CH 2 Models Metaphors and Definitions in Evaluation

2. MODELS. METAPHORS.
AND
DEFINITIONS IN EVAL UATION
The PUf[>OO< of tM ch ..... IS t", ... fold. The fifO t " to "pl.i" ~"" t we m.,.. Dr
til< tefm ,,'al Witioo model>. The IItl' f", the fif'>t I""", of lIli. 000;. used til< toml
".,0,,1>
that "''"' ttle tem\ in vogue at tllat time 10 <bcrio.
to
progrom ,valli.,.,.. But tho ..ord "".,0,, 1" 00,"",,1)' tIa< Olt.,f ro.""',IIoo , ttlat
w, ......J to elarif), '" th., tl>< reader..,.., "'" O'I... ~" t e<p<el tl>< f>Iu'- . The ...,.,..j
PUf[>OO< " to de",rio. hoY.' til< m<Iaphot> u>l i" talkinF 01""" ..o u<at'O". imfll"'itly .00 " fll kitly. i"n .. oce Ill< model ~., ~ ~tle n loeN ""Ill ,r.. .. '" of
"aluoting. program. (Me .. phors abo In n """"" "alu,"io", in ",tier ~um>n """",,'
""""""lies
1>0"",,,
"''''"'"e<
I'f'Oj;mms I>u, lie!'< ~'e <OlIn""

to Ioc .. ""'.) The t~,"j pm!,'''' " to
di= hov.' tho >00 " .00 .>lur< of lIfl)' "'aluat"'" " ,ff", .. d b), oo~ one <len ...
tho proc,,,. of
Nucati"" '" i" human "",,'k<, more broadI)'. A, we
>hall _. tho tIWIy n)', i. ~'hkh p>ple denne ,r.. pro,,,,,, """, .iramal'" "'i,,,,,,,,
to ttle !Hur"lIst"' ""tore of tho r.,I<1 . .. ~,D .. 10 dee nt< 0 set of alternative
..-.odel .
The>< are "'" '''''''''~ in ,tie .. ns< of ,,\O,r..mat""'l mooe-h u>l to "" Fi."", tIIe_
Of"~ bu, ttle)' lire model, In ,he .. "", , ~" e:.:h _
<~""", .. ri"" it>
view
of ttle mal" <ooc<pt, and structure of ,,,Iu .. "'" ~,""' . ~'hile <II tho WIle "me
.....,i" ,r.. eAemplary (u ""tion of
~",deli"", for US,"~ these ronco"", to
..
._
pro""'''!'
.. _,.....,..
D.L ' " ,,_ c.F .......... f .
<0&0,'" '''.,
ff"'-'--""'"
"""'-U C..,. . . . . __ ....... ......._
. Evaluation Models. Viewpoints on Educational and Human Services Evaluation. Second Edition.
Hingham, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p 30
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sfu/Doc?id=10053344&ppg=30
Copyright 2000. Kluwer Academic Publishers. All rights Reserved.
May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.
ani,', .. def.",itij.
tloseriplion . juJg"""I>,:lIld reeoouneoo..ion., W. are '''.... that

