Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Published by: Working Group for Water Supply

and Sanitation Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Department of Public Works Board of Trustee: Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Environmental Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Water Supply Development, Department of Public Works Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Department of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Department of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Supriyanto, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti Design/Illustrator: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Agus Syuhada Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 http://www.ampl.or.id e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity. This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website at www.apml.or.id

From the Editor Your Voice Headline When drought's gone, it's time for floods 'Rain Harvest' la Gunung Kidul Interview H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Development) Dept. Home Affairs: Allocate Budget of Water Supply For Village Telescope It's all wrong with Bantar Gebang DKI Jakarta Waste Management Master Plan Review Insight Water Supply Development and Poverty PDAM Report Development Strategy From Plato to WSS-BM Policy HIPPAM Failure at Bleberan Village Story Child Scavenger of Bantar Gebang Reportage Communal Composting, Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste Innovation Urinoir without flush Abstract The impact of Water Supply Investment to Economic Growth and Income Distribution in DKI Jakarta Regulation Sludge Treatment Installation ISSDP Corner Choice Model Around Plan Indonesia Plan Indonesia in Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Program Book Info CD Info Around WASPOLA Around WSS WSS Bibliography Agenda IATPI Clinic
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

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F R O M E D I TO R

CREATED BY RUDI KOZ

Happy Eid Mubarak 1427 H

ime goes by. Thanks God we are still blessed with happy day, Iedul Fitri. On this winners' day Percik's crew and all members of WSS secretariate wish you our heartfelt greetings "Selamat Idul Fitri 1427H. Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin. Minal Aidin wal Faizin". Let's hope all of us become purified from sins and keep the purity in the days to come. Dear readers, sadness upon sadness are continuously overwhelming this country. It's now a long dry season that we are experiencing especially in Java and Nusa Tenggara. Community access to water supply declines from the already desperate level. They drink whatever water there is. Availability is always a question. The community have no choice. Whereas the government seems unable to satisfy the demand of the population. Regional Utility (PDAM) Company being the backbone for water supply in the regions is facing its own problem; short of supply to meet the consumers' demand. Therefore, let alone a free service, PDAM itself is still defending itself. Shortly we will be entering the rainy season. This is a blessing, of

course. But to some areas, for example Jakarta, a city of this size rain may become a disaster. Rainfall that we long for may inundate vast areas of the city. Again, the community have no way to escape from it. We will hear again someone saying: "It's nothing unusual." Are we going to take it as something natural and let may happen as it usually does? Actually, drought, flood can be prevented if we want. Both are not natural phenomena that happen all of a sudden. They can be predicted. The question is again, why should it happen? The attention towards is lacking. Maybe the program towards their prevention is still not so popular. That is Indonesia. Readers, besides discussing the main topic on drought and flood, Percik also held an interview with Director General for Regional Development, Department of Home Affairs to find out what is the condition of development in the regions in its relations with water supply and environmental sanitation. In the Teropong column we present to you TPA Bantar Gebang where in last September the waste hill collapsed

taking the lives of several people. In connection with the same condition, in Story column, we present to you the story of a child scavenger who depends his life on the Indonesia's largest TPA. Not to be overlooked, in Reportase column, we bring forward cooperation between a Non Government Organization with a community at the outskirt of Jakarta for a self reliant waste management without adding burden to TPA. With an add-in of flexible ideas fixed to it this management model might be suitable for application in many other communities. Dear Readers, It seems that WSS is still going to be governed many different problems coming up one after another from time to time. New issue appears any time. We have a feeling that all the issues haven't been given sufficient attention by the government. While poor WSS condition directly affects Indonesian people. We hope that something new would come out that may lead us to improvement. Together we can make WSS obtain more attention. God bless us.

Percik

October 2006

Y O U R VO I C E

Motorless Water Pump

I read in Percik website that in Gorontalo they use motorless water pump for their water supply. I would appreciate it if you could provide me with further information about the equipment. Specifically I'd like to know: 1. What steps are taken for installing the equipment? 2. Is there possibility for our community back home to obtain government assistance for such motorless water pump? We would be grateful if equipment like that could be installed for our community in NTT. We have water supply difficulty and I am convinced that this kind of equipment may help our community.
Leonardo FoEnale Surabaya

The Underdeveloped Indonesia

Recently the Asian Development Bank in cooperation with the United Nations published in Manila a report on poverty reduction program by the Asia-Pacific Nations. The report discusses the performance of various nations in the program. The most advanced nations in reducing poverty are China, Malaysia, Thailand, Palau, Vietnam, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Kirgiztan. On the other hand there are several nations that become less committed to reducing poverty. They are Fiji, Kazakhstan, Samoa, and Uzbekistan. The next group of nations work harder, these are India, Aghanistan, Nepal. Finally, the most underdeveloped group in terms of poverty reduction. Members of this group consist of Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. ADB assessment seems to confirm the real situation. The number of our poor population is increasing rather than diminishing. Beggars and vagrants are adding up day after day. Hunger and related diseases remain unhealed. The question is now, where are the government promises to reduce poverty? The same question must also be asked to the political parties and the people's representatives. Where are your promises to improve community wellbeing? Shame to all of you, only government officials, bureaucrates, and people's representatives are prosperous while the common people are getting poorer.
Meddy Chandra Ciputat, Tangerang

For further information about the motorless water pump please contact PT. Tirta Anugrah Nusantara at Hotel Mahadria 4th floor Jl. Ki Mas Jong No. 12 Serang, Banten. Tel. 0254220270/22268 attn. Ade Purnama (CEO). As for financial assistance it is recommended that you contact the involved agency of the regional government. (Editor)

c) Articles on water supply are a bit wanting considering the media deals with water supply. d) Do away with columns on environmental voices, waste and drinking water containing letter from the reader and opinion from the editor and or an expert. e) Column dealing with environment, waste and water supply from neighbouring countries that are worthy of note. Thanks for your attention.
Ir. Agus Sutyoso, MSi CEO PDAM Kota Semarang Jl. Kelud Semarang

Comment and Suggestion

As follow up to Director of Housing and Settlement Systems Bappenas letter No. 5411/Dt.6.3/09/2006 dated 4 September 2006 re Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Information Media we would like to peresent to you the following comment and suggestion: a) Design and layout looks excellent. b) Articles related to environmental sanitation are presented in sufficient quantity.

Thank you for your comment and suggestion. We will take all your comment and suggestion to our consideration. We hope that in the future Percik will improve tomeet the expectation of the readers. In addition, we are also inviting you to conribute articles in accordance with your capacity. We hope your contribution will serve as lesson for other readers (Editor)

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Water Resource in Java

The natural environment of Indonesia is severely degraded. If at one time drought withers every green, next time flood devastates large areas. Whereas all these occurences are actually predictable ahead of time. Should they keep on coming back?

When Drought's Gone, IT'S NOW TIME FOR FLOODS R

ecently, the drought related news is almost daily in print and electronic flash. It is very hard for the communities to get water for daily need even just for drinking. They have to walk for kilometres just for a pail of water, regardless of quality, for drinking and cooking. Each member of the community can only take a little because the limited source has to be shared with so many others. Let's forget

about water for bathing, washing and defecating; it may not be available at all. This picture covers almost the entire island of Java. As far as eyes can see, the areas along the northern coast are completely dry. Leaves fell to the ground. Teak woods standing like construction piles. Withered yellow grass looks miserable. Burned patches of land here and there. Farm lands cracked from dryness. Farming is out of ques-

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

tion. Harvest is impossible. Drought does not only overwhelm the rurals. In some cities water is in limitd quantity. Even for Jakarta, the citizens have complaining lately. Raw water supply for treatment plants is getting lower. Consequently, water supply distribution is retarded. The citizens cannot do much. Luckily they still can buy bottled water, or refill water or water vendor although at a higher price. But what about the poor who are far away from the reach of clean water supply? Like a double edged dagger this drought will shortly be followed with rainy season. To some the blessing from the sky is welcome with gratitude because it irrigates their lands. But to others, rain is a disaster. Flood will come at any moment. The misery from water shortage will change into flood sufferings. It is ironical that flood is coming back year after year. And, the signs of its preventive measures are nowhere to be seen. There is no significant effort mutually undertaken by the stakeholders. Consequently, drought and flood are routines that must be accepted by the common people. Drought as annual schedule Drought that withers vast areas of Java doesn't come all of a sudden. This means that signals of its coming have been sent long before. The calculation of water balance or water equilibrium comparing water demand over availability conducted by Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation Bappenas in 2005 indicates that based on 2003 data some 77 percent of areas outside Jabodetabek will suffer from water deficit between one to eight months. While in Jabodetabek only 50

Table 1 Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience big deficit

No. I. 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. 1 Kabupaten / City J AWA B A R AT Kuningan Cirebon Majalengka Indramayu Kota Bandung Kota Cirebon JAWA TENGAH Magelang River Basin 2003 Cimanuk Cintanduy Cimanuk Cimanuk Cintanduy Citarum Cimanuk Citarum Cimanuk Progo-Opak-Oyo Jratun Seluna Serayu Progo-Opak-Oyo Bengawan Solo Bengawan Solo Bengawan Solo Jratun Seluna Bengawan Solo Jratun Seluna Bengawan Solo Pemali-Comal Serayu Jratun Seluna Pemali-Comal Jratun Seluna Progo-Opak-Oyo Progo-Opak-Oyo Bengawan Solo Progo-Opak-Oyo Bengawan Solo Progo-Opak-Oyo 87.3 % 12.7 % 100.0 % 93.6 % 6.4 % 37.9 % 62.1 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 96.9 % 0.4 % 2.6 % 2.0 % 98.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 25.9 % 74.1 % 44.7 % 55.3 % 99.8 % 0.2 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 41.0 % 100.0 % 86.9 % 13.1 % 98.3 % 1.7 % 100.0 % 2.7 % 97.3 % 100.0 % 12.6 % 87.4 % 100.0 % 0.1 % 99.9 % 0.9 % 99.1 % 100.0 % 2.4 % 97.6 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 2.9 % 0.2 % 9.4 % 87.4 % 100.0 % 64.5 % 35.5 % 90.2 % 9.8 % 100.0 % 6 6 7 7 6 5 7 No. of deficit months 2005 2010 2015 2020 6 6 7 7 6 5 7 6 7 7 7 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 10 5 7 6 7 6 7 11 5 7 2025 7 7 6 7 12 6 7 2003 -9.71 Max. deficit (m3/sec) 2005 2010 2015 2020 -9.81 -10.13 -10.52 2025

-10.96 -11.46 -31.94 -33.85 -12.18 -11.64 -42.80 -41.59 -4.09 -0.81 -4.86 -0.88

-26.75 -27.27 -28.68 -30.23 -14.47 -14.15 -13.42 -12.77 -48.99 -48.13 -46.11 -44.33 -1.94 -0.61 -2.16 -0.63 -2.76 -3.40 -0.69 -0.74

-25.72 -25.85 -26.20 -26.59

-27.05 -27.57

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 III. 1 2 3 4 IV. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 V. 1 2

Klaten Sukoharjo Karanganyar Sragen Blora Pekalongan Kota Semarang Kota Pekalongan Temanggung D I Y O G Y A K A R TA Bantul Gunung Kidul Sleman

8 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 7 6 7 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 5 N/A N/A

8 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 7 6 7 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 6 N/A N/A

8 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 7 6 7 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 7 N/A N/A

8 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 7 6 7 5 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 7 N/A N/A

8 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 7 6 7 5 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 7 N/A N/A

8 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 5 6 6 8 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 7 7 N/A N/A

-32.57 -32.58 -32.63 -32.71 -16.68 -16.66 -16.64 -16.67 -18.52 -18.44 -18.27 -18.14 -20.64 -20.77 -21.17 -21.66 -12.92 -12.94 -13.00 -13.07 -11.45 -11.48 -11.56 -11.67 -2.40 -2.58 -3.20 -4.05 -1.07 -1.10 -1.18 -1.27 -19.09 -19.13 -19.25 -19.37 -16.33 -16.37 -14.67 -16.63 -5.49 -5.48 -5.47 -5.45 -21.89 -21.95 -22.13 -22.34 -0.85 -0.83 -0.79 -0.75

-32.83 -32.99 -16.75 -16.91 -18.04 -17.97 -22.27 -23.03 -13.14 -13.22 -11.80 -11.94 -5.20 -6.76 -1.38 -1.51 -19.51 -19.66 -16.82 -17.07 -5.44 -5.42 -22.57 -22.84 -0.70 -0.66

3 4 5 6

Kota Yogyakarta JAWA TIMUR Ponorogo K. Brantas Bengawan Solo Sidoarjo K. Brantas Madiun & Kota Madiun K. Brantas Bengawan Solo Magetan Bengawan Solo Ngawi Jratun Seluna Bengawan Solo Bojonegoro K. Brantas Bengawan Solo Tuban Bengawan Solo Lamongan K. Brantas Bengawan Solo Bangkalan Madura Pamekasan Madura Sumenep Madura Sampang Madura J A B O D E TA B E K DKI Jakarta Ciliwung-Cisadane Bogor & Depok & Kota Bogor Ciujung-Climan Cisadea-Cikuningan Citarum Ciliwung-Cisadane Tangerang & Kota Tangerang Ciliwung-Cisadane Bekasi & Kota Bekasi Ciliwung-Cisadane Citarum Serang & Kota Cilegon Ciujung-Ciliman Ciliwung-Cisadane Karawang & Purwakarta Citarum

-28.93 -28.77 -28.41 -28.07 -15.53 -15.82 -16.78 -18.19 -28.34 -28.25 -28.02 -27.79 -32.62 -32.87 -33.52 -34.19 -42.28 -43.77 -47.73 -52.03 -25.46 -25.51 -25.68 -25.89 -26.87 -26.46 -25.47 -24.54 -56.23 -55.62 -54.20 -52.95 -12.08 -13.07 -16.52 -10.42 -0.2 -2.0 -12.11 -13.04 -16.35 -10.77 -1.5 -2.6 -12.23 -12.98 -15.95 -11.81 -4.9 -4.5 -12.38 -12.94 -15.57 -13.13 -8.7 -7.1

-27.76 -27.50 -20.16 -22.89 -27.57 -27.35 -34.87 -35.56 -56.69 -61.77 -26.16 -26.51 -23.65 -22.82 -51.90 -51.09 -12.58 -12.90 -15.21 -14.80 -13.1 -10.5 -12.81 -12.88 -14.88 -16.90 -18.0 -15.0

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

-3.9 -

-4.5 -

-6.6 -

-9.2 -0.9 -

-12.7 -4.0 -

-17.3 -3.2 -8.3 -2.2

N/A: Not Available

Source: Result of analysis by Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation Bappenas

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

Chart 1 Water Balance Projection by Kabupaten/Kota of Java and Madura

Source: result of analysis

= Normal = No deficit

= Low deficit = Medium deficit

percent will suffer the deficit. The figures were derived from calculating water availability factor of the catchment area (representing surface water availability) and regional water demand (covering water demand for domestic, urban activity, industrial, fish farming, animal husbandry, and irrigation). Water balance of 2003 indicates that the total water demand for Java and Bali is 38,4 billion m3 during the dry season. The demand can be satisfied only up to 25,3 m3 or about 66 percent. It is estimated the deficit will be higher in 2020 as a consequence of population growth and increasing economic activity. In general, drought is caused by three influencing factors, namely global climatic changes such as deviation of rainy and dry seasons from the usual pattern and other climatic changes, environmental factor, and water resources management and infrastructures. Specifically, the causes of dryness other than global climatic changes include: 1. Damages in the catchment area that reduces water catchment carrying capacity; 2. Low performing water resource infrastructures; 3. Excessive underground water exploitation that cause lower groundwater table, land subsidence, and salt water intrusion; 4. Poor hydrological management. Water balance is divided into 4 classes: normal, low deficit, medium deficit, big deficit. Normal condition when there is no deficit month within a given year. If there are 3 deficit months in a year it is called low deficit. Four to six months medium deficit. More than six months is categorized as big deficit. Table 1 shows us areas with big deficit. If this condition prevails, meaning

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

Table 2 Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience drinking water deficit

No. I. 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. 1 2 3 4 III. 1 2 3 IV. 1 2 3 4 V. 1 Kabupaten / Kota JAWA BARAT Kuningan Cirebon Majalengka Indramayu Kota Bandung Kota Cirebon JAWA TENGAH Magelang Klaten Sragen Kota Semarang DI YOGYAKARTA Bantul Sleman Kota Yogyakarta JAWA TIMUR Bangkalan Pamekasan Sumenep Sampang JABODETABEK Bogor & Depok & Kota Bogor River Basin Cimanuk Cintanduy Cimanuk Cimanuk Cintanduy Citarum Cimanuk Citarum Cimanuk Progo-Opak-Oyo Jratun Seluna Serayu Progo-Opak-Oyo Bengawan Solo Jratun Seluna Bengawan Solo Jratun Seluna Progo-Opak-Oyo Progo-Opak-Oyo Bengawan Solo Progo-Opak-Oyo Madura Madura Madura Madura Ciujung-Climan Cisadea-Cikuningan Citarum Ciliwung-Cisadane Ciliwung-Cisadane 87.3 % 12.7 % 100.0 % 93.6 % 6.4 % 37.9 % 62.1 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 96.9 % 0.4 % 2.6 % 2.0 % 98.0 % 25.9 % 74.1 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 98.3 % 1.7 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 2.9 % 0.2 % 9.4 % 87.4 % 100.0 % 2003 -0.51 -1.67 -0.47 -0.17 -0.38 -1.43 -0.08 -0.52 -0.54 -0.47 -0.69 -0.24 2005 -0.54 -1.75 -0.50 -0.23 -0.40 -1.42 -0.11 -0.51 -0.56 -0.50 -0.70 -0.28 Max. deficit (m3/sec) 2010 2015 2020 -0.64 -1.98 -0.55 -0.39 -0.44 -0.09 -1.39 -0.11 -0.18 -0.05 -0.47 -0.64 -0.56 -0.75 -0.38 -0.74 -2.22 -0.61 -0.57 -0.48 -0.35 -1.36 -0.55 -0.26 -0.19 -0.44 -0.72 -0.62 -0.81 -0.49 -0.85 -2.49 -0.67 -0.75 -0.27 -0.53 -0.63 -1.33 -0.30 -1.06 -0.34 -0.35 -0.41 -0.81 -0.69 -0.86 -0.61 2025 -0.96 -2.78 -0.73 -0.95 -0.78 -0.58 -0.94 -1.30 -0.83 -1.63 -0.43 -0.52 -0.38 -0.90 -0.77 -0.92 -0.75 -2.6

