2/B3 HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV REF. 215 B4 Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing and replacement criteria REF. 216 B2 The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105 REF. 214 B3 The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised ? REF. 217 D2 Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) REF. 218 B1/B3
Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to 250 kV REF. 219 B1
Network planning in a deregulated environment. REF. 220 Improving the impact of existing substations on the environment REF. 221 B3/C3 On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems REF. 222 B4/C4 Active filters in HVDC applications REF. 223 B4
C1
Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel 2002) REF. 224 D1 Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002) REF. 225 D1
Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in service REF. 226 D1 Life management techniques for power transformers. REF. 227 A2 Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the ageing process. REF. 228 D1 High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems. REF. 229 B1 Assessment of existing overhead line supports. REF. 230 B2
Definition and classification of power system stability. REF. 231 C4/CIGRE Optimisation of protection performance during system disturbance REF. 232 B5 Application policy for computer-based control systems in substations: a review. REF. 233 B3 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc furnace and flicker compensation REF. 237 B4 Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in combined cycle power plants. REF. 238 C4 SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003. REF. 234 B3
Management of transmission capacity and access : impact on system development. REF. 235 C1/C5 Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations REF. 236 B5 Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems REF. 239 A3
Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance REF. 240 A2/B4 All-optical backbone technology REF. 241 D2 2 REF. C2 B2
Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and 242 B4 Improving resilience in power control centres REF. 243 Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines REF. 244 New optical access technology REF. 245 D2
The automation of new and existing substations: why and how REF. 246 B5 Optimization of power transmission capability of underground cable systems using thermal monitoring REF. 247 B1 Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD) REF. 248 Integrated service networks for utilities. REF. 249 D2 A2
Technical and environmental issues regarding the integration of a new HV underground cable system in the network. REF. 250 B1/C3 The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings (CD + Brochure) REF. 251 B2 Functional specification and evaluation of substations. REF. 252 B3 Substations physical security trends. REF. 253 B3
Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers. REF. 254 A2/D1 Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. State of the art. REF. 255 D1 Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems REF. 259 N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems REF. 260 Power Quality Indices and Objectives REF. 261 C4 D1 A3
Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude of high intensity winds REF. 256 B2 EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators REF. 257 A1
Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating Machines REF. 258 A1 Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects REF. 262 A3 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further applications including unloaded transformer switching REF. 263 A3 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Planning,Specifications & Testing REF. 264 A3 Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power line towers REF. 266 C4 Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to improved mobility. REF. 267 D2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines REF. 265 Transient voltages affecting long cables REF. 268 VSC Transmission REF. 269 B4 B5 B1 B2/C3
Auto-reclosing and local system restoration REF. 270
Connection of generators and other customers - rules and practices REF. 271 C1/C6 White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE REF. IAC CIGRE
Large cross-sections and composite screens design. REF. 272 B1 25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index REF. 001 CIGRE Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations REF. 273 B2 Consultation models for overhead line projects. REF. 274 Methods for measuring the earth resistance of transmission towers equipped of earth wires. REF. 275 B2/C4 Guide for the preparation of customised Practical SF6 handling instructions REF. 276 B3 State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers REF. 277 B2 The influence of line configuration on environment impacts of electrical origin REF. 278 B2 B2
Maintenance for HV cables and accessories REF. 279 HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems REF. 280 B4
B1
Design and Installation of micropiles and ground anchors for OHL support foudations REF. 281 B2 Special bonding of high voltage power cables REF. 283 Planning issues for newly industrialised and developing countries fron ASEAN REF. 282 C1 Use of corona rings to control the electrical field along transmission line composite insulators REF. 284 B2 White paper on medium voltage powerline communication (PLC) networks REF. 285 D2 Instrumentation and measurements for in-service monitoring of high voltage insulation REF. 286 D1 Protection of MV and LV networks against lightning Part 1: Common topics REF. 287 C4 Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics and insulating materials REF. 288 D1 Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines Advantages, Applications and Comparisons REF. 289 B2 AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to Interference from AC Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and Countermeasures REF. 290 C4 Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical Methods and Topographical Effects REF. 291 B2 Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power Transmission Field REF. 292 D1 Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty of Wind Generation REF. 293 C1 How overhead lines are redesignd for uprating/upgradingAnalysies of the replies to the questionnaire. REF. 294 B2 Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient analysis programs REF. 295 B5 Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers. REF. 296 A2/D1 Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD in power cables REF. 297 B1/D1 B1
Guide on transformer lifetime data management REF. 298 Guide for the selection of weather parameters for bare overhead conductor ratings REF. 299 B2
A2
