Page 1 of 12

Name: Teiyuri Aoshima ID Number: 1124136

Quiz Section: BF Lab Partner: Lina Do

Chem 162 Experiment #2: Chemical Kinetics

Part I: A Clock Reaction Part II: Crystal Violet-Hydroxide Reaction Note: All sections of this report must be typed.

By signing below, you certify that you have not falsified data, that you have not plagiarized any part of this lab report, and that all calculations and responses other than the reporting of raw data are your own independent work. . Failure to sign this declaration will result in 5 points being deducted from your report score. Signature:

Grading: 60 pts.

(Lab notebook pages are worth 5 pts - total for report and notebook is 65 pts)

Purpose and Method

Part I: Clock Reaction (3 pts) (purpose, reactions/rate law, method)
The pupose part of one of lab is to use the method of initial rates in order to determine the orders for BrO3-, I-, and H+ in the respectful chemical reaction as well as the rate constant and activation energy of the reaction. This reaction thiosulfate added so that the time of reaction may be recorded. The orders are found by through experimentation. Three sets of four reactions are conducted in which each set has only one species that does not remain constant. By finding the rate of each of these twelve reactions and comparing the log of this rate to the log of the species whose concentration changes, we can obtain the order of the species in the reaction by setting it equal to the slope of log(rate) versus log(concentration). Once these orders are found, the rate constant can be found by plugging in the values from any run, but in this lab we use runs 2, 6, and 10 because they are identical runs with slightly different outcomes. The activation energy is then found through the Arrhenius equation that compares the change in k as a dependance on temperature. The activation energy for the reaction with a catalyst is found by using the same Arrhenius equation on the two runs that had a catalyst added to it.

Part II: Crystal Violet-Hydroxide Reaction (3 pts) (purpose, reactions/rate law, method)
In part two of this experiment, the goal is to find the complete rate law through the use of integrated rate laws. In part two of this lab, the rate law for the reaction between crystal violet and OH- will be determined through the use of Beers law and our knowledge of integrated rate laws. Because integrated rate laws work for systems with one reactant, this part of the lab requires the use of pseudo rate constants in which the concentration of OH- is assumed to be constant. With this in mind, the absorbance vs concentration of CV+ data will generate a straight line. The slope of this line is the molar absorptivity that is needed to calculate the concentration of CV+ at each time in the abosrbance data for experiments run one to four. Once the concentration for CV+ are determined one can calculate the natural log of the concentrations as well as one divided by the concentrations and then make threee graphs of time vs concentration, time vs ln[concentration] and time vs 1/ concentration. Of these three plots the one that gives the straight line will determine the order of CV+ for that particular run. The pseudo rate constant is then equal to either the positive or negative slope depending on which order CV+ is in the particular run. The order of OH- is then found by plotting ln(k') vs ln(OH-) and the slope of this line is the order of OH- while the antilog of the y intercept is the value of the rate constant.

Page 2 of 12

Data, Calculations and Graphs

Stock Solutions Soln. S2O3 I
2-

Conc. 0.0005 0.010 0.040 0.100

Units M M M M D Time sec. 150.06 94.125 70.67 45 178.3 106.5 57.25 43.7 298 85.3 41.47 28 280 14 28 Rate M/s 1.1 x 10 1.8 x 10 2.4 x 10 3.7 x 10 9.3 x 10 1.6 x 10 2.9 x 10 3.8 x 10 5.6 x 10 2.0 x 10 4.0 x 10 6.0 x 10 6.0 x 10 1.2 x 10 6.0 x 10
-7 -7 -7 -7 -8 -7 -7 -7 -8 -7 -7 -7 -8 -6 -7

BrO3 HCl

Experiment Run # 1 2** 3 4 5 6** 7 8 9 10** 11 12 13 14* 15* H2 O mL 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.75 0.75

Test Tube #1 S2O3 mL 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
2-

Test Tube #2 I
-

Temp.
+

BrO3 mL 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Celsius C 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.50 0.25 0.25 26.7 25.98 25.475 25.4 23.5 24.57 24.9 24.85 24.67 24.4 24.85 24.7 0 27 0

mL

mL 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

* Measurements made with a drop of 1.0 mM Ammonium Molybdate ** Repeated measurements for calculating k and Ea A drop of 1% Starch indicator solution is included in each run.