Tangerang & Kota Tangerang

-0.2

-3.5

Max. deficit m3/sec)

that no infrastructure intervention is inroduced, it can be expected that water balance deficit will be increasing. Several kabupatens/kota in 2020 are likely to experience an increasing deficit, among others are Kabupaten Ngawi of Bengawan Solo river basin and the city of Surabaya of the Brantas river basin. The projection of water balance condition of Java and Madura is illustrated in Chart 1. Water balance deficit adversely affects water availability. The worst impact will hit agriculture, industry, city population, drinking water, etc. Drinking water supply should be given priority because it is directly related to basic demand for life. Table 2 illustrates the regions that suffer from drinking water deficit and projection up to 2025. Groundwater condition Although currently suffering from dryness, the island of Java actually

maintains groundwater potential. This is because the island has many groundwater basins. There are at least 80 basins spreading along Java and Madura. They are not fully exploited yet. And if any, such as ones in big cities, they are not properly controlled. As a consequence, new problems crop up such as decrease in groundwater quality (Bandung, Semarang), spread of brackish/salt water (Jakarta and Semarang), lower groundwater table (Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang). There is a big groundwater protential. Tables 3 through 8 illustrate groundwater potential by administrative regions. Flood threats It is estimated that rain will start to fall within this month. The blessing from the falling droplets will bring life back to the dry soil. Economic wheels, especially in agriculture sector, will start

rolling again after being idle for some time. But to some regions, there is always anxiety that rain will cause floods. This anxiety grows especially in areas where flooding is a recurring phenomenon. The cause of flooding may vary from region to region. Several factors causing flood are among others sedimentation of river bed, overflow from embankments, poor drainage system, backwater effect, and defective flood control facility. Almost all rivers of Java carry sediment load in big quantity scouring the land along their banks down to the sea. As a result, areas of sediment deposit are built along the river mouth. Sedimentation decreases the river storage capacity. In addition, sand mining in big rivers leads to degradation of river beds. The big water discharge cannot be retained within the water bodies of the lowland area. Water then overflows the embankments putting farmland and the relatively flat areas under water. Embankments built along the river in the upper watershed may protect upper watershed areas from flooding, but it causes more severe threat to lower watershed areas. This is made worse if the drainage system is defective. It still does not say about backwater effect at the upper areas as consequence from changes in current in the lower areas. If backwater happens -at a convulsion of a stream with the main river, damming or river constriction- flood is unavoidable. Flood also happens if the catchment area disappears. Forest clearing and incorrect cropping pattern take part in it. Since there is no more water catchment area, water flows directly into the river. This condition is aggravated in steep riverbanks and in rivers that flush swiftly in to the downstream areas, whereas the retention capacity of these areas such as

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

Table 3 Groundwater Potential in Province of Banten No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kabupaten Pandeglang Lebak Tangerang Serang Kota Tangerang Kota Cilegon Groundwater potential million m3/year 1.112,34 345,40 451,23 631,35 101,09 54,65 m3/sec 35,27 10,95 14,31 20,02 3,21 1,73 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Table 6 Groundwater Potential in Province of Central Java Kabupaten Cilacap Banyumas Purbalingga Banjarnegara Kebumen Purworejo Wonosobo Magelang Boyolali Klaten Sukoharjo Wonogiri Karanganyar Sragen Grobogan Blora Rembang Pati Kudus Jepara Demak Semarang Temanggung Kendal Batang Pekalongan Pemalang Tegal Brebes Kota Magelang Kota Surakarta Kota Salatiga Kota Semarang Kota Pekalongan Kota Tegal Groundwater potential million m3/year 131,75 242,94 160,41 302,72 124,18 58,21 220,69 560,79 245,06 227,35 163,76 348,72 282,55 224,62 342,69 38,67 105,64 329,50 144,86 326,67 380,72 242,80 407,06 288,19 337,67 352,16 301,48 197,20 250,40 5,14 29,44 12,64 146,23 32,95 6,68 m3/sec 4,18 7,70 5,09 9,60 3,94 1,85 7,00 17,78 7,77 7,21 5,19 11,06 8,96 7,12 10,87 1,23 3,35 10,45 4,59 10,36 12,07 7,70 12,91 9,14 10,71 11,17 9,56 6,25 7,94 0,16 0,93 0,40 4,64 1,04 0,21

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Table 4 Groundwater Potential in Province of DKI Jakarta No 1 2 3 4 5 Kabupaten Jakarta Selatan Jakarta Timur Jakarta Pusat Jakarta Barat Jakarta Utara Groundwater potential million m3/year 89,95 111,36 30,75 72,77 79,28 m3/sec 2,85 3,53 0,97 2,31 2,51

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Table 5 Groundwater Potential in Province of West Java No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Kabupaten Bogor Sukabumi Cianjur Bandung Garut Tasikmalaya Ciamis Kuningan Cirebon Majalengka Sumedang Indramayu Subang Purwakarta Karawang Bekasi Kota Bogor Kota Sukabumi Kota Bandung Kota Cirebon Kota Bekasi Kota Depok Groundwater potential million m3/year 1.122,29 1.034,35 849,96 1.514,95 1.528,81 771,38 907,64 391,62 342,94 781,67 883,07 731,53 707,25 253,83 638,68 482,66 87,72 32,82 80,76 10,48 119,63 124,70 m3/sec 35,59 32,80 26,95 48,04 48,48 24,46 28,78 12,42 10,87 24,79 28,00 23,20 22,43 8,05 20,25 15,31 2,78 1,04 2,56 0,33 3,79 3,95

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Table 7 Groundwater Potential in Province of Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) No 1 2 3 4 5 Kabupaten Kulonprogo Bantul Gunungkidul Sleman Kota Yogyakarta Groundwater potential million m3/year 59,75 167,08 297,79 311,88 19,41 m3/sec 1,89 5,30 9,44 9,89 0,62

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Percik

October 2006

HEADLINES

Table 8 Groundwater Potential in Province of East Java No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Kabupaten Pacitan Ponorogo Trenggalek Tulungagung Blitar Kediri Malang Lumajang Jember Banyuwangi Bondowoso Situbondo Probolinggo Pasuruan Sidoarjo Mojokerto Jombang Nganjuk Madiun Magetan Ngawi Bojonegoro Tuban Lamongan Gresik Bangkalan Sampang Pamekasan Sumenep Kota Kediri Kota Blitar Kota Malang Kota Probolinggo Kota Pasuruan Kota Mojokerto Kota Madiun Kota Surabaya Groundwater potential million m3/year 65,71 421,73 10,70 315,34 460,27 595,20 1.178,00 1.088,80 1.695,89 1.642,60 1.034,75 1.170,37 833,08 615,85 264,09 360,32 380,47 454,63 441,68 288,28 441,29 254,97 320,71 319,06 233,58 191,21 154,55 115,55 193,59 26,44 14,20 28,52 23,87 16,43 6,80 12,23 114,39 (m3/sec) 2,08 13,37 0,34 10,00 14,60 18,87 37,35 34,53 53,78 52,09 32,81 37,11 26,42 19,53 8,37 11,43 12,06 14,42 14,01 9,14 13,99 8,09 10,17 10,12 7,41 6,06 4,90 3,66 6,14 0,84 0,45 0,90 0,76 0,52 0,22 0,39 3,63

Chart 2. Flood vulnerable areas in Java Gambar 2. Lokasi Rawan Banjir di Pulau Jawa

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team

Jakarta, Semarang and other big cities is insufficient. Flood becomes unavoidable. According to Dept Public Works flood in Java mostly hit the north and south coasts, basin areas and big cities. In 2002, there were 74 flood occurences inundating 81,9 thousand ha of settlement areas and agricultural lands. The figures increased in 2003 to 91,1 thou-

sand ha of affected areas. The distibution of flood vulnerable areas in Java can be seen in Chart 2. Flood control through infrastructure approach has been practised for a long time. Take a look for instance the North Java Flood Control Project and South Java Flood Control Project in Jawa Tengah, Citarum Flood Control Project south of Bandung, Ciliwung Cisadane Flood Control Project and the construction of Eastern Drainage Canal (BKT) in Jakarta, and urban development projects like Bandung Urban Development Project (BUDP) and Surabaya Urban Development Project (SUDP). However, the acceleration of flood control infrastructure development is unable to cope with magnitude and frequency of the flood. "Flood season" is recurring year after year. Challenges of the Future Water demand for domestic, industrial, city and agriculture purposes are

increasing continuously along with population growth and increasing economic activity. On the other hand, raw water availability is disrupted as consequence of changes in land use pattern that adversely influences hydrological characteristics. This condition is aggravated by the decreasing of environmental carrying capacity as a consequence of degradation of the catchment area. One could expect that drought and flood will come in succession. More than that, some kabupatens/kotas have put on red signal indicating inability to meet the demand of the population. Like it or not, the kabupatens/kotas that currently are critical situation in water supply despite infrastructure and other related interventions, must be prioritized. Besides, it is necessary to make water distribution readjustments among the various demand types, especially for irrigation in Java. This is not an easy thing to do, of course. Indepth study is needed. More than that, water resources management in Java demands synergy and integratedness. The Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation of Bappenas suggests a recommendation for water resources development program on the island of Java divided into priority actions, immediate (short term), medium and long term. The necessary short term action

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HEADLINES
comprises: 1. Land rehabilitation and water resources conservation, through (a) replanting of critical lands with productive tree stands involving the community participation; (b) minimizing sedimentation rate through river bank rehabilitation and stabilization; (c) minimizing flooding time to maximize irrigation water efficiency; and (d) integration of flood management and land rehabilitation programs. 2. Community education in flood and drought mitigation, through (a) building community awareness of flood and drought and ways to manage them; (b) improvement of community alertness in anticipation of flood and drought; (c) water thrifthiness campaign; (d) development of flood early warning system; (e) development of water resources management institution; (f) human resources development in water resources management; (g) water related conflict resolution through water resources management; (h) prevention of land conversion through provision of incentive and issuance of certification; and (i) improvement of the role of land rehabilitation and water conservation institution. Medium priorities needed to sustain the immediate priority programs, among others: 1. Improvement of water use efficiency for regions with high water deficit potential through rehabilitation of irrgation network and efficient water distribution; 2. Rearrangment and control over of sand mining in the river bed; 3. Development of local level forest product industry; 4. Development of IT based land rehabilitation plans; 5. Increase in simple infrastructure design facilitation at local level; and 6. Development of data base on flood and drought in Java including sustainable data management concept. Long term priority covers sustainable drought and flood mitigation planning, among others: 1. Formulation of macro policy and strategy for integrated, cross sector and inter-regional implementation; 2. Development of long term financing scenario from various different sources with emphasis on funds directly raised from within the communities; and 3. Development of community based infrastructure O&M. The program may work if it is supported with a strong commitment from the stakeholders. Otherwise, Indonesian condition will become worse. Now it is up to us. MJ

'Rain Harvest'
la Gunung Kidul

he village of Bunder, Kecamatan Patok, Gunung Kidul, YogTraditinally the area was

water for agriculture can be resolved. This retention technique can also be used effectively to reduce velocity of surface runoff, reduce amount of flowing water and hold it for future use. The technology is recommendable for application in Puncak area to hold ronoff velocity and reduce the amount of flowing water. In various regions dryland farming with water deficit can be improved with this technology. struction. Thousands of small reservoirs like this can be constructed along the Ciliwung river and other rivers from upper to downstream areas. If it is done, the impact may be extraordinary. Drought and flood problems can be resolved simultaneously.
MJ

yakarta belongs to arid climate region. grown with cassava almost all the year round. But since it was selected as the pilot project site for rain harvest and surface water development technology, the cassava planting area has been converted to ricefield. The technology is basically quite simple, it collects rainwater and surface runoff into a hydrological network of 20 m long, 5 m wide and about 3 m deep reserviors. The small reservoir is capable of holding more or less 300 m3 of water. The water can be used for various purposes. In this village it is used for irrigation. Water is available not only during rainy season but also during dry monsoon, so that various problems related to

And the invest-

ment is not as big as a dam con-

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H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Development) Dept. Home Affairs

Allocate Budget of Water Supply for Village!

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Since the beginning of regional autonomy, the development chorus was transferred to the regions. Using the existing resources each region owns, they are competing among each other. Sometimes, as they are busy with their own activities they have forgotten to adjust their development vision and mission to that of the national vision. As a result, each development proceeds as one wishes. The consequence of the practice is that the development does not go in the national direction. Sectors that sould be treated as common priority are neglected simply because they have no direct contribution to the regional revenue. This condition does not benefit the communities, rather this is only for the satisfaction of the head of the region. WSS sector is one of the victims. Regional government's attention is in want. How could this happen? To answer this, Percik interviewed the Director General for Regioonal Development. The following are the excerpts:

hat does regional development currently look like? Regional development vision is now part of national development paradigm. The new paradigm reflected in the Law No 32 on Regional Government is that most of government authorities are now delegated to the regional government. By so doing the regions have a bigger opportunity especially in development planning and implementation to improve welfare of the community and to provide the best services. Therefore the initiative, creativity must grow from the region. Therefore the paradigm for regional development is now converted into developing region. Developing region implies that the region takes the initiative in planning what is needed and what to do to develop the region on its own in order to bring welfare to the population. That is the essence of the current development paradigm. Have the regions adopted the paradigm? They should have. Most of the regi-

ons have been playing according to it. They have taken care of themselves pretty well. Everyone seems to know what he is doing. As we know Law No. 32 is a new law, effective only in 2004. But previously Law No. 22 of 1999 has provisioned the authority. Since the government reform i.e. since rescinsion of Law No. 574 to be replaced by Law No. 22 the process has been continuing. Since Law No 22 seven years ago the authority has been delegated to the heads of the region except those that must be absolutely vested on the central government. The regions are already playing within that rule now. The issue is to herd them to reconcile their vision and mission with the ones developed by Indonesia Bersatu (United Indonesia) cabinet. This is actually the subsystem of national development. That is the area we must deal with. What is the problem why the regions do not proceed quite in line with the central? This is closely related with the

capacity of the regions to read the national and provincial vision and mission. The national vision should translate itself into provincial vision. Provincial vision then goes down to kabupaten/kota vision. So, if all the vision hit the target, we can expect national and provincial vision and mission is also developed. But, many regions do not have the capacity to find the linkages with the provincial and national vision. As a result, tha region may have done a lot of things but still miss the direction. They argue it by saying, "we are an autonomous region". Yes. You are autonomous but you are bound within Unity Nation framework. Regional objective is set in the framework of national objectives. That is the system that we must build. Does it mean the regions maintain their own egoism? Yes. For the reason of autonomy and resources management, social politic progress, and for the reason that the regional vision and mission is largely determined by the vision and mission of the elected Bupati. It is the Bupati's vision and mission that is translated into Medium Term Regional Development Plan (RJMPD). Some of the elected Bupati hardly understand the regional potential as a wholesome. The approach is based more on how you choose me. The knowledge about the kabupaten/kota itself is weak because most of them are outsider, coming from some other place. However, as a beginning this is still an acceptable condition. In the future, a bupati candidate must fully knowledgeable about his region, otherwise it'd be difficult for him to plan a development. You could imagine someone born and

10

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brought up in Jakarta should become a Bupati in Tulungagung, what does he know about the region except from written documents, figures, etc. This is not enough if he doesn't know the people, the community and their actual condition. From there his vision is born. The people elect him and he wins the office. That is then translated into RJMPD. Whether this is suitable, we do not know yet. Whether he reconciles it with the provincial vision? Quite unlikely. That is where the discrepancy comes from. What should regional vision and mission look like in order to be sustainable? First, it must be part of the national vision and mission. Though some specific characteristics may appear according the regional condition. Say for instance, for a coastal region, the vision is closely related to sea coast. But it must in tune with the national vision i.e poverty reduction. In the past there used to be a national development planning system. Actually this mechanism is still applicable. We have the so-called rakorbang (development coordination meeting). Bottom up, beginning from village level, then to kecamatan, to kabupaten, province. Vision development must learn from this mechanism. Otherwise, it would be difficult to make the linkage. What does Bangda do to make the regions proceed towards the expected direction? We are still preparing a government regulation on regional development planning. We hope that through the bottom up principle all the stakeholders will be involved. Beginning from village level development plan, then kecamaan, kabupaten/kota, province, up to national level. A village may have its own vision. But there are activities of the village that are part of kecamatan program, and so forth. Prior to that we

SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Parliament has to adjust local vision with national vision.

issued a Home Minister circular letter. The regional demand for such a planning must be responded, but it would take a long time for issuance of a government regulation, therefore for the time being we issued the Min of Home Affairs circular letter on Regional Medium Term Development Plan. Therefore the Bupati's vision and mission must be tied with regional government regulation, in order that he does not forget to fulfill his promises he made when campaigning for office. This is to provide the population with a control mechanism should the bupati try to evade from his promises. The people then may say "Bupati is going against Regional Government Regulation". Does it mean that so far there is no hierarchial tie? Not yet. We hope it is decreed in a government regulation. If possible, pursuant to Law No. 32. Doesn't it imply limiting the regions' room for maneuver? Not really. Look here. What the regions choose for vision and mision are the bases for policy formulation. They developed their vison and mision based on data. Not simply on imagination. Based on research conclusion. There-

fore it is impossible to impose limitation if they have ample data and sufficient knowledge about their own region. Let us move to WSS sector. What's your opinion on the regions' care to this this matter? The awareness to clean water supply of the communities must be improved. We have a WSS program with specific emphasis on demand for clean water. It is even planned that by 2015 eighty percent of our people must consume clean water supply. The problem of today is our people of the regions drink whatever water is available. If water looks clear they take it as clean. In reality it is not always the case. That's why we need to build awareness to clean and hygienic water. Secondly, townspeople are a little luckier, because they have PDAM. The problem is that most PDAM are poorly managed so that 80 percent of them are operating in red. What about that? Clean water is vital to us but when it's contaminated it will become the source of various diseases. In dry season like this everywhere people are crying for water. What's the regional government's preparation to cope with the problem? I had a chance to take a look at a draft regional budget, the regions depend too heavily on PDAM. But

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PDAMs are only in capital cities. The kecamatans are overlooked. That's why Bangda in cooperation with CARE and WASPOLA try to fulfill the demand. There are more people living outside the kabupaten capital cities. They take water from pit wells, or rivers, which they have only very little knowledge about. That's why a little bit brackish, never mind. They don't know that in the long run it will be dangerous to health. What about the awareness of the regional government? In general the regions are aware that clean water is in demand. That's why they depend their hope on PDAM. But PDAM can only cover townspeople. They should provide regional budget (APBD) for water supply at kecamatan, village levels, and population concentration areas. This is the part of foreign assistance for helping the people of the rural areas. But the fact is the most regions provide very little budget, doesn't it mean low priority? Exactly. It is not a priority. What is prioritized is physical construction, infrastructure. As if water will emerge by itself. We have to admit that everybody drinks, no one dies of dehydration. But the question is whether the water is worth drinking. That's what we have to find out. Is there any effort from central government to make the regions prioritize this? Our effort is to develop cooperation with donor countries because speaking of water supply implies a big investment, but it touches the needs of the general public. Together with Bappenas, Public Works, Health we implement WASPOLA and WSLIC to push establishment of water supply provision. But this is limited both in terms of characteristics and coverage area. We hope the regions would take note on it and follow the idea. I think for many Pemdas (re-

gional governments) the awareness about the importance of water supply is somewhat neglected. What we can do is to provide them with examples. WSLIC is an exemplary project on how to manage water supply and environmental sanitation. That means that some regions' budget is limited? Yes, it is. Is it possible to push the regions to become self reliant? This is how it stands. This is a problem of perception. As if drinking water is easily accessible by everyone. You know. The common people of the region already consume bottled water. There is even a Bupati who has a bottled water producing company knowing that ther's a limited supply from outside. The Bupati's wife runs the water bottling enterprise. But that's not the solution. Because the people's buying capacity is low, the demand for water for domestic consumption is countinuous and increasing, the solution is not through bottled water. The solution is through exploring a water source and process the water to be worthy of use. This can be done through a program and is sup-

ported with sufficient regional budget. Do we need a regulation to maintain our own environment? Certainly. Because water is closely related to environment, especially forest, therefore the signal is getting clearer today. It is not only necessary, it is already in action. Especially in forest clearing, we strictly forbid it. On the other hand, our demand for wood is very high. And we do not have alternative, if not wood then what? Now we in Bangda are preparing a policy to minimize wood consumption. The solution is utilization of light steel for construction. I was the Governor of Sulawesi Barat, and that has started over there. In spite of there is abundant wood in the area. If you need wood you just cut one tree. But that means a disturbance, no matter how insignificant it seems. There must be a policy. Otherwise men will always need wood though it is prohibited. That's the beginning of illegal logging. As for with light steel there are not many who are familiar with this kind of stuff. Whereas it is quakeproof and white ants free. Therefore for water protection, one of the methods is forest protection. Forest is significantly influential to hydrological cycle. MJ
SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Uncontrolled and illegal logging is devastating water resources sustainability.