Congestion management in liberalized market environment REF. 301 C5 Digital power line carrier equipment - present use and future applications REF. 302 D2 Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage and extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems REF. 303 B1 Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of existing air insulated sbstations REF. 300 B3 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I REF. 304 A3 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part REF. 305 A3 II
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What to and when to replace REF. 306 B2 Remote on-line management for protection and automation REF. 307 B5 Asset Management of Transmission Systems and Associated CIGRE Activities REF. 309 C1 Foundation Installation An Overview REF. 308 Protocol Conformance Testing REF. 314 D2 B2
Application and required developments of dynamic models to support practical planning REF. 312 C1 Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks. REF. 310 C4 Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information & Communication Technology) REF. 311 C6 Connection criteria at the distribution network for distributed generation REF. 313 C6 Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design of Modern Protection and Control Systems REF. 315 D2 Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker Controls Systems REF. 319 A3
Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields REF. 320 Defense plan
C4 C2
against extreme contingencies REF. 316
Security for information systems and intranets in electric power systems REF. 317 B3/C2/D2 Wi-Fi B5 Protected Access for protection and automation REF. 318 B2
State of the art conductor galloping REF. 322
Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines REF. 324 B2 Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools and techniques REF. 325 C4 Operational services using IP virtual private networks REF. 321 D2 The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and automation within substations REF. 326 B5 Impact of regulatory environments on investment decisions in transmission REF. 327 C1 Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as it relates to power system control and dynamic performance REF. 328 C4/C6 Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation automation systems REF. 329 B3/B5 Wide area monitoring and control for transmission capability enhancement REF. 330 C2/C4 Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers REF. 323 A2/D1 Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted insulator testing stations REF. 333 B2 Considerations relating to the use of high temperature conductors REF. 331 B2 Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp Systems Update of Present Knowledge REF. 332 B2 Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain Environment REF. 334 C1
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated above 1 kV. REF. 335 A3 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II: The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment. REF. 336 A3 Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations of Power Semiconductors REF. 337 A3/B3/B4 Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks REF. 338 B1 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on Protection System REF. 339 A3 Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development REF. 340 C3 Integrated Management Information in Utilities REF. 341 D2
Protocol for reporting the Operational Performance of HVDC Transmission Systems REF. 346 Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) REF. 342 A2 Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition Assessment Facilities for Transformers REF. 343 A2 Big Storm Events - What we have learned REF. 344 B2
Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically stranded Conductors REF. 345 B2 Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen Systems REF. 347 B1 Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances REF. 348 B2
Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems REF. 349 A2 How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High Intensity Winds - Basic Understanding REF. 350 B2 Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC Interconnections: Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit REF. 352 B4 Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines for Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles and the A.C. Case REF. 361 C4
Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing Overhead Transmission Lines REF. 353 B2 Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated Substations REF. 354 B3 Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent Systems REF. 355 B5 Data Exchange Issues within the Power System Operation and Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire Survey REF. 356 C2 Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines REF. 351 B1/B3 Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load, Generation and Markets in System Development Planning REF. 357 C1 Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground Lines REF. 358 B1 Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications REF. 359 B5 Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC Condition REF. 360 C4 Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC REF. 362 A3 Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength Factor using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design Engineers REF. 363 B2 Systems with multiple DC Infeed REF. 364 B4
On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for composite Insulators on Transmission Lines REF. 365 B2 Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements in compliance to IEC 60270 REF. 366 D1 Asset Management Performance Benchmarking REF. 367 C1
Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers REF. 368 A3 New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information as applied to Overhead Power Lines REF. 369 B2/D2 Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC and Power Electronics REF. 370 B4
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) REF. 371 Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools REF. 372
B4 C4
Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields originated from Electric Power Systems REF. 373 C4 Review of Structures for the System Development Activity REF. 374 C1 Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines REF. 375 C4 Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from Lightning Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance. REF. 376 C4 New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors REF. 377 Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation REF. 378 A2 D2
Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine Cable Systems REF. 379 B1 The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design REF. 380 B3 GIS: State of the Art 2008 REF. 381 Broadband PLC Applications REF. 382 B3 D2
Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for Transmission System Operators REF. 383 C3 Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice Tower Design and Detailing REF. 384 B2 Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in Transmission OHL REF. 385 B2 Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes REF. 386 A1 INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES REF. 387 B2 IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC PROJECTS REF. 388 B2/B4/C1 Combining Innovation with Standardization REF. 389 B3
Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS, GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above REF. 390 B3
Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV and MV substations REF. 391 C4 Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures REF. 392 Thermal Performance of Transformers REF. 393 A1 A2 A3
State of the Art of Instrument Transformers REF. 394 Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings REF. 396 B2
Investigation on the Structural Interaction between Transmission Line Towers and Foundations REF. 395 B2 Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on turbogenerators REF. 397 A1 Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables REF. 398 B1 Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology REF. 399 B2
Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800 kV REF. 400 B3 Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems REF. 401 High Impedance Faults REF. 402 B5 B5
Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures REF. 403 B1 Acceptable Functional Integration B5 In HV Substations REF. 404
System Control in Light of Recent Developments in Substation Control (IEC Standards) REF. 405 C2 HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service REF. 406 A2/B4 HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers REF. 407 A2/B4 Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-phase shortand long-line fault clearing REF. 408 A3 Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment REF. 409 D1 Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific Terrain Features REF. 410 B2 Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated Networks REF. 411 B5
Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations REF. 412 C4 Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination REF. 413 D1
Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer Windings REF. 414 D1 Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated Voltages 30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV) REF. 415 B1 Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports REF. 416 B2
Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications REF. 417 B4 Status of Development and Field Test Experience with HighTemperature Superconducting Power Equipment REF. 418 D1 Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities (EPUs) REF. 419 D2 Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment of HV Assets and Related Knowledge Rules REF. 420 D1 Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports REF. 416Annex B2 The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Generation on Substation Protection and Automation REF. 421 B5 Transmission Asset Risk Management REF. 422 C1
Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER / microGrid Components REF. 423 C6 New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis REF. 424 B5 Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines: Needs and Solutions REF. 425 B2/C1 Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for Use on Overhead Transmission Lines REF. 426 B2 The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using IEC 61850 REF. 427 B5 The Effect of Fabrication and Erection Tolerances on the Strength of Lattice Steel REF. 428 B2 Engineering guidelines relating to fatigue endurance capability of conductor/clamp systems REF. 429 B2
SF6 Tightness Guide REF. 430
B3
Modern Techniques for Protecting Busbars in HV Networks REF. 431 B5 Protection Relay Coordination REF. 432 B5 C1
Planning to Manage Power Interruption Events REF. 433
Review of the Current Status of Tools and Techniques for RiskBased and Probabilistic Planning in Power Systems REF. 434 C4 Ancillary Services: an overview of International Practices REF. 435 C5 Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids REF. 436 A2 Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Turbo-Generators REF. 437 A1
Systems for Prediction and Monitoring of Ice Shedding, AntiIcing and De-Icing for Overhead Power Line Conductors and Ground Wires REF. 438 B2 Turnkey Substations REF. 439 B3
Use of Surge Arresters for Lightning Protection of Transmission Lines REF. 440 C4 Protection of Medium Voltage and Low Voltage Networks Against Lightning REF. 441 C4 Evaluation of dynamic hydrophobicityproperties of polymeric materials for non-ceramic outdoor insulation Retention and transfer of hydrophobicity REF. 442 D1 DGA in Non-Mineral Oils and Load Tap Changers and Improved DGA Diagnosis Criteria REF. 443 D1 Guidelines for unconventional Partial Discharge measurements REF. 444 D1 Guide for Transformer Maintenance REF. 445 A2
Advanced design of metal laminated coverings: recommendation for tests, guide to use, operational feed back REF. 446 B1 Components Testing of VSC System for HVDC Applications REF. 447 B4 Refurbishment Strategies based on Life Cycle Cost and Technical Constraints REF. 448 B5
Review of Flicker Objectives for LV, MV and HV Systems REF. 449 C4 Grid Integration of Wind Generation REF. 450 C6
Polymer Nanocomposites - Fundamentals and possible applications to Power Sectors REF. 451 D1 EMS for the 21st Century - System Requirements REF. 452 Glossary of Terms used in the Electric Industry REF. 453 Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update REF. 454 A1 A1 D2
Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex) REF. 454A Aspects for the Application of Composite Insulators to High Voltage (72kV) Apparatus REF. 455 A3 Background of Technical Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV AC REF. 456 A3
Development and Operation of Active Distribution Networks REF. 457 C6 Electric Energy Storage Systems REF. 458 C6
Metering, revenue protection, billing and CRM/CIS functions REF. 459 D2 The use of Ethernet Technology in the Power Utility Environment REF. 460 D2 Telecommunication Service Provisioning and Delivery in the Electrical Power Utility REF. 461 D2 Obtaining Value from On-Line Substation Condition Monitoring REF. 462 B3 Modern Techniques for Protecting, controlling and monitoring power transformers REF. 463 B5 Maintenance Strategies for Digital Substation Automation Systems REF. 464 B5 Modern Techniques for Protecting and Monitoring of Transmission Lines REF. 465 B5 Engineering Guidelines for IEC 61850 Based Digital SAS REF. 466 B5 Economic Framework for Power Quality REF. 467 C4
Review of Disturbance Emission Assessment Techniques REF. 468 C4
State of the Art in Efficiency of Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990 REF. 469 A1 Life Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants REF. 470 A1 Working Safely while Supported on Aged Overhead Conductors REF. 471 B2 Primary / Secondary systeminterfacemodelling for total asset performance optimization REF. 472 B3 Electric Field and Ion Current Environment of HVDC Overhead Transmission Lines REF. 473 B2/B4/C3 Interface between System Operators and Regulators REF. 474 C2/C5 Demand Side Integration (DSI) REF. 475 C6
3 SET OF SESSION PAPERS

