Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V-Vrx
C'vlK'v:
HK
tit
Sl
I \J4' I *,t a iW
'
-J
>',
;
v tiv
s:. ;-.
:.-
ACeH:
A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
OF THE
ANTIENT GAELIC,
ragt rf t|e
|sk
nf
S< 0}
USUALLY CALLED
158
S.
05
M A NK
EDITED, TOGETHER
DR. KELLY,
AND NOTES,
REV.
WILLIAM
VTCAR OF MA LEW.
GULL,
**
/^
>^
&^
b
Ifl
>
cl
U'
BERNARD QUARITCH,
1870.
15 PICCADILLY,
LONDON.
1810
EDITOE'S INTRODUCTION.
Manx Grammar,
hastening to decay.
like
tlie
language
itself,
was
fast
The
original
and only
edition
had
with
this
At
tion.
The Manx Society opportunely intervened for its preserva" for the The was formed in of
Society
1858,
publication
Among
the
first
works
to
which
it
turned
its
attention
early
acknowledges
and a
generous donation
Manx and
Gaelic,
Manx,
still
and
Irish,
iv
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
its
it
is
may
at
some
be able to
aid in giving
may open
the
way to such
a result.
is
Grammar
and of
names
of cases,
In
Manx
to
the same
have just
as
of auxiliary verbs.
require the
To
Manx,
be conformed.
As,
to a considerable extent, of
original integrity.
Dr. Kelly's
Grammar
duction, unaided
by any
pre- existent
grammar, cannot
fail
to
on
The
is
Manx
as a
spoken language,
ever so desirable
this interesting
;
and
when
its lifetime is
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
The
Manx,
memory
The
still
promulgated in
last lingering
Man
probably be heard.
was after-
wards restricted to every other Sunday ; and is now entirely discontinued in most of the churches.
the Island the
tion of the
Manx
now heard
in conversation,
except
It is a
doomed language,
an
ice-
latitudes.
end
is
immediate.
It is
Among
the peasantry
still
the
the language to
in their
it is
And no wonder
for
most congenial
lish,
and
feeling.
In Eng-
Manx
they are
and
at ease.
There
is little
A language
its
innate adap-
vi
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
and
especially of those
whose
people in
A few of
may be
The language
the range of
tion
it is
is
peculiarly forcible
and expressive,
as far as
its
vocabulary extends.
especially adapted.*
There
plicity in the
Manx
cannot but
feel conscious.
In the
Manx
Old Testament,
The
The follow-
now
(at
duction) probably lost to every person but the Editor, will bear
Ennym
Son
ta
myr y
Shoh moylley'n
pobble,
my
As
coontey cadjin reddyn ta feeu arrym ? Ta'd moylley as ta'd ooashlagh shen nagh nhione daue
As
*
mairagh;
"If I
wish to speak on philosophy, I employ the Greek language. If I utter commands, the Latin is best to express them. If I make love, I speak in French. But if I address my
to the Gaelic."
EDITOR
Cha
'soc eer quoi,
INTRODUCTION.
leeidit
Vll
;'
Fer er
As
guoiee trooid doarlish. cre'n cooilleen t'ayns soiagh vooar nyn Iheid ?
myr
Dy
veaghey er nyn ennal, goo yn sleih Marvanee Iheaystagh, myr y gheay neuhiggyr
!
Literal translation
"
And what
is
A name
This
is
For
the people's praise, if praise it be. what is the people ? An entangled skein,
Things vain and worthless While they contemn what merits veneration, They praise and they esteem the things they know
not.
;
And whom
they praise to-day, they blame to-morrow not whom, but just as they are led ;
another, as geese through a gap. is in the esteem of such ?
!
And what
To
advantage
live upon their breath, the people's praise Poor wavering mortals, as the wind inconstant Their blame is commendation."
Of
The following
ny
greiney.
The
footpath of the
twoaie.
sun
(the zodiac).
Goll
The going
Feallagh
ny
firrinys.
The
people of the
truth
(the perfect).
te clieet
it
lesh.
Ny
Ihieu.
(consent not).
own
(rely
Tiene.
-
Slaughtering on him
Goll slieese
own
account).
ny
lhargagli,
declivity (failing).
viii
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
Ihiam
to
S'mie
Very good
Shooyl
me is that
Ta'n ushtey
The water
Bock
playing (boiling).
fannee.
(one Juan,
Yuan
who
Craue
beg
'sy
chleeau.
breast
(remorse).
inconstant person).
Ihiat.
cold).
chengey
Manx
language has
its
traditionary
The
to its proverbs
The
fol-
Keeayl chionnit
Wit
bought
is
wit
Mannagh
If
it
be not
Ta
cree
dooie
ny share na
croutagh.
crafty.
ta>
Is a heart kindly
Jee
When
Tra
one
man
yn laa
poor
helps
man
lesh.
poor another,
God
(for delight).
hig
Mg
ayns
in
yn
coyrle
it.
A church stone
aghaue Is the hemlock
Clagh ny Ullagh be
Icione dty the head of thy house great (thy punishment be that of the
hie vooar.
sacrilege).
shuyr
sister to
da'n^aghaue vooar.
the hemlock
big
a great one).
marish y chioltane ; agh ta'n eamagh ayd eamagh Thou wouldest fain be numbered with the flock; but is bleat thy the bleat
Laik Ihiat
ve
ny
goair.
of the goat.
IX
Ta ynsagh
Is learning
coamrey stoamey
the attire
yn
dooinney berchagh; as
te
it is
berchys
yn
comely of the
man
rich;
and
dooinney boght.
man
The
hill
poor.
;
;
eh.
it.
away
chantment
to the view."
("
of Hope.)
Myr
Eshin
s'doo
However black
nagh gow
briw erbee,
feh
deyrey
eh
hene.
self.
He who
Caghlaa
judge
any, he does
condemn him-
obbyr
of
aaish.
is
Change
Easht
work
rest.
lesh
dagh cleaysh,
ear,
eisht jean
briwyns.
then
do
judgment.
Yn loam
leigh
Summum
Shegin
goaill
ny eairkyn marish
the
y
the
cheh.
hide.
You must
take
horns
with
(Job
ii.
10.)
and
signi-
many
To suggest
Gaelic, Gailck, Gaelgagh, evidently indicate the affinity of the language and the race to the old Celtic, or Keltic. " The Galic," says Mr. Shaw, in his Galic Dic-
tionary, "is the language of Japhet, spoken before the Deluge, and probably the speech of Paradise."
from
breclc, brith,
spotted
Sasonee, or Saxonee, the English, the Anglo-Saxons. Albin, Nolbin, Albinee, Alpinee, the Scotch (Albania). Erinee, the Irish.
Tteyll,
a grove
a Christian church.
tains
Laa-Boayldyn or Baaltine, May-day, when the inhabitants burn fires on the mounfrom chenan, the sun, or chen or teinne the day of Baal's fire, or of the sun,
;
(Scotch), the fire of the sun, which our ancestors worshipped as the adoration of the Supreme Being. (See Kelly's Dictionary, BaaUine.) Hence, dpvs, an oak. Dru'i, a charmer, a druid.
Druiaglitagh, an enchanter.
(Jer. xxvii. 9.)
medium of
Cloagey-druiagh, a druidical cloak, supposed to confer on the person wearing it the power of healing, prophesying, and becoming invisible. Malew, the name of a parish in Man ; from Hoyl-Loup, or Hoylley-Lupus, in honour of Lupus, the church being dedicated to St. Lupus.
Ballakeeil-Woirrey, the estate of Mary's Church. S'nioal, the name of the highest mountain in Man.
Scotch, neull, a cloud.)
Padjer, prayer. (Latin, pater, Italian, padre, Cornish, padar, the Lord's Prayer a going to the Father.)
AgglisTi, the church.
(Greek,
o:A?7<ria.)
Saggyrt, a priest. (Latin, sacerdos.) Corp as annym, body and soul. (Latin, corpus et animus.) Oirr ny marrey, the sea-coast. (Latin, ora warn.)
Airh as argid, gold and silver. (Latin, aurum Ennym, a name. (Greek, ovo/ia.)
Paitchey, a child.
et
argentum.)
(Greek, tratq .)
(Greek, icepdoQ, gain.)
Keayrd, a trade.
MesJitey, drunk.
JBooa, a
(Greek, /uorog,
full.)
cow.
(Greek,
/3oao>, to bellow.)
Fer, a man.
(Lat. wr.)
(Lat. columba.)
(Lat. arc, to plough.)
(Lat. sol, the sun.)
Colmane, a drove.
Arroo, corn.
Sollys, light.
Peccagh, a person.
Phadeyr, a prophet. (Gr. 0au>, to speak.) Dooys, give me. (Gr. oai, a giving.)
