Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGLISH
FOR MEDICINE (Part One)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit# 1: SKIN -----------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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2
4
6
7
Unit# 2: EAR ------------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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10
12
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Unit# 3: LUNGS -------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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Unit# 4: LIVER --------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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Unit# 5: KIDNEY ------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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Unit#6: STOMACH ----------------------------------------------Reading Focus: -------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------Working Focus: -------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
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PREFACE
This textbook is a logical outcome of a comprehensive research project carried out at
College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS) by its during 2008 to determine the
linguistic needs and preferred learning styles of its students. The textbook is designed
to cater for their specific needs by considering their culturally driven preferred
learning styles. The purpose of the book is not to teach medicine but to inculcate the
academic ability in the students to go to read, listen to and/or watch a text, audio or
video on medical topics and understand, extract and utilize the information within them
in an effective and efficient manner.
To achieve this goal, the book ensures an integrated practice in various language
skills along with emphasizing the other important language areas of vocabulary and
medical terminology. Reading passages of moderate length have been carefully
selected focusing on six different parts of the human body. A variety of exercises is
employed in all the units to familiarize the students with different learning situations
and promote students interest and motivation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge my sincere indebtedness to Dr. Talal Abdullah Al-Malki, the
former Dean of the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences at Taif University who
worked to promote a research oriented atmosphere at the College that facilitated and
encouraged me to accomplish this academic task. I gratefully acknowledge the
unstinting and unconditional support of Dr. Turkey Saleem Al-Thubaiti, Chairman,
Department of Foreign Languages, for any project that contributes to academic
excellence and professional development. I admit that without his encouragement this
would not have been possible for me. I wish to express my great appreciation to Dr.
Muhammad Al-Khairi, Dean, College of Arts for Academic Development, for his
constant reassurance and support.
I am highly grateful to my respected colleague Dr. Hasan Banna El-Gabbala,
Professor of Applied and Theoretical Linguistics, and Dr. Moyn Ali, Director Medical
Education for professional guidance that was instrumental for the completion of this
book. Special thanks and appreciation are also due to Mr. Timothy Parker, English
Language Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages, who proofread the initial
draft of this textbook and, Mr. Wasim Khan, Head, of the Computer Section at the
CMMS, and Mr. Zulkarnain Khadbai, English Language Instructor at Department of
Foreign Languages who both extended their valuable computing expertise.
Last but far from the least, my sincere thanks go to all my colleagues at Department
of Foreign Languages for their valuable support and persistent encouragement.
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5
The term skin is commonly used to describe the body covering of any animal but
technically refers only to the body covering of vertebrates (animals that have a
backbone). The skin has the same basic structure in all vertebrates including fish,
reptiles, birds, humans, and other mammals. This article focuses primarily on
human skin.
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The skin is essential to a persons survival. It forms a barrier that helps prevent
harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body, and it also
prevents the loss of life-sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structures
inside the body from injury and from the potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of
the sun. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, excretes some waste
products, and is an important sensory organ. It contains various types of
specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch.
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The skin is the bodys largest organthat of an average adult male weighs 4.5 to 5
kg (10 to 11 lb) and measures about 2 sq m (22 sq ft) in area. It covers the surface
of the body at a thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is 16
thickest on areas of the body that regularly rub against objects, such as the palms
of the hands and the soles of the feet. Both delicate and resilient, the skin
constantly renews itself and has a remarkable ability to repair itself after injury.
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The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis,
the upper or outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer. The
dermis, or inner layer, is thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strength
and elasticity. The two layers of the skin are anchored to one another by a thin but
complex layer of tissue known as the basement membrane. This tissue is
composed of a series of elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as ropes
and grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is the
1
subcutaneous layer, a layer of tissue composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue
(fat). Although not part of the skin itself, the subcutaneous layer contains glands
and other skin structures, as well as sensory receptors involved in the sense of
touch.
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. What is the largest organ of the human body?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is the weight of human skin?