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It's all wrong with BANTAR GEBANG

aste material tragedy keeps on haunting our waste management in Indonesia. Last year, death toll count to scores of people buried under by the toppling down of TPA (final disposal site) Lewigajah, near Bandung. Last month, shortly before daybreak of 8 September it was the time for TPA Bantar Gebang, Bekasi to take the live of 5 people and wounded several others. Both tragedies evolved from different backgrounds. At Lewigajah, the expanse waste field slid downhill burying the low lying settlement along the path. While in Bantar Gebang the top of 20 m high waste mound collapsed burying scavengers who were then operating at the base of the mound. Some people put the blame on PT. Patriot Bangkit Bekasi (PBB), the TPA Bantar Gebang management. The company that is operating on contract with DKI (Special Province) Jakarta is considered incapable of managing the 108 ha waste dumping area. The company is blamed for operating in disregard of the SOP. Pursuant to provisions of the contract the area must be treated with sanitary landfill, but the real fact indicates it is not more than open dumping. On the other hand, the Governor of DKI Jakarta, Sutiyoso, blamed the scavengers who unscropulously entered the danger zone of the waste disposal area. Critics and counter critics were flowing to and fro for some time. Up to now there is no acceptable solution how this matter should be handled. Apart from it, TPA Bantar Gebang that is divided into 5 zones is heavily burdened. Based on the previous agree-

ment, the TPA that started operation in 1992 should be closed down in December 2003. But the plan did not work. The contract was extended based on a consclusion and recommendation if an independent consultant. Monev conducted by the independent consultant in collabotation with Jakarta Cleaning Agency, Human Resources and Environment Research Centre University of Indonesia and Development and Environment Study Centre Islamic University "45" Bekasi concluded "assuming the amount of waste that enters TPA Bantar Gebang is in accordance with that of 2003 condition (i.e 20.000 m3 daily) and is decreasing due to the operation of new TPAs in several other places and with reference to Cleaning Agency data of 2003 (14.000 m3 per day); the decrease in amount of waste in the TPA from decomposition and com-

paction (50%) and reduction by scavengers. Based on the height of the mound in 2003 and for height variation between 12 to 15 metres, TPA Bantar Gebang can still be used for 417-1.015 days. On the other hand DKI Jakarta Cleaning Agency cannot release the TPA just like that. It is because DKI does not have a replacement. The plan to build an integrated waste management facility (TPST) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kelapanunggal, Bogor does not work because of the local community's rejection. Like it or not, TPA Bantar Gebang is still the only hope. Certainly DKI doesn't want the tragedy like the one in Bandung to happen here. Once there was a rumour that the TPA was going to be enlarged. There is a 2,3 ha piece of land that might be used. But the plan met a bih constraint.
SOURCE:BAGONG S

Scavengers are fighting over the wastes around loaders.

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TELESCOPE

There are so many go-betweeners roaming around so that the land price jumped too high much above the taxable price. Should the TPA be enlarged, the capacity will remain insufficient to receive 6.000 tons of waste that comes incessantly every day. In 2004 the Centre for Study and Development of Environmental Technology (BPPT) made a study on the possibility for rehabilitation of TPA Bantar Gebang. The study concludes, the TPA can still be rehabilitated into an environmentally friendly and can be used continuously. The organic matter content underneath the pile can be mined for reclamation of critical lands or ex mining areas. Up to now there is no concrete action to handle TPA Bantar Gebang. Everything seems to run as usual, despite the death tolls. "This is because TPA Bantar Gebang is an arena to make money. Everyone is competing for money here," says Bagong Sutoyo, Chairman of NGO Coalition for National Waste Management. He tells a story about the smell of politic in this largest TPA. Big political parties lend their hands to determine its existence. Not counting still, exploitation and hoodlum practices that may not be less cruel. Bagong was one the Coordinator of Working Group for Handling TPA Bantar Gebang revealed that money politics that makes the TPA management deterrent. "The Rp 120 thousand monthly management fee is pressured from every side. Everyone wants a share. As a result the money that should be used for waste management is spent unnecessarily for non technical expenses. The TPA operation is thickly clad with hoodlum and corruption and nepotism practices," he concludes Still according to him, the appointment of PT PBB is inseparable from the practices. The company should terminate its contract in July 2006. Only God knows that it is extended two times each

In 2004 the Centre for Study and Development of Environmental Technology (BPPT) once made a study on the possibility for rehabilitation of TPA Bantar Gebang in 2004. The study concludes, the TPA can still be rehabilitated into an environmentally friendly and can be used continuously.

for six months. Whereas, everyone is aware that PBB's capacity is questionable. No one knows of its working capital, whether it has or none at all. PBB does not apply any hi tech waste treatment facility. Speaking about its human resources, no one knows if this company hires anyone with acceptable knowledge on waste management. Bagong can only wonder why such a company is appointed to manage TPA Bantar Gebang. "Whether DKI does not have a better business partner?" he says while adding that KKN (corruption, collusion and nepotism) practice was behind the appointment. In addition, he added further up to now there is no tripartite agreement involving the DKI Regional Government, Bekasi Municipal Government and private sector. The only agreement is between DKI and Bekasi Munipal Government. It is the dark relationship that causes the TPA management looks like it is now. Bagong suggests that it is high time for DKI to request support from the central government such as BPPT, Dept of

Public Works, Ministry of Environment, and Bappenas to help them in the TPA management. According to him the TPA needs mining for organic matter a useful input for farming. In the long run he suggests that DKI applies 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle right from the source of the waste. Composting can also be undertaken in the waste source area. This is important considering that 44,63 percent of DKI waste consists of organic material. "If this works as expected, TPA will only deal with the remainder. And that means the lesser amount," says Bagong. In a different occasion, the head of Jakarta Cleaning Agency, Rama Budi said that the problem related to waste handling is not only from technical aspect. The non technical aspect is even bigger. He is aware that the technical age of TPA Bantar Gebang is coming to an end. That is why DKI Jakarta has completed a reassessment of the Solid Waste Management Master Plan compiled by JICA in 1987. The review concluded a new DKI Jakarta Waste Management action plan for the next 10 years (2005-2015). The action plan has taken into consideration all the influencing factors in waste management including institutional, legal and financial aspects. The approach and strategy includes reducing and reuse as much as possible waste before transporting it to TPA; sorting; development of waste management facilities in various locations and waste management zones; application of hi tech waste processing; exploration of opportunity for inter-regional and private sector cooperation; and changing the community paradigm that waste is actually an economic resource. This strategy includes decentralization, application of hi tech and inter-regional cooperation. If this works, the burden borne by TPA Bantar Gebang will be much lighter. The question remains, when? MJ

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DKI Jakarta Waste Management Master Plan Review

he tragedy of Jakarta's TPA (final disposal site) at Bantar Gebang on Friday 8 September 2005 killing 5 people and wounded 3 others is an indication how bad is waste management. Within the last two months there were 4 accidents involving waste material toppling down in the TPA. Yet, the management never learns from the dark history. The old habit continues. It is indeed not easy to change a waste management system and practices habit that have been going on for decades in Jakarta and also Indonesia for that matter. The policy and management approach followed by Jakarta is strictly top-down, it is only the government that takes care the waste and is implemented under a strictly closed system. This old time approach creates a lot of problems. The underlying ground upon which waste management of Jakarta operates is the master plan 1987-2005 developed by JICA covering (1) collection such as door to door service, LPS system (garbage cart), street sweeping; (2) transport (big SPA 2, small SPA 13); (3) transport by container and compactor; (4) disposal site, Bantar Gebang for eastern zone and Ciangir, Tangerang for western zone. Up to now TPA Ciangir fails to operate because of objection from the local community. The conventional system comprising collect-transport-dispose is nothing but a problem moving routine. The waste from Jakarta is continuously dumped to form a hill in Bantar Gebang. By July 2006 all the 5 zones of TPA Bantar Gebang are already full, the TPA should have been closed at the end of December 2003. More than 27.996 m3 or 6.000 tons of waste material a day is dumped

By: Bagong Suyoto*)

in Bantar Gebang, consisting 55,37 percent organic and 44,63 percent inorganic material. The waste is produced by more than 10 million Jakarta population. After the Ciangir failure, and to overcome the over satuaration of Bantar Gebang, the government of DKI Jakarta developed an integrated waste management system (TPST) at Bojong, Kelapanunggal Bogor, initiated in 2001. But TPST Bojong is also rejected by the local community. There are a number of reasons for the rejection, beginning from public lies up to incompliance with the spatial planning. From the management side, on the other hand, it is said that the TPST will apply the most modern waste processing technology (balla

press) in Indonesia, capable of absorbing 1.500 tons of Jakarta waste daily. Up to now TPA Bantar Gebang is the only hope for Jakarta at least within the next 2-3 years. The problem is TPA Bantar Gebang is managed in disregard of basic technical consideration, which naturally results in environmental (air, ground and water) pollution. As an example, the overflowing leachate takes its way 15 km dowstream sending pollutants to Kali Assem, Regency Housing, Dukuh Zamrud/Kota Legenda, Duta harapan, and so forth. The leachate as pollutes rice fields that causes productivity drops drastically from year to year. The pollution is worse in TPA Sumur Batu because of an even poorer management. The pollutants directly influence water quality in the wells of the community, making it not worthy for drinking

GRAFIK TIMBULAN SAMPAH DI Jakarta TAHUN 2005 Graphic of Waste Accumulation of DKI DKI JAKARTAin 2005

(6.000 tonnes/day)
Industry Industri Others Lain-lain

(6.000 ton/Hari)
1. Organic 1. Organik

KOMPOSISI SAMPAH WASTE COMPOSITION:

: : 55,37 % : : 44,63 % : : 20,57 % : : 13,25 % : : : : : : : : : : : : 2. Inorganic: 2. An Organik.

538 (8.97%)

84 (1.4%)
Residential Pemukiman

3.178 (52.97%)

2.1. Kertas 2.1. Paper

2.2. Plastic 2.2. Plastik 2.3. Wood 2.3. Kayu 2.4. Textile 2.4. Kain/Trkstil 2.5. Rubber/Artificial Leather 2.5. Karet/Kulit Tiruan 2.6. Metal 2.6. Logam/Metal

0,07 % 0,61 % 0,19 % 1,06 % 1,91 % 0,81 %

Offices Perkantoran

2.7. Gelas/Kaca 2.7. Wreckage 2.8. Sampah 2.8. Dangerous Bongkaran 2.9. Sampah B3 2.9.Poisonous Stuff

1.641 (27.35%)

: 1,52 %

Residential Pemukiman Market Place Pasar School Sekolah Offices Perkantoran Industry Industri Others Lain-lain School Sekolah

Market Place Pasar

2.10.Others (sand, gravel, etc.) 2.10 Lain-lain (batu,pasir,dll) : 4,65 %

240 (4%)

QUANTITY OF WASTE VOLUME SAMPAH

:
: : : : : 5.280 m3 4.408 m3 6.000 m3 6.218 m3 6.060 m3

Jakarta Pusat Jakarta Utara Jakarta Barat Jakarta Selatan Jakarta Timur Jumlah

319 (5.32%)

Sumber :WJEMP 12005 Source: WJEMP 2005

: 27.966 m3

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TELESCOPE

any more. Now the population has to depend on mineral water and artesian well. It is quite unfortunate, the services of artesian well cannot meet the demand of all population around the TPA, such as the communities of Cikiwul, Ciketing Udik, and Sumur Batu all belonging to Kecamatan Gebang, and the village of Taman Rahayu of Kecamatan Setu. The wells of the community are contaminated by faecal bacteria (E. coli) and heavy metal. Most waste dumped in the TPA is a mixture of organic, inorganic and waste containing dangerous and poisonous substances. Most unfortunate of all are the scavengers who have to consume and fulfill their daily needs with whatever water is available and quite possibly taken from the polluted source. Another problem is related to community health. Several diseases such as repiratory tract, skin allergy, pneumonia, asma, anaemia, and others become common to the population. The health disturbances are caused by smoke produced from burning the waste, dust spreading from the waste, and the stench blown by the wind, and so on. Another related issue is the increasing cases of social conflict (verical as well as horizontal), corruption, collu-

sion and nepotic practices, vandalistic and criminalism. Avariety of verted interests are growing beginning from the government of Jakarta, the municipality of Belasi, regional people representaives, political parties, mass organizations, NGOs, middlemen, scavengers, and finally the local population living in the vicinity. This is becoming obvious and more intense when the MoU for Bantar Gebang operation will end each year. Waste material does finally fall into political current, and indeed, waste is now a political commodity. Poor waste material management will become a storage house of exploitation, especially so since the TPA is located on someone else's land. Review Master Plan To deal with various problems related to waste management in Jakarta we need to review the master plan 1987. Review for the next 10 years (2005-2015) is made to Solid Waste Management for Jakarta: Master Plan Review and Program Development, part of Western Java Environmental Management Project (WJEMPIBRD Loan 4612-IND/IDA Credit 3519IND). The most important part of WJEMP is Jabodetabek Waste Management Corporation (JWMC) i.e establishment
SOURCE: BAGONG S

of regional TPA, planned for Nambo, Bogor. Taking a lesson from experience up to now DKI Jakarta must change its paradigm, into a new era in waste management. As a national capital, Jakarta metropolitan is burdened with various additional problems, such as population growth and urbanization, ever increasing economic activity and modernized development. While the increasingly consumptive habit of the population is difficult to decelerate, including the use of environmentally insensitive plastic bags. This implies a growing amount and variety of waste production. Learning from experience of the past and the subsequent problems, it's timely for waste management of Jakarta to shift to environmentally friendly modern technologies. The approach and strategy will be based on the recommendation of the master plan review, namely decentralization, enviromentally sensitive, multiple technologies, regulator/operator arrangement, role of public sector and the community, separation for the application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle), inter-regional cooperation, pay as you throw. The immediate objective is to prevent, while in the long run (2) it will exercise an effective, efficient, environmentally sensitive and modern technology based waste management; (2) establishment of synergy among public sector, business sector, and community; (3) realization of waste as resource. Sources of fund are regional budget, WB APL-2, grant, and possibly from CDM. The regional government of Jakarta will develop 4 TPSTs in indoor areas, in Duri Kosambi of Jakarta Barat, Marunda in Jakarta Utara, Pulogebang in Jakarta Timur and Ragunan in Jakarta Selatan. In essence the waste will be managed right from its source (separation), transport to temporary station, and finally transport to TPST. Waste material will be processed into compost, and the usable materials will be recycled

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or converted into energy (waste to energy). The Jakarta regional government is exploring MoU with several companies, domestic as well as foreign. From foreign countries we may cite KeppleSeghers of Singapore, and a Canadian company. In a report "Potential Project Portfolio for Clean Development Mechanism in India and Indonesia" (March 2006) two areas will have Canadian support, they are waste to energy through incineration at Duri Kosambi, Jakarta Barat and mechanical composting and manual sorting by Wira Gulfindo Sarana in Jakarta Utara -two waste management projects to obtain CDM facilitation. As for TPA Bantar Gebang, a Japanese company (Kajima) will also process waste into electricity. Later GTZ and BaliFokus are making a study to determine how big the project will be given CDM facilitation. Accompanied by representaives from Bappenas, Ministry of Environment and NGO Coalition for Nattional Waste they visited Bantar Gebang in April 2006. Main Key Based on experience, no matter how sophisticated the technology used for waste processing is, it will end in a failure unless it is supported by the community. The community, including the families living in the vicinity of TPA/TPST, the womanfolks, the scavengers and informal sector should be invited in the design of a waste processing facility, its implement-ation, monitoring and regular assessment. The master plan can be put into implementation successfully if it adopts and elaborates the Recommendation of Seminar Workshop on Jakarta Waste Management Action Plan 2005-2015 held at Hotel Millennium Jakarta, 23 November 2005. The seminar worskhop was conducted by NGO Coalition for National Waste Management in collaboration with

Dinas Kebersihan (Cleaning Agency) Jakarta. Three points of recommendation, i.e (1) conducting a total review on stakeholders' involvement, and also community empowerment in waste management, (2) provision of alternatives review of the technology choice. The technology choice must be stressed on environmental sensitivity, economizing natural resources use, health protecting, and stimulate community welfare improvement. This effort should be complemented with separation between regulator, operator and supervisor function. All this must be stipulated in a specific law on wastes that is later elaborated further into central and regional government regulations. Up to now there is now law specifically on wastes, according to information, the draft of the wastes law is under review in the Dept. of Justice and Law. It has not reached the stage of national legislation program. For our purpose it should be recommended that the review process be accelerated by a Presidential decree for the draft be included in the

national legislation program and finally into DPR agenda. The law is being expected eagerly. The various waste management related problems such as TPA Bantar Gebang, TPST Bojong, the Bandung sea of waste have contributed to the development of poor stigma and smeared black colour to waste management in Indonesia. The Ministry of Environment estimates that what happened in Bandung may also happen in some other place. If someday TPA Bantar Gebang definitely came to an end, and at that time Jakarta weren't ready with the implementation of the master plan the danger will be several times bigger than the toppled hill of Lewigajah in Bandung. This is because waste producion in Jakarta is much bigger than in Bandung. To prevent such a frightening danger DKI must take an immediate, concrete, planned and comprehensive step from now.
*) Chairman of NGO Coalition for National Solid Waste, Local Board Chairman of WALHI Jakarta.
SOURCE: BAGONG S

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Water Supply Development and Poverty

he twenty first century begins with a condition in which many aspects of basic human development are undone, among others access to drinking water, especially for the population living in urban slums. It is generally known that access to drinking water is a resource or basic capital to living. Access to drinking water is one of the components in poverty classification (Howard, 2004). Failure in water supply provision will affect all groups of the community. But, the biggest impact of all is to the poor urban group that it becomes harder for them to get out of the poverty cycle. There are several factors that contribute to the difficulty of the poor to access water supply, as the following: a. The land on which they are living does not belong to them. In urban areas, water supply provider does not cater the demand of illegitimate settlers, for reason that it might be considered as legitimation of settlers living on that particular area. In spite of the national policy mentioning that water is the right for everyone, in practice it does not work for illegitimate settlers. b. Limited capacity of the poor to make cash down payment for service connection. The limitation to make down payment will result in that the poor will never have a piped water service. The price of piped water service is far cheaper than the water vendor,

By: Oswar Mungkasa*)

but it is quite expensive to have a connection pipe installed (McIntosh, A.C., 2003) c. When the responsibility of water supply is relinquished to the private sector, the demand of the poor is not an intention. Water supply provider is not interested in providing access to poor families because of their low consumption level and they cannot affort to make a cash down payment for laying down the connection network. Furthermore, frequently they are living in illegitimate area. d. Some of the decision makers consider that the poor are unable

and/or unwilling to pay. The poor are considered unable to pay. However, on some specific days such as when it is close to general election the poor are given special attention with promise they would be improvement in environmental condition and water supply for free. e. The area is too far from a piping network When the poor live in slum areas, or too far from a piping network, access to water supply is limited. Lack of water supply and sanitation facility affects poverty in four dimensions, namely (i) health, (ii) education, (iii) gender, and (iv) income and consumption (Bosch, Homann, Sadoff and Travers, 2000). This is illustrated

Chart 1 THE EFFECT OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO THE VARIOUS POVERTY DIMENSIONS

Poverty dimension Dimensi

Dampak Utama Major Impact

Kemiskinan
- water and sanitation related diseases Penyakit terkait air dan sanitasi - malnutrition due to diarrhoea Malnutrisi karena diare - Shorter life expectancy Berkurangnya usia harapan hidup

Lack of water

Health Kesehatan

Kekurangan supply Air Minum and dan sanitation Sanitasi

Education Pendidikan

less school presence due to - Tingkat kehadiran berkurang illness karena sakit, for water air or queueing atau antri

- Bigger expenditure for water Tingginya proporsi pengeluaran Pendapatan/ Income/ Consumption Konsumsi
untuk air

- Less income potential due to illness, Berkurangnya potensi penda-

patan karena sakit, where water less job vacancies berkurangnya is kesempatan kerja yang needed memerlukan ketersediaan air.

