ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

Petr Vanysek

There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25 C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to 4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.
Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2 -dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

REFERENCES
1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 121, 1989.

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing
Reaction
Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac
Ag+ + e 1 Ag
Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+
Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN
Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42
AgF + e 1 Ag + F
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
AgI + e 1 Ag + I
AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42
AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH
Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH
Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+
Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH
AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN
Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42
Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42
Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42
Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al
Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH

E /V

Reaction

2.20
0.7996
1.980
0.643
0.07133
0.546
0.4647
0.22233
0.017
0.47
0.4470
0.779
0.1478
0.15224
0.354
0.4573
0.564
0.342
0.739
1.9
1.8
1.802
0.607
0.41
0.691
0.0366
0.08951
0.3629
0.654
0.4660
1.662
2.31

Al(OH)4 + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
H2AlO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
AlF63 + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F
Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am
Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am
Am3+ + e 1 Am2+
As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
AsO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH
H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O
AsO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2 + 4 OH
At2 + 2 e 1 2 At
Au+ + e 1 Au
Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+
Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au
Au2+ + e 1 Au+
AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O
AuBr2 + e 1 Au + 2 Br
AuBr4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br
AuCl4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl
Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O
H2BO3 + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4 + 8 OH
H2BO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH
H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O
B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4 + 3 H2O
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg)
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH
Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be
Be2O32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH

8-23

E /V
2.328
2.33
2.069
2.60
1.9
2.048
2.3
0.608
0.234
0.248
0.68
0.560
0.71
0.3
1.692
1.401
1.498
1.8
1.32
0.959
0.854
1.002
1.45
1.24
1.79
0.8698
0.481
2.912
1.570
2.99
1.847
2.63

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
pbenzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone
Bi+ + e 1 Bi
Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi
Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+
Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3
BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl
Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH
Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O
Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+
Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk
Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+
Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br
Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br
HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br + H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O
BrO + H2O + 2 e 1 Br + 2 OH
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br + 3 H2O
BrO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br + 6 OH
(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN
2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O
(CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS
CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH
Ca+ + e 1 Ca
Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH
Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl
Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)
Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg)
Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH
CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42
Cd(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH
CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg)
Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+
CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O
Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+
Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+
Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf
Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf
Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl
HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O
HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl + H2O
ClO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl + 2 OH
ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O

E /V

Reaction

0.6992
0.5
0.308
0.2
0.8
0.16
0.46
1.593
0.320
0.1583
1.67
1.6
2.8
1.0873
1.066
1.331
1.574
1.596
0.761
1.482
1.423
0.61
0.373
0.330
0.77
0.199
3.80
2.868
3.02
0.2800
0.2801
0.3337
0.2412
0.2360
0.4030
0.3521
0.809
0.246
0.658
0.783
2.336
1.4373
1.72
1.715
3.3
1.6
1.94
2.12
1.35827
1.611
1.482
0.81
1.277
1.645
1.628

HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl + 2 H2O
ClO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO + 2 OH
ClO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl + 4 OH
ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2
ClO3 + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl + 3 H2O
ClO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2 + 2 OH
ClO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl + 6 OH
ClO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl + 4 H2O
ClO4 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3 + 2 OH
Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+
Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm
Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co
Co3+ + e 1 Co2+
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr
Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+
Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr
Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH
HCrO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O
Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV)
CrO42 + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH
Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH
Cs+ + e 1 Cs
Cu+ + e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)
Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+
Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + 2 CN + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH
2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH + H2O
2 D+ + 2 e 1 D 2
Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+
Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er
Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er
Er3+ + e 1 Er2+
Es3+ + e 1 Es2+
Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es
Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es
Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu
Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu

8-24

E /V
1.570
0.66
0.76
0.954
1.152
1.214
1.47
1.451
0.33
0.62
1.189
1.39
1.389
0.36
3.0
2.04
0.28
1.92
0.108
0.73
0.17
0.913
0.407
0.744
1.232
1.2
1.350
1.48
1.34
0.13
1.48
3.026
0.521
0.153
0.3419
0.345
2.4
2.0
1.103
0.00
0.360
0.222
0.080
0.013
2.2
2.295
2.6
2.0
2.331
3.0
1.3
1.91
2.23
2.812
1.991