REF. CD00 CD ROM 2000 Session Papers
This CD-ROM includes : - the preferential Subjects for the 2000 Session - the reports for all the Groups (in the original language or bilingual) - the digests of the reports - the Special Reports (in english only) - the reports for Panel 1 and 2 (in english only)
Member Price: Non member Price:
50 Euros 100 Euros

This CD-ROM includes : - the list of reports - the reports for all the Groups (in the original language or bilingual). - the digests of all the reports (bilingual). - the Special Reports (in English)
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD02+ CD ROM 2002 Session (SET Papers + Discussions)

The item consists of the 2002 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings "CD.
75 Euros 150 Euros
REF. CD02D CD ROM 2002
Session
Discussions
This CD-ROM includes : - the opening Speech (bilingual) - the Panels papers - the presentation of the new CIGRE organization - the General Reports - the contributions for all the Group Meetings - the list of speakers
50 Euros 100 Euros

This CD-ROM contains : - the papers discussed at the 2004 Session. Following the organisation set-up, the papers are listed under the respective Discussion Groups and, witin each Group, under the corresponding Preferential Subjects. In 2004, 16 Discussion Group meetings were held who altogether handled 45 PreferentialSubjects. The total number of papers discussed was 344.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD04+ CD ROM 2004 Session (SET Papers + Discussions)

The item consists of the 2004 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings" CD.
75 Euros 150 Euros
REF. CD04D CD ROM 2004 Session Discussions

The 2004 Proceedings comprise the following : - The opening Addresses - Contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions - For each Group : The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report - List of contributors - List of Session Delegates
50 Euros 100 Euros

This CD-ROM contains the Papers discussed at the Session 2006. - Papers are listed by Discussion Groups and Preferential Subjects. - 16 Discussion meetings were held, which discussed 390 Papers, on 45 Preferential Subjects.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD06+ 2 CD ROM 2006 Session (SET Papers + Discussions)

The item consists of the 2006 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings" CD.
75 Euros 150 Euros

The 2006 Proceedings comprise the following: - The Opening Addresses - Contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions - For each Group: The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report - List of contributors - List of Session Delegates
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD08 CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Papers)

This CD-ROM contains the Papers discussed at the Session 2008: - The Papers are listed by Discussion Groups and Preferential Subjects, - 16 Discussion meetings were held, which discussed 430 Papers, on 41 Preferential Subjects.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD08+ CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Set Papers + Discussions)

These CD Rom include the 2008 Session Papers and Discussions.
75 Euros 150 Euros
REF. CD08D CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Discussions)

This CD Rom includes: - The Opening Address and the Opening Panel - The contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions - For each Group: The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report - The list of contributors - The list of Session Delegates
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD10 CD ROM 2010 CIGRE SESSION - Set
of Papers
This CD records the papers discussed at Session 2010 ( Session 43). The total number of papers is 414, addressing the 43 Preferential Subjects selected by the 16 Study Committees. It is complemented by a CD which records the contributions to the discussions of the papers, to be issued after the Session.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD96 CD ROM 1996 Session (Papers)

This CD-ROM includes : - the preferential Subjects for the 1996 Session. - the reports for all the Groups
50 Euros 100 Euros

This CD-ROM includes : - the preferential Subjects for the 1998 Session - all the Reports for all the Groups - the special Reports - the report for Panel 1 (in english only) - the reports for Links University-Cigre (in English only)
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. CD98+ CD ROM 1998 Session (SET Papers +

Member Price: Non member Price: 75 Euros 150 Euros
Discussions)
The item consists of the 1998 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings " CD.