Source Bosch dkk (2000)

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more clearly in Chart 1 below. Should the poor have no access to water supply, it is the urban poor who will bear most of the consequences, among others (Johnstone and Wood, 1990) (i) increase in amount of expenditure by those who have no access, (ii) lower water consumption, and (iii) bigger

When the community have no access, they have to look for more expensive alternative. The poor families buy 5-30 l of water per capita in one day through a go-betweener, such as the landlord, water kiosk, and street vendor at a much higher price. The community spend 10-40 percent of their family

Table 1 RATIO OF WATER PRICE BY ROVING VENDOR AND PIPED SYSTEM Ratio of price by roving vendor with piped system 5:1 62:1 12:1 - 25:1 19:1 10:1 14:1 - 20:1 4:1 - 9:1 28:1 - 83:1 4:1 - 10:1 17:1 13:1 7:1 - 11:1 35 :1 - 300:1 7:1 - 100:1 20:1 - 60:1

City

Source of data

Abidjan Bandung Dhaka Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Istanbul Jakarta Kampala Karachi Lagos Lima Manila Nairobi Onitsha, Nigeria Port-au-Prince, Haiti Surabaya

World Bank, 1998 ADB, 1993 World Bank, 1998 ADB, 1993 World Bank, 1998 Crane, 1994 World Bank, 1998 World Bank, 1998 World Bank, 1998 World Bank, 1998 David dan Ionesco, 1998 World Bank, 1998 Whittington dkk, 1991 World Bank, 1998 World Bank, 1998

cent of the family income (Satterwaithe, 1998). This can be seen in Table 2. b. Less water consumption The bigger is the expenditure the more the time and efforts needed to get water, the less is water consumed by the community that may fall below the minimum requirement. c. Bigger health burden and causing extra cost to the economy due to loss of productivity. Lack access to water supply relates to diseases, directly or indirectly. Many poor families are contaminated with some sort of diseases because of water they consume. As a consequence a big portion of the income is spent for health care leaving no more for productive activity. Besides, a diarrhoea patient and the member of the family who tends the patient will not be able to do anything else, this means loss of productivity. (Suryadi, 2003). The drinking water market within poor community indicates the following characteristics: (i) A water provider that performs poorly will make the poor suffer more than the rich. The

Source: Processed from World Bank, 1998 and Satterwaithe, 1998

health burden and extra cost due to loss of productivity. It will be discussed in more detail below. Should the poor have no access to water supply, it is the urban poor who will bear most of the consequences, among others (Johnstone and Wood, 1990) (i) increase in amount of expenditure by those who have no access, (ii) lower water consumption, and (iii) bigger health burden and extra cost due to loss of productivity. It will be discussed in more detail below. a. More expenditure for those who have no access

Table 2 PROPORTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURE FOR WATER BY URBAN POOR Location Proportion Expenditure/Income 18 percent 8,2 percent 9 percent 3,2 - 10,6 percent 16,5 - 55,6 percent Source

Onitsha, Nigeria Manila, Filipina Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Port-au-Prince, Haiti Khartoum, Sudan
Source: Satterwaithe, 1998

Whittington dkk, 1991 David dan Inocencio, 1998 Bahl dan Lihn, 1992 Fass, 1998 Cairneross dan Kinner, 1992

income for drinking water and probably have to pay 10-100 times the average cost (Black, 1996). Meanwhile, families with piped water connection spend barely 2 per-

poor generally depends on their daily wage so that the more the time spent to get water will make the time to earn income less, (ii) the poor pay more for drinking water. Although there is a

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INSIGHT

general perception that the poor are unable to pay, in reality they pay more than the rich, as evidenced from buying from roving vendor at a higher price, (iii) an alternative provider is the way out for the poor to get served. The high demand for water cannot be met by piped water provider has made it possible for small scale vendor to innovate, such as water kiosk, roving vendor, independent network, etc., (iv) availability of cash money is an issue to obtaining water service. Poor families tend to pay irregularly and in small quantities depending on their cash availability, (v) land tenure is a limiting factor to obtaining service (Kariuki, 2000). Water supply development program can reduce poverty in two ways, namely (i) reducing cost for basic service, and (ii) reducing the risks that may cause decrease of community health and eventually bringing down community welfare (Cain, 1998). However, it is the first aspect that is directly related to the economic condition and is often emphasized is a bigger income portion that can

Water supply development program can reduce poverty in two ways, namely (i) reducing cost for basic service, and (ii) reducing the risks that may cause decrease of community health and eventually bring down community welfare.

be used for purposes other than drinking water. The linkage is clearly illustrated from increase in income of the poor after they shift from consuming water bought from vendor to piped water supply. If the government or private sector intends to provide water supply to the poor, consideration must be paid to the factors that makes this intention attractive to the poor. There are three matters the poor community most concerned
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

about. The three are described as the following: 1. Water price Poor families are interested to lower water price and application of cross subsidy scheme. 2. Expansion of distribution system Poor families are interested to lower cost for connection and its payment system (cash down vs. installments). 3. Level of service (water quality, duration of service, billing system, etc.). Poor families tend to pay small bill but more often. In addition, water supply provider must take into consideration several other things, such as (i) water supply provision must be designed to maintain the noble objective, i.e to improve the welfare of poor communities, (ii) do away with the assumption that serving the poor is a high risk business and low repayment rate, (iii) formulation of a clear policy and regulation, (iv) preparation of several alternative choices for access to water supply for the poor, taking into consideration that an alternative water supply system might be more acceptable to the poor, and (v) provision of subsidy to poor community through the frequently unsuitable tariff. More often the poor get their water from small scale provider, whilst cross subsidy is intended more towards home connection. As a consequence, price subsidy benefits the rich rather than the poor. Cheaper water price without support with access to water supply by the poor will only benefit the businessman rather than the poor. (McIntosh, 2003), (vi) it is necessary to increase poor families' involvement so that their interest could be satisfied (Kariuki, 2000).
*)

Member, Central Level WSS Working Group

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Strategy for Creating Transparency and Performance Accountability Focused PDAM Reporting System

hat every organization, be it a business company, government administration or non government organization, must prepare a report. Report is an information medium used internally within the organization or for stakeholders to get to know and understand the activities that have been going on within a given time frame to see whether things have been proceeding properly as planned or targeted. The same is true with PDAM as a regional government owned corporation, it needs a report for a number of purposes from analysis, control, decision making and manifestation of accountability. Introduction Pursuant to PP No. 16 of 2005 PDAM is designated as one of water supply providers, and as stipulated in Art. 6 para e that in performing its tasks and responsibilities PDAM is obliged to prepare a transparent, accountable and responsible report in accordance with the principles of good corporate governance (GCG). Therefore, as far as the Article goes, it is intended that in each water supply service management activity PDAM is obliged to adopt good corporate governance (GCG) principles. There are 6 principles governing GCG, they include Transparency, Accountability, Justice, Integrity, Self Reliance and Participatory. The first two principles represent the aspect closely related and provide significant contribution to a good management report preparation process.

By: Abdul Gani*

The dynamic currently in progress with regard water supply service indicates that the user community and stakeholder are getting more critical and intellegent in responding PDAM performance. This fact is stimulated with the enactment of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources and establishment of BPPSPAM (Water Supply Development Support Body) pursuant to Decision of Ministry of Public Works No. 294/2005. With regard environmental issues and in response to the dynamic change in water supply sector, especially in the realm of transparency and accountability of public information system, it is timely for PDAM to take serious attention to transparent, efficient, effective and accountable reporting system.

on during the on going priod compared to the preceding period and to the projection/budget. Additional description of some necessary information must also be included in order to prevent misleading interpretation. b. Informative A report must contain easily understandable information. c. Relevant A report must contain importand and correct information for management purposes. d. Accurate A report must provide information at reliable level of accuracy. e. On time A report must be prepared and submitted exactly at the time when it is needed or immediately after a reporting period ends. If we relate the role and function of report with GCG a report must at least reflect transparency and accountability principles. By transparent PDAM management it means that the company must provide the community, owner and stakeholder the relevant information as it relates to decision making by the management. PDAM report must meet accountability principles, this means that it provides the reader with a clear idea what has been done in relations to fulfillment of role and responsibility to reach an effective management implementation. The obligation for PDAM to present a report is an inseparable part of the Primary Function as is commonly stated

A good report must at least present a well formatted information in a sytematized structure, easy to understand and to analyse and serves as base for management decision making.

Role and Function of Report In accordance with PDAM accountancy guideline - State Ministry for Regional Autonomy of 2000, a report must meet the following criteria. a. Complete A report must provide complete information about what has been going

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in Management and Organizational Structure. PDAM report serves as management accountability about the company's performance during a given prieriod of time and as information of service performance to the public and the stakeholders. In order to be easily understandable and to serve as effective means of communication, it necessary to design a strategic action in each of the management implementation stages. Strategy for Reporting System Design Development The currently existing PDAM reporting system is based on a PDAM Accounting System pursuant to Minister Regional Autonomy Decision No 8 of 2000. However, a report is used beyond the management performance and accountability purposes but it is also used as a tool for the management to assess, analyse, and evaluate the success indicator performance. In connection with reporting the are several problems commonly faced by PDAM in Indonesia, among others include report not written systematically, lack of accuracy, and not prepared on time, all this adversely affects the timely decision making process by the management. To assess if the existing PDAM management report is effective, below is a series of questions to be answered: Does the information originating from each of the management units follow a standard format? Does the monthly report arrive at the Directors' desk exactly on time each month? Does the report present accurate, systematically written information that can be easily analysed by the Directors for decision making pur-

poses? Does the report submitted by each division adopt the Primary Function, Vision, Mission and Objectives of the corporation? Whether each stage of the management consistently prepares a report in accordance with capacity and job description of each? Whether with the contents of report provide the Director with sufficient knowledge to judge the division's rate of success using the existing performance indicator? The series of questions above may help PDAM whether the existing reporting system needs an improvement. If based on the answers of the questions it is obvious that the system must be improved, the strategic action to take is conducting a study on performance based reporting system identification. To facilitate the general idea of the study, below is the related Flow Chart (Road Map) as the following:

Conclusion The strategic role and function of report for PDAM consists of among others to inform the task and responsibility implementation to the owner and stakeholders in transparent and accountable manner. To prepare an accurate, systemetic and timely report it is necessary to develop a basic reference or an SOP. A structured and systematic report that reflects accountability of each management stage is a means to support the management in decision making process. An identification study is intended to design standard PDAM report; in its implementation it requires an internal team be established supported with facilitation from external experts.
*) Central BMS Team PERPAMSI.

ROAD MAP OF PDAM REPORT SYSTEM STUDY

Formation of Working Team Management Assist/Fasilitator

Decide Objective Referensi/Dok : Struktur Org. SOP Laporan Divisi Laporan Mgt

Review & Analyse Demand for Report Problem Identification & Analysis

S Y S T E M SOP & Equipment

ORGANIZATION
Primary Function, Vision, Mission

Human Resources Knowledge & Skill

Results of Study & Solution Frame of Action

R E P O RT S Y S T E M R E F E R E N C E F O R M AT

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From Plato to WSS-BM Policy

hen did human being begin to face environmental issue, and when did human being in this planet begin to realize that its resolution calls for a common effort? These two questions have a linear relationship, especially as they relate to the growth of global awreness through a learning process that in reality needs a long lapse of time. This paper wishes to pull the redline on the growth connecting global awareness, the commonly declared action program and to see Indonesian position in relation to turning the common future into reality. When did the issue documentation begin? Local level environmental issue was first documented long before Christian era. Plato wrote about environmental degradation of Attica. In his report

By: Alma Arief and Dormaringan Saragih*)

Plato revealed that the soil is nothing but a frame without fertility, and can no longer retain rainwater which flows down on a bare land into the sea. (Wall D., 1994) Environmental degradation in Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, was the consequences of several causes: forest clearing for agricultural production to feed townspeople, to build pyramids and temples, as well as war equipment. Environmental care at local level, seemed to appear in other places, thousands of years after Plato. Pollution of London in late 17th till early 18th century was reported by John Evelyn. In response to sulfur containing air pollution John Evelyn suggested to formulate a regulation to put a limit to the environmental polluters and recommended
SOURCE: KURNIA RATNA DEWI

that the population plant trees. Engels wrote an illustrative description of squalid slum inhabited by working class in Salford, with extremely bad sanitation, buildings with leaking roof that were no better than a cattle pen, et cetera. Beside environmental degradation the pioneers also discussed about animal protection. Sommerville, in late 17th century wrote about the threat of extinction of certain animal species because they were killed merely for enjoyment of life. While Salt in 1880 proposed an idea to protection of animal rights. At any rate, the local level awareness has not led to systemic and holistic study as environmental study of today, they are independent one from the other. Economic studies were beginning to show the interrelationship one with the other. Malthus, for example, described the linkage between population growth with demand satisfaction level. However, among the economists there were sharp differences. Adam Smith in 'An inquiry into th Nature and Cause of Wealth of Nations' described that free market will be able to bring to the realization of welfare of all and individual benefits. The market will take care of itself through an invisible hand mechanism, which has power to create efficiency, safe, peaceful, and equitable future, or in other words the realization of welfare of all. In the meantime, Afred Marshal, a Neoclassic economist, said that the environmental carrying capaci-

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INSIGHT
ty does not belong to the economist's premises. The more so, man has the capacity to create a technology to resolve resources scarcity. Market mechanism and capacity to create technology will regulate the stability of human demand stock, therefore there is no need for any kind of limitation. If resources become scarce and prices go up, consumption will naturally goes down thus provides opportunity for rehabilitation, but when it comes to unrenewable resources, man is convinced that an alternative resource could be found. The assumptions have in reality brought the later generation scientists began to consider environmental aspects into development implementation. In the past man has applied the sustainability principles. Fishermen, planters, and so on always harvested in accordance with capacity of rehabilitation. In the framework of sustaining the balance between resources growth with the yield harvested, fishermen provides opportunity for fish to grow so that resources will not extinct, and the supply will sustain. Environmental issues surfaced as a response to overexploitation, for human consumption, to meet limitless human satisfaction. Goods and services production is not merely to meet the need of daily life, but more than that for life enjoyment which from day to day is growing and more varied. Today man is inseparable from cosmetic, accessories, furniture, AC, luxury transport, and so on. Becoming Global Issue Up to early 20th century, writings about environment are still very weak, they do not have political power. After WW II scientists began to promote the growth of awareness on the danger of environmental issues that threaten the future of this planet and brought the issue to global forum. One cannot deny the significant role information media have played in promoting this matter. Newspapers, magazines, journals in 1960s began to carry the issue as news, editorial, and letter to the editor. Several scientists linked the growth of awareness with the publication of a book entitled 'Silent Spring' by Rachel Carson in 1962. In her book Carson reveals the existense of biological life including human being is highly endangered with the use of chemical pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides, etc. which Carson calls them 'biocide'. It is not a mere coincidence that by the end 1960s several non government organizations in industrialized nations stood up and waved environmental banner vis vis the government that then issued anti environment policy. The enviromental care kept on growing in line with global environmental problems that are becoming more conspicuous and came to its peak with the Stockholm Conference in June 1972, attended by delegates from 113 countries including Indonesia. The conference which was held by United Nations Conference on Human Environment had initiated global awareness in relations to environment. This conference produced Stockholm Convention where all the participants agreed to resolve environmental issue from global perspective. All nations have arrived to an understanding that the world is at this time being faced with environmental problems that can only be resolved through common efforts. One of the real results of this conference is the establishment of UNEP and Ministry of Environment in the participating nations. Later a theme that reads 'think globally, act locally' became so popular, inspired local NGOs to become so vocal and in many ways stood vis vis with the government. After the Stockholm Conference several international meetings were held, though one may not relate with another, it should be admitted that Stockholm Conference has created global awareness and highly influential in each of the international conferences. Debate on Global Issue and Sustainable Development Not long after the Stockholm Conference (2-6 June 1972 and 5 June is named World Environment Day) the world was shaken by the publication of a book entitled 'The Limit to Growth'. This book was written by world leading scientists who called themselves the Club of Rome, expressing a prediction that this planet will collapse and the big calamity will happen because of uncontrolled population growth, industrial expansion over the entire world surface, worn out natural resources potential, and the shrinking of food reserve. They who belonged to the Club of Rome were called 'Neo Malthusian' by other group of scientists. A global level conflict later appeared among some western nations that technocrats should develop global development policy. The conflict became the central issue in international fora. The need for development implementation in poor countries of the third world is not a priority if it would make the world collapse. The conflict would become very obvious in 'World Population Conference in 1974" and continued to become topic of debate through the 1980s. The solution to this prolonged debate was the birth of the idea of sustainable development. The sustainable development was formalized by 'World Commission on Environment and Development' or

24

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SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID

'Bruntland Commission' established by UN General Assembly resolution in 1983. The commission that was chaired by the Norwegian Prime Minister produced a report entitled 'Our Common Future' or 'Bruntland Report'. It is from here the sustainable development concept was introduced to all nations of the world. Several of the messages in the implementation of sustainable development include: Reducing poverty in the third world; Reducing resources consumption and pollution production in industrialized nations; Global cooperation in resolution of environmental issues. A monumental occasion that was held after the publication of Our Common Future in 1987 was the world summit conference held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The conference was attended by 197 participating nations and thousands of senior government officials, UN representatives, international organizations, and NGOs. The conference produced a document called Agenda 21 containing action plans for sustainable development. A simple concept of sustainable development is

integrating economic development objectives with environment within a framework of poverty reduction and at the same time improves environmental condition. In spite of strong political support the sustainable development concept still contains some sort of controversy. Several environmental scientists claim that sustainable development is an effort to subdue the globally expanding environmental awareness. Several ecologists take this side. The growing environmental movement strength under several different names, such as 'environmental movements', 'conservationist movements', or 'green movements' are being tried to be accomodated by the technocrates responsible for development program/policy. The scientists argue that the sustainable development concept is nothing but human efforts to dominate nature (anthropocentric), and to confirm his position as master or manager and not as an integral part of the universe. Holding to such philosophy, man is in a position to exploit nature without feeling guilty. The end purpose is the greatest economic benefit and improvement of human living stan-

dard, whereas in the long run if the explotation continues and at an increasing rate, natural calamity is definitely unavoidable. As an example, the global warming calculation and climatic changes provide estimation with the highest level of accuracy, much easier that calculating when rain is to fall. Irresponsible forest exploitation, without conservation measures, will cause extensive floods and landslides, and conversely there will be prolonged droughts during dry season. In the long run is desert forming process. On the other side, there are standing the economists who stick to the idea that there is no reason to specifically consider environmental aspect in economic activity. They argue that the position of human species as master is an undeniable fact. The followers of free market school of thought are holding fast to their conviction gthat free market with its invisible hand mechanism will by itself be capable of resolving the resources scarcity or extiction. As resources are getting scarce, prices will go up and demand will automatically fall, man will economize by himself. With the increase in price, man will try to look for alternative resources. It is not too difficult to see that in the end there will be a balanced process between the extreme conservationist followers in one hand and the free market followers on the other. Inspired by the two extreme groups, there appeared lately a new science called environmental economics that attempts to include external costs borne by the evironment into internal cost. Differences between the two sides still continue, especially when they discuss sustainability concept in relations to capital stock. To the economists sustainability means maintaining capital stock, to at least the same level if not