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+
F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF
F2 + 2 e 1 2 F
F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F
Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe
Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe
Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+
2 HFeO4 + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O
HFeO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O
HFeO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O
[Fe(CN)6]3 + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4
FeO42 + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
[Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+
[Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+
Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4)
[Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene
Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+
Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm
Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm
Fr+ + e 1 Fr
Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga
Ga+ + e 1 Ga
GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O
H2GaO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH
Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd
Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge
Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge
Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+
GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2
H2 + 2 e 1 2 H
HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2
2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O
Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O
HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH
Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg
2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+
Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg
Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)
Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br
Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl
Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42
Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH
HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH
Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O
Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42
Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho

E /V

Reaction

0.36
3.053
2.866
2.153
0.447
0.037
0.771
2.09
2.08
2.07
0.16
0.358
2.20
0.78
1.03
0.56
1.147
1.06
0.400
1.1
1.89
2.30
2.9
0.549
0.2
0.498
1.219
2.279
0.24
0.124
0.00
0.118
0.182
0.00000
2.23
1.495
0.8277
1.776
1.55
1.724
1.505
2.50
0.851
0.920
0.7973
0.51163
0.13923
0.26808
0.6359
0.0405
0.123
0.0977
1.034
0.6125
2.1

Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho
Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+
I2 + 2 e 1 2 I
I3 + 2 e 1 3 I
H3IO62 + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 OH
H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 H2O
2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O
HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I + H2O
IO + H2O + 2 e 1 I + 2 OH
2 IO3 + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O
IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I + 3 H2O
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
IO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO + 6 OH
In+ + e 1 In
In2+ + e 1 In+
In3+ + e 1 In2+
In3+ + 2 e 1 In+
In3+ + 3 e 1 In
In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH
In(OH)4 + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH
In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH
Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir
[IrCl6]2 + e 1 [IrCl6]3
[IrCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
K+ + e 1 K
La3+ + 3 e 1 La
La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH
Li+ + e 1 Li
Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr
Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu
Md3+ + e 1 Md2+
Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md
Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md
Mg+ + e 1 Mg
Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH
Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn
Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2+
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O
MnO4 + e 1 MnO42
MnO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O
MnO4 + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MnO4 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
MnO42 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O
Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo
MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3
N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+

8-25

E /V
2.33
2.8
0.5355
0.536
0.7
1.601
1.439
0.987
0.485
1.195
1.085
0.15
0.26
0.14
0.40
0.49
0.443
0.3382
0.99
1.007
1.034
1.156
0.8665
0.77
0.098
2.931
2.379
2.90
3.0401
1.96
2.28
0.1
1.65
2.40
2.70
2.372
2.690
1.185
1.5415
1.224
0.558
1.679
1.507
0.595
0.60
1.56
0.15
1.485
0.200
0.152
0.082
0.075
0.092
3.09
1.275

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
N2 O + 2
+ 2 e 1 N2 + H2O
H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O
N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2
N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O
2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O
2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH
HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O
NO2 + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH
2 NO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22 + 4 OH
2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH
NO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O
NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O
2 NO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O
NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH
2 NO3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH
Na+ + e 1 Na
Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb
NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O
NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O
NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O
Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O
Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd
Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd
Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+
Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH
NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O
NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH
No3+ + e 1 No2+
No3+ + 3 e 1 No
No2+ + 2 e 1 No
Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np
Np4+ + e 1 Np3+
NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3
O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O
O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2 + OH
O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O
O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O
OH + e 1 OH
HO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH
OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O
OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O
[Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH
H+

E /V
1.766
2.65
0.867
1.065
1.035
1.42
1.591
0.76
0.983
0.86
1.297
0.46
0.18
0.15
0.934
0.957
0.803
0.01
0.85
2.71
1.099
0.646
0.690
0.733
0.644
2.323
2.1
2.7
0.257
0.72
1.678
0.490
1.4
1.20
2.50
1.856
0.147
0.962
0.695
1.229
0.076
0.146
0.401
2.076
1.24
2.421
2.02
0.878
0.838
1.02
0.81
0.80
0.111
0.063
0.87

Reaction
+e 1 P+2
H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O
H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O
H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2 + 3 OH
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O
PO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32 + 3 OH
Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)
PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br
PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl
PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F
PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42
PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I
PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
HPbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
PbO2 + SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42
Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd
[PdCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl
[PdCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+
Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+
Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po
Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+
Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+
Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt
[PtCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl
[PtCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O
PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O
PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O
PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O
Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu
Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+
Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+
PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4
PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O
Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra
Rb+ + e 1 Rb
Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re
H2P2