Type a sample calculation for the "Rate" here: (2 pts) For run 1: rate = [S2O32-] 6t 0.005M x 0.005L = 2.5 x 10-7 mol S2O32[S2O32-] = 7.5 x + 5.0 x [S2O32-] = 1.0 x 10-4 M rate = 1.0 x 10-4 M 6 x 150.06 s rate = 1.1 x 10-7 M/s 10-4 2.5 x 10-7 mol + 2.5 x 10-4 + 5.0 x 10-4 + 5.0 x 10-4

10-4

Page 3 of 12

Reaction Order Determination for IExperiment Run # Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Temp Celsius 26.7 25.98 25.475 25.4 S2O3 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10
2-

Initial Concentrations (M) I 1.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 3.0 x 10 4.0 x 10

-

Time BrO3
-

Rate M/sec
-7 -7 -7 -7

sec

-4 -4 -4 -4

-3 -3 -3 -3

0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10

-3 -3 -3 -3

150.06 1.1 x 10 94.125 1.8 x 10 70.67 2.4 x 10 45 3.7 x 10

1 pt

Type your calculation for the concentration of BrO3- here: 0.040M x 0.0005L = 2 x 10-5 mol 2 x 10-5 mol 0.0025 L (total volume of all species used) = 8 x 10-3 M HINT BOX
Recall that since BrO3- and H+ where held constant, the rate law takes on the following form: Rate = B[I-]i Therefore, a plot of log(Rate) vs. log(I-) will yield a straight line with a slope equal to i, the order of the reaction with respect to I-.
X-axis log(I-) Y-axis log(Rate)

1 pt

-3.0 -2.7 -2.5 -2.4

-7.0 -6.7 -6.6 -6.4

Place your plot relating to the reaction order for I- here (cover this instruction box so that your graph is an appropriate size). y = 0.9286x - 4.2143 R = 0.9657 Refer to the box above for hints. -6.3 Properly label your -3.0 (labels for axes, including units, -2.7 a title). -2.6 graph and -3.1 -2.9 -2.8 -2.5 -2.4 -2.3 -2.2 -6.4

log(I-) versus log(rate) for Iodide Ion

2 pts

Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clicking on one of the data points on your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab asks what type of trendline you wish to use, and -6.5 the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R2 value.

log (rate)

-6.6 -6.7 -6.8 -6.9 -7.0

log (I-)
)Order with respect to I -: 1 (round to nearest whole number

-7.1

1 pt

Page 4 of 12

Reaction Order Determination for BrO3Experiment Run # Run 5 Run 6 Run 7 Run 8 Temp Celsius 23.5 24.57 24.9 24.85 S2O3 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10
2-

Initial Concentrations (M) I 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10

-

Time BrO3
-

Rate M/sec 178.3 9.3 x 10 106.5 1.6 x 10 57.25 2.9 x 10 43.7 3.8 x 10
-8 -7 -7 -7

sec

-4 -4 -4 -4

-3 -3 -3 -3

0.020 4.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 1.2 x 10 0.020 1.6 x 10

-3 -3 -2 -2

2 pts

X-axis log(BrO3 ) -2.4 -2.1 -1.9 -1.8

Y-axis log(Rate) -7.0 -6.8 -6.5 -6.4

Place your plot relating to the reaction order for BrO 3- here (cover this instruction box so that 3 your graph is an appropriate size). y = 1.0238x - 4.5762 R = 0.9676 Properly label your graph (labels for axes, including units, and a title). -6.3 Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clicking on one of the data points on -2.5 -2.4 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab asks what type of trendline you wish to -6.4 2

log(BrO ) versus log(rate) for Bromate Ion

2 pts

use, and the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R value.