___________________________________________________________
3. What are the various functions of the human skin?
___________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 6
it:
__________________________
2. Line # 7
it:
__________________________
3. Line # 16
that:
__________________________
4. Line # 18
itself:
__________________________
5. Line # 19
two layers:
__________________________
6. Line # 23
this tissue:
__________________________
7. Line # 24
that:
__________________________
d. more important
IV. Read the passage and write T for true statement and F
for false statement.
1. All animals have backbones.
) _____
) _____
) _____
4. The skin saves the vital structures of the body from injuries.
) _____
) _____
) _____
) _____
) _____
) _____
) _____
V. Read the passage and write the paragraph number in the space given
in front of the appropriate title.
No
Title
Paragraph number
2. VOCABULARY FOCUS
VI. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B.
Column A
Column B
a. essential
b. barrier
c. prevent
_____ necessary
d. excrete
_____ unusual
e. measure
f. remarkable
g. protective
VIII. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in
Column B.
Column A
Column B
a. essential
b. barrier
c. prevent
_____ necessary
d. excrete
_____ unusual
e. measure
f. remarkable
g. protective
_____black
2. erythr/o
_____ water
3. leuk/o
_____ urine
4. melan/o
_____ red
5. chlor/o
_____ fat
6. aer/o
_____ blue
7. hydr/o
_____ pus
8. lip/o
_____ white
9. py/o
10. ur/o
_____ green
X. Locate the root word in the following medical terms and then write
down what you think their meaning might be
Term
Root
Meaning
psychology
-------------------
-------------------------------------
synthesis
-------------------
-------------------------------------
cardiac
-------------------
-------------------------------------
electrocardiography
-------------------
-------------------------------------
gastric
-------------------
-------------------------------------
dermatitis
-------------------
-------------------------------------
dermatoplasty
-------------------
-------------------------------------
angiography
-------------------
-------------------------------------
onychotomy
-------------------
-------------------------------------
3. WRITING FOCUS
XI. Go back to Exercise 4 and correct the false statements on the lines,
below.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________
XII. Read the second paragraph and write down the various functions
of the skin.
1. _The Skin___________________________________________________
2. _The Skin___________________________________________________
3. _The Skin___________________________________________________
4. _The Skin___________________________________________________
6
5. _The Skin___________________________________________________
6. _The Skin___________________________________________________
4. LISTENING FOCUS
IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F
for false statements.
1. The skin is well-protected against injuries.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.Ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Only vertebrates, or animals with
backbones, have ears. Invertebrate animals, such as jellyfish and insects, lack ears
but have other structures or organs that serve similar functions. The most complex
and highly developed ears are those of mammals. Like the ears of other mammals,
the human ear consists of three sections: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The
outer and middle ears function only for hearing, while the inner ear also serves the
functions of balance and orientation.
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9
10
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12
The outer ear is made up of the auricle or pinna and the outer auditory canal. The
auricle is the curved part of the ear attached to the side of the head by small
ligaments and muscles. It consists largely of elastic cartilage, and its shape helps
collect sound waves from the air. The earlobe, or lobule, which hangs from the
lower part of the auricle, contains mostly fatty tissues.
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15
16
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18
19
20
The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear. A narrow passageway
called the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat and the back of the
nose. The middle ear is a narrow, air-filled chamber that extends vertically for
about 15 mm (about 0.6 in) and for nearly the same distance horizontally. Inside
this chamber is a linked chain of three ossicles, or very small bones. Both the Latin
and common names of these bones are derived from their shapes. They are called
the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. The stirrup is
the tiniest bone in the body, being smaller than a grain of rice.
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22
23
24
25
26
The hammer is partly embedded in the eardrum, and the stirrup fits into the oval
window: a membrane that fronts the inner ear. Vibrations of the eardrum move the
hammer. The motion of the hammer moves the anvil which in turn moves the
stirrup. As sound vibrations pass from the relatively large area of the eardrum
through the chain of bones, which have a smaller area, their force is concentrated.
