Electromagnetic waves

Dipole moment Charge q oscillating as y(t) produces the same electric field as q/2 moving as y(t) and q/2 moving as y(t) The latter is an oscillating dipole

d y ( t ) = qy( t ) = d 0cos( t )
q d0= 0 0 y 0

Electric field in terms of dipole moment

q E( t ) = a( t r / c ) sin 0 0 0 r c 0 E( t ) = d y ( t r / c ) sin 0 0 0 r c

Current

& I (t ) = q (t ) & = lI (t ) & & d

y

I (t ) = Isin(t )

Electric field in terms of current

lI E (t ) = cos[ (t r / c)]sin 0 0 0 r c

Energy Density

0 0 0 0 U = 0 + E B 0 00 0 0 0 0 U = 0 + 0 E E 0 0 0 c U = 0 E
0

0 c = 0 0
0

Average Energy

E ( x, t ) = E cos(t kx)
E
0

= E /0

0 0 U = 0 E 0

Energy Flux vector

0 0 0 0 r q y0 sin S = U c= 2 r 22 0 0 c 0 r

Radiation pattern

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/01-DipoleRadiation/01-Dipole_320.html

Electric Dipole Oscillator

SPK/SB

Dipole radiation

SPK/SB

 SPK/SB

TV Antenna

Car Antenna

Electromagnetic spectrum

The Radio Milky Way

NRAO Green Bank

Cosmic microwave background fluctuation

Cosmic Background Explorar

Ultraviolet Galaxy

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC

(1,2,0)
x

A dipole of length 1 m is oscillating along y axis (see figure). The frequency of oscillating current, driving the dipole is 3x106 radian/sec .The amplitude of the current is 2A. Find the magnitude and the direction of field at (1,2,0)

x z

Magnitude of the electric field

Il sin E= 0 0 0 c r

Il r sin E= 0 0 0 0 c r

Accelerating charge gives rise to radiation Sinusoidal motion of charge gives rise to electromagnetic radiation gives rise to plane electromagnetic wave at a large distance. The direction of electric field, magnetic field and propagation are mutually perpendicular to each other. Electric and magnetic field are in phase.

1. FEYNMAN LECTURES ON PHYSICS VOL I Author : RICHARD P FEYNMAN, IIT KGP Central Library Class no. 530.4 2. OPTICS Author: EUGENE HECHT IIT KGP Central Library Class no. 535/Hec/O Images from Astra's Stellar Cartography Demo