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increase. In this case capital means man-made capital. While to the ecologists what is called capital are the natural resources. To the ecologist sustainability means that the natural resources must remain at the same level, not decreasing, while to the free market both the renewable and non renewable resources may be exploited to fulfill and increase human welfare. To some extreme conservationists improving human welfare at the expense of natural resources cannot be called progress. Income derived from economic development but in so doing causes damages to the environment is not an income. Economic development that causes environmental degradation or consuming capital from natural resources without chance for rehabilitation is not a sustainable economic development. As we all know, renewable resources are also worn out. To prevent any damage, man develops a new capital called 'cultivated natural capital', containing a mixture of man-made capital and natural capital. This new capital is so strategically positioned for increasing welfare of man. Some of the examples include: forest replanting (reforestation), fish culture, animal husbandry, and genetic engineering, have dramatically improved the capacity to meet human demands. This can reduce the hazardous pressure to the environment. The heated debates indicate that economic developemnt must be in line with sustainable development. Sustainable development is long range development in a continuous process and is conducted without any negative effect to the environment. The implementation may not cause any damage to natural resources stock so that the generations to come may fulfill their demands. Development will need capital stock and natural resources or envi-

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Think globally, act locally is a motto that was born later to link the global issue in environment and conrete efforts for its resolution at local level. The plan to take a concrete action at local level has been a commitment for all nations of the world that began to appear at the world summit conference that produced the action plan documet called "Agenda 21"
ronment. Man-made capital such as buildings, roads, machinery etc and social capital such as institutions, organizations, culture, etc. The debates between the two extreme sides are still continuing. The extreme conservationists emphasize that economic growth must be put to end and no more effort to change the subsistent economic condition. Man made capital cannot replace natural capital that is essential to maintain continuing life. Action Program in Settlement Sector Think globally, act locally is a motto that was born later to link the global issue in environment and conrete efforts for its resolution at local level. The plan to take a concrete action at local level has been a commitment for all nations of the world that began to appear at the world summit conference that produced the action plan documet called "Agenda 21". In the Agenda 21 some mention is made on: poverty reduction, changing consumption pattern, human health protection and promotion, fighting against deforestation, fighting against drought and desert forming process, sustainable agriculture and rural development, biodiversity conservation, fresh water protection and management, treatment of dangerous and poisonous substances, solid waste management, sustainable human settlement development. Specifically with human settlemen development Agenda 21 makes the following remarks: 1. Provision of water supply, sanitation and waste management facilities;

26

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2. Improvement of urban slum and informal settlement areas; 3. Promotion of public transport and provision of pedestrian walk and bicycle lane; 4. Support informal sector development in order to reduce poverty level; 5. Improve living condition of ruaral in order to discourage migration to urban areas; 6. etc. It is obvious that sustainable development includes every aspect of human life including his settlement. For a developing nation sustainable settlement development means an effort to improve quality of living of the poor, the majority of whom are living in impaired dwellings. In Caracas, Venezuela, one third of its population is living in the city's slums "Ranchos", in Ankara half of the population is inhabiting slum areas 'Gecekondu", in Lusaka and Manila each one third are slum dwellers. In Indonesia the problem is more complicated. Beside the big proportion of urban population living in slums, more

It is obvious that sustainable development includes every aspect of human life including his settlement. For a developing nation sustainable settlement development means an effort to improve quality of living of the poor, the majority of whom are living in impaired dwellings.
serious than that is more than 100 million of her population, especially those living in the rural are living without access to water supply and sanitation facilities. Sensitivity to the poor, including in WSS development, has been an obvious fact with the government, and this is very much in parallel with international agreement in Agenda 21 and MDGs. In
SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID

the MDGs there are 8 issues that have become the attention of all nations, one of them being poverty reduction. Actually, poverty issue has attracted international attention since Stockholm Conference, in which the developing nations pioneered by Indonesia (that time it was by Emil Salim) who brought forward that in developing nations environmental issue has its root in poverty, therefore improvement of income and welfare must be positioned as the highest priority in development planning. It is more appropriate to say that the development policy of the government is parallel with international development inspired by UNO, because since the very beginning it has been oriented to resolution of poverty problem and environmentally sensitive effort. But the question is if economic development has, undeniably, been able to improve community wellbeing as is indicated from human development index taken from time to time, what happens with equitable benefit from the development, infrastructure development for the poor, educational guarantee and development for the poor, stability of natural resources stock, and so forth? For all the above, we must look closely at environmental aspect, that during the last decade is undergoing a drawback compared to several decades ago. In the Environment Day 2006 there is a strong demand to mainstreaming environmental issue. The demand for AMDAL revitalisation was made one of the focuses of the commemoration in addition to environmental education. The reawakening of environmental sensitivity is triggered by the fact that our environmental affairs are very much in disorder (look for instance the case of flash flood and lanslides in rainy season and prolonged drought all over the country, and the tension of

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INSIGHT
communities living near industrial sites triggered by poor waste treatment). All this can happen because of weak law enforcement, and probably also because of indifference attitude on the part of mass media that is more interested in political euphoria so that all other unrelated matters, though no less important, are neglected. It is now very seldom for mass media to continuously publish article on environment or to put the case in the headline, editorial, letter from reader, and so on. If any, it is only as a response to the most recent disaster rather than a manisfestation of a continuing environmental care by making available a special column for it. The disorderliness of our environmental affair due to uncontrolled forest felling, illegal logging, forest homogenizing program (heterogenous stand is cut for timber the land is replanted with homogenous industrial tree) all have led to ecosystem deterioration in the of water catchment areas and in the long run will adversely affect surface and underground water reserve, one of man's basic needs. The problem gets more complicated because water source both the surface and shallow underground aquifer especially in towns and cities is polluted with industrial and domestic wastes so water supply provision becomes so costly because of the need for pretreatment. The polluted surface water, especially of the river will in turn pollutes the sea so that the surface, within and at the bottom of the sea -phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos- the main components of food chain, are pollution carrier for the upper level predators. If man consumes pollutant containing fish he will be contaminated by various kind of diseases, depending on the type of pollutant. In the pollutant contains a certain concentration of mercury compound he will be is getting stronger day after day. At any rate, water cannot be seen as independent without considering its linkage with and as integral part of the overall ecosystem. The effort to meet the demand of 100 million people currently without access to water supply is indeed complitated and difficult. But the effort will become more difficult and may even be useless if we do not link it with the demand of ecosystem that influences the sustainability of water reserve. It is not only conservation of water catchment area, replanting of the deforested lands but also resolution to the polluted ground and surface water by industrial and domestic wastes. All this can be done if we follow systemic holistic and integratif approaches. Involvement of all stakeholders and sensitiveness is compulsory. The mass media as means for campaign and pressure group, educators and scientists, law enforcement officers, NGO, politician, and so on. And, last but not least exploration of financial resources to implement the holistic activities and global network development.
*) WASPOLA Consultant
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

The disorderliness of our environmental affair due to uncontrolled forest felling, illegal logging, forest homogenizing program (heterogenous stand is cut for timber the land is replanted with homogenous industrial tree) all have led to ecosystem deterioration in the of water catchment areas and in the long run will adversely affect surface and underground water reserve, one of man's basic needs

infected by the terrifying minamata disease that attacks human CNS. If the pollutant contains heavy metal of cadmium (Cd) compound the disease is called itai-itai that causes osteoporossis. It is not easy to manage water Plato once described about water and linked it with deforestation in Attica. In Indonesia, care to water demand as mandated in various government regulations, Agenda 21 and MDGs,

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INSIGHT

HIPPAM Failure
In the Village of Bleberan, Kecamatan Jatirejo, Kabupaten Mojokerto
n the beginning of the new order regime, sometime in 1975, Bleberan village had a water supply facility. The facility was provided for by a project upon a direct appointment by the provincial Public Works (PU). Before the project the community used to take their water from pit wells and from a river. Water is taken from a spring located at Cakar Ayam hamlet, one of 8 hamlets belonging to Bleberan village. The other hamlets are Losari, Bangon, Tegalsari, Legundi, Bleber, Sempu and Kanigoro. The source is a spring with clear water at a relative big discharge, 40 l/sec. A concrete housing is built around the water spring to protect it against contamination. In the past the water is used to irriagte 4,5 ha rice field, of which 3,4 ha constitutes bengkok field (land assigned to village headman). The construction activity was conducted by the government, while the community did not take any part in the activity. The pipe network consists of 6 inch diam steel main conveyance pipe, for home connection PVC pipes are used. Corollary constructions consist of 3 public bathrooms at Bangon hamlet that are intended for families who could not afford home connection. Service Coverage The hamlets covered by the service include Cakar Ayam, Bangon, Losari, and Sumber Agung. The latter belongs to the neighbourng village. The service cannot reach hamlets of Legundi,

By: Agnes Tuti Rumiati, MSc and Dr.Ir. Eddy Soedjono, MSc *
Kanigoro and Tegalsari because they are located at a higher elevation than the spring. Water flow begins from CakarAyam down to Bangon, Losari and finally to Sumber Agung. Ninety percent of Cakar Ayam population could have the service, while in Bangon only one side of the road because the other side prefers to dig pit wells. For Losari the population who have the service are those who live near the main pipe. The hamlet of Sumber Agung cannot be fully served because there is not enough water. They

44 families in Losari, 40 in Bangon, and 40 in Cakar Ayam 40 families. It should be added that the flow is not too smooth.

HIPPAM Management The management is run by a committee consisting of a chairman, secretary, treasurer, technical section and billing section. The establishment of the committee was done through a meeting attended by hamlet chiefs, RT, village officials, and community leaders. The incumbent committee has been in office since 2000 to the present and is chaired by the secretary of the village administration. Because of personal conflict with the village headman, the SOURCE: AGUS TR committee has been idle. Because of the conflict the financial management was taken over from the committee treasurer (2000-2003) to the village headman. During the previous period (200-2003) the income from 3 hamlets was Rp 90.000/month. Currently the amount is increasing. From Cakar Ayam and Bangon hamlets the income is Rp 110.000/ moth. The money is used for salary of billing officer Rp Clean water fasilities is not maintained 30.000, an increase from formerly Rp 5.000. got the service only at the beginning of In the beginning HIPAM consumers the project. did not pay any contribution, but when As time progresses the supply is getdamage occurred in the public bath and ting smaller and smaller. This is becauat several points in the pipe network a se once there was a flood that the pipe contribution system was applied since leading to Sumber Agung was broken. 1980. In 1997 water meter was introFinally the HIPAM water supply could duced and contribution was decided at only supply water to 144 families (13 Rp 50/m3. In 2003 Cakar Ayam started persent of the initial number), they are

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to impose water contribution to its inhabitants. The amount varies between Rp 1.000 to Rp 3.000 per household depending on the number of heads in the family, use of water pump, and the amount of water used by each consumer. The contribution is also used for repair of damages in pipe network. The technician takes pipe inspection walk at three day interval, and when he does he also makes some rearrangement to water distribution. The financial limitation has made pipe maintenance not properly done (pipe leakage is wound with used inner tube). The pipe condition is getting less and less appropriate. Many of them are leaking or even broken altogether. Frequently the upper part of the system is clogged. The system did not install air vent so to release entrained air the pipe has to be punctured or cut. Improvement program was first conducted in 1990 in which water mater was installed in each HIPAM consumer. The program was repeated in 1997. This is intended to have a more controllable water use and distribution system. Unfortunately, there are many who refuse to install water meter. As a result, the contribution system does not work. They choose to dig pit wells. The water meter system was only applicable for 1-3 years. Failure Why was it that the community reluctant to participate in the HIPAM? According to the members, the service is not evenly distributed, it is getting smaller day after day, sometimes it stopped, many leaking pipes unattended, the management does not work properly including tranparenncy in financial matters. This condition is a consequence that from the beginning the HIPAM organization was not sufficiently prepared,

there is no management rule to follow, etc. The management does not have the required technical and managerial capacity. This was felt after the organization has been going for some time. The management is unable to make water discharge calculation and plan its distribution correctly including maintenance and its infrastructure development. Another important factor conributing to its failure is financial management. The amount of contribution and cost for new connection does not meet the actual operational costs including employees' salary. That is why the technical man does not take the job too seriously. Sometimes the employees had to spend their own money to mend a leaking pipe. Maintenance cost is not budgeted. This condition became worse when the financial management was taken over by the village headman. Another reason not the least important is the shrinking of water discharge in the spring probably due to deforestation. From time to time the discharge gets smaller. This can be seen after illegal logging around the water source. In addition, some of the villagers use electric pump to suck water directly from the pipe and some pipes leak due the villagers' carelessness. Recommendation Water supply facility of Bleberan is still recoverable. It needs management improvement, though. It is estimated that a discharge of 40 l/sec is sufficient to provide water to 10 thousand families or 40.000 people. This is far in excess of the 980 families or 3460 people, the village inhabitants. Several improvements that must take place are among others: 1. Evaluation of the existing pipe network and then a study on the possibility of network expansion to enable to serve more people.

2. Formulation of water use regulation such as compulsory installation of water meter for every consumer, prohibition to cut the pipe system and suck water using electric water pump. Including duties and responsibilities of water user, monthly constribution etc. 3. Capacity improvement of the management personnel, including technical skill required for maintenance, pipe extension, water distribution, etc. 4. Improvement in financial management. Contribution for new connection and monthly payment should be reviewed, and see if it could cover the actual operational cost. In simple terms a calculation must be made on benefit over cost in order to prevent loss, if necessary to make some gain for expansion in the future. The HIPAM financial management must also be improved. Fund allocation for salaries, maintenance and further improvement must be taken into consideration. 5. It is necessary to undertake socialization to the population because the community awareness is the key to successful water management. Tolerance among community members is of the utmost importance because water is the prime need for all. Acknowledgements This study was performed as a part of the project Innovative decision making for a sustainable management of water in developing countries (www.project-dimsum.net) which is supported by the European Commission DG RTD-FP6-International Cooperation (INCO).
*) Lecturer of ITS (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya), members of Regional Potential Study Group (UP3D-LPPM-ITS)

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S TO RY

CHILD SCAVENGER
of Bantar Gebang
he sun has just awakened from its night sleep. Otong, a second grade pupil is ready with his work gear. A bamboo basket one side tied with cord is ready to accompany him. The sea of waste in Bantar Gebang has been waiting for him. He still has time to play with his younger brother, Oman (6 yrs.). At around 7.00 he takes off. He is not alone but together with his elder sister Embi (14 yrs) and also Oman. Their parents tell Otong and Embi to take care of Oman. And thus their day is filled with working while playing. Actually Otong was not born to eking out waste field for a living. It was fate that drove him to be a child scavenger. One day his mother had to give birth to his brother through cesarian operation. This cost the family Rp 7 million. The familiy with 6 children did not have as much money. The only property they have was a motorcycle. They had to sell it for Rp 8 million. The cost for opration was well covered. The balance of Rp 1 million was used for down payment of new motor cycle credit. The problem now is to cover the Rp 460 thousand monthly installments. Thus every one of the family has to work hard to earn the amount of money for installment. Otong's eldest brother is working at a store selling constructon materials, but his salary is barely enough for himself. An elder sister is helping mother selling vegetables in the market. What they make is not enough to cover the family's needs. The consequence is,

Otong has to be willing to become a scavenger, a job that does not require any specific skill and it happens that it is located not very far from home. In TPA Bantar Gebang Otong scratches for plastic wastes and other sellable materials. He has to compete with other scavengers mostly older than himself. Once the basket if full Otong carries it to the edge of the field. There the "money material" is kept for a while. He goes back to the scrathing area for more material until it is time for him to return. The plastic material is then put into a bag and brought home. On school days Oong returns from his operation around midday. Upon arrival at home he takes a bath and takes his lunch. Then he goes to school at Blok Kaum of the village of Sumur Batu. At this semiformal school he studies in the same manner as other children of his age. The only difference is that this school does not issue any cer-

tificate so the graduates cannot continue to higher education. On holidays, Otong together with his brother and elder sister leaves for TPA at 7.00 AM and be back from there at 15.00 or even 16.00. They don't have to go home for lunch because their mother would send their lunch to TPA. Sometimes these children miss lunch because nothing comes from home. They ususally drink water they bring from home. Otong tells his story that one day he and his brother was waiting for the rice sent by their mother from home. But the long awaited did not come. Hunger was unbearable. Otong decided to go home around 14.00. Upon arrival he asked his mother, why she didn't send their lunch. His mother lightly answered:"Why do you return before 3 PM". Otong was silent in wonder. The hardship of Bantar Gebang has taught the children to look for ways in
SOURCE: BAGONG S

Otong is scraping the waste in Bantar Gebang.

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S TO RY
order to survive. In addition to plastic they also look for materials that are readily exchangable to money. The exchangeable items are for instance spoon and water tap made from brass. "One spoon can be changed with iced drink at the Pak Bule stall," said Otong [pointing to an iced drink stall at the end of the field. Three spoons worth Rp 2.000, brass tap Rp 500 per piece. One day Otong was very happy when he found a piece of Rp 10.00 banknote in the heap of waste. At that time he was scatching the wastes a piece of bank note appeared from among the dirty materials. He felt like he was flying in the moon. Each week Otong collects 25-30 kg mixed waste. The price for such waste is Rp 500-700 per kg. At least Otong earns Rp 17.500 - 21.000 a week. Waste is usually not sold weekly but monthly. The waste is sold to Boss Harun. The earning is directly held by his mother. Each of the three children is given Rp 10.000 for snacks and educational cost. In the new education year 2006 Otong at 12 years old was enrolled to Sumur Batu II primary school. Because he is already too old for his class often he is subject to fun by his classmates. But he doesn't mind. The most important is that he is studying in a school. Otong's fate for being able to go to school is better than that of Jumbo who is now 13 years old. After several years he has been a drop out from primary school. His mother is a poor widow selling rice at a stall by the edge of the TPA. No long ago the stall operating at Rp 200 thousand capital went bankrupt because the money was used to pay for medicare for his mother's illness. Then his mother becomes entrapped within a money lender's entanglement. She borrowed Rp 200.000 she has to pay back Rp 12.000 per day for one month. This condition stimulates Jumbo to join the waste scratching at the TPA. He does the job as if he is a mature man. Every day, leaving home in the morning, back at midday, and leave again to "bulok" -nickname for TPA- back home late afternoon carrying the the days' result. After the waste has reached about 2 - 300 kg it is sorted out, each is put into the specific bag. The waste is usually sorted based toys category, LD, pail, glass, zinc, and other metal. Sometimes when he feels rather lazy, Jumbo let the waste mixed as it is. Each week Jumbo weighed his material and sells it to the nearest middleman's stall. On average he collects Rp 50 - 60.000 a week. Most of the income is given to his mother. There are many children of the age of Otong, Embi and Jumbo who have to help their parents just to survive. Hundreds of child scavengers scratching waste heaps at TPA Bantar Gebang and Sumur Batu. Up to now there is no indepth study, valid data, how many child scavengers there are here and for what reason? The opportunity for child scavenger to develop himself is deterred, because his life is under the pressure of poor family. They have to work that hard. The money is for the family. MJ/BS

Role Played by Volunteer Educator

here are only few institutions that care to these children of the marginalized families. One that endures the stench is TPA Bantar Gebang Voluntary Team with its Tunas Muslim (Muslim Bud) school. The team teaches the children who have been strayed away from formal schooling, to get some general and religious education. More than 60 children are taken in at Tunas Muslim 3 alone. The number doesw not include children in Tunas Muslim 1 at Ciketing Udik and Tunas Muslim 2 at Blok Abah Bewok at Sumur Batu village. The volunteers are mostly from the local population. Look

at Andi Alim (37) and Rudi Samanhudi (35) they are of Sumur Batu origin. With all the limitation they work hard their mission. Therefore the eduction istitution is currently in dire need for textbooks on religious teaching, such as Tajwid, Juz Amma, Arabic Dictionary and other Islamic reading materials. "It would be quite unfortunate to let the children as they used to be. Who will take the responsibility for the poor child scavengers' education?" Andi said. The educators hope they could improve the children's dignity, if possible also their family's. MJ/BS

SOURCE: BAGONG S

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R E P O R TA G E

Communal Composting
opulation growth in urban areas brings with it new problems and issues. The available land does not have sufficient carrying capacity with the increasing burden of the population growth. On the one hand each family is certainly producing waste. This material needs the right place to dump in order to prevent it from producing adverse effect to health, scenic beauty, and comfort of life. Therefore waste must be handled immediately and accordingly. This condition is faced by the community of the housing complex of Mustika Tigaraksa, Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, inhabited by 1.687 families. The whole community is divided into 8 RWs and 45 RTs. From the beginning the developer had set aside a waste dumping site at a corner of the complex. Bit by bit the waste became a hill. Once it was burned. There was no big problem. But with new houses being built and more people are coming in the waste hill becomes a problem. The waste hill is growing again. It is made worse with someone who dumped his waste carelessly. A lot of waste scattered all over the place. Then comes the nauseating odour. Worst of all a mosque is located nearby. Imagine how upset the prayers are with the dumphill. The RW and RT chiefs once contacted the local government cleaners service. They asked the government to take care of the waste. To compensate it the community pays Rp 150.000 for one haul. Unfortunately the pick up schedule was undependable. Finally the waste remained a problem.

Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste

From the beginning the developer had set aside a waste dump site at a corner of the complex. Bit by bit the waste became a mountain. Once it was burned. There was no big problem.. But with new houses being built and more people are coming in the mountain of waste becomes a problem
BEST offered a system and the related facilities for the waste management. BEST is ready to treat all domestic wastes by picking them right from the place every day. As a compensastion each family is required to pay a monthly contribution of Rp 10.000. But the community is still difficult with the amount suggested by BEST. "The amount is too high, considering each of us has many other contributions to pay," said Imam who has relinquished his office as RW chief. The discussion did not stop there. Negotiation continued. While the process was continuing there was an offer for half the price at two weekly pick up schedule. There is also another figure at a different pickup arrangement. Finally, BEST offered Rp 4.000 per household to compesnsate the provision of location, sanction, pickup schedule, and other related regulations. After further deliberation, it was agreed the contribution at Rp 3.700/month. All RTs agree, except RT3 of RW 7 for reason that they are going to build their own incinerator to handle their own waste. Though the smoke produced by the incinerator pollutes the neighbouring RT 1 and RT2 but they just close their eyes. The cooperation with the NGO is going on till today. Management System The management starts with pick up from the household waste bins. BEST provides a fleet of tricycle carriers motorcycle with freight compartment. These motorcycles go around from house to house twice a week to collect waste. The households have just to put

Cooperation with an NGO The condition compelled the local RW chiefs to find a way out. Imam Sutopo, one of RW chiefs coordinated his fellow chiefs to contact Bina Ekonomi Sumberdaya Terpadu (BEST, Integrated Economic Resources Development) of Tangerang whose office is located not too far from the housing area. He requested the NGO's help to find solution to their problem. There was a favourable response because the NGO has had experience in the area of waste material and sanitation management. BEST then conducted a survey of the local condition. Then a presentation was made before the RT and RW chiefs and community leaders including the recommendation and proposed waste management in the housing complex. "This is a preliminary attempt to see the community response to the proposal we offered them," said Lubis, a BEST activist.

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R E P O R TA G E
all their waste in a waste bin in front of the house. All the waste is trasfered to a temporary collecting area. It has been agreed, BEST personnel only collect domestic waste from kitchen. They are not responsible to remove building debris or tree branches from pruning. They may, though, be asked to take care of such waste upon specific price negotiation. In the beginning the accumulated waste was hauled with truck to TPS. But this system met a natural constraint. Very often the waste truck was mired in soft ground. Finally the system was changed into local waste treatment using a facility called Material Row Facilities (MRF). About MRF MRF is a 18 m by 27 m steel construction covered with zinc coated sheet roof. It is provided with 2 m high concrete walls and a gate. The Borda funded construction serve as garbage dumping area collected from the community, separation of organic from inorganic materials, compost processing area, compost storage, and inorganic material storage area for sale. The facility is complemented with a guard sentry and house. The operating cost is paid from the community contribution. MRF is handled by 5 workers operating from 8.00 - 16.00 daily. They consist of one coordinator and four workers. They are paid by BEST. Some of the workers move around the community to collect garbage, the others are processing the garbage already collected. The newly arrived garbage is filled into several bamboo baskets. Fromm there the garbage is then selected. Plastic and inorganic materials including zinc, bottles, etc. are separated. These inorganic materials are then cleaned and stored. Every month buyer will come to take those materials with
SOURCE: BORDA

him. The proceed is an additional fund for salary. The organic material is processed into compost. Composting is conducted by putting the garbage into a wooden box of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m dimension. Except for mixing there is no specific treatment made to this garbage. The compost is ready for "harvest' in 40 days. Before it is put to market the compost must be screened and put into packages. All the garbage that enters MRF has an economic value and nothing is useless. Besides, with this facility the garbage does not look filthy and smells bad, here it is well managed to produce something new and beneficial. Response from the Community In general the community consider he new waste management system very helpful. "This is quite helpful. We don't have to take pains taking our garbage to the public facility," said Nuryati, a community member. They also admit that with the system cleanliness is more guaranteed because there are no more waste hills producing unpleasant smell and swarming flies. "Cleanliness makes life more pleasant," said Ibu Eni another member of the community. The two community members admit that the amount of contribution was not too much. "It's just allright," said Ibu Eni. This contribution is slightly bigger than the usual RT contribution of Rp 3.000, and is much less than the mushalla contribution of Rp 10.000. Community contribution is relatively big, 90 percent of the total cost. Now the families living near MRF facilities do not have to wait until their waste collected by the garbage man. They would voluntarily take their waste to the nearest facility. Eventually, the waste is now properly handled and at the same time a source of income. MJ

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I N N O VAT I O N

Urinoir without Flush

gravity is bigger than oil, will automatically sink below the oil. This oil prevents urine from floating and rather it will directly flow down without producing bad odour. Unfortunately the company does not describe what kind of oil used to filter the urine. According to the company, waterless urinal can replace the existing conventional urinoirs. The country that has tested is India, ie in the Taj Mahal toilet. to 40 thousand gallons a year! Therefore, the green building of American consulate has also used the new construction of this product. Randall Goble, Falcon WaterFree Technologies Marketing Director says that this technology is obviously supporting industries. According to him, if we can save water use by 10 percent we certainly save 200 billion gallons of water per year. However this does not mean this invention will pass the marketing gate smoothly. The invention meets with challenges. "We are against this waterless urinoir. Why? It will lead to health drawback by the habit of urinating without flushing," says Mike Arndt Director of American Pipe and Sanitation Association. According to him, it is true that we save water, but what about the negative effect behind it. On the other hand, Chuck Gerba, ecologist of the University of Arizone says that from microbiological point of view the invention is acceptable. According to him, waterless urinal is well tested from its sanitation aspect. Therefore, the problem of unpleasant smell in public toilet can hopefully be resolved. Who will be next to try? MJ

t has been our habit to cleanse and flush after urinating. If we do not flush unpleasant smell will spread all over the place. In this case water serves to neutralize the smell of ammonia from the urine. If the room still smells it can be neutralized by deodorizing substance. We can imagine how much water and room deodorant is needed every day to flush and neutralize urine smell. This fact has stimulated an American company, Falcon WaterFree Technologies to find a way to resolve the problem. Through a series of experiments, the company introduces a technology called Waterless Urinal, a urinoir that needs no flushing. The underlying concept behind this waterless unrinoir is very simple. According to Klaus Reichardt, the inventor, the devise is like an S form. When somebody urinates, the liquid will enter a cartridge screen. This cartridge replaces the function of flush water. The urine flows down through the bend into the centre of the cartridge then to the end pipe. The cartridge is made from a fluid somewhat like alcohol and oil so that it must be replaced after several uses. The technology is based on the principle of specific gravity. When urine, its specific

The same test has been tried at a public school in California. This technology, by its inventor, can save water and energy, the Waterless Urinal sophistication has won it a world class Certification for Design Excellence Platinum Award 2006. The reason is, the product is claimed to save water up

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ABSTRACT

The Impact of Water Supply Investment to Economic Growth and Income Distribution in DKI Jakarta
he government is still unable to sufficiently provide infrastructures and facilities for public service, such as for water supply. Provision of water supply to the population particularly piped water for urban poor indicates a tendency of declining amount of expenditures for water and medical treatment for water related diseases, and on the other hand an increasing number of productive days. This condition will improve productivity and increase saving within the poor families that lead to an increase of per capita income and filling of income gap, that eventually affect the overall economic condition. Investment in water supply, from theoretical and empirical points of view, provides impetus to economic growth. In the meantime, water supply for urban population, especially the poor, will increase community welfare and consequently an improvement in income distribution. The combination of water supply investment and fulfillment of drinking water demand of the urban poor will result in pro-poor growth economic growth, an economic growth that reduces income gap and poverty rate. As far as DKI Jakarta is concerned a pro-poor water supply investment is compulsory for a number of reasons, among others (i) the high urbanization rate, and (ii) proportion of population without piped water supply is quite high.

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o, nto

to,

Therefore, the following questions demand appropriate answer (i) does the piped water supply investment in Jakarta trigger pro-poor economic growth, (ii) does the non piping water supply investment trigger pro-poor economic growth; (iii) does the government subsidy for water supply provision in Jakarta trigger pro-poor economic growth? To answer the questions this dissertation applies a computation model called computable general equilibrium (CGE). CGE model is a non-linear simultaneous equation system for simulation of optimum habit of all consumers and producers within an economic system. Three simulation scenarios are applied in this study using SNSE data of DKI Jakarta 2000 to see water supply development as it relates to pro-poor growth, they are (i) investment simulation in relation to investment increase for pipe and non pipe system water supply system, (ii) investment simulation subsidy provision for water supply for poor families obtained from piped water tax increase and from the central government, investment simulation and subsidy obtained from pipe water tax increase combined with water subsidy for poor families, both from water tax increase and from the central government. The result of the simulation indicates that water supply investment

increase in DKI Jakarta produce an impact to the economic growth but no significant influence to reducing income gap, which means that water supply development in Jakarta cannot be categorized as pro-poor. Besides, in order to create a pro-poor growth investment for piped water should be complemented with provision of subsidy from the central government. The bigger the investment, the bigger is the subsidy needed. Several important recommendatiosn to include (i) the regional government should make access to water supply for poor families as a target and indicator of devlopment performance in DKI Jakarta, (ii) provision of subsidy for poor families is still needed if the proportion of such families without access to piped water is still relatively very high. One of the potential sources of the subsidy fund we may cite e.g corporate social responsibility (CSR) from big corporations, (iii) development of community based water supply system, (iv) non piped water supply can still be considered as alternative if some improvement be made regarding its regulation, subsidy for investment, and construction of additional public water taps so that the price of non piped water is affordable, and (v) resolution of the various constraints for the poor to access the service such as affordable cost for connection.
Dissertation by Oswar Mungkasa Economic Studies Program Postgraduate School Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia, 2006

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R E G U L AT I O N

Regional Regulation of Malang Municipal Government No. 10/2001 on

Sludge Treatment Installation

ludge treatment installation is something foreign to Indonesian cities. Only few of them have such a facility. One of the reasons is lack of the officials' interest to seriously consider the importance of this "dirty" sector. In reality, however, this facility significantly influences the community health in general. Malang as a medium size city has taken one step forward. This city has a sludge treatment facility. To sustain this facility the municipal government formulated the necessary regulation. And thus the Perda (Regional Government Regulation) No. 10 of 2001 was decreed. This regulation intends to invite the community participation to contribute to the black water management because the cost incurred for this purpose is relatively very high. In addition to covering the costs, the fund is also used to expansion of the service and the related environmetal management. The Perda stipulates the directives for using the services of the sludge treatment facility, contribution, legal sanction, and control. The Perda consists of 7 chapters and 11 articles. The Perda stipulates that the obligation to contribute for the user to contribute. Contribution payer is defined as individual of legal body who based

The Perda serves as legal umbrella for water source protection from any kind of pollution such as chemical, biological, radoactive, or any other pollutant and as an effort towards sustaining water availability

on law is obliged to contribute to the regional revenue office, including contribution collector. Black water or sludge to be treated in the facility is collected and transported from the collector tank by a special truck managed by the municipal government or by a private company. The treatment facility can only be used for processing of black water or sludge. The service, research, and collection of contribution can only be conducted by the Dinas Kebersihan (City Cleaning Agency). The Perda also stipulates matters related to contribution. Contribution is collected from contribution payer. Collection of contribution is made by issuance of a ticket at the time the truck carrying the sludge enters the treatment facility. The amount of contribution is Rp 6.000 per m3.

With regard legal ruling, Perda stipulates that each individual or legal body who undertake any activity in relation to black water and sludge management is prohibited to dispose of the black water or sludge to places other than the government provided facility. The contribution payer who fails to contribute that causes a finacial loss to the government shall be sentenced to jail up to three month imprisonment or a fine at a maximum amount ten times the amount due. The sanction is also good for black water of sludge transport that leaked and polluted the environment. To supervise the Perda implementation, the Municipal Government has alerted the police force, pamong praja (government bureau), Cleaning Agency, and regional environmental affairs each to peform their task and function to the best they can. The Perda serves as legal umbrella for water source protection from any kind of pollution such as chemical, biological, radoactive, or any other pollutant and as an effort towards sustaining water availability. The Perda is also intended to prevent water pollution. Domestic wastewater may cause declining water quality to such a level that it is no longer suitable for what it worths.

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ISSDP CORNER

Choice Model
hoice model is a method frequently used for marketing studies to see consumers' preference and paying capacity for various kinds of product being offered. In this study, this method is modified in such a way as it can be used for public goods and services such as sanitation facilities and services. The application of this model is conducted by integrating Choice Model Module into the survey tool (questionaire). In the module, explanation is given to the respondents about the various alternatives of wastewater treatment facility to improve their sanitation condition. The offer consists of 3 alternatives, urban pipe wastewater network (sewerage) system, small bore communal sewer system, and MCK (bath, wash and latrine) Plus. The three alternatives are offered with technical specifications that meet the standard of health and environmental protection. The respondents may than compare each of the three alternatives and with the system they have at present (status quo). For the three alternatives, respondents are also given alternative with regard capital contribution for construction, labour contribution to help the construction, and the compulsory daily or monthly contribution to run the operation and maintenance. Through offering several combination of examples of the facility, amount of contribution required, and amount of O&M cost, studies can be made about the choice pattern of each respondent that later can be used to estimate the

order of most prefered type of facility and the paying capacity of the community. Analysis of the data collected from the application of Choice Model may result in the choice of facilities from among MCK Plus, communal system and urban sewerage system that vary in each of the survey cities, as can be seen in the table below:
City Bandung Banjarmasin Blitar Jambi Denpasar Payakumbuh Surabaya Surakarta 8 cities combined Choise I Sewerage MCK Plus Communal System Communal System Sewerage Communal System Communal System MCK Plus Communal System

Banjarmasin do not like communal system because the existing facility they are using is better than the communal system being offered. On the other hand respondents of Blitar, consider that of the three alternatives only the communal system represents an improvement to the present system they are using. They choose to stay where they are than to shift to urban
Choise III Status Quo Status Quo MCK Plus MCK Plus MCK Plus MCK Plus Sewerage Communal System MCK Plus Choise IV Sewerage Sewerage Sewerage Status Quo Status Quo Status Quo Status Quo Status Quo Status Quo

Choise II MCK Plus Sewerage Status Quo Sewerage Communal System Sewerage MCK Plus Sewerage Sewerage

The application of this model is conducted by integrating Choice Model Module into the survey tool (questionaire). In the module, explanation is given to the respondents about the various alternatives of wastewater treatment facility to improve their sanitation condition.
In general the respondents feel that the three alternatives offered to them represent an improvement from the existing facility they are using presently, such as illustrated with the choice pattern of Jambi, Denpasar, Payakumbuh, Surabaya and Surakarta. Wile respondents of Bandung and

sewerage network or MCK Plus. As for the order of alternative choices, the most to the least prefered only Denpasar choose an order of alternatives in agreement with what is suggested in literature. Rural sewerage system places one followed by communal and lastly the MCK Plus. This order of preference is in agreement with the quality of service provided by the three alternatives. Urban sewerage system provides the highest sanitation service capacity, because wastewater is transported away from home that makes the family free from the risk of contamination. With sewerage system wastewater is treated in a centralized treatment installation so that it does not contaminate the environment. The communal system is basically comparable to small scale urban sewerage system, it serves the demand of a few scores to several

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ISSDP CORNER

hundreds of homes. This system is also provided with similar wastewater treatment facility, though technically it is not as sophisticated as with the one in the centralized urban system. In its development stage several communal systems can be combined to a more extensive wastewater treatment network, so that communal system can be applied as an interim solution before it is converted into urban sewerage system. MCK Plus is an MCK provided with wastewater treatment facility. If it is properly managed, this system is sufficiently safe for health and environment and convenient although the service is not a home connection. In general communal system is the most prefered system, as indicated as the first choice in 4 cities, Blitar, Jambi, Payakumbuh and Surabaya. It is interesting to note that while communal system is the most favoured in four of the cities suveyed, on the other hand there are two cities, Bandung and Banjarmasin that are entirely against communal system because they say this system is worse than the existing system they are currently using. Urban sewerage is the first choice of two cities, Bandung and Denpasar, while Banjarmasin and Surakarta choose MCK Plus as the most prefered system. Another interesting thing is that only in one city, Blitar, the respondents consider that MCK Plus as a choice is worse than the system they are presently using. This is quite consistent with the condition of the respondents who are mostly poor with access to private latrine that generally is in broken down condition, so that from day to day they use to go to public MCK. This is a general condition of

Bandung has had sewerage system since long time ago, though the coverage is relatively small, yet the facility is well known to most of the population
migrant population and those living in rented house with poorly provided sanitation facility. The abovementioned choice pattern represents an aggregate household choice pattern of the survey sites. Although in the survey the respondents had had sufficient explanation about the characteristics of the three alternatives, their knowledge and experience about the alternatives obviously put some colour to the choice pattern. From 8 surveyed cities, only in Denpasar and Bandung the respondents place urban sewerage as the first choice. Actually, there are 3 cities presently have sewerage system, Bandung, Denpasar and Surakarta. Sewerage system of Denpasar is currently under construction and it can be said that most its inhabitants are informed about this. Bandung has had sewerage system since long time ago, though the coverage is relatively small, the facility is well known to most of the population. While in Surakarta, the coverage of the system is quite limited and it happens that there is none in the vicinity of the sampling area. Direct experience with sewerage system seems to influence the repondents' choice. Respondents of Surakarta place sewerage system as second choice under MCK Plus.