This concentration amplifies, or increases, the sound just before it passes through
9
the oval window and into the inner ear. When loud noises produce violent
vibrations, two small muscles, called the tensor tympani and the stapedius,
contract and limit the movement of the ossicles, thus protecting the middle and
inner ear from damage.
32
31
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33
The chain of bones in the middle ear leads into the convoluted structures of the
inner ear, or labyrinth, which contains organs of both hearing and balance. The
three main structures of the inner ear are the cochlea, the vestibule, and the three
semicircular canals.
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. How do mammals listen?
___________________________________________________________
2. Do all animals have ears?
___________________________________________________________
3. What are the various parts of an ear?
___________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 3
that:
__________________________
2. Line # 10
it:
__________________________
3. Line # 10
its:
__________________________
4. Line # 11
which:
__________________________
5. Line # 15
that:
__________________________
6. Line # 18
their:
__________________________
7. Line # 18
they:
__________________________
8. Line # 25
their:
__________________________
d. Insects
IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant
paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Title
Paragraph
This part of the ear gathers sound waves from the air.
3
4
5
11
2. VOCABULARY FOCUS
V. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B.
Column A
Column B
a. essential
b. barrier
c. prevent
_____ necessary
d. excrete
_____ unusual
e. measure
f. remarkable
g. protective
VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs
find their synonyms.
word
1.same (paragraph# 1)
__________________________
2.work (paragraph# 1)
__________________________
3.parts (paragraph# 1)
__________________________
12
__________________________
5.voice (paragraph# 2)
__________________________
6.have (paragraph# 2)
__________________________
__________________________
8.room (paragraph# 3)
__________________________
__________________________
VIII. Match the following suffixes to the roots provided to make medical
terms. Write down their meaning as well.
-ectomy,
Rooy
-gram,
-graph,
-graphy,
-plasty,
-scope,
-scopy,
Medical Term
-meter,
-tomy
-metry,
Definition
oste/o,
rhino,
dia,
angio,
phyc/o,
photo,
trache/o
gestr/o
sinus/o
IX. Read the third paragraph and circle all the adjectives. Write them
down on the lines given below.
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
13
3. WRITING FOCUS
X. Write down the answers to the following questions.
1. Who are vertebrates?
_________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of ears do the mammals have?
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the different functions of three sections of the ear?
_________________________________________________________________
4. What is the shape of the middle ear?
_________________________________________________________________
5. What connects the middle ear to the throat?
_________________________________________________________________
6. What are the names of the three ossicles?
_________________________________________________________________
7. What is the size of the stirrup?
_________________________________________________________________
8. What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?
_________________________________________________________________
XI. Choose the appropriate adjective from the list and then write down
sentences which make logical comparisons between the given items.
small
thin
flexible
fast
complete
heavy
thick
intelligent
qualified
bright
big
4. LISTENING FOCUS
IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F
for false statements.
1. Sound is a series of vibrations moving as waves through solids only. (
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Lungs are spongy organs used in breathing and respiration. Lungs are present in
all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most amphibians and a few species of fish also
have lungs. In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the chest cavity from the
collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that walls off
the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. At birth the lungs are pink, but as a
person ages, they become gray and mottled from tiny particles breathed in with the
air. Generally, people who live in cities and industrial areas have darker lungs than
those who live in the country.
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Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and passages. It enters the
body through the nostrils or the mouth, passing down the throat to the larynx, or
voice box, and then to the trachea, or windpipe. In the chest cavity the trachea
divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchi or the bronchial tubes
that enter the lungs.
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17
18
19
20
In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long and roughly
conical. The left lung is divided into two sections or lobes: the superior and the
inferior. The right lung is somewhat larger than the left lung and is divided into
three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior. The two lungs are separated by a
structure called the mediastinum which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and
blood vessels. Both right and left lungs are covered by an external membrane
called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura forms the lining of the chest cavity.