"""" ".,i,> """. ul]I"" 'f"i"" oe<ord i, , It.mali.. pe<specti,'os on
ion t""
",n" of """",I . ~''''. (o. . I'erna!i>... 'nat ..,... om..- lOrminol"!'y be uOl.
",e ~ '" ~"u .. ion, or be lief. ~'oultl , .... be li<",. do lin~ mor. !ha, puul. readen.
W, are romforub~ in Jll"S"OIi nf u.. .I"math.. """el',",li"'"", oI."lu:llioo ..
(he 1I00I; . "'" " model. of "'.. I.... "" .. i, <>ITU". b Ul '" model. for rood..,(i nf
'111<1;', oroonli nf (0 the be li.!,
Iu.. ion til .. "'" n.1d by ..... u(hon of lh<
""""'8. In Illi , ..".,..!hey ,re ideaJ ilfti Of "...00.1" \,,~~ 0( 00..' (0 >Oft 00 ' and
..Jd.-.s, "'001 .... encou nlered in cooducti n "caluation~
The OAiQni ""t;,h [);en",,,,,,, (Si",!,"'" &: 'II'. i"",- '989) c""toin, , n.mber of
"'fi ni(ion. for the term model (h .. "",,, ide ~' i' h the "'y 'i. ' ''' .... ~'ord in ,n.
ph=< mood, 01 profIDll ",luati",,. Fi"' . moo,1 i, . ''''''''''''Y,'pi'",",. ","""",,.,
0( the ~" )"
p.nicular " ', 1...., conceptu,lim arwI deOC" ....... ,.-.I,,"ion proc-e",
AnoIn.r """,rung tI\a( 'l'P"'-'imat", our ~e ~ ""Y a"kl. mad, "" ~
M'/,"", '-s.. J"" "'. _ _ ,.,. Each 01 '"' <"plm in
,~u,", ;. by. ""_
"I' nizl de>i~"",. ,f )'00 ..i ll. in .... r",1tl 01 '1Tl<><I<1>" ,,aluatioo. SIiII .noIher
m'''ming ""'8""'01 ~'i!h our uso"" is 10 8"~ ,hap. '" (. do<"""". ~"""""'. <-Io.),Thi.
i, ~ .. ( ,n. H''''''' rr.o.J.h do: .orh ~i,'" <hlpe to the . uthoo-, ""y 01 de",rit.in~
:lIld doin ." ",.Iu",ion. Thee the",;, the . imple deftni(ion: ,,, 0.,"";" f. " .......
""'. '~""''"'"'. <le./. The
poc riplion, and """k< ""'. " "org,ni,,
",ogram .... a/uot"". FinlIU)'. ther, " "" me,ning ,~ I"';" '" -../J (.,,"''''')'0. ""'"'
Iif<. Chaplers in (he 1I0oI; """ be ",~onkd , fi r.;( .tep in ("'; nin8 or moo ldinf
fu(u", ~er", .. (i,,", 01 " . 1,,,,,, >e<ordin8 to I"nico l.. "ie~poio" of ~hat ""'Sli_
tute. ,,,,I,,,ion and how '0 fO .oout the >c' of ,,. ILIaI;nf .
.""tu..
'OOu' ....
,hi,
."bon
or
n-., ~" Y ~. Jl<f"'i," educ.,ioo in g'''''''' :lIld ,,,Il001. in partieol..- i. ~re,tly influ _
,need by ""Hi l ;n~ ""'tapOOr> . M.taphor> gi," ... pe '0 ide .. ."J c""""pb, .... y