-6.5

log(rate)

-6.6 -6.7 -6.8 -6.9 -7.0

log(BrO3-)
Order with respect to BrO3-: 1

-7.1

(round to the nearest whole number)

1 pt

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Reaction Order Determination for H+

Experiment Run # Run 9 Run 10 Run 11 Run 12 Temp Celsius 24.67 24.4 24.85 24.7 S2O3 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10
2-

Initial Concentrations (M) I 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10

-

Time BrO3
-

Rate M/sec 298 5.6 x 10 85.3 2.0 x 10 41.47 4.0 x 10 28 6.0 x 10

-8 -7 -7 -7

sec

-4 -4 -4 -4

-3 -3 -3 -3

0.010 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10 0.030 8.0 x 10 0.040 8.0 x 10

-3 -3 -3 -3

2 pts

X-axis + log(H ) -2.0 -1.7 -1.5 -1.4

Y-axis log(Rate) -7.3 -6.7 -6.4 -6.2

+ Place your plot relating to the reaction order for H+ here (cover this instruction box so that your graph is an appropriate size). y = 1.8095x - 3.6643

log(H ) versus log(rate) for Hydrogen Cation

R = 0.9965 -6.0 Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clicking on one of the data points on -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab asks what type of trendline you wish to -6.2 use, and the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R2 value.
Properly label your graph (labels for axes, including units, and a title).

2 pts

-6.4

log(rate)

-6.6
-6.8 -7.0 -7.2

log(H+)
Order with respect to H+: 2

-7.4 (round to the nearest whole number)

1 pt

Page 6 of 12

Calculation of Rate Constant, k

Experiment Run # Run 2 Run 6 Run 10 S2O3 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 .
2-

Initial Concentrations (M) I

-

Time BrO3
-

Rate M/sec
-7 -7 -7

k
-3 -1

H
-3 -3 -3

sec

-4 -4 -4

2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10

0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10

-3 -3 -3

94.125 1.8 x 10 106.5 1.6 x 10 85.3 2.0 x 10

28 M s 25 M s 31 M s

-3 -1 -3 -1 -3 -1

Average: Std Deviation: Units:

28 M s 3.0 M s
-3 -1 -3 -1

M s

Type your calculation of "k" here: For run 2: rate = k[BrO3-][I-][H3O+]2 1.8 x 10-7M/s = k[8.0 x 10-3M][2.0 x 10-3M][0.020M]2 k = 28. M-3s-1

2 pts

Determination of Activation Energy, Ea

Activation Energy: Uncatalyzed Experiment Run # Ave * Run 13 Temp Celsius 24.98 0 S2O321.0 x 10 1.0 x 10
-4 -4

Initial Concentrations (M) I2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10

-3 -3

Time BrO3sec
-3 -3

Rate M/sec 95.31 1.8 x 10 280 6.0 x 10

-7 -8

H+

0.020 8.0 x 10 0.020 8.0 x 10

1 pt

* Average value from runs # 2,6, & 10.

Type your calculation of Ea here: ln(k2/k1) = (-Ea/R)(1/T2-1/T1) ln(6.0 x 10-8/1.8 x 10-7) = (Ea/-8.3145Jmol-1k-1)(1/273.15k - 1/298.13k) -1.099 = -0.000037 J-1mol (Ea) Ea = 29778J/mol Ea = 29.8 kJ/mol

2 pts

Ea of the uncatalyzed reaction: Activation Energy: Catalyzed with Ammonium Molybdate Calculated from catalyzed runs at different temperatures Experiment Run # Run 14 Run 15 Temp Celsius 27 0 S2O321.0 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-4 Initial Concentrations (M) I2.0 x 10 2.0 x 10
-3 -3

Ea =

29.8 kJ

2 pts

Time BrO3sec
-3 -3

Rate M/sec 14 1.2 x 10 28 6.0 x 10

-6 -7

H+

0.010 8.0 x 10 0.010 8.0 x 10

1 pt

Ea of the catalyzed reaction:

Ea =

17.50 kJ

2 pts

Page 7 of 12

Part II: Crystal Violet-Hydroxide Reaction

Concentration of stock solutions
CV
+ -

1 x 10-4 0.10

M M

l max, CV

565

nm

OH

Volume of CV+ stock solution needed to make 25 mL of 1.0 x 10-5 M CV+ is

CV
+

Molar Absorptivity Data

Dilution Factor [CV+] (M) Absorbance

2.5

mL

10.0 4.0 2.0 1.0

1.0E-06 2.5E-06 5.0E-06 1.0E-05

5.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.0E-01

1 pt

HINT BOX: Before you proceed, make sure you understand what you are doing here. Please refer to the "Intro" document in the Prelab section of the Experiment 2 website for a detailed explanation of the approach we are taking for this part of the lab. You will first evaluate the data for the CV+ standards to obtain a 6.0E-01 y = 50142x - 0.0029 value for Molar Absorptivity that you will then use to convert Absorbance data to [CV+] (Remember:

Concentration of Crystal Violet versus Abosrbance for Beer's Law

A=ebc)

5.0E-01

R = 0.998

Absorbance

When working with linear relationships, i.e. straight line plots, one can utilize the "slope" and "intercept" functions in Excel. These are a part of a linear regression function, and calculate the slope of the "best 4.0E-01 fit line" for a given set of data and the point at which the best fit line for the data will cross the y-axis (yintercept). To use these functions, click on the cell in which you want the result to appear, B337 for the 3.0E-01 slope and B338 for the y-intercept, and enter the following:
=slope(H305:H308,G305:G308)

2.0E-01 1.0E-01

=intercept(H305:H308,G305:G308) H305:H308 represent the cells that contain your y-data, and G305:C:308 represent your x-data. This is a short cut to creating an actual plot of the data and generating the trendline equation of y = mx + b.

0.0E+00
You will create three plots on page 9, using the data from run 1 below, to determine the order of the 0.0E+00 2.0E-06 4.0E-06 6.0E-06 8.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.2E-05 reaction with respect to CV+. If the plot of [CV+] vs t is the most linear, the order will be 0. If plotting

[CV-] (M)

Slope and Y-intercept for Absorbance vs. [CV+] slope y-int

50142 2.900E-03 Molar Absorptivity, e

50142

M-1cm-1

2 pts

Run Number 1 2 3 4

NaOH (mL) 2 1.5 1 0.5

DI water (mL) 0.5 1 1.5 2

CV+ (mL) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

mLTotal 3 3 3 3

[CV+]0, M 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 5.00E-06

[NaOH]0, M 0.0667 0.0500 0.0333 0.0167

*Final [CV+] and [NaOH]

Page 8 of 12

For the data below place your plots to determine the order with respect to [CV+] on the next page and be sure to identify which one you are using to determine the order of the reaction (enter the order in column "I" next to the appropriate plot and update any column/table titles that contain "?"). Run 1 Run 2 2 pts
Time (s) 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97 107 117 Absorbance 0.567 0.565 0.518 0.437 0.401 0.353 0.311 0.275 0.243 0.223 0.196 0.173 [CV+]t 1.13E-05 1.13E-05 1.03E-05 8.72E-06 8.00E-06 7.04E-06 6.20E-06 5.48E-06 4.85E-06 4.45E-06 3.91E-06 3.45E-06 Ln[CV+]t -11.391 -11.391 -11.483 -11.650 -11.736 -11.864 -11.991 -12.114 -12.237 -12.323 -12.452 -12.577 1/[CV+]t 8.850E+04 8.850E+04 9.709E+04 1.147E+05 1.250E+05 1.420E+05 1.613E+05 1.825E+05 2.062E+05 2.247E+05 2.558E+05 2.899E+05 Time (s) 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 108 128 148 Absorbance 0.230 0.228 0.206 0.188 0.172 0.157 0.143 0.132 0.121 0.102 0.086 0.071 [CV+]t 4.59E-06 4.55E-06 4.11E-06 3.75E-06 3.43E-06 3.13E-06 2.85E-06 2.63E-06 2.41E-06 2.03E-06 1.72E-06 1.42E-06 ln[CV+]t -12.292 -12.300 -12.402 -12.494 -12.583 -12.674 -12.768 -12.849 -12.936 -13.107 -13.273 -13.465

Type an example calculation for determining the CV+ concentration from the absorbance data: A=Ebc where E is the molar absortivity for run one, time 7s 0.567 = (50142M-1cm-1)(1cm)(c) c= [CV+] = 1.13 x 10-5 M

ln([CV+]) vs. time slope -0.0114

Psuedo-rate constant ln([CV+]) vs. time k', Run 1 1.14E-02 slope -0.0086

Psuedo-rate constant
k', Run 2 8.60E-03

2 pts

Page 9 of 12

Place your plot of [CV+] vs time here (cover this instruction box so that your graph is an1.20E-05 appropriate size).
Properly label your graph (labels for axes, including units, and a title).