The habits
of the people
may be
their
traced in
:
tongue
Staa, a band of three men making a hedge together two of them cutting the sod r and one lifting. Fer feayree, one above the number wanted at work, to cool while the others are
working.
Oie
mooie as
oie
elley
sthie.
in,
A night
Oik son cdbbil agh son kirree mie. Bad for horses but for sheep good.
Oashyryn-voynnee, stockings without
shoes.
Cooillee, the
soles,
withdrawing-room
from
cooill,
it is
joined.
XI
As
in Scotland
is
Isle
of
Man, the
patronymic
Mannanan
Mannanan,
Dick
-
in
-
common
mac
y Lheirr.
Vessey. Quayll Dick, the son of Quayle the son of Bess (which Bess was no doubt a notable in her
day, as Dick
is
in his).
Men
domain
Ballacliarnane
Wooar
cheet.
Ballucarnane
Or from
Tan Donaghey
The Donaghey
i
ny ghooinney
is
ooasle
man
honourable.
Or from some
quality pertaining to
them
Among
The
serving of attention
may be enumerated
number
:
the following
The
noun
old,
(its
except drogh,
and shenn,
mie.
good.
:
A woman
The
Reddyn
Things
beggey.
little.
A thing
MagJier glass.
Magheryn
Fields
:
glassey.
A
Dty
field green.
green.
(emphatic) own.
XII
mish
I
Oo,
(emphatic). Thou,
wss.
Eh,
esliyn.
Ee,
ish.
thou.
He.
he.
risliyn.
She.
she.
Gow
rish.
Gow
Acknowledge him.
Acknowledge him
(emphatic).
:
ort
; ; ecJiey ; Twggey ; huggeysyn. with me; withthee; with him; at him; to him; tohim(emph.)
Ihiam
lliiat ;
lesh
The
initial letters of
to the final
letters of the
Bea veayn
Life
long.
Dty
Tiie
Thy
house.
hene).
is
used
Tree sooillyn.
Two
eyes.
Three
eyes.
The
1772,
spelling of the
Manx
till
when
the
Manx
Bible was
printed.
That translation
'(
The
an anonymous manu-
among
"
had degenerated
territory,
Man
narrow
inhabitants with
lost,
Britain.
Manx
dialect
many
trans-
Anglicisms adopted,
lators
many
corruptions introduced.
The
By due
connexion between roots and compounds might have been preserved, and its original energy and purity restored.
But the
By
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
xiii
...
It
argument of a learned friend of mine, who was one of the committee of correction and publication, that had not the words been
written as they are pronounced, the
"
body
of the people
must
would
The
Irish orthography
;
difficulties
it
an unknown tongue."
adopted the wise alternative. They
The
translators, therefore,
utility of their
;
regarded the
the language
elucidation of
as their
rule of orthography.*
Upon
it is
presumed
be
the reader
who
is
capable of appreciating
its
qualities will
which
is
Manx
Dictionary,
by the
late
Manxman
of great
sagacity and
judgment
" In concluding
texture,
and beauty of the Manks language, and how the words initially change their cases, moods, tenses, degrees, &c. It appears like a piece of exquisite network, interwoven together in a masterly manner, and framed by the hand of a most skilful workman, equal to the composition of the most learned, and not the production of chance.
* There is one marked peculiarity which distinguishes the grammar of the Manx from that of other dialects of the Celtic language. The orthography or spelling of the Irish and the Scottish Gaelic is constructed on the principle of preserving the derivation of the words ; and therefore the spelling often differs from the pronunciation. The Manx spelling, on the other hand, is based on phonography. The words are written as they are pronounced. The etymology of the words is often obscured and
is
preserved. Consequently,
Manx orthography will hand down to posterity the sounds of the spoken
and Scottish modes of
etymology
;
language
spelling.
XIV
The
depth of meaning that abounds in every person versed in the language."
many
At
some notices of
is
Manx
literature
glad to be
of
The author
The Bible in Spain, &c., in his advertisement of a book proposed to be published by him under the
title
of
Bayr
Jiargey,
Man,
Manx
a literature,
This fact
has been frequently denied, but it is now established beyond the possibility of doubt. Some time ago a gentleman went to Man with the express purpose of discovering
whether the
Manx had
it
a literature or not. He possessed a slight knowledge of The tolerably well acquainted with the Irish and Scotch Gaelic.
will
Manx
tongue,
be necessary to observe,
is
is
closely connected
with the vernacular speech of the Highlands, and also with that of Ireland, bearing a closer resemblance to the former than the latter. It has, however, certain peculiarities;
The gentleman in question visited every others, it has a dual number. part of the island on foot, and was a great deal amongst the peasantry of the mountain He was not slow in discovering districts, whose confidence he contrived to win.
amongst
consists of ballads on sacred subjects,
that they possessed a literature of their own, entirely manuscript. This literature which are called carvals, a corruption of the
English word carol. It was formerly the custom in the Isle of Man for young people who thought themselves endowed with the poetic gift to compose carols some time
before Christmas, and to recite them in the parish churches. Those pieces which were approved of by the clergy were subsequently chanted by their authors through their immediate neighbourhoods, both before and after the holy festival. Many of
these songs have been handed down by writing to the present time. Some of them possess considerable merit, and a printed collection of them would be a curious addition
. The carvals are preserved in uncouth- looking, smoke-stained volumes, in low farm-houses and cottages situated in mountain gills Of the and glens. They constitute the genuine literature of Elian Vannin.
...
carval books the gentleman procured two, though not without considerable difficulty, the peasantry not being at all willing in general to part with their volumes. He says that in the whole world there is not a more honest, more kindly race than the
genuine Manx.
Towards strangers they exercise unbounded hospitality, without It seems that the Manx the slightest idea of receiving any compensation. language is falling fast into disuse; and it is probable that within sixty years it will
...
occasionally
is
and philologist ; some knowledge of it prove of great use to the antiquary of the inscriptions on the runic stones." pensable for understanding some
indis-
XV
In a letter from this author, the Editor
is
going extracts
"
The
There
is,
esting, poetic
Manx
of
all,
there
is
and
families,
is
though not easily procurable. First ballad, in which the fortunes of the various races
there
inflicted
Then island, are narrated. Brown William, and the vengeance progeny. Then there is the ballad of
Molley Charane, the miser, a humorous and satirical piece of great poignancy ; and the one of a similar character, and very little inferior to it in any respect, called Kirree fo Sniaghtey ; or, the Sheep beneath the Snow. These four are the most remarkable compositions in the printed vernacular literature of Man though there are other pieces of considerable merit, for example, a little piece commencing with " Ushag beg my," and two or three elegies on drowned seamen. Besides original,
:
the
Manx
is,
rector of
Marown, who
language contains translated poetry. There is the Phargys Caillit of a flourished about the commencement of the present century;
which
into
would seem
however, not a translation of the whole of Paradise Lost, as the name to imply, but consists of translations of particular parts of Paradise Lost
Manx
much
fidelity.
rhyme, neatly and smoothly done, but with very little vigour, and not Then there is the Lioar dy Hymnyn, or Book of Hymns, from
;
Wesley, Watts, and others, by George Killey, of Kirk Onchan which is done in a manner which shews that the poor Methodist, who, singular enough, was parish
clerk, possessed
powers of
versification of the
is
Though he
not prepared to
of
Manx to
contains.;
sphere of duty
or
is
to
lie,
among
and candidates
perative
im-
upon them
If a
is
no longer
very import-
discharge of the
work
of pastoral visitation.
xvi
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.
Much
time
is
to the understandings of
many
of his flock,
and
recommend him to
Irish language
the hearts of
all ?
when upwards
of sixty years
order,"
says his
'' ;
and although
and translate
it.
The
first Irish
grammar
that ever
was com-
posed was written by him/' Bishop Hildesley also is related to have been " very fond of the language of the Island over which he presided ; and not only used to read part of the service, but
He
'
it,
and
was
drawing
up a
Manx.
In learning the language, the Editor would by no means
recommend an
application to the
Grammar in
the
first
instance.
XV11
Let him
Manx
Bible side
by
side
columns
Grammar
in
reducing what
to
him
arbitrary changes of
WILLIAM
October, 1859.
GILL,
Vicar of Malew.
LIFE OF
DR.
KELLY.
TT is to be lamented that,
who have
but
little is
in
common
with
many
by
other
men
their works,
known of the
This
The following
him
is
much
tary of
The Manx
Society.
of the
the son
He
After
was born
at Algare, or,
as he himself writes
it,
Aal-caer, in
Grammar
he entered
St.