..., li ngu; .. ie <001> fOf > ing. "nder<l.ndi nf. and "I"'r; ," d n ~ """ kiOO of !h;n8 in
lOr"" of IlIKIthe, .ukoff & 'ohnson. ,98:1). Our .... "phon ar>d fi~ural l.vtgu.>.
infl ueoc, ,n. ~' 'l' w, uooerstand and IllIk .00" ,doc" ion: they m,te mind_,.,
and inn"""", helu,'>X to ~-.rds ",hooI ,nd Ie>che", the)' ..., inn""",. tbe kind.
of question. n ",k .00" ," , catioo.1 pIO!!rvns, Mou ;m"""antiy. in "nru 01 (hi.
""pier . .... "phoco ;nn ... "". (h. ~. ,y w. thi nk .00" , 00 de'ign " '. /uat",,. of N ' _
c"ional JIfOI''''''.
To..
'-..,t ory
Moo"
Si"". the mi4lle 01 tbe ni ,""' nth c'"tmy . con.i,le nt arwI po..-erful ,,~, 01 .!efm_
;nf ...... pOOr> for ",hrolin hati been (hat .ssoc iatl w;(~ hctori .... n~in"n~.
,., nbly li",,~ proooc(ion. machi..... and. 1OOf. """",,,Iy, lhnol"l'Y' The "", .. phor
of .,l>00I0 '" /,.,;., ..... ~ f""" defi ni n~ ."dol /OO\' ..... n( of .... =Iy oi",,_
t een( ~ "otu')': indu"ri , 1 capital;,m .!ewlopin~ rommi( .... n( (0 ,tand:u-di",ioo .
uniformity. p,.d.i",- d ..-i'y. quantificat ion . and rnlion, 1 t:.:(ie . llu. IItO\"rtlffiI
b<p.an ~' i lh the dHelopment 01 'h< 'hnoiog)' of in"""Iwl~._ part, b), 'h< Army
Ordflllfl o.partm"nl. and "'"",.ally spr<od '0 ,II< mon.lac,u", of. 00" of ..... >prodocl product, in
n'''lh no"f)' (Smilh. 1987: Staoo."""'''r, 1m.
1989), The f><,of)' model. ~'ilh i" Ih n>q"'" 01 ,,,,,/orm"y IUld "the p<fp<t 1
"'p<l'Ii>ion oIl1<tIa,'ior IUld ta>k,' (K,i'zrn.n. 1990)' "'.., ....' lly ,"me to II< tlekl in
high """"m by l .,.""",,1 odmini,,,,,,on, A, on<
hal; rommeoted , "Li' e
th< "W\a~" ofa
mill.lh< '"I'",in',,""""' oI,dlool> cookl '.p"ni", ~' _
_ . ' '''p til< enterpti>< tirrric>lly up to dar". and monil"" (II< .nifoonll)' anJ
q u.ll,y of lire prodoc!" iTy'C<' 1974. p. 4 11, (Thr, de>crip'''''' >OOod,; I , Pf Uf""'" to the de<""",,,,",,n''''' " .. I.... .,. model.) Wi(hl n lhIs "."., of """""'. su!\.
cL.ruized "",ng btcame an imJ>Or1.1ot rechniqu< f"" '"p<rinte nde n"
mooll ...
and hold " ude"" and ,," u<..on acrounlable,
The f>ory metaphor play< out Ii.. lhi.:
II,,, '....
00..,,'.,.
ro"""
'0
OO'P"'
""'0"
The <" "", ulum " ,he