It is the knowledge and experience about the system being offered that makes communal system the most prefered, this is because the system is widely used (through SANIMAS program) with a suffciently successful level. It seems that the communities are sufficiently convinced that this system will succeed and it has been proven that it is relatively easy to put it into reality. Blitar community have known very well the communal system, for them the expected is none other that the communal system, as is evidenced from their choice pattern in which urban sewerage and MCK Plus are placed below the rank of their presently used system (status quo). Similar case is seemingly the way to explain why MCK Plus is placed as the first choice in Surakarta. In the survey sites within this city, public MCK is generally in excellent condition, the community has been quite used to MCK, and most of the respondents are migrants living in rented house with no right to decide what kind of sanitation facility is to build so that home connection is not an attractive choice. The choice pattern that has been successfully explored from this study also indicates priority problem solution within their own surrounding. Before being asked about the prefered alternative, the respondents have been given explanation about the advantage of urban sewerage to other systems is that it makes the general environmental condition and issues of the city could be better taken care of. The fact that the communal system is more prefered than the centralized urban system indicates that for the respondents the utmost important concern is

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ISSDP CORNER

solution to problem within their own surrounding. Although the study has elaborated further the reasons behind the respondents' choice, this symptom is consistent with the tendency of low

who are willing to pay dues to shift from the presently used facility to to one of the three alternatives offered. In so doing, for alternatives that they consider not better than the status quo condi-

Graphic: Household willingness to pay monthly for sanitation facility

80

70

Keinginan Untuk to Pay Willingness Membayar (Rp. 000) (ribuan Rp.)

komunal communal

60
sewer

communal komunal

50

m ckplus

40
m ckplus

komunal communal

sewer s ewer komunal communal

mckplus sewer

30

komunal communal s ewer

s ewer mckplus

mckplus komunal communal

20

mckplus

10
mckplus sewer

Survey Site Lokasi Studi

income communities to pressing problems of their immediate surroundings. For them, the large scale environment is something too "luxurious" when compared to their own life's demand that is dominated by daily needs, the daily wage income pattern, plus the fact that they have no gurantee for continuous and stable employment. In addition to choice pattern, this study also measures the wilingness of poor communities in 8 cities to pay to improve their sanitation condition. The level of willingness to pay certainly is in line with their prefence level to the choice being offered. What is measured in this study is how many respondents

tion, the estimated willingness to pay is negative, or in other words they don't want to shift to the offered alternative. In short the illustration of willingness to pay monthly per household for the three alternatives offered in 8 cities is illustrated in the graphic below: The above graphic indicates that poor families of the survey sites are willing to pay for one of the offered alternatives between Rp 4.700 to Rp 67.000 per HH per month. The lowest is for wastewater network in Banjarmasin and the highest is for a communal system in Payakumbuh. Willingness to pay for MCK Plus is around Rp 8.300 per HH per month (in Bandung) up to Rp

53.000 per HH per month (in Surabaya). For communal system, the willingness to pay varies between Rp 28.400 (Surakarta) up to Rp 67.000 (Payakumbuh). While for sewerage system the lowest is Rp 4.700 per HH per month (Banjarmasin) and the highest is Rp 54.000 per HH per month (Payakumbuh). The above mentioned willingness to pay illustrates the existing reality. Experience with SANIMAS program indicates that on average the user community spend between Rp 15.000 up to 35.000 per HH per month for MCK Plus. While for communal system SANIMAS up to now each HH connected to the system pays Rp 20.000 up to Rp 40.000 per month. The estimation of the willingness to pay indicates that the SANIMAS system up to now is used as alternative problem solving for poor communities in urban areas that is quite promising for application in other cities throughout Indonesia. With regard willingness to pay for urban sewerage system varies between Rp 30.000 up to Rp 60.000 per HH per month, this amount also indicates a relatively good potential though still not enough to guarantee as a sewerage system payment that according to the literature would cost Rp 50 to 100.000 per HH per month, on average. However, the figure in this finding is sufficiently promising. The combination of government subsidy, cross subsidy pattern for wastewater service tariff, and enforcement of strict and consistent regulation that compels the high and middle income communities to get connected to sewerage system, it is believed that it can open a passage to urban sewerage development towards which most cities in Indonesia are compelled to implement in the future.

Payakumbuh

Jambi

Banjarmasin

Denpasar

Surabaya

Bandung

Blitar

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Surakarta

ABOUT PLAN INDONESIA

Plan Indonesia in Water and Environmental Sanitation Program

uring the time span between 2004-2005 Plan Indonesia has launched significant efforts in relations to Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation. Plan mobilizes resources to improve environmental sanitation and water supply provision that is conducted through development of water supply service in 80 remotely located villages especially in those communities who suffer from difficulties in getting drinkable water supply. The water supply and sanitation project has benefited at least 15.000 families in Indonesia. In October 2005, Plan Indonesia signed an MoU with Bappenas as a formal background for Plan assistance to the Indonesian government in implementing water supply and environmental sanitation program. The related workshop was held and attended by officials representing Bappenas, Dept. Public Works, Dept. Health, Dept. Home Affairs, who provided inputs for the development of mutual action plan between Plan and Government of Indonesia (GOI). Today other activities related to health care are being undertaken in 12 Plan program offices and have improved community knowledge on the impact of lack of cleanliness and thus improves hygiene behaviour among the community members. This is conducted through: (a) training of 500 volunteers/teachers for health care promotion, (b) training of pregnant mothers and cadres, (c) hygiene education for school children. The health care education has reached 50 Adituka (Asuh Dini Tumbuh Kembang Anak, Child growth early

care) Centres provided with clean water supply and MCK for children. Beside that, health care education is also prioritized to school children, who eventually will influence their family and the community around them. School cleanliness and health care education is treated as key component in the FRESH (Focusing Resource on Effective School Health) program implemented in 70 schools involving 3.500 pupils. Water use and facilitation in health represents the

main component of the approach. The FRESH program was launched in 2000 by WHO and is intended to stimulate policy formulation in school health, provision of healthcare services in schools, skill based health education, and access to health care facilities. As such, Plan also supports hygiene behaviour information dissemination channels: from children-to-parents-to-community. School children play an important role in improving health in schools.

"It's now easier for us to get water"

bdullah, 43, could not conceal his happiness when he saw a boy taking wudhu (cleaning before praying) at a water tap in front of his house before he went to the mosque to join midday prayer. According to Abdullah, before the Plan facilitated water supply facility, it was very difficult for us to get water "As with other people, my wife, children and myself used to take water from the spring some three km away from home before daybreak. We took a bath and had our breakfast over there. But now, everything has changed entirely," said Abdullah last February. In the village of Daha, Kabupaten Dompu Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) where Abdullah and his family live there are more than 300 households connected with water supply system. The number will increase along with the water committee's plan together with Plan to expand service coverage to several other villages. This pipe network was laid in May 2005. The local community worked together digging ditches to lay the pipeline, while Plan made available other materials, such as cement and technical assistance. Through this project, the commu-

nity was succesful in constructing a reservoir to hold water from the spring for distribution to consumers. The community has elected water user committee for O&M of the facility. Each famility is obliged to pay a contribution of Rp 1.000 a month. In the hamlets Tenga and Madawa of the same village Plan needs to put the community's expection into reality. From several organizations that visited the village it is only Plan that actually responds the community demand. "However, that was not easy. Plan put a number of requirements to be met, among others willingness to contribute. The project must involve everyone of the community including children in planning, design, up to the maintenance," Abdullah added. According to him, the pipe installation took 4 days to complete. The work is 3 days faster than the plan. "Because water demand is so pressing we worked harder and to the utmost capability," said Abdullah. Today many children take bath three times a day. "Now we have time to tend our garden." And one more thing, they have an experience in planning up to maintenance. (Plan)

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BOOK INFO

Channel Reservoir, Solution to Flood and Drought

Drought can be taken as misfortune, but at times, if properly managed, it can be a blessing. The author of this book suggests two philosophical grounds to turn drought into blessing, first how to save excess rainwater and distribute it during dry season. Second, selection of the right commodities, horizontally and vertically, suitable for the various levels of water availability. To save water during wet season and distribute it during dry season is something very simple. Using satellite imagery and air photographs at proportional scale, the location, quantity and dimension of water reservoir can be plotted into a map. There is already a pilot project conducted since 2000 to determine the location criteria covering soil type, slope, rock/parent material. The selection of the right commodities that minimize drought risk and increase farmers' income. Vertical
Title:

COLLECTION OF IDEAS: FLOOD AND DROUGHTCAUSE, ANTICIPATION, AND RESOLUTION

Author: Gatot Irianto Publisher: CV Universal Pustaka Media, 2003 Pages: xiii + 135 pp (Indonesian)

selection of commodities can be done by changing plant species, such rice with other annual food crop. While horizontal selection is directed to several rice cultivars which one has a deeper root system and which one has a shorter life cycle. Beside that, drought can also minimized by using channel reservoir that function as surface runoff and rainwater collector and improve land productivity. Conceptually, channel reservoir is an improvement of terraced wetland agri-

culture system that since long time ago has been practised as an ideal natural method for water collector, storage and distribution system. The channel is built by damming waterway so that the running water is intercepted to fill a reservoir and flow sideways to fill underground water reserve. There are three advantages of channel reservoir. First, storing the greater part of rainwater and surface runoff so that it can minimize flood occurences in the downstream areas. Second, reduce surface runoff velocity, rate of erosion and sedimentation so that the flow downwrd takes longer time with a less sediment load. Third, increase in groundwater reserve during the wet season that will provide relatively sufficient water during dry season. More ideally if the channel reservoir is built steplike that is commonly known as channel reservoir linear in cascade. MJ

Defecation, No More a Private Matter

here is a prevailing notion up to now that domestic wastewater, especially blackwater treatment is the sole responsibility of the respective household. As long as a household has its own toilet, wastewater handling is considered safely done. But data indicate that the frequency of diarrhoea incidence is so high and groundwater is contaminated. This is the currently prevailing problem of the cities. On the other hand, the government budget allocation is only US$820 million for sanitation sector for the last 30 years. This means, each Indonesian citizen is given Rp 200. This is of course too far below the ideal amount of Rp 47.000 per year. It is not a surprise, therefore, there are many problems coming up. Data indicate that 100 thousand children died of diarrhoea. Most apprehensive of all is that

URBAN SANITATION: PORTRAIT, HOPE AND OPPORTUNITY. IT'S NO MORE A PRIVATE MATTER
Authors: Bappenas Team, WSP-EAP World Bank, Academics, PT Waseso Tirta and BaliFokus Publisher: Bappenas and WSP-EAP World Bank Year of Publication: 2006 Pages: iv + 31 pp

Title:

Indonesia has no regulation on septic tank. Septic tank can be built anywhere. It is estimated that there are 100 thousand septic tanks in Jakarta. In addition to the absence of a regulation that obliges every HH to regularly empty the tank. Worst of all there is no one held responsible to septic tank control. The fact is obviously different from many other cities of the world. There domestic wastewater is treated in se-

werage system. This system was built in Bandung, Cirebon, Solo, and Yogyakarta during the Dutch colonial timess. But its was abandoned after independence. This model in now developed in Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Bandung, Jakarta, Medan, Prapat, Surakarta, Tangerang and Yogyakarta. Unfortunately its performance is unsatisfactory and it covers only 10 percent of the population. Therefore, improvement is immediately needed. The municipality and kabupaten governments must put this matter a mandatory. According to WHO for every dollar invested in sanitation it will produce economic benefit equivalent to $8. To put it into reality the municipal and district governments must invite the participation all stakeholders and the communities. And it must start from now! MJ

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WEBSITE INFO

Reuse
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/reuse/

being managed and assistance provided by the council in waste material reduction.

you the one in need for them. Please visit the website.

doing any siginificant structural change to it. Reuse constitutes a very simple idea, to save money, energy, resources and room in the TPA (final disposal ground), and it can be practised by anyone. Reuse is the second stage of a staged waste reducing process consisting of reduce, reuse and recycle as an important program in reducing the amount of waste material before its transport to TPA. In the state of California waste material reduction is already programmed through a regional government decree. Reuse has many advantages. One of

euse is defined as using something outside its initial use without

Reuse vs Recycle Used Electronic Devices Collector and Distributor

http://www.recycles.org/index.htm http://www.care2.com/channels/solutions/home/106

used computers in Indonesia. But in industrialized countries there are many such institutions because it is the habit of the developed communities to use a product just within the limit of its effec-

here might be no NGO as yet that deals with reusing and recycling of

cle. Actually they are quite distinctively different. Reuse does not need any reproduction process, while recycle is an effort to create a new product from a used product/material. longer period of time. tive age. In Indonesia the product is used for a much longer period of time, i.e until it is completely broken down. Recycle.org attempts to gather used Why is it that reuse is so important? Because at this very time there is a pressing demand to reduce waste. Reuse will maintain the quality of a product within the range of economically valuable. Therefore, reuse is more effective than recycle. The reason is reuse prevents goods from being a waste, reducing it from the source, saving energy because no production process is taking place, etc. In addition to a long discussion about reuse, this website presents many articles about health especially as it relates to waste handling. There are also related waste material programs managed by various organizations and universities.
MJ

here are many who cannot distinguish between reuse and recy-

Reuse main-

tains efective use of a product for a

them is creation of employment opportunity. According to Institute for Local Self-Reliance, there is a big potential through reuse efforts. "If one half of 25,5 million tons of long lasting goods such as furniture, clothing, and machinery currently not used in US are reused, more than 110 thousand job vacancies are created." The website maintained by Council for Integrated Waste Management provides illustrations of many things related to reuse. It contains programs

computers to be distributed to those in need for them. And for this purpose, all the services are given free. Whoever in nesd for one he is just to contact the NGO describing a clear identification and authenticity. With this service the NGO attempts to reduce waste computers and other electonic devices from being dumped uselessly, whereas actually the technology contained in them is still valid and beneficial. Are you interested in donating your used electronic device or are

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October 2006

43

CD INFO

WASPOLA Publication
ou might have heard something about WASPOLA. Speaking of WSS policy one must remember WASPOLA. Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning is a project designed to formulate the national WSS development policy. The project collaboratively managed by Bappenas, AusAID and the World Bank has been running for several years. Beside policy formulation this project also conducted field trials to translate the policy into regional application. In this connection, WASPOLA secretariate produced CD about their activities for the priod between January-June 2006. The CD labelled "WASPOLA Publication" contains four components, they are policy implementation, policy reform, management knowledge, and project management and coordination. The first component contains implementation of national policy for community based WSS development at kabupa-

ten/provincial levels. The report contains implementation in NTB, Sumatra Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Gorontalo, and Banten also Bangka Belitung that was conducted in January - February, including its final report that was prepared in March - April. In addition, there is some mention about strategy plan for WSS development in several kabupatens such as

Bangka Selatan, Bangka Barat, Solok, Sawahlunto Sijunjung, Kebumen and Pangkajene. In Policy Reform component, there is a report of visit to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study visits was intended to take a look at the small scale water supply provision in the city. The other report contains visit to Australia in relations to Australian institutionally based WSS development. The third component contains policy documents, among others proceedings of several workshops, communication strategy formulation, Sanimas Outcome Monitoring Study (SOMS), training activities such as facilitation, communication synergy, MPA-PHAST, CLTS, and so on. In the last component the CD tells us ablout WASPOLA monthly report January till July and English version of the report. Included also report for the previous of July till December 2005 and WASPOLA workplan 2006 that was officially approved in April 2006. MJ

The Break-down of Chain Link of Life

evelopment is mandatory. Yet it is not infrequent that a development is followed by disaster. This happens when those doing the activity neglect the aspects that should have been the bases upon which one steps. When profit is the prime target, quite often other people around him must allow themselves suffer from misery. The video CD produced by Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI) discusses a theme on pollution of rivers. The very river is the main water source for the community living around it. The pulp industry is accused for the river pollution. At a glance it seems the company has constructed a waste treatment faci-

lity. But fact indicates the waste disposed into the river has not met the standard quality and that's how the pollution enters the river. The 30 minute

film shows us how many families have to suffer from various kinds of disease after using polluted water from the river. Besides, it is also shown in here the pollution does not only causes suffering in human beings but it also affects other living creatures. Nature is ecologically damaged. This condition is not recoverable in short time, it needs a long period of time. The impact of the damage will also last long. The VCD is suitable to be shown for environmental education. It is hoped that through the show men will be moved to be sensitive to environment and eventually will join in environmental conservation. MJ

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A R O U N D WA S P O L A

Interpretation of National Policy into Local Context

"Wow..after such a long time, finally we have PDAM in our village", says one villager of Desa Kesesi, Njagung one night during the community meeting with Pekalongan Regional WSS Working Group. It was concluded with an agreement for water supply development through establishment of water supply management institution from within the local community. Each HH is willing to contribute Rp 50.000 for home connection, while the government subsidy will come in the form of water cathment structure. The village of Kesesi is one of several hundred of villages in 19 kecamatans of Kabupaten Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah that is using its Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for water supply development. Slamet, Budi and Umar were smiling while contemplating the fruit of their hard work. These three people are WSS Working Group champions who realize that "if the project is implemented simply to follow the central government direction it would certainly fall into the same fate as the previous projects". On the other hand, if one needs the sustanability there must be a serious effort though it should be admitted that such an effort is not easy. Triggered from this awareness the three people with support from the other Working Group members developed an idea to use the counterpart budget for community preparation and at the same time dissemination of the national policy to other potential DAK recipient villages. The experience is an example of

A flash of smile from Pekalongan

SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS

sucesses in understanding the natonal policy at local level. They do not simply follow the directions from above, rather they take courage to critically and contextually think in accordance with the actual demand of the community. It was quite probable, that if the Rp 1,3 billion DAK allocated by national budget for Kab. Pekalongan is let to be used for the improvement of PDAM technical facilities, it won't benefit so significantly the village community whom so far haven't had the opportunity to have clean water supply directly flowing into their homes. Reflection from facilitator The success story of Pekalongan is not necessarily the same with that of other places. This was revealed in the workshop for Operationalization of the

Policy in four kabupatens during September 2006. Take for instance in Kabupaten Purbalingga, also in Jawa Tengah, the recorded field data indicate a significant increase in patterns of damages to the Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation systems built by the government. Damage escalation during the last 15 years has come to a cumulative figure of 77 percent of the available facilities. This means, the user communities can no longer make use the remaining 23 percent facilities. This indicates the Regional Government has no WSS development concept. An evaluation suggested during the workshop in Kabupaten Wajo was no less apprehensive. The data revealed showed that approximately 50 percent of the kecamatans in the kabupaten do not have WSS service. When dry season

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A R O U N D WA S P O L A

comes the communities would be in difficulty to get water for their daily needs. If only the raw water from Lake Tempe could be made to flow, the community wouldn't be suffering like that again. Similarly in Kabupatens Bima and Dompu, the origin of WSS related problems come from the shrinking amount of raw water source for several reasons, namely uncontrolled forest clearing and other reasons related to poor spatial planning and improperly designed land utilization. In addition, there is another "chronic disease" namely slow bureaucracy and lack of inter office coordination, that directly influence the availability of accurate data and maps, on population, and on the potential community that strongly demand the supply and the existing WSS service consumers. The fact and data triggered the WSS stakeholders to move ahead. This was made as the stepping stone for WASPOLA team to continue to take forward steps. The essence of WASPOLA facilitation this year is to increase the regional capacity to develop a planning in accordance with the national policy. One of the indicators is that "the region has the courage to bargain a program" or in other words to have courage to find a breakthrough to adapt the national policy into the regional context in terms of the local situation and condition and the actual demand. Continuation of roadshow and regional level workshops The regional implementation facilitation process indicates that roadshow to the chiefs of regional government and people's representatives is a first rate method in obtaining political support. Last September, a roadshow experience in Purbalingga indicated a success. The kabupaten administration gave its support by making availabe regional budget through the Bupati's Instruction letter No. 546.2/4 of 2006 for infiltration well

development movement, application of Public Health Service Guarantee and matters related to WSS development. Other roadshows were conducted in the kabupatens of Wajo, Bima, and Dompu, all of which have led to Workshop for Operationalization of National Policy at the Regional Level. Similar activities at Province of NTT, Kabupatens Brebes and Pemalang and Province of Banten have taken place the month before. The WSS Working Group of Province Banten reported that the roadshow they initiated was also a success. There are 17 other kabupatens are scheduled to embark on a roadshow this year. Strengthening regional capacity in MPA-PHAST MPA (Methodology for Participatory Assessments) is one of the approaches that is continuously employed by WASPOLA to involving the communities in effective planning and development so that they participate in decision making. MPA-PHAST has been applied

in several projects, such as WSLIC-2 in several provinces in Indonesia. On 29 August-1 September 2006 MPA-PHAST training was conducted in two regions namely in Pujut, Lombok Tengah for 5 provinces of the eastern part of Indonesia attended by 33 participants. During the workshop all the participants directly applied the methods together with the local communities of two villages in Lombok Tengah. Most particiapnts commented that the training was very interesting and important to change the way of thinking of the regional government about community based approach, unfortunately though, the time was too short. Similar worksop was conducted by PMD of Dept Home Affairs in Semarang on 19-22 September 2006 attended by 32 participants representing western part of Indonesia. Provisioning regional implementors with basic facilitation training For the purpose of improving the capacity of regional working groups
SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS

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Facilitation Skill Training was held in July and August 2006. There were two batches of participants, the first was held in Yogyakarta by PMD of Dept Home Affairs attended by 32 participants, while the second batch was organized by WASPOLA in Bali attended by 33 participants representing several provinces. This meeting is considered very important by the participants because facilitation skill is a basic requirement for policy implementor to enable him to change towards acceptable attitude and at the same time improving his capacity in the application of participatory methods as starting point for community based approaches. Several kabupatens, for example Pandeglang, expressed their interest to conduct similar training in their respective regions. Mainstreaming upper-lower watershed issue to sustain raw water availability The availibility of raw water that meets standard quality is a prerequisite for water supply service. While some region may have very limited water source is a deviation from the concept of regional autonomy wherein regional authority is divided but does not include ownership of raw water source. This has been calculated as one aspect that may triggers inter-regional conflict of interest and conflict between regional users. It is necessary to find effective raw water management models to guarantee sustainable water supply provision. It would be ideal if there were a model that could reflect involvement of all stakeholders, a just environmental service and improving welfare of all especially the community. The first upper-lower watershed workshop was held in August 2006 in Padang with a theme that reads "Optimizing Regional Involvement in the Management of Inter-regional Raw

there were several identifiable barriers that constrained policy facilitation, one of them is lack of comprehensive knowledge in the part of the decision makers

Water Sources". Similar workshop was also held in the Provinces of Jawa Tengah and NTB. A pioneer model that was produced therefrom will be discussed in more detail at national level meeting, in order to obtain more inputs for a continuing policy improvement. National coordination meeting The National coordination meeting was facilitated by Directorate General (DG) Bangda Dept Home Affairs and was flowing intensively and in participatory manner. All the WASPOLA facilitated provinces, kabupatens and cities during 2003-2006 were present and have concluded important agreements related to policy implementation. There are at present 4 WASPOLA facilitated regions of 2004 that have completed its WSS development strategy and is now followed with operational program. Five other regions facilitated in 2005 are in the final stage of the strategy formulation. One of the meeting agenda was a discussion on "Communication Strategy to support WSS development in the regions" and this was followed with group discussion. At the end of the workshop they were asked to present to the group the action plan to be implemnted in their respective regions including communication aspect integrated in it. Communication strategy to support

policy implementation Up to September 2006 WASPOLA has completed facilitation activities in 49 kabupatens. To enable to cover the activities in such a big number of kabupatens it is required to develop effective strategy breakthroughs to speed up adoption process and policy implementation in the field. From observation made by WASPOLA communication team both at the central and at regional levels some time ago, there were several identifiable barriers that constrained policy facilitation, one of them is lack of comprehensive knowledge in the part of the decision makers that leads to insufficient support, in addition to poor advocacy skill especially with lack of support from communication media. The general public do not pay enough attention to sanitation issues because such issues are rarely brought to their attention by mass media. Another constraint of note is the prevailing interagency sectoral egoism that adversely affects the motivation to formulation of regional WSS development strategy. To overcome this issue, WASPOLA team formulated six Communication Strategies that have been revised and improved based on inputs from Central WSS Working Group internal workshop and from other involved parties. The communication strategy is a communication intervention method to various key elements for policy implementation in order to develop it into a sustainable program. Through an internal workshop held on 28 September 2006 the Central WSS Working Group has accepted the role and responsibility and the funding will be included in WSS Working Group FY 2007 Budget. This document will serve as guideline for the implementation of communication strategy in the future, hence it be distributed accordingly. (Wiwit Heris)

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AROUND WSS

CWSH Health Promotion Training

ommunity Water Services and Health Project (CWSHP) conducted Health Promotion training in Surabaya on 20-24 September 2006. The training was intended to coordinate health promotion programs of CWSH and Desa Siaga considering both programs are working on similar approach. This training was attended by Environmetal Health and Health Promotion of four provinces and 20 kabupatens, consisting of Provinces Kalimantan Barat (5 kabupatens), Kalimantan Tngah (7 kabupatens), Bengkulu (3 kabupatens) and Jambi (5 kabupatens). The training was officially opened by Director of Environmetal Health, Dept Health. He urged the participants to develop an integrated pro-

gram approach between Environmental Health and Health Promotion with School Health Unit (UKS). The subject matters discussed in the training included introduction of CWSH, National Policy for Community Based WSS Development, National Policy and Strategy for Health

Promotion Development, Organization of UKS, Sanitation Clinic, CLTS as an alternative for Resolution of Sanitation Problem, MPA-PHAST, Communication and Media Development, and Self Reflection. The training produced an agreement of a set of duties and responsibilities in accordance with their own program. The program comprises four aspects, they are empowerment, hygiene behaviour, health promotion, and UKS. In addition to the agreement concluding the training also produced several recommendations, among others the need for involvement of Dept.of National Education in UKS program, maintaining a specific website, puskesmas sanitarian training. Mahmud
Yunus/MJ

Methodology for Participatory Assessment - Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (MPA-PHAST) Orientation Training
n 19-23 September 2006 the Directorate General for Community Development (PMD) Dept Home Affairs organized orientation training on Methodology for Participatory Assessment - Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (MPA-PHAST) in Semarang. The activity was intended to improve understanding and facilitation skill of the individuals directly involved in the application of MPA-PHAST methodology. With this capacity it is hoped that the participants will increase the efficacy of planning, monitoring and evaluation processes in the WSS sector development. The event was opened by Togap

Siagian (Section Head, Facilities and Infrastrures, DG PMD) on behalf of the DG PMD, and Oswar Mungkasa (Head of Subdirectorate Solid Waste & Drainage, Bappenas), and Gary Swisher (WASPOLA Leader). The orientation was facilitated by Amin Robianto and Herry Setyadi from Citra Darani Jakarta and Nur Khamid from Meda Parahita Lumajang. MPA-PHAST methodology comprises several stages, i.e preparatory, planning, implementation and monev, each influences the others and operates on 7 variables: sustainable efficacy, effective use, community demand reponsiveness, participation in management, community empowerment and participation,

institutional support and policy support. The activity that was attended by 36 participants was filled with MPAPHAST related subject matters and other aspects related to sustainable WSS service development and field practice in the application of MPAPHAST softwares. The participants were divided into three groups each group was sent to different village, Gondoriyo, Genting, and Bedono. The three villages are in Ambarawa area, in Kecamatan Jambu Kabupaten Semarang. After completion of field practice the participants began to realize that it is not easy to deal with the community.
rie

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Socialization of SPAM Care to School Children

ari why do you still use too much water?? Please dech!!" That reads the opening slogan brought to Dharma Praja, Denpasar high school students in an event called Socialization of SPAM (Water Supply Provision System) Care for High School Students 2006, held on 22 September 2006. This event was conducted in collaboration between Directorate of Water Supply Development Dept Public Works and PDAM Kota Denpasar. The purpose was to explain the system in water supply provision and to build an awareness how important water resource conservation is. The program was targeted to two high schools, the Dharma Praja High School and Public High School No. 8 Denpasar. There were 55 students from

"H

Dharma Praja and 90 from Public High School 8 enthusiastically took part in the program. Using educational tool kit the students took water quality measurement in the river near their school. Based on the masurement the water from Badung river is within the normal range. The collected data read: pH is somewhere around 8, turbidity above 100 JTU (Jackson Turbitity Unit), dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l on average. With such a condition river Badung is categorized as moderate, although turbidity is in poor condition. While analysis of Tukad Ayung river by SMUN 8 students concludes that the river is still worthy for raw water source for PDAM Kota Denpasar. The students were guided to tour the raw water source and its treatment at the facility in Blusung PDAM Kota

Denpasar. Before that they were introduced to government policies related to Water Supply Provision System and Decision of Minister of Health No.907/MENKES/2002 on Standard Requirements for Drinking Water and Drinking Water Quality Control. It is hoped that with this activity the students would become SPAM representatives who are aware of and willing to influence their friends and families how to behave with regard to water. They were also instilled to develop a creative proposal in connection with water campaign in any possible form. Radio CDBS Bali that also took part in this occasion is willing to become the media for environment care youth of Bali, particularly in relations to water. MJ

Workshop Moderation and Visualization for Group Event (MOVE)

onsidering the complexity of problems related to water supply and sanitation sector to be submitted to the government, the community and mass media by the pulic relations of WSS related institutions, Water and Sanitation Network in collaboration with Water Supply Communication Forum (RORKAMI) organized MOVE (Moderation and Visualization for Group Event) Workshop in Yogyakarta 4-7 September 2006. MOVE is an international guidance for public relations and adult education in improving moderation and visualization skill. This workshop was intended to pro-

vide highly required moderation and visualization skill by PR practitioners to summarize the actual problems and issues or constraints to be presented to the government, community and media in well packaged information so that the actual and critical issues are clearly transmitted. This activity was attended by thirty participants from WSS Working Group (Pokja AMPL), Regulatory Body, PDAM Kota Bogor, PDAM Kabupaten Bogor, and Yayasan Satunama. The event was opened by Drs. Abdul Muthalib. Manfred Oepen from Water and Sanitation Network and Frans Tugiman acted as

co-moderator. MOVE methodology has been tried in many countries including Indonesia. This methodology is recommended by GTZ, USAID, World Bank, and many other international organizations. MOVE applies the principles of cooperation, visualization, and evaluation and orientation to problem. Manfred Oepen and Frans Tugiman reminded the participants that to become MOVE moderator one must be able to guide an audience without dominating them. They have to be able to respect each one's idea and experience brought forward by the audience. rie

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f W S S L I B R A RY GENERAL BOOK
NATIONAL PROFILES ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSING READINESS FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROTECTION AND CHEMICAL SAFETY FOR CHILDREN Publisher: World Health Organization ECO HYDRAULICS OF RIVER CONSTRUCTION: MITIGATION OF FLOOD AND DAMAGES OF RIVER BASIN ENVIRONMENT. SECOND EDITION Author: Maryono, Agus. Yogyakarta Publisher: Postgraduate Program, UGM, 2005 PICTURE BOOK THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE : ROAD & BRIDGE (VOL.1). Authors: Hartmann, Ekart & Unger, Heinz Publisher: World Bank, Jakarta, 2006

FINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATER SUPPLY INVESTMENT TO INDONESIAN ECONOMY
BASIC FACILITATION SKILL TRANING REPORT: WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF IMPL3MENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY FOR COMMUNITY BASED WSS DEVELOPMENT Publisher: DG PMD Dept Home Affairs, Jakarta 2006

G U I D E L I N E
STANDARD LIST IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING: STANDAR NASIONAL INDONESIA (SNI), TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL Publisher: Dept. Public Works Agency for Research and Development Jakarta, 2004 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2002; PART 6 (VOLS II & III) URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Publisher: Dept Kimpraswil Agency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2002; PART 5 (VOL II) RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Publisher: Dept Kimpraswil Agency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002

L AW A N D R E G U L AT I O N

DECISION OF MINISTER OF FINANCE NO. 518/KMK.01/2005 ON THE FORMATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE FOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION IN INDONESIA Author: Water Supply Provision System Development Support Agency Ept. Publ Works, 2005

PRESIDENT REGULATION NO. 67 YEAR OF 2005 REGARDING ON GOVERNMENT COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC BUSINESS UNIT ON INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.
Author: Support Agency for Water Supply Provider System, Public Works Departement, Jakarta 2005

TECHNICAL & MANUAL GUIDELINE, FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2002: SECTION 6 (VOL. 1) URBAN DRINK WATER (URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM).

WATERS ACT 1920 (ACT 416) & WATER SUPPLY (FEDERAL TERRITORY OF KUALA LUMPUR) ACT 1998 (ACT 581) Author: International Law Book Services, 2001 Publisher: International Law Book Services, Malaysia

Publisher: Development and Research, Departement of Public Works, Jakarta, 2002

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECREE NO.48/1996 REGARDING DECREE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT NUMBER: KEP-48/MENLH/II/1996 REGARDING NOISE LEVEL STANDARD
Publisher: State Minister of Environment Indonesia

MAGAZINE
ACCESS
8th edition July/August Community Development Strengthening Scheme 2006. Australian and Civil Society

JOURNAL ON GLOBAL ISSUES USA:

PROJECT REPORT
FINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATER SUPPLY INVESTMENT TO INDONESIAN ECONOMY Jakarta, Basic Village Infrastructure and Facility Development and Control Independent Unit, 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 30 YEARS PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES Washington DC eJournal USA. 2005 CIPTA KARYA BULLETIN No. 8/4th YEAR/2006

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D AT E 30 28 01 30 01 4-7 4-6 04 5-7 06 07 08 9-13 14 18 19-23 19-21 19 20-23 19-20 21 21 28 29 30 2-4 2-7 03 06 9-13 11 12 12 13 16 17 17 18 19 19 MONTH August - 1 September August - 1 September September August - 1 September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September September October October October October October October October October October October October October October October October ACTIVITY Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Bandung MPA-PHAST Training in Mataram Meeting on Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Lombok NTB Coord Meeting on National Policy for WSS Development in Makassar ISSDP Inception Report Pre-Workshop in Jakarta Workshop Moderation and Visualization of Group Event - MOVE (FORKAMI) in Yogyakarta WSS Technical Training for Provinces of Jabar, Sulsel, and Sulbar (WSLIC) in Surabaya Meeting on WASPOLA 2 Project and Sustainable Exit Strategy in Jakarta Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Makassar Presentation of Innovative Decision Making for a Sustainable Management of Water (DIMSUM) in Jakarta Training on WSS/SUSENAS 2006 Data Processing in Jakarta Workshop ISSDP Inception Report in Jakarta ProAir Workshop for Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur and NTT in Kupang Socialization of Strategy Plan in Solok Workshop on WSS-BM in Dompu MPA-PHAST Orientation in Semarang Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Bima Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Purbalingga CWSH Health Promotion Training in Surabaya Socialization of Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in Banten Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Wajo Water Supply Facility Development (ProAir) Meeting in Sumba barat Communication Strategy WASPOLA 2 Meeting in Jakarta Coord Meeting WSS Development in Jakarta Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in NTT Workshop Water Resources Management Instrument in Jakarta Field Tests of SUSENAS Data in Palembang, Semarang, Minahasa, Kupang , Lombok Barat, Ternate Seminar on Local Community Access and Role in Water Supply Service in Jakarta Regional Meeting on Initiatives on Environment and Health in Jakarta Workshop on Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat Preparation for Regional TOT and National Meeting on Scaling Up CLTS in Jakarta Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Kupang Meeting for Strategy Paper "Financing Piped Water Service" in Jakarta ProAir Meeting in Jakarta Meeting on Speeding up the Formation of BPAL in Bali Preparatory for Appraisal of Western Java Environmental (WJEMP) in Jakarta Meeting on Policy for Subsidy and Public Service Obligation in Jakarta Meeting on Trial for BPS Questionaire in Jakarta Coordination Meeting on WASPOLA - WSS Working Group Workplan in Jakarta Coordination Meeting on WSS Communication Network in Jakarta

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I AT P I C L I N I C

Contributor: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com) Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Percik Magazine in cooperation with Sanitation Engineer and and Environmental Engineer Association maintain Clinic column. This column deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Protecting Water Source around TPA

Question: First I wish to know the applicable technology or method in an area located somewhere around 10 m from a TPA (final disposal site) in order to protect the clean groundwater from leachate intrusion. Secondly, how can a community living along the coastline turn the raw brackish groundwater into drinkable water. What technology is applicable for this purpose? Thank you in advance.
chris tinto <tintochris@yahoo.cu.id>

But if they have to consume the groundwater and if it is found that the groundwater is polluted, then the soil and the water must be properly remedied. This a very expensive technology, because in the US to cleanse a site from landfill pollution would cost US$125 million per site. This is the curative measure.

Answer: For areas with high probability of pollution contamination (such as one near TPA), one should admit, that it will be difficult to access water supply, if the source is groundwater. Measures for soil and groundwater protection from pollution must have been taken before the TPA was to start operation. This is called preventive measure. In case any of these measures cannot be undertaken, naturally the community have to find access to water supply from other sources (such as piped water from water treatment facility that takes its raw water from sources other than groundwater around the TPA).

It is quite possible that intrusion of salt water has entered the groundwater immediately along the coastline. This can be resolved by preventive measure, i.e not to exploit groundwater in excess of the prescribed discharge rate.

The technology commonly used for this purpose is called Passive Reactive Barriers. This techology utilized concrete barriers in the groundwater flow. The barriers are coated with some kind of chelator and oxidator to bind and oxidize toxic substances in the waste leachate. By so doing, preventive measure is still preferable to curative. Or we have to go back to using water from a service taken from a source other than a polluted site.

For the second question, it is quite possible that intrusion of salt water has entered the groundwater immediately along the coastline. This can be resolved by preventive measure, i.e not to exploit groundwater in excess of the prescribed discharge rate. Otherwise, salt water intrusion will begin and the fresh water will turn brackish. If one has to use the brackish water as raw water source, one may use a technology called Reverse Osmosis (RO). This techology is based on the principle of membrane with minute pores subjected to high pressure to repel salt compounds from the solution. It is a relatively costly method, somewhere around US$2 per cu. metre. As a comparison the average cost for surface water in Indonesia costs US$.25 per cu. metre. If one decides not to use this technology the alternative is to use piped water supplied from a source other than the coastline. If that is still not possible, the government can subsidize the use of RO technology for this kind of areas so that the investment and O&M are affordable. The essence is the tehnology chosen must be dependable and at the same time also affordable. Sandhi

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G L O S S A RY
Piezometric head line
Also called Hydraulic Grade Line of open channel. In practice it is also called flow surface line

Pit Latrine
One of pit latrine types with crouching plate over a vertical bore 1,25 m2 pit 3-6 m deep vertical, but not lower than ground water table. It consists of concrete plate construction and is provided with non permanent cover. When the pit is almost full its is filled with soild and cover till ca. 60 cm, before a new pit is excavated at another place.

Pit Privy
One of latrine types consisting of cover plate for crouching mounted over 1,25 m2 pit hole and depth 1,5 m. Around the pit is covered with wood. Provided with ventilation as an outlet for gasses produced inside. The pit hole is not designed to receive flush water.

Plain aeration
Waste water aeration without the involvement of active mud. With air bubles touching the waste coagulation is expected between colloids and waxy materials. It is commonly conducted at the beginning of treatment as pre-aeration.

Plain chlorination
Treatment of physically and chemically good quality raw water taken from surface water source (e.g water spring, artesian well) simply by chlorination.

Plain concrete pipe

Concrete pipe without reinforcement usually at a diameter of less than 24 in. and is not intended to withstand a very big burden

Plain sedimentation
Water treatment facility consisting of a basin for large sediment to settle by gravity force

Plant
An integrated system consisting of components or units that are working supporting each other towards processing/producing a result

Plant layout
Arrangement pattern of units or components of an installation on an area or site plan.

Plate settler
Plates fixed in the sediment unit in such a position so as to minimize turbulence in the flow treated water in order to maximize sedimentation capacity of the unit.

Plug-flow
One of oval shaped flow models in water treatment plant, in which the comparison of tube length with its width is so big. Treated water flows in and out from the same part. In this flow the most influential dimension is length of detention time.

from Dictionary of Foreign Language Terms and Abbreviation in Sanitation and Environment Engineering Publisher: Trisakti University