He took Holy
was
Orders
to the
His
first
ministerial appointment
XX
which he held
In
Duke
At
that time
stationed at
(AberdeenshireFencibles),andhadinthis
He
from Ardleigh,
in 1800.
Dr. Kelly
is
best
He
John Dollond,
;
and two
ser-
mons preached on
is
printed here-
improvement of
and
its literature.
for
Manx,
It
had
so large a share.
age of sixteen he
;
and for
He
as well as
New
Testament.
XXI
is
made
:
work
"I
Bible.
it
has had
verbatim, with
:
reviewer
first,
by our
clergy ; next, the fair copy for the press, collating and comparing
all
possible care
and
fidelity.
my
young man,
to
my
amanuensis,
for
now ready
embark
White-
haven with
we have
"In
many weeks
letter
'
assistant to
Manks
of
His lordship
further hoped that the Society would the rather consider Mr. Kelly
in
The
Society,
upon
this,
very
much
XX1 1
him
to
Out of
this
work
of revision the
its rise,
as appears
N.B.
began to correct,
in June,
1766
this
began
to collect
Grammar
my
assistance,
work.
Life,
page 230)
press; and
printed,
we
work was
On
we
With no
above the
five
hours
and
this
came
compare the
Grammar, a work of a
still
to Dr.
the
XX111
one,
Manx and
Irish,
and
Nothing daunted
it
at the
magni-
sued
it
The printing
actually
letter L,
of the Triglot,
in
commenced
when
fire
Eed
The
emendations.
"
It consists of four
The
first
made
column
were added
for the
and
Cwmry, the
original inhabitants
work
as
ought to be encouraged.
The
Isle of
Man,
as the central
island,
and
laws,
may be expected
may be
Dictionary
XXIV
and
own column
as perfect as possible."
memory
same time
:
commemorating a generous
late
sum
of
an exhibition
all
from that
institution,
open to
competitors
Manx
Prize.
The
Grammar
Manx
Scriptures."
lately set
Copy of
inscription
on -a tablet
up
in the pariah
Man
LL.D.,
DIEJD
12TH NOV.,
1809,
XXV
LOUISA,
WIDOW OF
DR. KELLY, ELDEST
ST.
DAUGHTER OF
1844,
IN
EELIGIOUS, MORAL,
SERMON,
15TH
IN
ST.
Y THE
Of
St.
REV.
JOHN KELLY,
LL.D.,
PUBLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF THE GOVERNORS, AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF TUB CHARITY.
SERMON.*
For
the
therefore,
I com-
mand thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother,
to
it
among
not have adjusted the portion of each individual, and guarded against the alienation and abuse of property in such a manner
as to have precluded the necessity of appealing to the
of
humanity remedy and supply the inadequacy of the benevolence of God; but that, at the instant He was introducing them to a " a land flowing with milk and honey,"f Ee should good land
man
to
'
'
small degree of attention to the dispensations of God and To produce a the nature of man, will remove this difficulty. perfect state, or perfect men, was not in the contemplation of the
Deity.
for the
most
part general ; they placed before the children of Israel blessing^ and cursing, good and evil ; they restrained not absolutely the
human
[*
will,
left
man
a moral agent.
t
It
8.
The above
is
Exodus iii.
XXX
A SERMON.
might as reasonably be demanded, Why the law, written by the " out of the finger of God, and promulgated from Mount Sinai midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness,"* did
not produce the
effect of restraining the people from the commission of SIN, as that the Divine partition of the land should long
'f
Thus
shall
God be
And His ways, and clear when He is judged."f within the narrow limits of Judea, and under the Divine theono particular rules were devised
:
cracy,
sufficient to
secure to
we are prepared to
to
that the
mankind
;
in
general
that,
and
" blessed the earth that it although the Almighty had brought forth abundantly," J yet made He no certain provision
against particular instances of want and distress, whether they should arise from natural or moral evil.
But, notwithstanding He permits both these kinds of evil to '' exist in the world, yet can we not charge the Lord with folly ;"
for
we may
necessary ; the effect of causes, which in themselves are generally good; and that moral evil arises principally from the free-agency of
it is
perceive that natural evil is rather incidental than that it is nowhere systematical, but produced ; that
when perverted, misapplied, and abused, becomes its disgrace, and enables him to choose the evil and to refuse the good. And
in like manner, although the benevolent Father of the universe
should suffer misery to obscure His works, and that " the poor should never cease out of the land/' though He has made no
immediate, no appropriate provision for them, yet left He not Himself without witness in the world ;"|| for He has planted in the breast of man a powerful advocate, to plead the cause
''
t(
who
such exquisite materials, that while he is engaged in communicating happiness to others he most effectually increases his own. * Deut. v. 22. 22 Acts x *v. 1 7. ^ Ps. Ixxii. 12. $ Job J Gen f PS & 4
-
II
A SERMON.
XXXI
As
there
is
therefore
no
evil
without
quantity of happiness in
human
life
" shall the thing formed say to him who formed it, Why hast thou made me thus ?"* And if we inquire further, we may discover,
apparent and individual evil is a real and general blessing. There is no creature accompanied into life with so much
firmity and so many
necessities as
in-
man
and this
arises
from his
climate.
Were
his existence,
soil
one particular
and
'' take no thought for the morrow, and neither sky, he too might sow, nor reap, nor toil, nor spin."f But, as an inhabitant of the
and science, every exertion of his reason, and every energy of his mind, are requisite to obviate the evils of his condition protection from the elements, clothing for his body, and food to sustain life, are absolutely
universe, every species of labour, art,
:
necessary to his existence. But in the progress of acquiring these he acquires not only the necessaries for his being, but pro-
duces those articles which constitute his well-being and the dignity of his nature ; for, reasoning on his wants, he lays the very
foundation of society ; and, having removed distress, he proceeds
to acquire comforts ; having
subdued the pressures of the body, he cultivates the powers of his mind ; having overcome the evils, he studies the elegancies of life ; and, by a sure and certain
gradation, improves his condition, until, from the rudest beginnings, he rises to the summit of human perfection.
Thus, labour is coeval with the necessities of man, and like them, to be considered rather as a condition of his being, than an evil appendant to it ; and the curse that " in the sweat of his
face
its
should eat his bread,"! in this point of view loses all malignity, "for the earth is full of the goodness of the Lord," " as the waters cover the sea " He ;" bringeth good out of evil ; He turneth all things to good."1T
\\
man
* Rom.
ix. 20.
5.
Gen.
iii.
19.
Ps. xxxiii.
^ Rom.
viii.
28.
XXX11
If labour is thus natural
A SERMON.
of
all
man, and the origin separate property, inequality of condition, arising from
and necessary
to
moral or natural causes, will necessarily take place in the formation of every society ; and the necessities of one man will be " there will be high and low, rich greater than those of another ; and poor, one with another."* And though this law of providence may, at
first
sight, appear to
be " a sore
evil
under
the sun"t to individuals, yet, from this principle, and from this circumstance of the mutual convenience and reciprocal depend-
men
in society
upon one
another, are produced general good and universal happiness. Under this conviction, the poor man should be resigned to his lot, and, far from accusing Heaven for the hardships or difficulties
which he
likewise,
he endures, should make the best use of those means with is endowed to remove them. Under this impression,
''
the
man who
is
and
poor brother might have depressed him also. They should consider well their respective situations, and meet each other's expectations in such a manner that, in the
his
event of a change of places, they should only have to pray that, " as they had done to others, even so it should be done unto
them."J
was attended
to,
if
ever the
condition of the poor was rendered capable of comfort, it is so at this period, and in this country, where the humane and mild
disposition of the law unites with the kind and tender genius of the people, who, as they excel the rest of mankind in every other
virtue, excel
them yet more in the practice of that Divine charity which was brought to light by the Gospel of Christ for not
\
only a public and legal provision is established throughout the kingdom for the maintenance of the poor, but the private bounty
of individuals has instituted various means, in aid of the popular establishments, to correct the inequalities and alleviate the dis* Ts. x:ix. 2.
f Eccl. v. 13.
J Matt,
vii.
12.
A SERMON.
tresses
XXXlll
which may and must always increase in proportion to the extent, and to the prosperity also, of every community and, not
;
content to limit their attention to their corporeal wants, they extend their care to their mental and spiritual concerns " to
the poor in spirit ; to the blind in the truth and knowledge of the Gospel ; to the ignorant, and those who are gone out of the way
them the way, the truth, and the life."* particular is the nature of that institution which I
to teach
upon
to
recommend
to your patronage
and
protection,
nor be weary
philosopher J who ever attempted to prove that institutions for the instruction of the poor were injurious to the community ; for that education (he reasoned)
rendered the poor, who were designed by nature to discharge the meanest offices, superior to the duties of their situation. How a
man
could thus abuse his feelings But as charitable institutions are among the blessed fruits of Christianity, and unknown
!
it is
no wonder that an
enemy
to revelation
and Christianity
itself
the utility of its best institutions. He that the poor should not be fed, because they might prove too strong for the great to keep them in subjection, as that learning
to labour.
ifc
;
is
which
is
schools.
generally taught and usually acquired at v charityBut, whatever objections may be made to the more
public and greater hospitals and schools, they apply not to our
present charity.