of production.
The ".deot i. the Ill'" "",,,rial (0 '" tr,nsform..:! into, fi nish! and u",[ul
prodocl.
The 'e:IC"" " rupJrl)' "'illl t<chn"'i.n,
The
of prodOC("'" "'" <"",f"lly plotted in """"""" >'OI'din~ to
riB"""" <biBJl 'pe<lfi <.tions,
C.rurin me"Il> fI<O'~ ,..""f.1 and ..., di~ded In I""," 01 more ,mden'
""'rom
_erial.
G,ut ,,,,, i, ""en to ..., Ihat ,,~'

of. p.n","l .. q ual it)' ... COO1 _
position ate <Iwlnelll 10(0 lire proper prodOCI ,y""m,
t<>o po<enliall)' "",ful dlar"""'n",,, 01 tire flI~' """eri.1 " ~-..ted,
Prospect,,~ "rnpIo)''''' "'" the coosumer< oftfle fin ished prod",," (Klielwd. 1'172)
oo..' n'
The fact",), meI.pOOr o[schoollng pe<>i'" (0 Ibis Jay. no< in th< "d umbed
..... >bIy lIne of ,II< pa>I ~tle" teocll<r-.l"'rform
,...,..i(i... aru. bu, 10.
new );ind oll><(Ofy """"pOOr. ,he "high '''''h .. sembly Ii",,:' ... her< leac""r> trooM,,_
<hoot.oo ~I<m_.oh'" (Doyle. 1\191), Thi< "",,_modern
liZlltion c""' be
",ganbJ . . . bow '0 (tie mo,'eme," from .. InJ""ri.1 ""'i<ty (0 ,h .. 01. pool_
iodu"ri.l. ~Iobal ,"fo<11\,(IOO_b.ulllre _
ha> <h>nBed I;ttl<.
NOI. >!J!pti,i nBlY, .nd _ed In th< meupho<. bu,i ..,. ..... commercial """" ,ueh
butl"'" Ii.... der<~"I"IOII. oroJ<J ntabilitr. olo.undard;n(ioor. c0011'"'i';00.
and f,ee nwi;eI foo,., l"'rm.. '" ,u,,,,n' ""ocat."",,1 "form propo"' l ~
The I",,(ory tneUpnor . oo it> do"" ooo,;n toch"""'Bkal p,oduct;on. hal'" embed_
<Ial in lhem ,he min.! "" of in"rumeo,.1 ,"""'Iil)'. Th~ ,'"w of the ...orI<J infl. _
e"" .. ,II< wa)' in ~ hoch peopl< ~' Iro ,",.robe (0 ,,;(tler 0Ilhe>< rei",,,,, meI:>phoc>
Ihi n. >boo, socw fI<OBJ"" ;n ~"""' L and >Chool, >oJ '".chef, in part",.I... 10
'hIS worOl ,'n'. ",alily " boseJ 00 ."""rica! ' no-..leJg" and " Fov<med by Ih_
n",a! rule" .." can mate preJ"'tion,
!"Iy""'i or .oda! <""''': ..'" <on IIl>nip-ul llOo and coo"'" (II< '""ironment: no part of ,'''' ~'l)I'lJc u "ic u l u m proc ... ;.
.niqu, :lIl<J e""h part i. reproJocibleo "'<o)'thinF in ,he '."K ulum C:IIl he :>nal)'seJ
roo"""
'''';'''p'...
"''''pIIo<
.. "",,,,,ts.
.000,
.,..1_
into COII"i'""n' . inl<rdepeoo"n' part>;.oo. wcckr'>Ite"" ..., ""'il'i'Y can be