This CD-ROM includes : - the list of Papers - the Group Discussion contributions (including the L.U.C.Workshop) in the original language - the General Reports - the list of Speakers
50 Euros 100 Euros
4 SET OF SYMPOSIA PAPERS

REF. SYMP_STOD_1981 STOCKHOLM : Transmission lines and the environment (discussions)
Resume of the discussions of the papers of the Symposium.
12 Euros 24 Euros
REF. SYMP_STOP_1981 STOCKHOLM : Transmission lines and the environment (papers)

The aim of the Symposium was to provide guidance on the design of transmission lines based on an examination of present knowledge of the various phenomena which result from the relationship between the lines and the environment. Of interest to Researchers, Scientists and Engineers concerned with theoretical or applied work.
58 Euros 116 Euros
REF. SYMP_FLO_1983 FLORENCE : Control applications for power system security (papers)
The aim of the Symposium was to assess the state of the art of centralized and decentralized control of electric power systems, in particular the impact of control computers, application programmes, interactive schemes, new concepts and devices on the security of supply and to widen the discussion and interaction among scientists, industrial researchers, consultants and users in this field.
52 Euros 104 Euros
REF. SYMP_RIO_1983 RIO DE JANEIRO: Hydraulic Generators and Synchronous Compensators (papers)
Topics covered by the Symposium include : Outstanding achievements of the last decade; Technical problems specific for hydrogenerators - Interface with the turbine; Quality and reliability of hydrogenerators and synchronous compensators; Trends in hydro electric construction.
52 Euros 104 Euros
REF. SYMP_DAK_1985 DAKAR: Electrical power systems in developing countries (papers)

The development of electric power systems in countries where consumption per head is low gives rise to specific technical and economic problems. Which means of generation should be chosen and for which type of consumption ? What type of transmission, interconnection and distribution systems ? Why rely on any particular security of supply criterion rather than any other, in the planning and operation of these systems ? How can major constraints to be observed be identified ? What will be the future developments in the techniques used ?
78 Euros 156 Euros
REF. SYMP_BRU_1985 BRUSSELS: High currents in power systems under normal, emergency and fault conditions (papers)
Aim : To assess and discuss the present situation, future needs and developments in the field of high continuous and temporary service currents, high short-circuit and earth fault currents in HV, EHV, UHV grids and power station primary circuits.
66 Euros 132 Euros
REF. SYMP_BOSD_1987 BOSTON : AC/DC Transmission. Interactions and Comparisons (discussions)

Contributions to the discussions of the papers of the Symposium.
24,5 Euros 49 Euros
REF. SYMP_BOSP_1987 BOSTON : (papers) AC/DC Transmission. Interactions and Comparisons
Discussion of methods of analysis and modelling related to the interaction between HVDC converter stations and their controls with their associated AC systems. Discussion of methods of application of static VAR compensators to meet stability and voltage requirements of AC/DC transmission systems. Comparison of the techniques, economics and reliability of AC and DC transmission systems.
72 Euros 144 Euros
REF. SYMP_VIE_1987 VIENNE : New and improved materials for electrotechnology (papers)
The limits of current technology are frequently set by the availability or otherwise of suitable materials. Materials may be used for constructional purposes or in more active roles as a consequence of their special electrical, magnetic, insulating, dielectric or other physical properties. Concerns are new or improved materials and their applications in electrical apparatus. Solids, liquids or gases with novel properties that can be utilised in electrotechnology. Information on the performance of these materials.
71 Euros 142 Euros
REF. SYMP_BOUD_1989 BOURNEMOUTH : Digital Technologies in Power Systems . Needs, Opportunities, Impact (discussions)
Resum of the Discussions of the Symposium.
15 Euros 30 Euros
REF. SYMP_BAND_1989 BANGKOK : Operation of electric power systems in developing countries (discussions)
Contributions to the discussions of the papers of the Symposium
15 Euros 30 Euros
REF. SYMP_BANP_1989 BANGKOK : Operation of electric power systems in developing countries (papers)
Establishment of a knowledge and experience base for operation and maintenance of electric power systems in developing countries. Discussion levels of control technology relative to operational objectives and dispatching complexity. Discussion of the role of system study tools for operation and control. Discussion of the organisational structures and staffing objectives. Discussion of appropriate methods for the education and training of craftsmen and professionals for operation and maintenance of electric power systems within established or proposed organizational structures.
70 Euros 140 Euros
REF. SYMP_BOUP_1989 BOURNEMOUTH : Digital Technologies in Power Systems . Needs, Opportunities, Impact (papers)
Examination of present and expected needs for, and opportunities offered, by digital techniques in the fields of power system operation, communication, protection and control. Presentation and discussion of experiences arising from the implementation of digital techniques in power systems covering hardware and software aspects. Technical and organisational impact of the increased use of digital technology on power utilities and manufacturing industries.
70 Euros 140 Euros
REF. SYMP_MONP_1991 MONTREAL: Electric power system reliability (Papers)