The mode of education which you have chosen for these poor children, and your manner of assisting their wants, must be considered as an excellent auxiliary, at least, to those
more
public,
in
iii.
some
13.
Gal.
Mamlcville.
XXXIV
A SERMON.
advantages which are not to be found in them. There, the child is taken away from his parents and his friends, and fed, clothed,
and taught, without any care, thought, or industry of his own ; where his filial and domestic affections have not their natural
objects to exercise themselves
his parent,
upon ; the
child
is
estranged from
in the acts
and
sweet sympathies of natural affection are daily cherished, and the moral principle more certainly preserved ;
habits of industry are gradually acquired by the child, and the influence of imitation operates powerfully on his mind ; and as he beholds, in the labour of his parents, the source and means of
their general subsistence, he naturally applies to the
to produce the
same cause
same
effect.
the advantage of the children of the poor being domesticated, and not altogether separated from their families.
is
Such
And
the governors of this charity should not lament that they can only instruct, clothe, and apprentice these poor ; it is, perhaps, all that is left for them to do ; it is certainly what is most
beneficial for the children to receive.
state of arts
for
In the present improved and manufactures, strength alone is not sufficient the artist, the manufacturer, or even the peasant in the fields;
accomplishing many objects, to which mere strength and ignorance would be unequal. And when we look into society, and observe the men who succeed best in their several occupations,
we find that they generally come from those parts of the kingdom where institutions of this kind have been the longest established
and that ingenuity which ; nay, manufactures themselves, can invent or improve them, seem to be peculiar to them also, where useful instruction is almost gratuitously imparted to the
who
labours
A SEEMON.
XXXV
em-
Those who have been taught the eleployers, and the public ? ments of navigation ; those who hold " the pen of the ready
writer/'*
who can
calculate
all
these
men will
same coun-
The most
knowledge ; whereas an ignorant person is generally crafty, susThe very circumstance of not having been picious, and idle.
subject to the restraints attending the
first
years of instruction
renders
him restless and irksome under every degree of control ; and, as a great modern divine and philosopher expresses himself, ". To send an uneducated child into the world is injurious to the
rest of
mankind ;
it is little
mad dog
No
have had nothing to do. I have advanced thus much in support of this institution, so far as it concerns the male children ; but when I reflect that females also are partakers of its benefits, " my heart glows within me," and I am convinced that no man, who possesses those
qualities
weaker sex every advantage possessed by the other, and every protection which their defenceless state may require. For if the cultivation of the moral principle, if a knowledge
grant to the
of religious duty,- if instruction in useful learning, be necessary all, they are surely so to them. They are, by nature, weak
and exposed
to temptation
and a
provement of their minds can alone enable them to resist those allurements to which they are subject ; and, by resisting them,
dear to man, everything that unites and preserves society together, is alone preserved. For the poor man requires the same proofs of fidelity, the same security for his
is
everything which
girls will
Tjiley.
Moral Philosophy. c -2
XXXVI
A SERMON.
have their duties to perform in the interesting situations of wives and mothers, and upon their conduct the happiness of their respective families
of the
must depend by their virtuous lives, the virtue community be preserved and from the decent behaviour
; ;
of this
of the
nation be deduced.
But
them wisdom, particularly that " wisdom which cometh from above, and maketh them wise unto salvation/'* may not be conas producing a good equal to the expense, reflect the innumerable evils which are by these means avoided, ye upon and which would naturally flow from ignorance, which would destroy all the happiness of the lower orders, and corrupt the
sidered
by some
Let the good, therefore, to be acquired, and the evil to be avoided, determine your conduct. And stop not here, but in
higher.
life
follow
carefully
up the good work which you have here begun ; and reserve for them such employments and such labour as
may be
It
has become, most unaccountably, the prevailing fashion to employ the labour of men where women would serve with more
propriety, with
more
delicacy,
and more
effect.
There
is
scarcely
a province, either in trade or husbandry, where men, fitted for more hardy employments, have not obtruded themselves. It
rests with you, within
your respective circles, to reform and these evils, to prevent such a detrimental interference,
for the helpless females constant
employment. For next to ignorance, idleness is most fatal to them; that, and sorry am I to observe that in this county women are not
be assured
sufficiently
the field
whereas, to glean, and not to earn an occupation that their bread, is their only annual occupation, tends to sow the seeds of corruption, if not of dishonesty, in their
their children's hearts
*
;
own and
and the
2
fatal
15.
consequence
is,
James
iii.
17
Tim.
iii.
A SERMON.
that they
XXXvfi
and minds of their and divide nearly their they partake labours, they become more necessaiy to one another, and their affections and esteem will bear some proportion to their respective
in the eyes
husbands
when
; for, an equality the stronger cement of conjugal affection. of uesfulness There is a gradation in the scale of society, from the barbarous state to the most refined and luxurious ; and though this grada-
common
comfort
tion
is
influenced in
partake of the from tenderness or compassion for their sex, but from contempt and the unworthy idea that they are sent into the world to serve
climate, we may easily women are not permitted to divide and common labour, that this exemption proceeds, not
some measure by
only the pleasures and appetites of man. If now the education which you enable these children of both
sexes to acquire tends to render them more useful servants and more moral characters, infinitely superior are those advantages
which they shall derive from this and similar institutions in their capacity of citizens and Christians ; for if a man shall serve his
masters upon earth with more
that
('
fidelity,
because he
is
instructed
his
and
their
Master
is
in heaven,
be obedient, and not with eye-service, as menbut as the servant of Christ, doing the will of God from pleasers, when he is instructed to be " subshall he not the
manded him
heart/'*
to
also,
the Lord's sake ; to the king, ject to every ordinance of man for as supreme, and to governors, as to those who are sent by Him,"f
submit to
civil
And when we
subordination and respect the laws ? behold the convulsed state of Europe, and the
desire of change
nay, even in our own, there appears to be no natural barrier against this overflowing torrent, except in the mass of the people
possessing well-informed and enlightened minds, in understanding the excellence of the constitution of their country, the value of their liberties, and the goodness of their laws.. There ^^;il
*
Eph.
v. 6.
Peter
ii.
15.
XXXV111
A SERMON.
no danger of an innovation while we can appeal to the goodsense of the people. influenced by opinion
right,,
The great body of the people is always and as that opinion may or may not be
will, in
:
made
the hands of designing men, be the instruments of irremediable mischief whereas the con-
an ignorant people
we understand
can be
its
it,
it,
the
more
it
must
and
zeal.
Ignorance alone
enemy and the best guard to our established governboth in Church and State, and their true security, will ment, arise from instructing the poor, and from preventing those vices
and melancholy
for
distresses which ignorance brings in its train ; " the destruction of the poor is their poverty."* But if we add to all these considerations the advantages to be
derived to individuals and the public, from the mode of religious instruction intended more particularly to be communicated by this institution, the utility of it will be placed in the most con-
vincing light
be an enemy to labour, to the arts, and to regular government, this is but a temporary evil, and of short duration, affecting only this world, and ' ' the things
;
for if ignorance
of the world ;" but that evil which affects the soul, and
eternal duration,
St.
is
of
demands our most serious attention; and, as James has pronounced, " Let them know, that he who con-
verteth a sinner from the error of his way, shall save a soul from death :" and we then most effectually remedy those in-
the Almighty permits to exist among equalities and evils which mankind when we become to the poor as the providence of God ; when we attend not only to their temporal wants, but administer to them the spiritual manna when, like the Saviour of mankind, " we go about doing good ;"f f r He divested himself of His human He appeared upon superior nature, and assumed the
; ;
earth in the garb of a servant, that He might teach the poor contentment, and the great humility. He came indeed to teach His kingdom to the poor, and to hold out to them, in a more
* Prov. x. 15.
t-Actsx. 38.
A SERMON.
