CODES This class involves letter coding, number coding, substitution ands mixed letter.

A system of signals is known as a code. Coding is the method of transmitting a message between the sender and the receiver without the third person knowing it. It is set up to judge the candidates ability to decipher the rule that codes a particular word/message. Type 1: Letter Coding Here the real alphabets in a word are replaced by certain other alphabets according to a specific rule to form its code. It is required to detect the common rule. Example 1: In a certain language, if MADRAS is coded as NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded? 1] CPNCBX 2] CPNCBZ 3] CPOCBZ 4] CQOCBZ Solution : M A D R A S +1 N B E S B T Clearly, each letter in the word Madras is moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code. So in BOMBAY, B will be coded as C,O as P,M as N, B as C. Thus the code becomes CPNCBZ. Hence, [2]. Example 2: In a certain code SIKKIM is written as THLJJL. How is TRAINING written in that code? 1] SQBHOHOH 2] UQBHOHOF 3] UQBJOHHO 4] UQBJOHOH Solution: H J L +1 S -1 I +1 K -1 K +1 I -1 M T L J Clearly, the letters in the word SIKKIM are moved alternately one step forward and one step backward to obtain the letters of the code. So TRAINING will be coded as UQBHOHOF? Example 3:If in a certain language NEOMAN is coded as OGRQFT, which word will be coded a ZKCLUP? 1] YJBKTD 2] XIAJSN 3] YIZHPJ 4] YIAQKJ Solution N A O MB P O N C Q E P O D R N F Q P E S O G R Q F T Hence, [3] Type 2 : Number Coding Example 4: If SPAIN is written as 68512 And FRANCE is written as 795243, how is AFRICA coded? 1] 578915 2] 579145 3] 579235 4] 579845 Solution : Clearly the alphabets are coded as shown: S P A I N F R C E 6 8 5 1 2 7 9 4 3 A is coded as 5, F as 7, R as 9, I and C as 1,4. Hence, AFRICA is coded as 579145. Hence, [2]. Example 5: If Z = 52 and ACT = 48, then BAT will be equal to

1] 39 2] 41 3] 44 4] 46 Solution : In the given code A = 2, B = 4, C = 6,Z = 52 So ACT = 2 + 6 + 40 = 48 BAT = 4 + 2 + 40 = 46. Hence , [4]. Example 6: If MACHINE is coded as 19-7-9-14-15-20-11, How will you code DANGER? 1] 10-7-20-13-11-24 2] 11-7-2016-11-24 3] 13-7-20-9-1125 4] 13-7-20-10-11-25 Solution: Putting A = 7, B = 8, C = 9. X = 30, Y = 31, Z = 32 we have, MACHINE = 19-7-9-14-15-20-11 Similarly, DANGER = 10-7-20-13-11-24. Hence, [1]. Example 7: In a certain code, 3456 is coded as ROPE, 15526 is coded as APPLE then how is 54613 codes? 1] RPPEO 2] ROPEA 3] POEAR 4] PARED Solution: The numbers are coded as follow: 3 4 5 6 1 2 RO PE A L Hence , 54613 is coded as POEAR. Hence, [3]. Type 3: The numbers are coded as letters. Mathematical Operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication or division are carried out on these coded numbers. Using basic number logic, one can decode the given code. Example 8: In the correctly worked out addition problem at the right, each letter represents a different digit. What is the value of A ? 2A +B2 D2C Solution: As two numbers of two digits are added, the value of D must be l. Also the addition 2 + B generates a carryover that implies the value of B is 9 and there is carry over from previous operation i.e., A + 2 = C. To generate a carry case C and D will have same value. Hence A = 8 and C = 0 . The operation is 28+92 =120 Example 9: In the correctly worked out multiplication problem at the right each letter represents a different digit. What is the value of T?

1] 5 2] 4 3] 3 4] 2 Solution : R has to be 0 As Q + Q given last digit as 0, Q = 5. Also Q P i.e., 5 P gives units digit as 0 and the number P5 5 is a two digit number. P is 2. The problem becomes

T = 3. Hence, [3]. EXERCISE 1 DIRECTIONS for questions I to 7 : Refer to that data below and answer the questions that follow. 1. If PEOPLE is coded as PLPOEE, how is TREND CODED ? 1] TREDN 2] DNERT 3] NDETR 4] TNERD 2. If in a certain code, MACHINE is coded as LBBIHOD, which word would be coded as SLTMFNB? 1] RKSLEMA 2] TKULGMC3] RMSNEOA 4]TMUNGOC 3. If in a certain code COVET is written as GRYHW, which word would be written as SHDUO? 1] QUAKE 2] REPAY 3] VKGXR 4] PEARL 4. If REASON is coded as 5 and BELIEVED as 7, what is the code number for GOVERNMENT? 1] 6 2] 8 3] 9 4] 10 5. If MASTER is coded as 411259 , then POWDER will be coded as 1] 765439 2] 765439 3] 765459 4] 765549 6. If in a certain language, 943 is coded as BED and 12448 is coded as SWEET, how is 492311 coded in that language ? 7. In the correctly worked out multiplication problem below, each letter represents a different digit . What is the value of M?