8-26

OH

E /V
1.82
0.508
0.499
0.454
1.65
1.71
0.276
1.05
1.34
1.49
1.9
0.1262
0.1205
0.284
0.2675
0.3444
0.465
0.365
0.580
1.455
0.537
0.247
1.6913
0.3588
0.3505
0.951
0.591
1.288
0.07
2.2
2.30
2.6
0.9
0.76
3.2
2.0
2.353
3.1
1.18
0.755
0.68
0.14
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.01
1.00
2.031
1.006
1.099
1.325
1.062
2.8
2.98
0.300

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
ReO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O
ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O
ReO4 + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O
ReO4 + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH
ReO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O
Rh+ + e 1 Rh
Rh+ + 2e1 Rh
Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh
[RhCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl
RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O
Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O
RuO4 + e 1 RuO42
RuO4 + e 1 RuO4
RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O
RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O
[Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+
[Ru(CN)6]3 + e1 [Ru(CN)6]4
S + 2 e 1 S2
S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH + OH
2 S + 2 e 1 S22
S2O62 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3
S2O82 + 2 e 1 2 SO42
S2O82 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4
S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32
2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4 + 2 H2O
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O
2 SO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42 + 4 OH
2 SO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32 + 6 OH
SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O
2 SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62 + H2O
SO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32 + 2 OH
Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O
Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O
Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O
SbO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH
SbO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2 + 2 OH
Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc
Se + 2 e 1 Se2
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq)
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se
SeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH
SeO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O
SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH
SiF62 + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O

E /V

Reaction

0.510
0.2513
0.768
0.584
0.368
0.600
0.600
0.758
0.431
0.83
0.455
0.2487
1.120
0.59
1.00
1.40
1.038
1.24
0.23
0.10
0.210
0.86
0.47627
0.142
0.478
0.42836
0.564
2.010
2.123
0.08
0.056
0.449
1.12
0.571
0.172
0.22
0.93
0.510
0.152
0.671
0.649
0.581
0.212
0.66
0.59
2.077
0.924
0.399
0.74
0.082
0.366
1.151
0.05
1.24
0.8

SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O

SiO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH
Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+
Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm
Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm
Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O
SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH
HSnO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH
Sn(OH)62 + 2 e 1 HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O
Sr+ + e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg)
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH
Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O
Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta
Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc
TcO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O
Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+
TcO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O
Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+
Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb
Te + 2 e 1 Te2
Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te
Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te
TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O
TeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH
TeO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O
H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O
Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O
Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH
Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti
Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+
TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O
Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti
TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O
Tl+ + e 1 Tl
Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg)
Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+
Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl
TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br
TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl
TlI + e 1 Tl + I
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH
Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH
Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42
Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+
Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm
Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm

8-27

E /V
0.857
1.697
1.55
2.304
2.68
0.1375
0.151
0.142
0.094
0.117
0.194
0.945
0.909
0.93
4.10
2.899
1.793
2.88
0.750
0.6
0.400
0.782
0.3
0.472
3.1
2.28
1.143
0.793
0.568
0.593
0.57
0.472
1.02
1.899
1.789
2.48
1.630
0.9
0.502
1.37
0.055
0.336
0.3338
1.252
0.741
0.658
0.5568
0.752
0.02
0.34
0.05
0.4360
2.2
2.319
2.4

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
U3+ + 3 e 1 U
U4+ + e 1 U3+
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + e 1 UO+2
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O
V2+ + 2 e 1 V
V3+ + e 1 V2+
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O
V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O
V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O
V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O
[V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+
W3+ + 3 e 1 W
W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O
WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O

E /V
1.798
0.607
0.612
0.062
0.327
1.444
1.175
0.255
0.337
0.991
0.957
0.242
1.00
0.254
0.14
0.1
0.031
0.119
0.090
0.036

Reaction
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O
XeF + e 1 Xe + F
Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y
Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+
Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb
Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg)
ZnO22 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
ZnSO4 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42 + 7 H2O
(Saturated ZnSO4)
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O
Zn(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O
ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH
Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr

E /V
0.029
2.42
2.10
3.4
2.372
1.05
2.19
2.76
0.7618
0.7628
1.215
0.7993
0.497
1.199
1.249
1.260
1.553
2.36
1.45

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+
NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
UO22+ + e = UO2+
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
W3+ + 3 e 1 W
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH
Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge
Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
[V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+
S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)