XXXIX
especial manner, the prospects of a future state, where the inequalities of this life should be remedied ; and to assure them
that
fits
"
theirs
which we cannot bestow upon them, unless we prepare their minds by useful learning ; for the illiterate person is incapable of
understanding or receiving some of the most important truths of
Christianity
;
essential point,
the exercise of
public social-worship, instead of his mind being warmed by devotion and elevated to God by a sympathetic union with the
body of the congregation in prayer, praise, and thanksgiving, ' he will be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that
'
speaketh shall be a barbarian unto him."f Let not the governors, " faint in therefore, let not the contributors to this institution,
their work, but proceed
other possible
expense
this
manner
sum
would be scarcely
sufficient to
in aid of the application which I behalf of these children ; and having, I hope, convinced your understanding, let no selfish consideration prevent your benevolence.
to give,
and how
God who made them and made Christ who shed His blood to redeem them
redeem you ; think of your respective conditions in the world, and see the great demand there is upon your gratitude If your contribution should deduct something from your property, it will
!
amply repay you by the thrilling pleasures which it will communicate to your bosom. Other expenses may indeed shew you
pleasure
will not leave it in
it, but they will not give it ; they heart ; they may satiate, indeed, but your they will not satisfy ; while inexhaustible and inexpressible ift
;
they
may promise
Matt.
v. 3.
Cor. xiv,
1 1,
J Ps. Ixxxiv.
7,
xl
A SERMON.
good
to the
Observe the simplicity of those children, and let pity move Observe their supplicating innocence Oh, save your feelings
!
their innocence,
and
let
When
and
that approving earnestness depicted on every countenance, I per' ceive the cause of the poor to have prevailed. ' May much peace
and happiness rest upon the head and heart of every one of " you !"* And, as the poor shall never cease out of your land, I command you, saying, Ye shall open your hand wide unto your
brethren, to your poor, and to the needy in your land ;" and rest assured that, though you ' ' cast your bread upon the waters, you
you shall eat the labour of and see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the your hands, lMng;*?l but if no in the land of the living, doubtless you
shall find it after
"
have the authority of God himself to deand solemn day, when you and all the
which you shall bestow this day shall cover a multitude of sins, 5 and it shall, "like the blood of Jesus/ plead for you, until " Inasmuch as you you shall hear from Him the joyful sound, have done it unto one of the -least of these My brethren, you have
done
it
ye
f Eccl.
xi. 1.
||
Peter
iv. 7, 8.
THE DEDICATION.
"11
/TY LORD,
felicity of
man who
Your Lord-
ship's
An
or
Manks
Gaelic,
man
it
How
fortunate, therefore, is
for
me, restricted as I am in
my
nobleman
THE DEDICATION.
with every good, every honourable principle
pride, therefore, I place this
tion.
!
With an honest
many
Duke of
that great
and pious
prelate, the
of Sodor
direct
and
my
and myself
in that arduous
and im-
Manks
Bible.
"Why the
Grammar has
of
its
known
when
to your Lordship
is
a people
who
served the government, the laws, the monuments, and the lan-
and
affection.
And faithful
Ardleigh, Nov. 22, 1803.
servant,
JOHN KELLY.
A SSAMMAE OF THE
MAMS
LANGUAGE,
CHAPTER
I.
OF THE LETTEES*
The Capital
Letters.
ABCCH*DEFGHIJKLMNOPPHQBSTUVWY.
Small
a b
Letters,
cchdefghijklmnopphqrstuvwy.
e, i,
The Alphabet consists of seventeen single and two double consonants, and seven vowels, viz., a>
o } u, w, y.
c} clit d,f, g,j,
>
P, ph, 2>
<s,
t.
are
?,
n, r,
their
sound
The j, ~k, and q consonants are properly no Hanks letters yet, as we have no single characters of our own to express their sounds, we have adopted those of the Eoman alphabet, and
;
si,
according to the
Ir.
Welsh, we use^; as
Jee,
Dia, &c.
but, like the
The
Welsh
we
say cUiass.
A GRAMMAR OF
sound of
Itione,
we
often express
by
as,
instead of done,
we read
a head. For cw in cwaiyl, we use q ; as, quaiyi, a court. The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, are- twenty-three, and the triphthongs fourteen.
DIPHTHONGS.
Diphthongs.
ae
ai
.
.
Examples.
.
.
Diphthongs.
iu
. .
Examples.
.
aeg baih
craue
giu
iw
iy
briwwyp
siyr
au
aw
ay
ea
ei
aw
cray
oa
oe
oi
oastys
oe
fea
leigh
stroider
ou
fou
grow
guilleij
eo
feoh
ow
ui
eu
ew
ie
jeushan hew
crie
wa
wi
bwane
bwilleen*
io
bio
TRIPHTHONGS.
Triphthongs.
aie
. .
Examples.
.
.
Triphthongs
ieu
.
Examples,
. .
traie
scrieu
aue
raue
ceau
spreie
creoi
iou
Mou
cliwe
oie
eau
eie
iwe
oie
eoi
oue
uiy
roue
eue
iau
re%e
guiy
Iwoalley^
niau
woa
Sciopius and Carisius have remarked that a syllable may bo formed of two or three vowels ; as, aquae ; yet Quintilian will not
But & allow that three vowels can be united in one syllable. of three vowels, nay of four, as rieau, &c., is easy and syllable
natural to the
Manks and
Irish, as also to
many
other branches
of the great Celtic language. But, contrary to the spirit of that and to the disguising of many of the roots, we have language,
admitted into our orthography unnecessary and superfluous double vowels ; such as oo, ee,'&G.
CHAPTER
II.
Latins, forreus
is
goan or goun, scarce ; thus, among the written for farreus, &c. It is pronounced as a
;
bab
cumflexed, as in dame, pale, ale ; as mdroo. B is a labial letter, and pronounced as b English ;
boayl.
as,
bare,
preserves a strong sound in its unaspirated state, equal to the Greek Kappa, or the English k, or as c in can ; as, cam, cab, cappan. It never usurps the pronunciation of s, as in cistern,
.
city, cedar.
Ch has a
soft
sound j as
like
ch in
D is pronounced as d English ; as doal, dowin. ~D and / are found in ancient manuscripts written indifferently one for the
other ; as y diunid, or y diunit, the profound. j&is reckoned a small vowel; but is sometimes long, sometimes
short,
it is
to the
When
acuted, it is pronounced as e English in men ; as ben, slien, ren; circumflexed, as ea in fear; as menu. is called a weak consonant ; because when aspirated it loses
all its
force
It
corresponds in
the Latin v
as for, a
man, Lat.
* Xorthside pronunciation.
f Southside pronunciation.
4
vir
is
;
A GRAMMAR OF
feeyn, wine, Lat.
vinum
;
and
pronounced
as / English
;
as faase, foays.
G is a heavy consonant
or as g English in gain, get, go ; as gamman, goaill, garrisli. It has no soft sound, as in the English gentle. is pronounced as h in the English hand, hind. Note. Some-
would rather
call this
an auxiliary than a
letter,
;
because it serves-
following vowels, as ha, he ; and in nouns of the feminine gender beginning with a vowel, though not always written, is always
>
pronounced as
i
if
written
I is one
pin
;
English in
it
When
begins-
a feminine noun
pronounced liquid
written single, as e lane, her hand, pronounced el laue or e llaue. is naturally one of the strong consonants, but is often,
changed into
its soft v.
It is
called
n English. It is is a light consonant. It is often doubled, to give the stronger sound. In nouns plural, and feminines, n is pronounced
gn in seigneur ; thus,
;
N as
like
e niart,
niart
is
nyn yannoo, our doings ; nyn nyannoo. a broad vowel. When acuted, it is pronounced as o in
thus, cron, son
;
gone
oney.
when
circumflexed, as o in bone
thus,
And
is
thus
it
a hard consonant, and pronounced as p English. PJi as the Greek Phi ; or pli English, in philosophy, physic
as phadeyr, pfiaal.
>
as maroo,
but when an
always aspirated as the Greek were written rh, and is pronounced double (rr) , likeinitial,
it
is
as snggyrt, sollan
and is
5
subject to no change,
Greek Sigma,
change, vid. Chap. III. T is a hard consonant, naturally commutable with the letter d It has been much abused and (as has been already observed)
.
corrupted in
in
its
modern manuscripts,
&c.,
place, entirely destroying the Celtic root ; as chengey, a tongue, for teanga, Irish ; chiarn, a lord, for tiearn, Irish ; cum
multis
aliis.
U is one
a and
o
;
of the three broad vowels, and used indifferently for as goll, or gall, or goul, a fork or ray.
is
pronounced as
oo, as in
warree.
Y is pronounced as u
bird, third
article y, it
;
hunt
or as
in
as spyrryd, ymmyrchagJi.
e in
A GRAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
III.
OR
Manks
these non-radicals are thought to clog the language, and render it disagreeable in use, and difficult to acquire a knowledge of.
Some
The
mutes
from that of the primary or (as they are radical, that they are expressed by different letters in the Manks, as is commonly done in other languages, except the Irish, where
so different
only the aspirate Ji is added ; from whence arises often the difficulty of finding the etymology in ours, where that usage prevails, and the reason why the Irish language has been so well
preserved.