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24
25
26
The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes of less than 1.02 mm
(less than 0.04 in) in diameter. These tubes, called the bronchioles, divide into
even narrower tubes called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct ends in a grapelike
cluster of thin-walled sacs, called the alveoli (a single sac is called an alveolus).
From 300 million to 400 million alveoli are contained in each lung. The air sacs
of both lungs have a total surface area of about 93 sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly
17
In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a vast network of the
blood vessels. Each alveolus is surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which
receive the blood from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join to
form the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the pulmonary veins. These
large blood vessels connect the lungs with the heart.
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. Can human beings breathe in water?
___________________________________________________________
2. Can we breathe on other planets?
___________________________________________________________
3. What organ of human body is responsible for breathing?
___________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 5
that:
________________________
2. Line # 6
they:
_________________________
3. Line # 8
those:
__________________________
4. Line # 9
it:
__________________________
5. Line # 13
that:
__________________________
6. Line # 18
which:
__________________________
7. Line # 29
which:
_________________________
d. a, b & c.
d. narrow tubes
IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant
paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Title
Paragraph
) _____
) _____
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
2. VOCABULARY FOCUS
3.
VI. Complete the table with appropriate forms of the words given. Look at
the example.
noun
connection
verb
connect
adjective
connected
adverb
connectively
divide
occupation
generally
divided
live
containment
The bodies of animals that live in cold areas _______usually _______ thick hair.
The dermis and epidermis ______________ the basement membrane.
Penicillin _______ commonly _______________ the treatment of infections.
The university campus _________________ a well-lit boundary wall.
Millions of nephrons _______________ human kidneys.
Some cells ____________________ two and multiply.
This passageway _________________ a beautiful lawn.
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VIII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs
find their synonyms.
word
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
________________________
_________________________
IX. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their
definition as well. .
Suffix
Term
Definition
-ia
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
-ism
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
-sis
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
-y
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
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X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the common nouns. Write
them down on the lines given below.
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
3. WRITING FOCUS
XI. Go back to Exercise V and correct the false statements on the lines,
below.
7. ____________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________
10.____________________________________________________________
11.____________________________________________________________
12.____________________________________________________________
XII. Write Wh- questions for the following statements. Make questions
for the underlined words.
Example: Ali comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam.
Who comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam?______
1. The lungs are used in breathing.
______________________________________________________________?
2. The heart is located between the lungs.
______________________________________________________________?
3. Human beings breathe to inhale oxygen.
______________________________________________________________?
4. Most amphibians have the lungs.
______________________________________________________________?
5. Air enters the body through the nostrils.
______________________________________________________________?
22
XIII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your
own sentences.
(be) used in, a series of , somewhat larger, (be) separated by,
(be) covered by, divide into, (be) contained in, (be) surrounded by
1. __________
______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3.
___
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
4. LISTENING FOCUS
IVX. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.
1. What is breathing?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is essential for aerobic respiration?
___________________________________________________________
3. What waste product is formed during aerobic respiration?
___________________________________________________________
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XV. Listen to the passage and count how many times the following words
are used.
a.
breathing _________
b.
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respiration _________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. The liver, which is part
of the digestive system, performs more than 500 different functions, all of which
are essential to life. Its essential functions include helping the body to digest fats,
storing reserves of nutrients, filtering poisons and wastes from the blood,
synthesizing a variety of proteins, and regulating the levels of many chemicals
found in the bloodstream. The liver is unique among the bodys vital organs in that
it can regenerate, or grow back cells that have been destroyed by some short-term
injury or disease. But if the liver is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time,
it may undergo irreversible changes that permanently interfere with function.
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12
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14
The human liver is a dark red-brown organ with a soft, spongy texture. It is located
at the top of the abdomen, on the right side of the body just below the
diaphragma sheet of muscle tissue that separates the lungs from the abdominal
organs. The lower part of the rib cage covers the liver, protecting it from injury. In
a healthy adult, the liver weighs about 1.5 kg (3 lb) and is about 15 cm (6 in) thick.