Plot of [CV+] vs Time for Run One

2 pts

1.00E-05

y = -8E-08x + 1E-05

[CV+]t (M)

Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clicking on one of the data R = 0.9755 points on your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab asks what type of 8.00E-06 to use, and the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R2 value. trendline you wish

6.00E-06 4.00E-06 2.00E-06 0.00E+00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (s)

Place your plot of ln[CV+] vs time here (cover this instruction box so that your graph is an appropriate size). -11.200 Properly label 0 your graph20 (labels for axes, including units, and a title). 100 40 60 80 120 140 -11.400 Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clickingy = one of on -0.0114x - 11.226 the -11.600 on your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab = 0.9934 data points R

Plot of ln[CV+] vs Time for Run One

ln[CV+] (M)

asks what type of trendline you wish to use, and the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R2 value. -11.800

-12.000 -12.200 -12.400 -12.600 -12.800

Time (s)

Place your plot of 1/[CV+] vs time here (cover this instruction box so that your graph is an appropriate size).

Plot of 1/[CV+] vs Time for Run One

Properly label your graph (labels for axes, including units, and a title).

3.500E+05

Include a trendline and its equation and R2 value on your graph. This is done by right-clicking on one of the data3.000E+05 points on your graph and choosing "Add Trendline" from the drop down menu. The first tab asks what type of trendline you wish to use, and the Options tab allows you to include the trendline equation and R2 y = 1840.2x + 50583 value.

1/[CV+] (M)

2.500E+05 2.000E+05

R = 0.9611

1.500E+05
1.000E+05 5.000E+04 0.000E+00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time (s)

Page 10 of 12

Run 3 Time (s) 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 89 109 129 149 Absorbance 0.136 0.180 0.163 0.149 0.136 0.125 0.115 0.095 0.075 0.065 0.052 [CV+]t 2.71E-06 3.59E-06 3.25E-06 2.97E-06 2.71E-06 2.49E-06 2.29E-06 1.89E-06 1.50E-06 1.30E-06 1.04E-06 ln[CV+]t -12.819 -12.537 -12.637 -12.727 -12.819 -12.903 -12.987 -13.179 -13.410 -13.553 -13.776

Run 4 Time (s) 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 107 127 147 167 187 207 227 247 Absorbance 0.183 0.223 0.210 0.198 0.188 0.178 0.165 0.157 0.150 0.139 0.126 0.114 0.103 0.092 0.084 0.076 0.068 [CV+]t 3.65E-06 4.45E-06 4.19E-06 3.95E-06 3.75E-06 3.55E-06 3.29E-06 3.13E-06 2.99E-06 2.77E-06 2.51E-06 2.27E-06 2.05E-06 1.83E-06 1.68E-06 1.52E-06 1.36E-06 ln[CV+]t -12.521 -12.323 -12.383 -12.442 -12.494 -12.549 -12.625 -12.674 -12.720 -12.797 -12.895 -12.996 -13.098 -13.211 -13.297 -13.397 -13.508

2 pts

ln([CV+]) vs. time slope -0.0084

Psuedo-rate constant ln([CV+]) vs. time k', Run 3 8.40E-03 slope -0.0048

Psuedo-rate constant
k', Run 4 4.80E-03

2 pts

Reaction Order Determination for OHHINT BOX

Recall: rate = k[CV+]c[OH-]o = k'[CV+]c, where k'=k[OH-]o therefore, ln(k') = ln(k) + ln([OH-]o) and since ln([OH-]o) = o*ln[OH-] the following equation will yield a straight line: ln(k') = o*ln([OH-]) + ln(k) Comparing to y = mx+b y = ln(k'), x = ln([OH-]), b = ln(k) The slope of the line gives the order of the rxn m=o and the rate constant is found by taking the anti-log of the y-intercept.