Such words as begin with mutable consonants, viz., b, c, ch, d, f> QJ j> k, m } PJ ph, q_, t, in their primary use, change these their radical initial letters as occasion requires, and according to the
effect
as follows
Words
V)
have three
life,
initials, viz., b,
vea, his
is
nyn mea,
our, your,
their
written
Yarro
Birgilius, Virgilius
Words
beginning with
;
have three
friend
;
as
carrey, a friend
e charrey, his
nyn
their friend.
cli
initials, viz.,
cli,
h,j
nyn jiarn,
Words beginning with d have two initials, viz., d and gh ; as dooinney mie, a good man ; e ghooinney, his man. Words beginning with /have three initials, viz.,/, v, and the
first
the/ quiescent ;
nynas
gli ;
and y
as
Almighty God;
It,
e yee, his
god.
initials, viz., k, cJi,
like
c,
;
have three
e chiunid, his
calmness
nyn
;
viz.,
m and v
as
as
nyn
badjer,
viz.,
ph}
v,
and
his
ph being eclipsed
;
made
e reeney,
pin ; nyn vreeney, our pin phaal heyrragh, a sheep-pen ; pen ; nyn vaal, our pen.
e aal, his
wh3
as quing
yoke ; nyn have three, viz., s, h, t ; if the first letter s be followed by a vowel, or if the word be of the feminine gender it has two ; as _sooill vie, a good eye ; e hooill, his eye ;
e wJiing, his
s
Words beginning
'
with
tooillftloB
shoulder ;
eye; slingan vooar, a big shoulder, y tlingan the otherwise the initial remains unchanged ; as sporran, a
purse
have three
initials
viz.,
t,
h,
dh ; as
D 2
8
taggloo ard,
A GRAMMAR OP
high discourse ;
haggloOj
his
discourse
nyn
The
and con-
stant betwixt letters of the same organ of pronunciation ; for a labial letter is never changed to a dental, nor a dental to
labialj
&c.
Adverbs, being formed of adjectives, become such for the most part by putting dy in apposition to the adjectives, without effecting any change in their mutable initial consonants ; as mie (adjective) good; dy mie (adverb) well; boght (adj.) poor; dy boght
(adv.) poorly; gennal (adj.) merry; dy gennal (adv.) merrily. "Whereas the preposition dy, of; or dy, the sign of the infinitive
mood
able initials
in traagh, pobble, goaill, bailey ; as rybbag dy ; thus, a wisp of hay ; earroo dy phobble, a multitude of people ; hraaghy dy ghoaill coyrle, to take counsel ; goll dy valley, going home.
Initial vowels are also capable of occasional changes, by taking the aspirate h before them after the genitive article ny ; as ayns diunid ny hushtaghyn, in the depth of the waters. Besides, in
pronunciation, the last consonant of the preceding word is transferred to the following vowel ; thus yn oo, the egg ; yn arragh,
the spring
yn agh the
if
they were
yn
noo,
yn niarragh, yn niagh.
CHAPTER
The Parts
Noun,
Pronoun,
Verb,
Participle,
IV.
of the
Manks tongue
are nine.
Article,
Adverb,
Conjunction,
declined.
Preposition, ^ undeclined.
Interjection,
OF THE ARTICLES.
The Articles* are two, y and yn, following manner
:
the,
in the
Singular.
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
fern.
D.
Da ny,
a,
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Y or yn, Y or o,
6r?/w.
A. Ny, V. Y or
A. Gyn,
Yn
is
man, y ven, the woman. used before words beginning with vowels, whether radi;
cal or in construction
ooill millish, this is
as
yn
especially
when a person
or thing
is
When
~bee}
the articles, ny, na, &c., and verbs substantive, ta, va, and some of the irregulars, nee. Me, &c., precede in construc-
tion,
is
* Properly, there is but one article, y, which becomes yn before a vowel, and ny in the plural ; and there are but two cases, the nominative and the genitive, the dative being a contraction of da yn, and the ablative being a simple preposition, gyn?
without.
ED.
10
A GRAMMAR OE
is
vowel ; as
happy ;
cursed
;
mie maynrey, the good man shall be ta 'n drogh-ghoonniey mollaghtagh, the wicked man is
bee 'n doonniey
n chenndeeaght ny screeney na 'n aegid. After other words ending with a vowel, and the following word beginning with a consonant, yn, not y } is always used ; as ayns thie yn ree,
ta
(not thie
n ree)
} ;
eh gerjaghey
yn poblle,
(not
In these and the gerjaghey'npobblej, he comforts the people. like cases, to apostrophize the yn is reckoned highly barbarous.
The
article
yn before
all
agh, the horse, which is pronounced as if written ollagTij the cattle, pronounced yn nollagh.
yn nagh
yn
a participial article of the present tense, er of the preter, and er-chee of the future ; as, cc scrieu, writing ; er scrieu, having
is
EC
written
er-chee scrieUj
about to write.
11
CHAPTER
V.
OF THE NOUN.
And
first,
of its Cases.
viz.,
placed before a substantive of the Nominative Case, beginning with a mutable consonant, if the Noun be of the feminine gender, the initial consonant must be
the article y or
When
yn
changed into
its
soft
as ben, a
woman, yn ven ; keyrrey, a sheep, yn cheyrrey ; feill, flesh, yn eill. But if the Noun be of the masculine gender, the initial consonant
remains in
its
own nature ;
yn
as
noise.
is
When
article is
the article y or
if
with a consonant,
the
Noun be
changed into ny in the Genitive Case singular ; but if the Noun be of the masculine gender, the mutable consonant
is
changed into
its soft
remains; as
Masculine.
Nom.
Gen.
Nom.
Gen.
Coo, a greyhound,.
Yn
choo.
Feminine.
Nom. Sen,
Gen.
a woman,
Ny Ny
mrieh, of a woman.
Ny
Ny
baa>t
Nom.
Gen.
KiarJc, a hen,
giarlc.
Nom.
Gen.
Cass, a foot.
coshey.
Nouns
12
A GRAMMAR OF
into
yn
in the
singular,
their initial
Awin, a
river, river.
As
a precipice, Beinn ny heanin, the summit of the precipice. to the Cases of the Plural Number, there is but one termi-
Nom. Eanin,
nation throughout ; so that they are only distinguished by the articles set before them, or in their construction, varying their
initial letters, if
preceding words ; as
Nom. Ny
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Y or
Gyn
is
The
initial
when
as
Plural.
Nom. Ny
Gen.
boghtyn.
Nom. Ny
Gen.
a beggar. The vocative article is more frequently understood than expressed in both numbers, except the English thou be used in the
i.e.,
(FerJ ny dhieyn, a
man
of the houses,
singular; as, maghj y voddee, Out, thou dog; and in the plural, except ye be expressed, which is generally translated by shiuish,
ye, yourselves; as, ye friends, or friends, chaarjyn, or shiuish
chaarjyn.
13
CHAPTER
VI.
OP THE NUMBERS.
ordinarily but
We
seem
when
:
compounded with a substantive as, daa ghooinney, daa chass, two feet ; daa hie, two houses, daa ven, two women, literally, two woman, &c.
in the first
Substantives compounded, or put in apposition with numerals, and second number of every score, instead of the
number
as,
un
hooill,
;
one eye
daa
two eyes ;
eyes
un
hooill as feed,
sooill,
eyes ; three-feed
feed sooill, twenty one-and-twenty eyes ; da-eed sooill, forty The word laa, a day, sixty eyes, &c.*
when put after a numeral, may be used throughout in the singular number thus un laa, daa laa, three, Jciare, queig, &c., laa. Some substantives want the singular number as, cloan, chil: :
dren; maase, cattle; sleih, people, &c. Others want the plural as, arran, bread ; jough, drink ; sollan, salt ; eeym, butter ; feill,
flesh
;
blood ; bainney, milk ; niart, strength ; fort, ability ; keayney, weeping ; trimshey, sorrow ; and the like. And the names of metals as, airh, gold ; argid, silver ; prasli,
fuill,
:
brass
*
yiarn, iron
and
all
proper names.
The Manks count by scores. The score, yn feed has no plural termination. a score man, two Every noun numbered by the score is in the singular form ; as score man, three score man. ED.
14
A GRAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
OF THE FORMING OF PLURALS
The
VII.
IN A
NOUN
SUBSTANTIVE.
three ways.
First,
by adding only a
:
singular
as,
plural cassanyn.
Secondly, by changing only the vowels or diphthongs of monoas, -mac, a son, pi. syllables into other vowels or diphthongs
:
mouth, pi. belli; mair, a finger, pi. fir meir ; or by changing the vowels and diphthongs of the ultima pi. and penultima of polysyllables into other vowels or diphthongs ;
;
beeal, a
as, keeill,
a church,
pi.