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Despite its many complex functions, the liver is relatively simple in structure. It
consists of two main lobes, left and right, which overlap slightly. The right lobe
has two smaller lobes attached to it, called the quadrate and caudate lobes.
Each lobe contains many thousands of units called the lobules that are the building
blocks of the liver. The lobules are six-sided structures each about 1 mm (0.04 in)
across. A tiny vein runs through the center of each lobule and eventually drains
into the hepatic vein, which carries blood out of the liver. Hundreds of cubedshaped liver cells, called the hepatocytes, are arranged around the lobule's central
vein in a radiating pattern. On the outside surface of each lobule are small veins,
ducts, and arteries that carry fluids to and from the lobules. As the liver does its
work, nutrients are collected, wastes are removed, and chemical substances are
released into the body through these vessels.
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Unlike most organs, which have a single blood supply, the liver receives the blood
from two sources. The hepatic artery delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart,
supplying about 25 percent of the liver's blood. The liver also receives oxygendepleted blood from the hepatic portal vein. This vein, which is the source of 75
percent of the liver's blood supply, carries the blood to the liver that has traveled
from the digestive tract, where it collects nutrients as food is digested. These
nutrients are delivered to the liver for further processing or storage.
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. What are the vital organs in human body?
________________________________________________________________
2. What is the largest vital organ in human body?
________________________________________________________________
3. What vital organ has the ability to regenerate destroyed cells?
________________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 2
which:
__________________________
2. Line # 7
it:
__________________________
3. Line # 7
that:
__________________________
4. Line # 13
it:
__________________________
5. Line # 16
which:
__________________________
6. Line # 24
its:
__________________________
7. Line # 31
that:
__________________________
8. Line # 32
it:
__________________________
d. resize
d. similar to
d. at the top of
d. lobe
d. a, b, & c.
10. The ________________ is the major source of blood supply to the liver.
a. hepatic artery
b. lobules
c. digestive tract d. hepatic vein
IV. Read the following subtitles and match them with the relevant
paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No
Subtitles
blood supply
liver functions
liver structure
Paragraph
27
Column B
3. Repeated damage
3. VOCABULARY FOCUS
VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the
reading making necessary grammatical changes.
(be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple,
run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into,
(be) the source of, (be) delivered to
1. A new-born baby ___________________ 7 to 8 lbs.
2. The blood ________________ whole human body to provide oxygen.
3. All veins __________ the blood _______ human heart.
4. The water supply _________ continuously __________ the main pipe to be
distributed to the whole city.
5. Water ________________ sustain life on earth.
6. Human digestive system _______________ as compared to other systems.
7. Oxygenated blood _________________ all body parts by the arteries.
8. The human mind __________ control and command for all human activities.
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VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs
find their synonyms.
word
a. external (paragraph# 1)
_________________________
b. exclude (paragraph# 1)
_________________________
c. intact (paragraph# 1)
_________________________
d. recoverable (paragraph# 1)
_________________________
e. join (paragraph# 2)
_________________________
f. sick (paragraph# 2)
_________________________
g. detached (paragraph# 3)
_________________________
h. initially (paragraph# 3)
_________________________
i. annexed (paragraph# 3)
_________________________
j. distribute (paragraph# 4)
_________________________
k. collect (paragraph# 4)
________________________
VIII. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their
definition as well.
Suffix
-ian
-iatrics
-iatry
-ics
-ist
Term
Definition
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
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1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
_____ speech
2. ped/o
_____ mind
3. phas/o
_____ disease
4. plas/o
5. phob/o
_____ sound
6. psych/o
7. scler/o
_____ narrow
8. son/o
9. sten/o
_____ poison
10. toxic/o
_____ formation
11. troph/o
_____ hard
X. Read the first paragraph and circle all the verbs. Write them
down on the lines given below.