E /V
0.00000
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.036
0.062
0.07
0.07133
0.075
0.08
0.082
0.8951
0.092
0.0977
0.098
0.10
0.10
0.1
0.108
0.123
0.124
0.13923
0.14
0.14
0.142

Reaction
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
Np4+ + e 1 Np3+
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O
BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O
Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)
Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+

8-28

E /V
0.142
0.147
0.1478
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.1583
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.172
0.2
0.210
0.212
0.22233
0.23
0.234
0.2360
0.24
0.24
0.2412
0.247
0.248
0.2487

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(continued)
Reaction
ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O
IO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I + OH
Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl
Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl
Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)
At2 + 2 e 1 2 At
Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re
Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+
Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
ClO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2 + 2 OH
2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O
Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)
AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3
[Fe(CN)6]3 + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4
ClO4 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3 + 2 OH
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO32
ReO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O
(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN
[Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene
Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH
AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN
[RhCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O
Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42
Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42
Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32
TcO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O
TeO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O
IO + H2O + 2 e 1 I + 2 OH
NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH
Bi+ + e 1 Bi
ReO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O
Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)
Cu+ + e 1 Cu
I2 + 2 e 1 2 I
I3 + 2 e 1 3 I
AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3
MnO4 + e 1 MnO4
H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O
S2O62 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3
AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2
Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te
Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O
RuO4 + e 1 RuO42

E /V
0.2513
0.26
0.26808
0.2800
0.2801
0.3
0.300
0.3
0.308
0.320
0.327
0.33
0.330
0.3337
0.337
0.3419
0.342
0.345
0.354
0.358
0.36
0.3629
0.368
0.373
0.400
0.400
0.401
0.41
0.431
0.4470
0.449
0.455
0.4573
0.4647
0.4660
0.47
0.472
0.472
0.485
0.490
0.5
0.510
0.51163
0.521
0.5355
0.536
0.546
0.558
0.560
0.564
0.564
0.568
0.581
0.59

Reaction
[PdCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl
TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O
MnO4 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh
Rh+ + e 1 Rh
MnO42 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH
BrO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br + 6 OH
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42
ClO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl + 6 OH
Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42
Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)
Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O
Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42
ClO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO + 2 OH
Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O
[PtCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2 + 2 Cl
O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2
pbenzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone
H3IO62 + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 OH
Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH
Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl
[PtCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl
Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh
ClO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl + 4 OH
2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH
Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po
BrO + H2O + 2 e 1 Br + 2 OH
ReO4 + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O
(CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS
[IrCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl
Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+
AgF + e 1 Ag + F
[Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2+
TcO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O
Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg
Ag+ + e 1 Ag
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+
2 NO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O
[Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+
RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O
OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O
ClO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl + 2 OH
Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg
AuBr4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br
SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O
[Ru(CN)6]3 + e1 [Ru(CN)6]4
[IrCl6]2 + e 1 [IrCl6]3
N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2
HO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH
Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+
2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+

8-29

E /V
0.591
0.593
0.595
0.600
0.600
0.60
0.607
0.61
0.612
0.6125
0.62
0.6359
0.643
0.649
0.654
0.66
0.671
0.68
0.695
0.6992
0.7
0.739
0.741
0.755
0.758
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.761
0.768
0.77
0.77
0.771
0.779
0.78
0.782
0.7973
0.7996
0.80
0.803
0.81
0.83
0.838
0.841
0.851
0.854
0.857
0.86
0.86
0.8665
0.867
0.878
0.9
0.920

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(continued)
Reaction
NO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O
Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd
ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2
NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O
V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O
AuBr2 + e 1 Au + 2 Br
HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O
HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I + H2O
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O
PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O
RuO4 + e 1 RuO4
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O
AuCl4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl
Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+
PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O
OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O
H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O
[Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+
Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O
RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4)
PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O
N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2
Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br
IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I + 3 H2O
Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br
Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+
Cu2+ + 2 CN + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]
RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+
SeO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O
ClO3 + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O
Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir
Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt
ClO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3 + H2O
2 IO3 + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O
PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O
ClO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O
Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH
[Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+
Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+
N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+
ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2
[PdCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2 + 2 Cl
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O
AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O
PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4
HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br + H2O
Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV)
HCrO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O