.,led in quan'ifi able 1<rm, {llower>, 1m: Ewen. 1991"
Soch a mind .., "'00. to I;e." edlOCalion . . . "",on. '0 on ond. o,~ . prodoc_
ing"n educ",ed "ort[""" '" rn "' jn~ to. NUnt'}' '""'" rompeIitil'<_ Funt.cr_1<:>:h_
ing and Ie.rni ng..., ""n .. me.n< to desired erwl>:. .Ie"",nu in "')',*,m tha, c....
in princip\<. be oontrolled. In ,hi. """,kI llew. leaching i, reg<lflled . . . sLlW cran
ba=l on ,oehnic.1 " pen i"" problems with ," ude n' learni ng c>n be deal, wilh b)'
"PI'lyin~ appropriate ''''h nIGU<S: and education
be i"l""''''' by ."""'" r0mP\<'" mappi"~ of c""'" and <ffoct .. I",ionships in ,lie 'oa.rhing learn ing pro<<>'
,Ew<rt. 1 991~
Fae'",)" or tec~y "",taphon. 00..'''''''-. ppear
foil ,lion when w'o coo_
>ider ,he .. oJity of ",boob. SchcoIs are '"" pJac", whe", thing' are m.. , _pruduced :
"'","",,, are "'" .....,,01)'_11 .. """"'.... (hi_'"ct, or otherwi .. )_ ,rooble_" - = oc
_
: edOCaled Jl""iOO' are not Slamped .... , or ..,.,mbIed. Olld they do not """"
with WOJ'I"an_, Boot. !oUCh as T ""'y Ki<ldef', ~_ &h",>kMJrm (1 989~ Philip
'0
CIm",,,,,,,, 11\1\0), I<Id Ted Sim', Ho"",, ', 5<l000i (I\I9!) p""'''''
I' in<in~ ","imony ,1\,,, ""hooIs are <" .. "", Iy romplex. "'l!""ic. dense lY-flOCked social
lad,on',
IJfr '"
')"len". A,
Nn-
on< of the ..
ob"',,.... pu, i,.
"_I
..
in 'Jl"X<'" ttl.>! i, q<Iil i"", .... y IIfIIik< ,I>< .bonp"".' impi..o "'
I.,.,rung u..m", arJJ io_ ........" i....nng ,;.... 0/
P"W"". __ . A,
~
~'pk>I.,.
rood""ed. "",h'"g i. an "I'!""'u",,,,,, ""","",_ That " '" say ... ' .... r .... "'''' ..... nor 1m
"oo.n" <">/I JU<l'" ~' i th any """oy ""-'Ily wh>t ~'iIl toaw<n "''''_ 1'1.1", ore r"",,,,, ~~
'~'Y...J
opporIIInit.. , fot .... ""'Omell' 0/ ..-.,.. ionaI I!<"I> .,.. """"'<rll.,.
......ting.l'II< .. """"'" .. " ... ooiz<s "f>DO ""'" opportUM", arJJ u.... ""'" OJ iii< aM~'
.....".., all. .. ,J",boo. 1m p. ItO,
"""f"<""
NonctJ-oelos,. the fae'''t)" met:lphor romin...,. ,,, >hope the w.y we thi nk abou t
eOoc",,,,,,,,1 ~, .00 ,he ....y ...., ,,.Iu",e the", prog<lllm. The l""'1-<JrientN
approach. which i, ,he oIde" .nd perhaF" . - widel)" u>ed model of prD!!ram e',01_
u.. ion in oducaoioo , ... Dlapters 4 & 5. oh ~ I'oI u "",~ fit> in thi> ..-..kI_ It focu"".
on ohe inlui'il'ely _.lin~ co,-.c0p' that ,he fuoc,ioo of<l-.l ... ion j, to detonni ..
the ex",", to w' hich an edocOlion.1 prD!!ram has achie"N pde'ennined ~ or
obje<1ill"_ The <>peri"", ntal or f.,KI <mi l model for ",-.1 ...100 (><e Cllaptor 8. th~
l'oIumel ... ith i" nndorniHd ."ign"",", of ,ubject< to "",.1.",1 !rea'"",n" '0"">1
<ousaI infe",""" .boot ,he effJ<ocy of 'r,,,"rn,, n" abo f," comfortably ..-ithin
peoooclion and technological metaphors of ""hoounS' Various deci>icn-oriented
oc ma""l"'""' nt-ie",N <IoJ ...1oo model, which focu, on i nl'""'~' :mel
prcdOC(, ,..., Chap..... 7 & 16, Ihi, 100."",1 .00 .mbed), man)' of ,he """"'P"
u ntko1)'in~ ,he prudoctionlthnologic.1 melOphor sed ,,, describe ""hoot .
o;, .. ,;;f:>:tion wioh 'I"anti .. ,,,"o an<l mech:rnistic "I'f"OII<1Ie. to .,.. I""tion-..-ith
their empha<i. on paper_and_!",""il toch oIGtJ<, to """"u", operaoionally-<lef,ned
obj'1h-.., .00 til< d<rornpo;ition r:J" f"'!!""'" iOlo inp''''' p""">S<'. aOO oot_
"""" ....... '..,tu..>lIy .".~. r.ed numb of ""w """"""' .... whocll "'" ge""r:ll ly
ref<rr<d to .. """",Ii"", or =1'00''''<- In .fft. propooen" of til< .... uralistic