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
3. WRITING FOCUS
XI. Write down the answers to the following questions.
1. How is the liver different from other vital organs?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the lower part of the rib cage?
___________________________________________________________
30
XII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your
own sentences.
(be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple,
run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into,
(be) the source of, (be) delivered to
1. _______________________________________________________________
2.
___
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
XIII. Write down sentences like the example using the frequency adverb
that best suits you..
Example: speak Arabic in class
I always,/ usually or seldom speak Arabic in class.
1. watch TV at night
_________________________________________________________________
2. sleep in the afternoon
_________________________________________________________________
3. send e-mails to friends
_________________________________________________________________
31
4. LISTENING FOCUS
IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F
for false statements.
1. Glucose is made from glycogen.
3. Glycogen is a carbohydrate.
XV. Listen to the passage and match the main ideas to the related
paragraph..
No
Main idea
Paragraph
producing proteins
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The kidneys are paired organ whose functions include removing waste products
from the blood and regulating the amount of fluid in the body. The basic units of
the kidneys are microscopically thin structures called the nephrons which filter the
blood and cause wastes to be removed in the form of urine. Together with the
bladder, two ureters and the single urethra, the kidneys make up the bodys urinary
system. Human beings, as well as members of all other vertebrate species,
typically have two kidneys.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
The kidneys lie against the rear wall of the abdomen, on either side of the spine.
They are situated below the middle of the back, beneath the liver on the right and
the spleen on the left. Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous membrane
called a renal capsule which helps protect it against trauma and infection. The
concave part of the kidney attaches to two of the bodys crucial blood vesselsthe
renal artery and the renal veinand the ureter, a tubelike structure that carries
urine to the bladder.
15
16
17
18
19
20
A primary function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous wastes from the blood.
Chief among these wastes are the nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uric
acid, which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. Lifethreatening illnesses occur when too many of these waste products accumulate in
the bloodstream. Fortunately, a healthy kidney can easily rid the body of these
substances.
21
22
23
24
25
The outermost layer of the kidney is called the cortex. Beneath the cortex lies the
medulla, an area that contains from 8 to 18 cone-shaped sections known as
pyramids which are formed almost entirely of bundles of microscopic tubules. The
tips of these pyramids point toward the center of the kidney. The cortex extends
into the spaces between the pyramids, forming structures called renal columns. At
33
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. What human organ resembles beans in shape?
___________________________________________________________
2. Where are the kidneys located in human body?
___________________________________________________________
3. What are the functions of the kidneys?
___________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 9
they:
__________________________
2. Line # 11
it:
__________________________
3. Line # 13
that:
__________________________
4. Line # 18
these:
__________________________
5. Line # 22
that:
__________________________
6. Line # 30
that:
__________________________
7. Line # 35
it:
__________________________
8. Line # 39
which:
__________________________
34
d. four
d. kidneys
d. all a, b, & c
d. renal capsule
d. All a, b, & c
d. Henles loop
IV. Read the following subtitles and match them with the relevant
paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Subtitle
1
Paragraph
function
35
basic units
location
basic structure
V. Read the last paragraph and label the following diagram of a nephron.
2. VOCABULARY FOCUS
VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the
reading making necessary grammatical changes.
together with, lie against, on either side of, (be) encased in,
accumulate in, life-threatening, point toward, extend into,
(be) contained in, (be) formed from
1. De-oxygenated blood ____________________ the heart for cleaning.
2. Fahd _________________ the mischievous boy who broke the glass funnels
yesterday.
3. The malleus __________________ the eardrum in human ear.
36
VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs
find their synonyms.
word
a. unnecessary (paragraph# 1)
b. cleaning impuritie (paragraph# 1)
c. placed (paragraph# 2)
d. under (paragraph# 2)
e. causing death (paragraph# 3)
f. happen (paragraph# 3)
g. completely (paragraph# 4)
h. extremely small (paragraph# 4)
i. done (paragraph# 5)
j. significant (paragraph# 5)
VIII. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their
definition as well.