The Symposium is part of the continuing examination of the questions dealing with electric power system reliability. It was first discussed jointly by the three Study Committees during the 1986 General Session; then followed by a Round Table discussion during the 1988 Session. The Symposium presented an opportunity to discuss the latest progress including results of studies dealing with composite system analysis and expert system developments. However its aims were focused towards practical applications dealing with problem areas in power system planning, design and operation.
CD Member Price: Non member Price:
61 Euros 122 Euros
REF. SYMP_PAR_1991 PARIS (Leningrad) : Compacting overhead transmission lines (papers)

Compacting overhead transmision lines enables reducing space occupation for the same transmissible electric power, or increasing the transmissible power for the same space occupation. The space occupation of overhead lines is determined by the air clearances which should : comply with the line caracteristics; withstand the applied stresses; keep within acceptable limits the phenomena which may unfavourably affect the environment; comply with construction and operational requirements
58 Euros 116 Euros
REF. SYMP_MOND_1991 MONTREAL : Electric power system reliability (discussions)

Discussions of the papers of the Symposium
28 Euros 56 Euros
REF. SYMP_BERP_1993 BERLIN: Diagnostic and Maintenance Techniques (Papers)

The Symposium was centred around: Diagnostic and maintenance techniques for electrical components (components means the elementary components of the networks: breakers, switchgear, transmission lines, transformers etc...); Impact of maintenance and diagnostic requirements on component design practices. Maintenance strategies of utilities: targets, guidelines and constraints; Diagnostic and maintenance techniques for substations and Consequences on the power system.
61 Euros 122 Euros
REF. SYMP_BERD_1993 BERLIN: Diagnostic and Maintenance Techniques (Discussions)

Rsum of discussions of the Berlin Symposium.
30 Euros 60 Euros
REF. SYMP_LAUP_1993 LAUSANNE: Power System Electromagnetic Compatibility (papers)

The aim of the symposium was to discuss problems of power system electromagnetic compatibility. In addition to being subject to interferences of external origin, electric power systems are also potential victims of disturbances generated within the power system itself. In the present context of increasing use of electronic and digital technologies in power systems, it is particularly important to discuss the issues involved and exchange knowledge at an international level. This symposium provided an international forum for discussion of all aspects of electromagnetic compatibility relevant to power systems.
64 Euros 128 Euros
REF. SYMP_LAUD_1993 LAUSANNE: Power System Electromagnetic Compatibility (discussions)

Resume of the discussions of the Symposium papers.
30 Euros 60 Euros
REF. SYMP_HEL_1995 HELSINKI : Integrated control and communication systems (papers)

Increasing communication between control centres, power stations and substations presents new challenges to information architecture design. Advances in ditigal technology enable designers to centralise or decentralise equipment and functions in a way which optimises information flow. However, operational requirements such as speed and reliability must be carefully considered. Integrated systems require standardization of signalling and equipment interfaces in order to avoid unnecessary overhead. Changes in utility structures and the advent of multi user environments also create new needs for education and end user training.
79 Euros 158 Euros
REF. SYMP_TOKP_1995 TOKYO : Power Electronics in power systems (papers)

With the increasing use of power electronic technologies in power systems, it is of particular importance to discuss the issues involved concerning : a) The system planner's view on needs of the power system and how power electronics can contribute to solving the problems at hand; b) Help in understanding the properties and behaviour of power electronic controllers and how they can be modelled to study the behaviour of power systems (not only transmission systems) ; c) Increase awareness of engineers with regard to ongoing developments in power electronic controllers and power devices.
papier Member Price: Non member Price:
76 Euros 152 Euros
REF. SYMP_TOKD_1995 TOKYO : Power Electronics in power systems

Rsum des discussions/Rsum of discussion meetings.
(discussions)
23 Euros 46 Euros
REF. SYMP_TOUP_1997 TOURS : impact of open trading on power systems (papers)

The scope of the Symposium is to define the role of the system operator in relation to the operation and planning in generation, transmission and distribution in function of industry structural changes; to discuss the impact from and on the generation units including IPP, embedded generation etc...; to define the role of system planners in the same context; to discuss the impact on analysis of power systems and to define the need for new tools to analyse power systems faced with new organisational changes; to discuss methods to organize open trading, ancillary services and transmission pricing.
45 Euros 90 Euros
REF. SYMP_TOUD_1997 TOURS : impact of open trading on power systems (discussions)