1]1 2] 2 3] 4 4] 5 8. In the correctly worked out multiplication problem below, each letter represents a different digit what is the value of P ?

1] 3

2] 4

3] 5

4] 6

NUMERICAL LOGIC Numerical logic is presently one of the main focus areas in most of the competitive exams. It involves basic concepts of Mathematics. One may be required to apply conditionality also in order to crack the logic. It requires a lot of analytical thinking as the basic logic applied is cryptic. One cannot make a matrix or a set algorithm to solve the problem. The difficulty level of numerical logic problems can very greatly. Some are easy to solve while others require extensive analysis and careful thinking to unravel. Few of the numerical logic problems are the following type: (i) Odd ball or weight problem: There are 81 identical balls but one ball is slightly less in weight so in how many minimum weightings one can sort out the lighter ball. (ii) Some data is fed in a computer and the computer processes it through few steps finally giving an output. (iii) Distribution of money following few constraints. (iv) A game of gambling in which cards are involved. (v) Arranging different numbers in a matrix form following few constraints. This involves basic understanding of numbers. SOLVED EXAMPLES DIRECTIONS for examples 1 to 5: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. Four friends A, B, C and D are playing a card game called FLASH, in which 3 cards are dealt to each player. The card value of each card is the number written on it. The face cards Jack, Queen and King have value 11, 12 and 13 respectively. The Ace card have value one. The players cannot see each others cards. Once a player takes a look at his cards, he can decide whether to continue or quit the game. If the value of each of his cards is less than or equal to 5, he has to quit from the game. The remaining players continue the game in which there could be more than one round. There is a showdown (i.e., the cards are shown to the other players) in which the player with maximum card value is declared the winner. A player quitting the game in any round does not have to pay any penalty. A player can demand for a showdown in any round. In the showdown, the losers have to pay penalty to the winner. If no one calls for show down, the game proceeds in next round. If the showdown is in the first round, the losers have to pay the winner an amount equal to their total card value. But, if the showdown is in the second round, the losers have to pay the winner an amount twice their total card value and so on. Example 1: In the game, A and B quits in the first round while C and D goes into the second round, C decided to have a showdown, in which D is declared the winner. What is the maximum amount that D could receive from C? 1] Rs.37 2] Rs.74 3] Rs.36 4] Rs. 76 Solution: D is declared the winner. The maximum total value of his cards can be 13 +13 +13 = 39, While the maximum total value of Cs cards can be 13 + 12 + 12 = 37. Hence , the maximum amount that D can win from C is 37 2 = 74. Hence,[2]. Example 2: In a game, where no one quits, the showdown is in the first round and B is declared the winner. What is the minimum amount that B can win? 1] 15 2]25 3]27 4]26 Solution: Since no one quits the game, each person should have at least one card of value more than 5. Thus all the three persons will have only one card of face value 6 each and the remaining cards with each person will be any two from 1,1,1,1,2 and 2. Example 3:In a game, A quits as soon as he takes a look at his cards. The total value of Cs cards is double that of Bs total card value. D is declared the winner. What is the maximum total card value that B can have? 1]36 2]19 3]18 4]15 Solution: The maximum total card value any person can have is 39 . Cs total card value will be an even number as it is twice that of B . Which one of the following could be Cs total card value will be 18. Hence, [3]. Note : C cannot have 38 (13 +13 + 12) points as D has 39 points (13 +13 +13).

Example 4:In the game, only A quits. The total card value of D is twice that of C and the total card value of C is twice that of B . Which one of the following could be Cs total card value? 1]17 2]19 3]12 4]16 Solution : Cs total card value has to be an even number since it is twice the total card value of B. If Cs total card value is 12, then Bs total card value will be 6. But B cannot be in the game with a total of six point as a person with each card value less than five has to quit. If Cs total card value is 16, then Bs total card value is 8 i.e., 6 + 1 + 1, which is possible and Ds total card value will be 32 which is again possible . Hence, [3]. Example 5: In the game , only B quits, as his cards did not fulfill the basic requirement whereas A , C and D proceed to the third round. In the third round C calls for a showdown. D who had a total of 30 points, wins the game. None of the players had any face card. Two players had two cards of value 9 each and D won a total of 141. What are the cards with A if C has a card of value one . 1] 9,9,6 2] 9,9,5 3] 9,9,1 4] 9,9,10 Solution: D has a total of 30 points which does not include any face cards . Therefore. The card with D has to be 10,10 and 10. D has won a total of Rs. 1414 in the third round which implies that the total card value of A and C together is 141/3 = 47 / A and C each has two 9 card each , which accounts for a total of 36 points. Of the remaining 11 points, one point is accounted for by Cs 1 ace card. Therefore, the third card with A has to be 10. D 10 10 10 A 9 9 10 C 9 9 1 Hence,[4]. DIRECTIONS for examples 6 to 8: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. Three friends A,B and C respectively have Rs. 160,Rs. 120 and Rs.80 They started playing a game in which the person who has the maximum money gives to both the person an amount equal to half the difference between his amount and the respective persons amount. The game stops when the difference between the amount any two of them has, is less than Rs.5. Example 6: What would be the amount with A at the end of the game ? 1] 117.5 2] 122.5 3] 120 4]125 Example 7: What would be the amount with B at the end of the game ? 1] 115 2] 117.5 3] 120 4]122.5 Example 8: What would be the amount with C at the end of the game? 1] 115 2] 117.5 3] 120 4] 122.5 For answers to examples 6 to 8: A B C 160 120 80 100 120 125 117.5 140 110 120 122.5 120 130 115 120

