-0-

( : ) HCl

( : ) H2SO4

H3PO4
HCl
HNO3
HBr
H2SO4
HI
CH3COOH

Physical properties of acids
-1
-2 ( )
-3
-4
-
-5
1-

OH-

( NaOH ) .

NaOH
Ca(OH)2

:
KOH
Ba(OH)2

: Physical properties of bases

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
-2-

 Exercise
* Key words
Base

Physical properties ..

Acid

*
-1

...................................

-2

...................................

-3 ...................................
-4

...................................

...................................

-5 ...................................
-6 ...................................
-7

...................................

...................................

...................................

*
-1

..............................................................................................................................

-2

..............................................................................................................................

-3

..............................................................................................................................

-4

-3-

* :
* :

( )C

( )

()

( )

( )

( )

* :

( )

( )

( )

( ( ))

( ( ))

-4-

 Exercise
Key words
Acid

Base

Indicator

*
-1

-2

...............................................................

...............................................................

*
-1

-2

...............................................................

...............................................................

*
-1

-2

.............................. .................................

...............................................................

*
-1

-2

...............................................................

...............................................................

-1

..........................................................................................................................................

-2

....................................................... .....................................................................................

-3

........................................................................................................................................

-4
-5
-6

...........................................................................................................................

....................................................... .........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

-5-

* : pH Scale

. pH Scale ( ) 14 0
pH = 7

pH 7

pH 7

pH

pH

: pH pH
( = 7 = 6.6 = 2.5 = 3 = 7.7

= 9 = 13 = 0.5 = ) 12

* pH [ ] H+
pH
. pH

-6-

 Exercise
Key words
Bases ..

pH scale ..

Acids ..

*
-1 .................................
-2
-3 pH

.................................

.................................

.................................

-4 pH 7
-5 pH 7

.................................

.................................

* pH

( = 7 = 6.6 = 2.5 = 3 = 7.7 = 7.8

= 11 = 0.5 = ) 12

* pH
-1 ( )

= pH

................

-2 ( )

= pH

................

-3 ( )

= pH

................

-4 ( )

= pH

................

-7-



-1

-2 : pH meter

Indicators

0.01

pH
( )

* : Indicators
( ) pH
acidic basic . neutral
:
-1 :

-2 :

pH

pH

Litmus

pH

Universal indicator

Methyl orange

-8-

 Exercise
Key words
Indicator . Acidic.

Basic .

Litmus.

Neutral

*
......................................................................... .............................................................................................................................

*
-1 ..................................
-2
-3

..................................

..................................

..................................

..................................

( )
*

-1

..................................

( / / )

-2

..................................

( / / )

-3
-4

..................................

..................................

-9-

( / / )
( / )

* : Chemical properties of acids

-1 : Neutralization reaction
.
+

* :

+
NaCl +
H2O

( ) +
HCl + NaOH

+
CaSO4 + 2 H2O

- 10 -

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2

 -5 : Reaction with ammonia

( ) NH4OH
+

* ) : ( NH4OH
+
+
HCl + NH4OH
NH4Cl + OH
+
+

H2SO4 + 2 NH4OH
( NH4)2SO4 + 2 H2O

- 11 -

 -2 : Reaction with metals

.
+

* :

+
2 NaCl
+
H2

+
2 HCl
+
2 Na

+
MgCl2
+
H2

+
2 HCl
+
Mg

+
CaSO4
+
H2

+
+
Ca

- 12 -

H2SO4

 Exercise
Key words
Chemical properties

Neutralization
*
-1
-2

...................................

...................................

...................................

-3

...................................

*
-1 +

...................................

-2 +
-3

...................................

-3

-4 +

...................................
...................................

+
+

...................................

...................................

- 13 -

............................

-4
Reaction with carbonates & bicarbonates

* :
+ +
2 HNO3 + Na2CO3

+
2 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
+
2 NH4Cl + H2O + CO2

+ +
2 HCl + ( NH4)2CO3

+
Na2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2

+ +
H2SO4 + 2 NaHCO3

- 14 -

 Exercise
Key words
Ammonia ..

Carbonate

Metal Oxide ..............................

*
-1
-2 ................................
-3 +

....................................

................................

................................
.................................

- 15 -

* : Test for hydrogen gas

: Properties of Hydrogen Gas
-1

-2

-3

-1 :

-2

-3

-4

- 16 -

 Exercise
Key words
Hydrogen gas

Properties ..............................

*
-1

................................................................................................................................

-2

................................................................................................................................

-3

................................................................................................................................

*
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................
.......................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................
................................... ........................................ .............................................................................................................................
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
........................................................ ............................................................................................................................. ...................
.............................................................................................................................. ..........................................................................

*
....................................................................................................................................... .................................................................

- 17 -