E /V
0.934
0.951
0.954
0.957
0.957
0.959
0.983
0.987
0.991
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.002
1.006
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.034
1.035
1.038
1.06
1.062
1.065
1.066
1.085
1.0873
1.099
1.103
1.120
1.147
1.151
1.152
1.156
1.18
1.189
1.195
1.2
1.214
1.224
1.229
1.232
1.24
1.24
1.252
1.275
1.277
1.288
1.297
1.32
1.325
1.331
1.34
1.350

Reaction
Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2Cl
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl + 4 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O
No3+ + e 1 No2+
RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O
Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br + 3 H2O
2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O
Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O
3IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl + 3 H2O
PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O
CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O
HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl + H2O
Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O
HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2
Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O
MnO4 + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl + 2 H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O
2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O
Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O
H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 H2O
HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O
Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+
NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O
MnO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O
PbO2 + SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
Au+ + e 1 Au
PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O
CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O
Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+
N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O
Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+
Au2+ + e1 Au+
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O
Co3+ + e 1 Co2(2 molar H2SO4)
Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+
Co3+ + e 1 Co2+
Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+
Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O
S2O82 + 2 e 1 2 SO42
OH + e 1 OH
HFeO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O
HFeO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O

8-30

E /V
1.35827
1.389
1.39
1.4
1.40
1.401
1.42
1.423
1.439
1.45
1.451
1.455
1.47
1.48
1.482
1.482
1.485
1.495
1.498
1.5
1.507
1.5415
1.570
1.574
1.591
1.593
1.596
1.601
1.611
1.628
1.645
1.67
1.678
1.679
1.6913
1.692
1.7
1.715
1.72
1.766
1.776
1.8
1.8
1.802
1.83
1.9
1.92
1.980
2.0
2.010
2.02
2.07
2.076
2.08

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(continued)
Reaction
2 HFeO4 + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O
S2O82 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4
F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F
FeO42 + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O
Am4+ + e 1 Am3+

E /V
2.09
2.10
2.123
2.153
2.20
2.4
2.42
2.421
2.60

Reaction
H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O
F2 + 2 e 1 2 F
Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+
F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF
Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+
Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+
Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+
XeF + e 1 Xe + F

E /V
2.65
2.866
3.0
3.053
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

TABLE 3
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H 2
2 D+ + 2 e 1 D 2
AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O
W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S
Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe
Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I
Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH
TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O
2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4 + 2 H2O
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2 + OH
2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH + H2O
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se
WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O
Md3+ + e 1 Md2+
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O
GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb
CrO42 + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH
Sn2 + 2 e 1 Sn
In+ + e 1 In
O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH
MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O
AgI + e 1 Ag + I
2 NO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22 + 4 OH
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O
SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O
CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH
Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo
Ga+ + e 1 Ga
2 SO22 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62 + H2O

E /V
0.00000
0.013
0.017
0.029
0.031
0.0366
0.037
0.0405
0.05
0.055
0.056
0.063
0.076
0.080
0.082
0.090
0.094
0.1
0.111
0.117
0.118
0.119
0.1205
0.1262
0.13
0.1375
0.14
0.146
0.152
0.15224
0.18
0.182
0.194
0.199
0.200
0.2
0.22

Reaction
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH
V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O
CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42
V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O
V3+ + e 1 V2+
Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni
PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O
Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co
PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br
Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg)
Tl+ + e 1 Tl
In3+ + 3 e 1 In
TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH
PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg)
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42
Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH
Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+
PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I
SeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq)
In2+ + e 1 In+
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd
Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+
2 S + 2 e 1 S22
Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42
In3+ + 2 e 1 In+
Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe
H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O
Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH
NO2 + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH
PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42
S + 2 e 1 S2
S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS + OH
B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4 + 3 H2O

8-31

E /V
0.222
0.242
0.246
0.254
0.255
0.257
0.2675
0.276
0.28
0.284
0.3338
0.336
0.3382
0.34
0.3444
0.3505
0.3521
0.3588
0.360
0.36
0.365
0.366
0.399
0.40
0.4030
0.407
0.42836
0.4360
0.443
0.447
0.454
0.46
0.46
0.465
0.47627
0.478
0.481