Idaulteenyn.
of the singular
pi.
Thirdly,
raantagh, a bondsman,
; ble'in,
pi. bleeantyn. claddeeyn the various syllables usually added to, or diphthongs changed in, the singulars of substantives, to render them, plurals ; which are these that follow
necessary to
know
Yn
pi.
is
the most
common
termination of
all
as, glioon,
a knee,
The
glioonyn ; laue, a hand, pi. laueyn ; cass, a foot, pi. cassyn.* singular termination agli is always changed into eej as,
berchagh, a rich
man,
pi. berchee ;
kimmagh, a criminal,
pi. kirn-
pi. claasee*
cyen
The old English or Saxon plural ended in en as house, liousen ; liose, hosen ; eye, Hence also, sowen, now swine ; coiven, now kine ; oxen ; men ; ; shoe, slioon.
children.
I&D.
women;
15
Nouns, whose singular number ends in ey, make their plural by changing cy into agh, and adding the particle yn to the termination ;
pi.
as, chengey,
;
caggaghyn
a tongue, pi. chengaghyn ; caggey, a war, except dooinney, a man, pi. deiney.*
Some
aghyn;
monosyllables ending in r
as,
make
their plurals
by taking
pooar, power,
pi.
pooaraghyn;
gloyraghyn.
in monosyllables is
pi.
mac, a son,
for the most part into e ; as, a finger, pi. meir ; so also tarroo, a mec; mair, marroo, the dead, pi. merroo ; not terriu, merriu,
changed
as
E is
changed into
i ;
as> fer,
a man,
pi.
jfo-.
in monosyllables
is
changed
a mutton, a knot,
muilt ; bolg, a belly, pi. builg ; bock, a horse, pi. buicJc; poyll, a puddle, pi. puill; stoyl, a stool, pi. stuill; cront,
pi.
pi. cruint.
bttWey, a town, pi. baljyn
frieod, pi.
bunneeyn ; carrey, a
pi.
ED.
16
A GEAMMAE OF
CHAPTER
THE GENDEES OF
VIII.
SUBSTANTIVES.
Although the primitive and proper use of genders be only to distinguish one sex from another, yet the Manks, like the
Greeks, Latins, French, Irish, &c., observe that distinction even
in inanimate things,
among which
is
there
is
female
so that there
common.*
There are twof ways to know the gender of a noun. The first, by its signification. The second, by its termination, The proper names of men, winds, months ; also qualities, good or bad ; metals ; and the infinite mood of verbs, when used
substantively, are
culine gender.
known by
their signification to
be of the mas-
Words ending
er,
are masculine
by
their termi-
nation; a,sjannoo, an action; jalloo, an image; goo, a report ; bainney, milk ; phreeney, a pin ; eggey, a web ; dooinney, a man ; red,
a thing ; bred, a prick ; gred, a heat ; dunver, a murderer eeasyder, a borrower ; ynseyder, an instructor.
Words ending
nations
;
by their termi-
as,
is
rollage, a star
burdoge, a shrimp
cuinniag, a mull.
no such anomaly as a neuter gender. CREGEEN. are no determined rules to know the genders of substantives inanimate, I have been very exact in setting down the gender of every noun in my Dictionary;
f
* There
As there
by becoming
initials
which
is
effected
by a change in the
of the adjectives.
17
The names of women, countries, rivers, cities, also appellatives of trees and stones ; are of the feminine gender ; so are
nouns ending in
ee
the singular or plural number ; as, peccee, sinners ; peccee hreih, miserable sinners ; moddey joogh, a greedy dog, masculine, pi.
common
When
with
eclipsed
the article y or yn
s, if t
is
of the feminine
gender; as
Sooill)
Yn
Yn
,
tauin.
Yn
But
if
tooill,
Soalt, a barn.
toalt,
the barn.
then
it is
of the masculine
gender.
When the article yn is placed before a noun beginning with a consonant, and the said article is changed into ny in the genitive
case singular, that
the article
yn
of the feminine gender ; but when remains in the genitive singular, then the noun is
noun
is
Nom. Yn
Gen.
ver,
the woman,
Ny
mrieh, of the
woman.
any of the mutable consonants, if, the article y or yn before it, its initial consonant putting
doth naturally change into its soft ; as, cooish, a cause, yn chooisli, the cause ; grian, the sun, yn ghrian, the sun ; moyrn, pride, yn
voyrn, the pride; miljid, sweetness,
words are
infallibly
yn viljid: the sweetness: such of the feminine gender. But if the initial
we may
18
A GRAMMAR OP
words to be of the masculine gender ; as, goo, fame, y goo f the fame ; Iteayn, sea, yn keayn, the sea ; corp, a body, yn corp, the
19
CHAPTER
IX.
OF THE DECLENSIONS.
There are Five Declensions.
FIEST DECLENSION.
Nouns
by
of the First Declension are such as form their plural adding the particle yn to the termination of the nominative
singular; as
Plural.
tooill,
Nom.
Gen.
Sooill,
an eye, or y
N.
Ny
the eye,
Ny
Yn
sooilley,
of an eye,
G.
Dat.* Da'n
D. A.
Ace.
tooill,
the eye,
eye,
Voc.
Abl.
Y or
Jwoill,
V.
Y or
hooillyn,
eyes,
eyes.
Gyn hooill,
without an eye. A.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Cass, a foot,
N. Cassyn,
G.
Ny
Yn
Da'n
D.
Ace.
A. V.
Voc.
Abl.
*
Y chass,
Gyn
Y chassyn,
feet,
chass, without a
case of all nouns
It
The Dative
in
position
da prefixed.
be said to be
have a distinct
is the same as the Accusative, with the premight therefore be expunged; and the word in the Dative the Accusative, governed by the preposition da. The Pronouns Dative. ED.
20
A GRAMMAR OP
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Thie, a house,
N. Thieyn, houses,
G.
Yn
Yn
thie,
of the house,
Da'n
D.
Ace.
thie,
the house,
hie,
A.
V.
Voc.
Abl.
Y or
Gyn
house,
Y hieyn,
houses,
thie,
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Baase, death,
N. Baaseyn, deaths,
G.
Yn Yn
vanish, of death,
baase, to the death,
Ny
maaseyn, of deaths,
Da'n
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Y vaase,
death,
Y.
Y vaaseyn,
deaths,
Gyn vaase, without death. A. Gyn vaaseyn, without, &c. Some nouns of this declension transpose their final consonants in the genitive singular, and in the plural number as
;
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. Bannish,
Gen.
Dat.
Ny
weddings,
&c.
to,
Da'n vannish,
ding,
wed- D.
Da
Ny
ny banshyn,
&c.
Ace.
Yn
Gyn
Yoc.
Abl.
Y vannish,
wedding.
wedding^
vannish, without a
and these
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Ooig, a pit,
N.
&c.
Ny
hooigey, of,
G.
Nom.
Gen.
Greg, a rock,
N. Greggyn, rocks,
G.
Nom.
Gen.
Ny
Ny
creggyn, of rocks.
N. Kiarkyn, of hens,
G.
giarkyn, of hens.
of the hen.
21
toin, gen. ny toaney ; crosh, an accident, gen. ny groshey ; the sea, gen. ny marrey ; muc, a pig, gen. ny muigey, &c. muir,
And
SECOND DECLENSION.
Nouns of the Second Declension are such as admit of no change number and the plural is formed by adding aghyn to the final consonant and, if the noun
in the termination of the singular
;
;
is
Nom. Gag gey (masc.) war, N. Cagg aghyn, wars, Gen. Yn chaggey, of the war, G. Ny gaggaghyn, of the wars,
Dat.
Da'n
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Yn
A. V.
Y chaggey,
war,
Y chagg aghyn,
Plural.
wars,
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Oloyr
(fern.),
glory,
N. Gloyraghyn,
D.
glories,
Ny
glory,
Ace. Yn
A. V.
Voc.
Abl.
Y ghloyr,
Gyn
glory,
Y gloyraghyn,
Gyn
Plural.
gloyraghyn, &c.
Singular.
Nom.
N. Cmdnnaghyn, globes, Cruinney, a globe, Gen. Ny cndnney, of a globe. G. Ny gruinnagliyn, of, &c. Of this declension are the following nouns :-*-cree, a heart ;
coirrey, a furnace
; ;
ree,-
a king ;
obbyr,
chengey, a tongue
pooar, power ;
work
THIRD DECLENSION.
22
Singular.
A GRAMMAK OF
Plural.
Nom. Tn Gen. Yn
Dat.
sourey,
summer,
summer,
touree, of
Da'n
Ace.