Run #
1 2 3 4

[OH-]
0.0667 0.0500 0.0333 0.0167

k'
1.14E-02 8.60E-03 8.40E-03 4.80E-03

ln[OH-]
-2.708 -2.996 -3.402 -4.092

ln(k')
-4.474 -4.756 -4.780 -5.339

2 pts ln(k') vs. ln([OH-]) slope 0.5842 y-int -2.9096

Order w.r.t. [OH-], o Rate Constant, k Units on k M s

1 5.450E-02
-1 -1

2 pts

Page 11 of 12

Results and Discussion Part I

1. Based on your data, write out the complete rate law including value and units for the rate constant. (1 pt) Rate = 28M-3s-1[BrO3-][I-][H3O+]2 2. The literature values for the reaction orders are 1 for BrO3- and I- and 2 for H+ Compare the accuracy of your orders to these literature values. (Calculate the % error.) Discuss your most likely sources of error. (2 pts) When the experimental values of my orders are rounded to the nearest number then the percent error of my orders are zero. However when the non rounded values are used: I-: abs((0.9286-1)/1) x 100= 7.14%; BrO3-: abs((1.0238-1)/1) x 100= 2.38% H+: abs((1.8095-2)/2) x 100= 9.53% The percent errors for the threee species are not too large although I- and H+ are bigger than the ideal 5%. My largest source of error would be stopping the stop watch after the reaction has turned more blue than the color indicator. This would cause a larger time to be recorded and thus when calculating the rate, a slower rate would be calculated and thus would affect the determination of the order when graphing the natural log of the concentration and the natural log of the rate. Another source of error would be to stop the stop watch too early and thus this would have the opposite effect in that a fast time would recorded and thus this would lead to the calculation of a faster rate which would affect the determination of orders. 3. How do the activation energies for the catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction compare (include a % difference in your discussion)? Is this in line with what is expected? (2 pts) %difference = value 1 - value 2/ (average) %difference = (29.8 kJ- 17.5 kJ) /(23.65kJ)x 100 = 52.0% There is a 52% difference between the catalyzed an uncatalyzed reactions and this is in line with what is expected. A catalyst is a substance that will lower a reaction's activation energy by finding a pathway that requires less energy. For this reason it is expected that the catalyzed reaction will have a much lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction and in this case the difference of 52% is valid.

Part II
1. Based on your data, write out the complete rate law including value and units for the rate constant. The literature values of the orders with respect to CV+ are and OH - are 1 and 1 respectively. How do your values compare? (2 pts) Rate = 5.42 x 10-2 M-1s-1[CV+][OH-] My order for CV+ is one for all four of the runs made during part two of the lab and thus the order is one for CV+ and this is exactly what the literature value is. However, my order for OH- is one only when I round it up from 0.5842. In this case this percent error= abs((0.5842-1)/1) x 100 which equals 41.58% which is a very larger percent error. 2. Discuss your largest source of error in Part II. (2 pts) The largest source of error I could have made in part two of this lab occured during the part where every ten seconds, the absorption values for CV+ is recorded. Most likely, my timing between recording these values and recording the time at which the values are recorded were off and thus this would affect the slope of the graphs of the fours runs which would determind the value of K'. If the value of K' is affected by this then when graphing the ln(k') versus the ln[OH-] one will end up with a graph in which the value of the slope is affected thus giving is large error in the order of OH-. Another source of error would be an error in creating the diluted CV+ solutions which would cause a discrepency in the absorption data.

Laboratory Waste Evaluation (1 pt)

Laboratory waste is considered anything generated during an experiment that is disposed of down the sewer drain, thrown in the garbage, collected in a container for disposal by the UW Environmental Health & Safety department, or released into the environment. Based on the written lab procedure and your actions during the lab, list the identity and approximate amount (mass or volume) of waste that you generated while performing this experiment.
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9mL of 0.0005M Na2S2O3; 9mL of 0.010 M KI 9mL of 0.040 M KBrO3; 9mL of 0.100 M HCl 3mL of color comparison solution; about 14 drops of starch indicator about two drops of molybdate; about 250mL beaker worth of ice 6mL of 1.0 x 10-4M CV+ solution; 10mL of 0.1M NaOH about 200mL of DI water

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