The game stops here. 6 [1] 7 [4] 8 [3] DIRECTION for questions 9 and 10: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. Rajesh buys 800 bags of sand. All bags weigh 10 gms except one bag. To determine the bag with lesser weight he uses a two pan balance. Jayesh buys 80 bags of sand. All bags except one weigh 100 gms. To determine the bag with lesser weight he uses a spring balance. Example 9: What is the minimum number of weightings that Rajesh requires to determine the faulty bag? 1] 6 2] 7 3] 8 4] 10 Example 9: What is the minimum number of weightings that Jayesh requires to determine the faulty bag? 1] 6 2]7 3]9 4]16 For answers to examples 9-10: 9. 800 bags can be divided as groups of 267 89 89 89 30 30 29 10 10 10 3 3 4 11122 11 Thus 7 weightings are required. Hence, [2]. 10. The 80 bags can distributed in 2 groups of 267 266

40 40 20 20 10 10 55 2 2 1 At the last step 3 weighing are required as a spring balance is used. Minimum number of weighing = 7. Hence, [2]. Note: In a two pan balance we reduce the total number of weights in groups of 3. If numbers of bags is n such that 3a <n< 3a+1 then number of such weightings required. Is a + 1. For a spring balance we reduce into groups of 2. number of bags is n such that 2 a < n < 2 a+1 then number of such weightings required is a + 1. EXERCISE 6 DIRECTIONS for questions 1 to 6: refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow . In Mumbai, there are two types of local trains, fast and slow. The slow trains halt at every stations consecutively and the fast trains only at selected stations in any order. There are ten stations , numbered from 0 to 9 , located in a consecutive order. All the fast trains start from station 0 and the slow trains for any station. All the trains must go from a lower numbered station to higher numbered one. The sum of the numbers of the cities touched by the fast train should always be equal to 9 including the starting station and for the slow train sit should be a multiple of 3, including the starting station. 1. How many different fast trains are possible? 1] 9 2] 8 3] 12 4] More than15 2. How many different slow trains are possible? 1] 21 2] 25 3] 27 4] 24

3. If due to some technical reason train service after station k5 is completely stopped, then how many slow trains are possible? 1] 6 2] 7 3] 8 4] 11 4. If due to some technical reason fast trains cannot stop at station 5, then how many different fast trains are possible? 1] 6 2] 7 3] 8 4] 11 5. If the fast trains cannot stop at any two consecutive stations, then how many different fast trains are possible? 1] 7 2] 3 3] 12 4] 5 6. If the slow trains can only start from station 1, then how many different slow trains are possible? 1] 12 2] 6 3] 4 4] 8 DIRECTIONS for questions 7 to 12: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. In the semifinals of Agha Khan cup, eight different hockey teams qualified. The teams were A, B,C,D,E,F,G and H . Two groups were made having equal number of teams. Each team in a group will play a match against other teams of the same group. Two points were given on a win, one point on a draw and no points on a loss. The team in a group having the maximum points after the semifinals will reach the finals. In case, two teams have the same group . The match between B and C was a draw and the score was 3 each. Against the two other teams, B scored equal number of goals and received goals equal to the goals scored by C. The total goal scored by C was 12 and the total goal received by it was equal to the goals received by E against B plus two. Both E and F lost their matches against C. The match between A and D was a draw but both won against H. H was unable to score any point A and D had equal points. 7. which of the following statements can be true? I. Breached the finals. II. C reached the finals. III. G reached the finals IV. A reached the finals . V. D reached the finals. 1] II,III,V only 2] III,IV,V only 3] I,II,IV only 4] All except I 8. How many goals were scored by E against B? 1] 4 2]5 3] 4 or 5 4] 4 or 6 9. How many goals were scored by B against F? 1] 6 2] 5 3] 4 4] Cannot say 10. If B won the cup, then minimum how many goals it should have scored in the semifinals; keeping all other conditions same? 1] 15 2] 17 3]16 4]18 11. If G won the cup, then how many points it must have scored in the semifinal. 1] 4 2] 5 3] 6 4] Cannot say 12. How many points did F get after the semifinals? 1] 1 2] 2 3] 0 4] Cannot say DIRECTIONS for questions 13 to 14 : Choose the correct alternative. 13. A weight of 13 kgs is to be broken into three parts such that using these all the weights from 1 to 13 can be measured. What can be the values of the three weights? 1]2,3,8 2] 1,3,9 3] 2,5,6 4] 1,4,8 14. There are 27 balls identical in all aspects except one ball which is defective in weight. If a weighing scale is provided weight no weights, then in how many minimum weighting s one can points out the defective ball considering all the possibilities? 1] 5 2] 3 3] 6 4] 4