"I'fI"I"<h sun 001 fro m. diffe",m set of n",,,,[>OO 10< ><hooIi"l' th:>n 00 Ir.>di_
ti""Ii", .00 ~'''''Id .. more comfort""" with other ..-..LOphor> ol ><hooIi"l'.
A, an "ntidote to the faaOf}' me"'pOOr. :>nd to ill u",,,,, oow an .Itemati"e
Ir.<UpOOr ~'OOI<hooIi"l' :>nd the .vaIu_
1""""" . ~'e mi~ho ",p"'" the me"'pOOr ol ,elwohng '" ,,,,,-rl', The me"'pOOr
.. ~ tlut the curriculum i route .,...,. ~1lich studeo" "",.1, ttle te",her i, an
~uide .00 rom.",oo: ,ach "",'<1'" will . . . ffectN differently b), tfle
joomoy: .ff" are ..
mueh a lunion olllle JIfl,Ilioo,. in'elll~e"",.
intere"~ .00 intem of til< "",' ..... ., ol ttle '00 '001> of Ill< roo": thl< variabrlit),
is "'" <WIly i",,iuble. but "oOOroo, .00 cbioobie : no ,flon " made to
ttle moot ",,-'ure of ttle .fft on the "",-..I .... but . ~rea ' .ffort;' made to J>Iot the
route so tlut the Journ,y ~i. . . ., rich . .. /a",in>.'ltlf . aOO .. memont"e '" po<_
~bIe (KIi<bW. 1972)
If one us,,, til< me .. pOOr ol "'1\,,1 rathe, IlwI llul r:J" til< I""tory to deocribe
~'e .. k. the
Nucation. tfle "~)' In ~ hi, h ... , thInk >boot ... lualIof>------<h
"'-t"'" of
..-.i oo~- ~.., ~"'he' it----dlan~' ,.>dic-..JI)'. For e>ample. """... ,
""~- dtstrict_~,i.le ~hoIe--lanFU>.P' ~ ... tie", ""~""l'e arts instructloo ;,
in'e,"'ed into. theme_ba...J ,u"kulum. Amoo til< explicitly 'tllN f"'!!r.m
~, ... imp""'! r-..di"~ and ~',;" n F .lill ~ An e'1II ....... ~._ ";'~~ olllle
e<lucaoi.onal P"""'" are SlfOOFly ooIored by the f"'tory Of productlOO """>phor " ill
foc", the ,,1II ... ioo ,flolt al~ "",lllSiwly 011 the ,,-,toO OOl1om Ii... : Did "''''h np
.00 ~',iting 0011. imfl'O"'" 11.1.... ~ill
to reach. ,ummary j oopment by fi"t
opecallOO>.lIzj np ttle f"'!!r:lJ n ~OII" (thai i~ defim "p ttle pool' in me.~e terms)
..00 then ""''-'U,;"~ ttlell de~",,, of,,";oment fo< ,II "oden" in. uniform
Thr> i, IIIe ~ooI'-<JnftloeJ "fI!I<OO<h to .,->l"",iOll.
An ."lllltOf ,,'110 like", <due.. "" to ",,\-..I ~i ll :>:Iop<, diff",,"' ~h . Sin
hl<iber .';'w oloduc.. iOll ",I<br:>te, the "nIG""""" of.acIl indivw"r. NOC.""""
"perieoce .00 """'l'niz<, ,he unJlflictabl lll), of the ,ff<ct, of <duc.."". tlh<
~ ill not foc" , IIIe <Lto ooIl<ctioII .nd ..... )' .. , on ",acIl inF ,umm"}' ,,,,i,,ic . boot
",,<fal l acoompIi,hmeor ofJlfletermine.! [I0'Il< Rathe, helshe will sbow . coocern
with 1""I'J'l'11 ~= ",d wi'h Ji ffe"mial imp>el' 00 d,lf,,,nt Indi"kIral, and
~fOOpo; ofindi.'iJw],. D,,. ~-iII .. ooHted 10 an oo~ojn~ ,,"''''''''. "",,",po; 'hrooph
In..iepth obse.",t"" 0< inl""';"'~ . Such an <I-aluaoioo ml~ht . I", <umpI<. report
mUltiple ioolo""" of mUltiple f"'!!r:ll11 .ffeet> at different goes :>nd for differ ent
you!" . It m i~hO i",lude. oletarleJ , ... "ooy olhow the P"'!!r:lm ,,:>os implemented
at ""'er:ll
in the district. so tlut reade, "",,1<1 uode",.nd .. hy the f<ogtam
did or did not ~'crt ..~ Il ~' ith what F"'"!". aOO under ~hat conditions. Soch
pro,:Nllre. ,h>.r:>cterize the nat ..... i"ic 0< ""pon~." 'JlI"'>Odl 10
ioo ("'"
C1l>pt ... 12. 1& 19. & :!G. tlU, "o/wne).
i'<at"r:ll"tic <I'..J""'ioo, rente. m >d,,i,..,. """S>Ctioo~ .00 .ffeet> oc<"rrin~
~' i' hln the ~m
than 011 f"'!!ram poaIs. Thei. focu, I< noI detffilline.! in
"lOll
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Ie." ..
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q""''''''''
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pl<,,"'''' ~< ...""'" , .. '" .....,,<000 . ' Uoyd. '96. , . '"