Rsum des discussions/Rsum of discussion meetings.
23 Euros 46 Euros
REF. SYMP_NEP_1997 NEPTUN : Impact of DSM, IRP and distributed generation on power systems (papers)
Brief review of the available technologies for DSM, storage and economical characteristics, experiences of application, strategic programs. It will then focus on how these issues impact on power sytem planning and operation and on IRP applicability, by trying to identify new strategies and business opportunities for the ESI. Consideration of the possible new market of providing ancillary services (reserve, frequency, and voltage control etc) in connection with DSM and distributed generation applications.
46 Euros 92 Euros
REF. SYMP_LON_1999 LONDON : Working Plants and Systems harder. Enhancing the management of plants and power systems (papers)
To define the state of the art on innovations in maximising the capabilities of transmission and generation plants. This includes new plant technologies, dynamic rating of equipment, new methods of analysing, planning, controlling, communicating, protecting, monitoring, maintaining and operating power systems as well as non-technical aspects like financial constraints, open networks, new structures in power industry, environmental and other externalities. Finally to discuss how these conditions will influence the trend of "Working Plant and Systems Harder".
61 Euros 122 Euros
REF. SYMP_KUA_1999 KUALA LUMPUR : Power Systems issues in rapidly industrializing countries (papers)
The symposium deals with the following topics: Supply to rapidly growing cities abnd areas; development of interconnections,national and international; supply to areas not yet industrialized; system planning issues and generation topics.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_CAI_2001 CAIRNS : Behaviour of electrical equipment and components in tropical environment (papers)
Stresses characteristic of tropical environments. Insulation aspects. Thermal and structural aspects. Operation and maintenance. Part of the CIGRE initiatives for scientific and technical exchanges undertaken so far in a number of countries. Reflects the CIGRE endeavours to ever better respond to the needs of developing social-economical systems.
46 Euros 92 Euros
REF. SYMP_IGU_2001 IGUACU : Gas and Electricity networks: complementarity or competition? (papers)
With the increase in the use of gas for power generation the question of complementarity and competition between gas and electricity networks could shape the future of energy companies. The objectives of the Symposium are: compare gas utilization with other primary energy, which optimal location of generation, compare large and dispersed generation, which cooperation between gas and electricity and what mid term perspectives for development of networks?
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_SHA_2003 SHANGHAI: Development and operation of interconnections in a restructuring context (Papers)
In many countries the electrical network is not fully interconnected and the best technical solution to achieve interconnection has to be found. At the same time the electricity industry is being restructured and interconnecting independent energy markets presents technical challenges. It is therefore timely to consider interconnection development and operation options: -examine the benefits of interconnecting electrical networks and the development strategies, -review the interconnection design options and the technologies available, -identify the operational issues, the security problems of large interconnected systems, the protection issues, -consider the impact of the restructuring of the electrical supply industry, -assess the political, environmental and social implications of interconnections. reorganised in slovenia from 5-7 april 2004
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_MON_2003 MONTREAL: Quality and Security of Electric Power Delivery Systems (Papers)
The purpose of the Symposium is to explore the issues related to the quality of service provided by electric power delivery systems and how these systems need to be designed and operated to ensure a secure and robust service. The Symposium is organized in a Plenary session and in 8 sessions dedicated to the following subjects: -System Frequency and Stability -PowerQualityand System Security Indices -Power Quality Disturbance Mitigation (2 sessions) -System Operation and Protection in today's Market (2 sessions) -Dispersed Generation -Monitoring and Characterizing System Performance.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_NEW_2005 NEW ORLEANS: Congestion Management in a Market Environment. 2nd CIGRE/PES Symposium (Papers)
With the opening of electricity markets and changes in the power flows, the issue of available transmission capacity is of more and more importance. Market orientated answers and real-time solutions are implemented or under consideration; diligent management of existing assets and timely investment decisions to increase capacity and to improve the managment systems are fundamental. This Symposium discusses the congestion management issue for internal and cross border exchanges, covering six subjet areas:
- International Practices for Congestion Management - Tariffs and Pricing - Operations for Congestion - Information Technology Issues - Experiences with Congestion Management - Tools for Congestion Management
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_ATH_2005 ATHENS: Power Systems with Dispersed Generation,Technologies,Impacts on Development, Operation and Performances (Papers)
In many countries the power systems experience the emergence of dispersed generation, very often in a context of deregulation of the electricity supply industry. The topics addressed are : - Technologies/ Design/Issues - Impact on Distribution and Transmission Development - Impact on system operation and control centres tools - Impact on system performance- wider issues
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_ZAG_2007 ZAGREB: Transient phenomena in large electric power systems (Papers)
Electric power systems are subjected to a wide range of transient disturbances, which impact their overall performance. It is a challenge to build and operate power systems so that the safety opf individual equipment, the security of the integated power system and the quality of power supply are not unduly compromised. The general purpose of the Symposium is to provide a forum, to discuss the nature of transient phenomena in present-day electric power systems and how these systems need to be designed to ensure a secure and robust service.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_BEI_2007 BEIJING: CIGRE/IEC Symposium on International standards for Ultra High Voltage (Papers)
The CD includes the papers presented during the Symposium organized jointly by CIGRE and IEC, in Beijing, 18-21 July 2007. Part of the papers presented at Poster Sessions are also included. The 47 main papers are ordered as they were discussed in the 11sessions, dedicated respectively to: - Needs and plans for UHV infrastucture (1000kV AC and 800kV DC) - System issues - Lines, Substations, Equipment, Transformers - DC - Testing - Standardization
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_OSA_2007 OSAKA: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND ASSET MANAGEMENT UNDER RESTRUCTURING (Papers)
In many developed countries the electricity infrastructure contains ageing assets. Because of the need of a continuing operation and higher load factors on the network, the opportunities for replacement or refurbishment are limited. These must be regarded as an opportunity to review the structure of the system and to consider the design and development required to meet the new requirements, taking advantage of new available technologies: HVDC, FACTS, cables, etc. The symposium examines assets management issues and assesses strategies for overhauling existing systems, taking into account the impact on market operation, on supply security and environment.
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_DEL_2009 NEW DELHI: IEC/CIGRE Symposium on Standards for UHV Transmission (Papers)
The CD includes the 30 papers presented and discussed, which address the followings topics: - Status of the work on Standards - Progress of current UHV projects or new projects - Systems aspects - Substations - AC equipment - DC equipment.
40 Euros 80 Euros
REF. SYMP_CAL_2009 SYMPOSIUM CIGRE/PES - Integration of Wide Scale Renewable Resources into the Power Delivery System (Papers)
The CD includes the 60 papers presented and discussed, which cover the following: - National experiences with wind power - Impact of wind generation on planning - Rules for connection of wind generation; grid codes - Impact on operation: Forecasting wind generation; Stability, control - Research, fields and labs; Modelling and simuation; Microgrids - Economics on integrating renewables renewables and other general issues
50 Euros 100 Euros
REF. SYMP_GUI_2009 GUILIN: Operation and Development of Power Systems in the New Context (Papers)
The CD includes the 60 papers presented and discussed, covering the followings topics: Market Models System Operation System Development Issues General Issues: environment, economy
50 Euros 100 Euros
5 ELECTRA PAPERS
CDE CD 30 years of ELECTRA
The set consists of 4 CDs which record the contents of ELECTRA from 1968 to 2000. CD1: from ELECTRA N1 to 65 + Special 1972, CD2: from ELECTRA N66 to 134, CD3: from ELECTRA N135 to 167, CD4: from ELECTRA N168 to 190.
CD
Member Price : Non member Price:
76 Euros 152 Euros