Suffix
cardio
Term
Definition
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
derm/o
1 ____________ _______________________________________
dermat/o
2. ___________ ______________________________________
ger/o
1 ____________ _______________________________________
geront/o
2. ___________ ______________________________________
37
oste/o
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
1 ____________ _______________________________________
2. ___________ ______________________________________
IX. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots,
suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts.
Term
sclerosis
stenosis
pathogenesis
hypertrophy
sonography
toxicology
psychotic
suffix
(meaning)
root
(meaning)
prefix
(meaning)
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
_____________
_____________
_____________
...
..
X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the prepositions. Write them
down on the lines given below.
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
38
____________
____________
____________
3. WRITING FOCUS
XI. Write down the answers to the following questions.
1. What is a nephron?
___________________________________________________________
2. What organs constitute bodys urinary system?
___________________________________________________________
3. What is the function of a renal capsule?
___________________________________________________________
4. How is the uric acid produced?
___________________________________________________________
5. How do the nephrons look like?
___________________________________________________________
6. What is a Bowmans capsule?
___________________________________________________________
___
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
4. LISTENING FOCUS
IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F
for false statements.
1. The blood enters the renal artery through the kidneys.
3. Amino acids and uric acids are pushed out through the capillary walls.
XV. Listen to the passage and write down all the words used for different
blood vessels.
a: _________________
c: ________________
b: ________________
e: _________________
40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Stomach is one of the major organs of the digestive system. Most animals, like
humans, have a single stomach, but birds and ruminants have digestive organs
composed of two or more chambers. The outer surface of the stomach is smooth;
the inner surface is folded into numerous complex ridges which assist in the
mixing of food with digestive juices and channel this material through the stomach
into the intestines. Only water, alcohol, and certain drugs seem to be absorbed
from the stomach while most food absorption takes place in the small intestine.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
In humans the stomach is situated in the upper part of the abdominal cavity mostly
to the left of the midline. The large, domed end of the stomach, the fundus, lies in
the left vault of the diaphragm whereas the esophagus enters the upper side or
lesser curvature, a short distance below the fundus. The region immediately below
the fundus is called the body. The upper part of the stomach, spoken of as the
cardiac portion, includes the fundus and the body. The lower or the pyloric portion
curves downward, forward, and to the right and includes the antrum and pyloric
canal. The latter is continuous with the upper part of the small intestine, the
duodenum.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
The tissues of the stomach include an outer fibrous coat derived from the
peritoneum and, beneath this, a coat of smooth muscle fibers arranged in diagonal,
longitudinal, and circular layers. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach,
the circular muscles are much enlarged, forming the esophageal sphincter.
Contraction of this muscle prevents the regurgitation of gastric contents into the
esophagus. A similar structure, the pyloric sphincter, is found at the junction of
the pylorus and the duodenum. Another layer of the stomach, the submucosa, is
made up of loose connective tissue in which are found numerous blood and lymph
vessels and nerves of the autonomic nervous system. The innermost layer, the
mucosa, contains secretory cells. One type secretes hydrochloric acid which not
41
only neutralizes the alkaline reaction of the saliva, but also renders the gastric
contents distinctly acid and activates the gastric digestive juices. These juices are
secreted by a different type of cell. The enzymes found in gastric juice are pepsin,
which in the presence of acid splits proteins to peptones; rennin which curdles
milk; and perhaps lipase which splits fats to fatty acids and glycerol. A third type
of cell secretes mucus for the protection of the stomach from its own products.
33
34
35
36
37
38
The tissues of the stomach are digestible by the gastric juices, as is mucus. Under
normal conditions, however, the mucous coating is renewed more rapidly than it
is removed. When a pathological or psychosomatic condition prevents the proper
secretion of mucus, the gastric mucosa becomes eroded and an ulcer forms. If
neglected, this ulcer may perforate the gastric wall and allow the stomach contents
to escape into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.