W hkh " .... ,. S h ou'd "'. <..........,
toor"
The
i. th< "'''''pies ~.< Jll00er<.J i. (n.t '"'" ohoold c.,.,(uU y ""n>KI<, (10<
,mpll<>liom of. "'in! p>.Nkolu rn<<>phor i. " n,,.~ .boo, "'hoo:Hi"~ oi"", i, ~' ill
. fft how """ 000.<1<" "'alu,,,ion . Thi. un '" diffk. 1t . i""" 00' tll""p/lor< at<
often 00< expliCl( 00' ...., embeJ.r.J .Jeep wi(hln "'"
Ne'''NIo<Ieo>.
it i. ~._ ,10< ,ffon ,. ,umi.., tlo< l>ng"'-F' ... "'.. for hng"i"., ""fIS
ooe tails .boo( ,duw"""i f<~ n " .
Whl<h mod<l the n """'1<1 w, c"""'" fo< ,It< " .. """00 .f"", ,Juc.,;on pro-.i<-<'" The <mph" i< ... ~.", i,. " Noo< of the .00,'<:
til< ~.""'g q"""ion "'
N ." R.the, (hlll sun i "~ hom pet .l'I""""h . ... ' shoIlid i:qlin with.
tion of .... ' Hiu"ion q u<>",,", (n.t "",W '" >oIdr<<><<i. the i""" to " mu" "'
addre,S!. and (II<
~. hcb 'Hi""tion "Pfrooch ba< ,t> p.iI1 i<ui..
""n~ tO ' to .. un lI<ip illum",,(, d,ff,rent
of. f<~ m . Within (II< 11m,'"
,.,.. of ,10< btkJ~". pld and <hoose f,"",,,, from ,.... iou, roo.lel< ,hal <on pro,.-ide
the "''' e'ide-nc<"' .... "'"
. !>out the projt. For " ....,..,. ron~d<t- rom_
oini"~ "" do" hom ~"" '-OOen,eJ ' pp'_h, ""'""'" 0I1oc.""" d". rrOO1 (he
de<'>Ioo-uitnr"" 'pp'o><h. and oo,.",-..ion.1 and 'n""'''~' Oat.> frool the .. (u",l
,,,., ' Pl'""", h.
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...... 00 ,'" ..... ... ",;", ;, 1.. ~' , <h ., b.ol,,,,,, '" MO~ " ; " ~ ; ,h "".,,, . 0"" """"I _',,"
n,;.! "",,,,,,.t.",,,......, "'" ~ ; th ;", ;, >,J ", '",,,y, ,Dd"'o.,,1"""""'y .'" , ..".1 <<<--
,,;>< ""''"''"'' . ...... ,,' ~';," ""mo . (Uoyd. ''''''. p. 03)
Ooty art "~I ..tion ~."i"f' "" ,10< "'5l rrom H';"" """"'i. <'-' J oc""",n, the
effoc" of ,10< romp", it)' of (he " "'h'ng ~""n: <01I>,,,,int ~'i'h rr-OOm. rom. Evaluation Models. Viewpoints on Educational and Human Services Evaluation. Second Edition.
IDU ... I ""'. ",i,n indi" iJ",,1 fan","y. r,,1 model ",ilh flu id 'n,.l .... nl. lr:><iiliO<l.al COIl_
""""y willi 00....1 "",.I,,e moo","".
~'ilh M I.... oc .
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We """". prose"1 a ooIlo<1ion of definilion. of P"'!!r:lftl . ..1""600 ru l"" lrom lhe