Catalogue of Publications 09 August 2011

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Catalogue of Publications 09 August 2011

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CATALOGUE of PUBLICATIONS

25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

181 pages , file: 11.4 MB

Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

33 pages , file: 2.7 MB

Definition and classification of power system stability.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

30 pages , file: 2.31 MB

White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

94 pages , file: 5.5 MB

2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines

Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

38 pages , file: 1.5 MB

Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros

230 pages , file: 12.9 MB

Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

43 pages , file: 1.42 MB

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

100 pages , file: 4.63 MB

EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators

Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros

12 pages , file: 0.638 MB

Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating Machines

Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros

12 pages , file: 0.564 MB

Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

80 pages , file: 0.6 MB

Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

22 pages , file: 0.809 MB

Member Price: 20 Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros

20 pages , file: 0.383 MB

Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Turbo-Generators

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

19 pages , file: 0.539 MB

Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update

Member Price: 125 Euros Non member Price: 250 Euros

165 pages , file: 2.72 MB

Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex)

Member Price: Euros Non member Price: Euros

208 pages , file: 4.16 MB

State of the Art in Efficiency of Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

28 pages , file: 2.02 MB

Life Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

20 pages , file: 3.56 MB

Thermal aspects of transformers.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

180 pages , file: 6.22 MB

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

75 pages , file: 3.33 MB

Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

44 pages , file: 1.8 MB

Static electrification in power transformers