1. READING FOCUS
I. Before reading, answer the following questions:
1. Which system is the stomach part of?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Where is the stomach located?
_______________________________________________________________
3. What are ulcers?
_______________________________________________________________
II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:
1. Line # 5
which:
__________________________
2. Line # 22
this muscle:
__________________________
3. Line # 23
a similar structure:
__________________________
4. Line # 127
__________________________
5. Line # 28
one type:
__________________________
6. Line # 28
which:
__________________________
7. Line #
30
these juices:
__________________________
8. Line #
33
which:
__________________________
42
b. less important
b. different
c. unlike
d. similar
b. The minority
c. All
d. None of the
b. in front of
c. at the back of
d. above
b. wide
c. narrower
d. wider
6. Gastric contents are ________ by the esophageal sphincter to enter the esophagus.
a. prohibited
b. allowed
c. accelerated
d. permitted
7. The pyloric sphincter is situated ___________ the pylorus and the duodenum.
a. above
b. below
c. between
d. in
b. two
c. three
d. four
b. spoils
c. strengthen
d. saves
b. neutralizes
c. cures
d. causes
IV. Read to the passage and write T for true statements and F
for false statements. Which line is the information on?
1. Ruminants are like birds and animals.
) _____
) _____
) _____
4. The fundus and the body are parts of the cardiac portion. (
) _____
) _____
) _____
) _____
43
) _____
2. VOCABULARY FOCUS
V. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading
making necessary grammatical changes.
(be) folded into, assist in, take place, (be) situated in, at the junction of,
(be) found at, (be) secreted by, in the presence of, more rapidly than,
if neglected
1. Oxygenation of the blood __________________ in the lungs.
2. Chemical reactions speed up __________________ enzymes.
3. The mediastinum ________________ the middle of both lungs.
4. The inner surface of the stomach ________________ many layers.
5. _________________, minor diseases may cause fatal results.
6. Medical staff _______________ the doctors ____________ different
medical procedures.
7. The heart of a child beats ___________________ an adult heart.
8. The sweat glands ___________________ the outer layer of the skin.
VI. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs
find their antonyms.
word
a. minor
(paragraph# 1)
________________________
b. inner
(paragraph# 1)
________________________
c. exit
(paragraph# 2)
_________________________
d. written (paragraph# 2)
_________________________
e. core
(paragraph# 3)
_________________________
f. acidic
(paragraph# 3)
_________________________
g. special
(paragraph# 4)
_________________________
h. removed (paragraph# 4)
_________________________
44
VII. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical terms. Write
down their meaning as well.
Roots: neur/o, derm/o, epileptic, vir/o, oste/o, tox/o, circulat/o, asthma
Suffixes: -oid,
No.
-otic
Medical Term
-ous,
-tic,
-ory,
-form,
-ile
Defintin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
VIII. Read the first and second paragraphs and circle all the irregular
verbs. Write them down on the lines given below.
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
3. WRITING FOCUS
IX. Read paragraph three and write short notes on the following:
____________________________________________
________________________________________________
Sub mucosa: ____________________________________________
________________________________________________
Fibrous coat:
45
_______________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Mucosa:
Secretary cells:
a. type 1: _____________________________________________
________________________________________________
b. type 2: _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
c. type 3: _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
X. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your
own sentences.
(be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple,
run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into,
(be) the source of, (be) delivered to
1. __________
______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3.
___
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
XI. Write down sentences with there is or there are. Use many,
much, a little or a few in your answer as needed.
Example: life-saving injections / medical store
There are many life-saving injections in the medical store.
1. trees / in the park
__________________________________________________________________
46
47
4. LISTENING FOCUS
XIII. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.
1. What do pancreatic juices contain?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is does bile do?
___________________________________________________________
3. What do glands in the intestinal wall secrete?
___________________________________________________________
4. What is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long?
___________________________________________________________
5. Where can one find microvilli?
___________________________________________________________
6. What passes ? to the lymphatic system
___________________________________________________________
.
48