~'rilln~' of .,"aI ... ,ion ''''''''ist nd practilione". P>" .00 pro",. The defi nitIOn<
"'" ~fOOped uode, lhe ,,10<1<1 name Of' ."aI""ion "PI""""'h from whkh lhoy came .
The , .. ~, ofdefinitioo. i. me ... to sOOI.' I ~ di .... ".y ofide.. with,n lho fi.ld 00
lho fund.me nt. 1 >r><qlI 01 ~I\l" COIl,tin".. "prO!!"-," .,.. ILIlIIion." It i. DC4 ,".",n,
10 be ioclu~'" or defm"i,', .nd. de'pile the fac t , h" the,e "'" nu"..,.oo, d<fi ni_
tion,. in the , n1<,." ofsp-aoe ooly 00< d<f mJl >OO in ,ach W.OfY IS offered . Thi,
IS OO! to unl'lr ,1Ia1 it i, fI<C< ....-ily the best defin"ioo for that cat'ot)'. but " i.
"'fI"= .....
The ""f",;boII' run the 8~m. of " ..... JIOII" from:
i.".
modernily to fXiOl-modernity
F.!t""""iuk to natural istk
elem.nt"lklrl oc,>OOi"
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"","_namtti,... ' 0 00 . uch thi" me .. _nan .. i,"
pted"'ion
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koo~'i n to fl i ~
coot"" to em~~"efTIle n '
koo",1Ise prOOoci"
.,~rie""e proouc,n
",-..wo<i,-. i"'lu,,}, to " ..I...", thnolo:ly
me",uf<",,,ntiqu:>nti fic,IIon to quali""i .... de"'riprion
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,",.1... 01'
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Of " " ".
'0 clienl """'" such j ud~."",o"
The definitl"'" "' ...... the ",nge of epiSlemolojrkai and ideologICal "",it""" ilia,
ex,st ,moog ' h>ri,,, 011 the natu", of ..,Iuation. how to <oodoct one . nd _ 10 pre"'lIl ar.J US< ""ult<. Th<se "",itioru "'" anaIog<iu< to ,lie
of lheoio:P!Ii.
<at and doctfi",l l""ition, that cllaf'"" .. ,i", Cbri>l i,ni,)"OO 'pli"ho r",1d io'o oom
p<tl n n",jo< deOOllli ..
ar.J ,",nor sect<. Wbi", ..-e ~-iII _ oommem
,ndi,iJuaily OIl the denni,ioo . "'" ,,>def i, in" i,O<! to ' hink .Ooot the underlyi"g
"OOd_"iew cootaineJ In .och denn i,>OO . , he I"""ai ling metapl>or(., lor hum.n ""' .
ice, or Ioc.'>OO th.. tbe tl>eOO .. m i~h' ''''!'IidU)' .mbno<e . ..-h>t 00.. the defi
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lho e.:ll uat",,,. "",,-t kind< of .,ide"", ~-oo id be ,.. I""" Of de ni ~r:lII. ,00 ~h ..
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01 =illbj lil}'. iI i, """h roor. likely I<> inu,"' """"," "'''"''''''' tho> " lo,m."''
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CH 2 Models Metaphors and Definitions in Evaluation

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2. MODELS. METAPHORS.

I'f'Oj;mms I>u, lie!'< ~'e <OlIn""

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D.L ' " ,,_ c.F .......... f .

"""'-U C..,. . . . . __ ....... ......._

tloseriplion . juJg"""I>,:lIld reeoouneoo..ion., W. are '''.... that

The <" "", ulum " ,he

G,ut ,,,,, i, ""en to ..., Ihat ,,~'

into COII"i'""n' . inl<rdepeoo"n' part>;.oo. wcckr'>Ite"" ..., ""'il'i'Y can be

ob"',,.... pu, i,.

tft ,,- "-

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,,;>< ""''"''"'' . ...... ,,' ~';," ""mo . (Uoyd. ''''''. p. 03)

We """". prose"1 a ooIlo<1ion of definilion. of P"'!!r:lftl . ..1""600 ru l"" lrom lhe

Of " " ".

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('.~ fur>.ling ..,.")'.

"'<iJ ...oo.. (Srri .... 19001. p. 129-ll)

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