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 3
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(continued)
Reaction
In3+ + e 1 In2+
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O
GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O
H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O
TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O
H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O
Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3
HPbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH
Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga
TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl
Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH
TeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH
2 SO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32 + 6 OH
PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH
ReO2 + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH
SbO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2 + 2 OH
Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta
U4+ + e 1 U3+
As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3
Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O
NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O
Cd(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH
TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br
SbO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH
AsO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH
NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O
Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2
AsO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2 + 4 OH
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH
Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH
NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O
Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr
Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O
TlI + e 1 Tl + I
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg)
CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH
Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te
ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42 + 7 H2O
(Saturated ZnSO4)
Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O
Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH
2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH
2 NO3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH
H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O
P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH
Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+
HSnO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH
Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr
Se + 2 e 1 Se2
SO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32 + 2 OH
Sn(OH)62 + 2 e 1 HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O

E /V
0.49
0.497
0.498
0.499
0.502
0.508
0.510
0.537
0.549
0.5568
0.56
0.57
0.571
0.580
0.584
0.59
0.6
0.607
0.608
0.644
0.646
0.658
0.658
0.66
0.68
0.690
0.691
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.733
0.74
0.744
0.750
0.752
0.7618
0.7628
0.783
0.793
0.7993
0.8
0.8
0.809
0.8277
0.85
0.8698
0.87
0.9
0.909
0.913
0.924
0.93
0.93

Reaction
SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH
In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH
NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3
In(OH)4 + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH
In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH
PO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32 + 3 OH
Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+
Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb
Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+
2 SO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42 + 4 OH
Te + 2 e 1 Te2
V2+ + 2 e 1 V
Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn
Zn(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH
No3+ + 3 e 1 No
ZnO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
H2GaO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH
H2BO3 + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4 + 8 OH
SiF62 + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
Es3+ + e 1 Es2+
Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa
Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg)
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O
Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr
Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH
Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa
HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O
Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf
Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+
ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O
Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg)
Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk
Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+
Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti
Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2 + 3 OH
Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al
SiO32 + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O
H2BO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg)
U3+ + 3 e 1 U
H2PO2 + e 1 P + 2 OH
Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be
Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np
Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm
Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th

8-32

E /V
0.945
0.99
0.962
1.007
1.034
1.05
1.05
1.099
1.1
1.12
1.143
1.175
1.185
1.199
1.2
1.20
1.215
1.219
1.24
1.24
1.249
1.260
1.3
1.34
1.37
1.4373
1.444
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.505
1.55
1.55
1.553
1.56
1.570
1.6
1.6
1.630
1.65
1.65
1.662
1.697
1.71
1.724
1.789
1.79
1.793
1.798
1.82
1.847
1.856
1.89
1.899

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 3
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(continued)
Reaction
Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am
Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+
Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es
Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf
Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr
Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu
Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er
Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr
Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu
Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm
Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am
AlF63 + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F
Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc
Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho
Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd
Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf
Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb
Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac
Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy
Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+
Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm
Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es
H2 + 2 e 1 2 H
Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd
Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb
Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu
Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy
Am3+ + e 1 Am2+
Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm
Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm
Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm
Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH
Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm
Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd
Al(OH) + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
H2AlO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho
Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce
Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr

E /V
1.9
1.9
1.91
1.94
1.96
1.991
2.0
2.0
2.031
2.04
2.048
2.069
2.077
2.1
2.1
2.12
2.19
2.20
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.23
2.23
2.279
2.28
2.28
2.295
2.3
2.30
2.30
2.304
2.31
2.319
2.323
2.328
2.33
2.33
2.331
2.336
2.353

Reaction
ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH
Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg
Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y
La3+ + 3 e 1 La
Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm
Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md
Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH
No2+ + 2 e 1 No
Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+
Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+
Be2O32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH
Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH
Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+
Mg+ + e 1 Mg
Na+ + e 1 Na
Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb
Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+
Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+
Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra
Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu
Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr
Fr+ + e 1 Fr
La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba
K+ + e 1 K
Rb+ + e 1 Rb
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH
Er3+ + e 1 Er2+
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH
Cs+ + e 1 Cs
Li+ + e 1 Li
3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3
Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+
Ca+ + e 1 Ca
Sr+ + e 1 Sr

8-33

E /V
2.36
2.372
2.372
2.379
2.4
2.40
2.48
2.50
2.50
2.6
2.6
2.63
2.68
2.690
2.7
2.70
2.71
2.76
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.812
2.868
2.88
2.899
2.9
2.90
2.912
2.931
2.98
2.99
3.0
3.02
3.026
3.0401
3.09
3.1
3.80
4.10