Yn
Gyn
tourey, the
Voc.
Abl.
Y houree,
summer, A. Y. summer,
Y houraghyn,
0, &c.
without, &c.
Gyn souraghyn,
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Moir, a mother,
N. Moiraghyn, mothers,
Ny
Yn
Da'n
&c.
to,
&c.
Ace.
A.
Yoc.
Abl.
Y voir,
Gyn
mother,
&c.
voir, without,
Of
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. Braar,
Gen.
a brother,
N. Braaraghyn, brothers,
Y vraarey,
of a brother, G.
Ny
mraaraghyn,
Plural.
of,
&c.
Nom. Shuyr,
Gen.
Singular. a sister,
N. Shuyraghyn,
G.
sisters,
sisters.
Ny
shayrey, of a sister.
Ny
shuyraghyn, of
In the same manner are declined geurey, winter, gen. y gheuree, of winter ; clieer, a countiy, gen. ny cheerey, of a country, &c.
Of this declension are nouns wanting the singular number, also nouns of multitude singular, and are regularly declined ; as
Singular.
Plural.
1ST.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Feill, flesh,
Cloan, children,
Ny
Yn
Gyn
G.
Ny
glienney, of children,
Da'n
to the flesh,
Ace. Voc.
Abl.
eill,
the flesh,
flesh,
eill,
Y chloan,
children,
A. Gyn chloan, without, &c. Note here that clown, maase, sleih (vide Of the Numbers, Chap. VI.), 'Which apparently seem plural nouns, are only nouns of
eill,
without
flesh.
23
multitude singular, and declined with a singular article; for, we never say ta ny maase cheet, but ta'n maase cheet, the cattle comes;
ta'n sleih chaglym, the people assembles, not ta
ny
sleih
chaglym.
Nouns
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
N. Cagleeyn, boundaries, Cagliagh, a boundary, Yn chagliagh) of the, &c. G. Ny gagleeyn, of the, &c.
Da ncagliaghjtotln.e,&c.
9
D.
A.
Ace.
Yn
Da Ny
ny
Voc. Ychagliagh,Q boundary, V. chagleeyn, 0, &c. Abl. Gk/nchagliaghjWithontf&c. A. Gyn cagleeyn, without, &c. Of this declension are claddagh, &c.
Some nouns
consonant n
;
Singular.
Plural.
N. Raanteenyn,
bail.
bails,
G.
Ny
of this declension, ending in vowels in the singunumber, form their plural by adding nyn to the termination ;
as
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Cliwe, a sword,
N. Cliwenyn, swords,
G.
Yn
chUwe> of a sword.
Ny
So are jaghee, tythe ; briw, a judge, &c., declined. Some nouns of this declension form their plurals from the genitive singular,
final
consonant ;
as-
Plural.
Nom. Annym,
Gen.
N. Anmeenyn,
.
souls,
Ny
G Ny hanme&nyn,
Plural.
of the souls.
Nom.
Gen.
Keeill,
a church,
N. Kialteenyn, churches,
G.
Ny
24
A GRAMMAR OF
admit of
;
in their plural
as,
moainee,
Iheeanee, a
meadow
Hem, &c.
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Blein, a year,
N. Bleeantyn, years,
G.
Ny
bleeaney, of a year.
Ny
FIFTH DECLENSION.
A, o, u, being broad vowels, are used promiscuously in general, but in monosyllable nouns the plural number follows the genitive
singular, as
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
N. Duirn, hands,
G.
Ny
Yn
duirn, of a
fist,
Da'n doarn,
to the hand,
D. A.
V.
Ace.
Yoc.
Abl.
Y ghoarn, O hand,
Gyn
doarn, without, &c.
Singular. a mast,
Y ghuirn,
hands,
Nom. Gr on,
Gen.
Dat.
N.
G.
Y chruin,
Da'n
of the mast,
Ace.
Yn
Gyn
A.
V.
Voc.
Abl.
Y chron,
mast,
Y chruin,
Gyn
masts,
Singular.
PluraL
Nom.
Gen.
Kione, a head,
N.
G.
Y ching,
Ny
of a head.
Singular.
Nom. Booa,
Gen.
a cow,
N.
G.
cows.
Some
tive,
as
Plural.
N.
G.
Gen.
Yn
vac, of a son.
Ny Ny
mec, sons,
25
Some change
e into
i,
as
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Per, a man,
N. Fir, men,
G.
Yn
er,
of the man.
is
Ny
vir,
of the men.
ui, as
Nom.
Gen.
Yn
this
volg, of
In
manner
a belly. G. Ny muilg, of bellies. are declined molt, stoyl, cront, &c., &c.
Some
case singular, and are of the fifth declension Singular. Kellagh, a cock,
as,
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
N.
G.
Y chellee,
Da'n
of the cock,
Jcellagh, to
the cock, D.
Ace.
Yn
Gyn
Jcellagh,
the cock,
cock,
A.
the cocks,
cocks,
.without cocks.
Voc.
Abl.
Y choUagh,
V.
Y chellee,
Gyn
Jtellee,
Nom.
Gen.
Plural.
N.
G.
Ny
guoee of a goose.
,
Ny guoee, the geese, Ny ghuoee, of the geese. Ny moddee, dogs, Ny moddee, of dogs.
:
Nom. Moddey,
Gen.
Y voddee,
a dog, of a dog.
N.
G.
Nom.
N. Keyrrey, a sheep, Gen. Ny geyrragh, of a sheep, G. Dat. Da'n cheyrrey , to the sheep, D.
Ace.
Yn
Gyn
A.
Voc.
Abl.
Y cheyrrey,
Y chirree,
Gyn
Jcirree,
sheep,
without, &c.
Adjectives sometimes become substantives, and are of this declension as, berchagh, a rich man ; Jcimmagh, a criminal ,
:
PI. berchee,
kimmee,
peccee.
A GRAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
X.
OF A NOUN ADJECTIVE.
AN
Adjective
is
its
tives in the
Manks.
Adjectives may be formed from the genitive case of the nouns as, sourey, summer, G. y touree, of summer ; they derive from
:
summer weather ;
The
the number.
variation of Adjectives
The
is
that
become feminines
and
this is effected
(if
scheme
Masculine*.
Feminine.
Bing,
shrill,
Creeney, wise,
Chreeney,
Dunnalj brave,
Genual, merry,
Dooinney.
{
Gliunnal,
GTiennal,
Jesh, proper,
Sen.
-{
Yesh,
Chiart,
Kiart, just,
Moyrnagh, proud,
Paagh,
thirsty,
Voyrnaghy
Phaagh,
Whaagh. formed of singular masculines, without any change in their radical initials ; as, inneen vie, a
QuaagJij strange.
The
27
good girl,
PI.
PI.
eddinyn gennal.
the substantive
When
the singular termination, which generally ee ; as, fer niartal, a strong man, PI. ny niartallee, the strong (men).
by adding only
to
addition
is
Secondly, by changing the singular termination agh into ee ; PL ny berchee, the rich
:
Or, thirdly, by adding another vowel to the ultimate vowel of the singular without any addition ; as, doal, blind, PL ny doail,
the blind.
in the plural
changed into e ; as, marroo, dead, PL ny merroo, the dead. Yet here I must observe, contrary to the received opinion of
countrymen, whose judgment I much value and esteem, that we have plural adjectives adjectives of the plural number, that are distinguished from singulars by their terminaseveral of
my
tion.
The following examples will prove the best argument. Adjectives, whose singulars terminate in agh, in their plurals
ee
;
as
Plural.
Nom. Fer
N.
or
[teaching man,
[teaching men,,
A. Gyn fir-ynsee*
Singular.
Plural.
Fir chialgee,
G.
Yn
er kialgagh,
Da'n fer
&c.
Idalgagh,.
D.
Ny Da
vir chialgee,
ny fir chialgee^
&c.
28
Thie jaaghagh, a
A GRAMMAR OP
smoky house,
G.
Gen. &c.
of plural adjectives
as
which
added to the
final
consonant
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. Dooinney mooar, a great man, N. Deiney mooarey, Gen. Yn dooinney mooar, of a, &c. G. Ny gheiney mooarey, N. Mraane seyrey, Nom. Ben seyr, a rich woman,
Gen.
&c.
Ny
mrieh seyr, of a
rich,
&c.
G.
Ny mraane
seyrey.
a green field, N. Magheryn glassey, Gen. Ynvagherglass,of the green, &c.G. Ny magheryn, &c.
vane, a white sheep,
Nom. Keyrrey
Gen.
N. Kirree vaney,
G.
Ny
geyragh vane.
Ny
girree vaney.
:
Many
bad
;
adjectives
;
as, mie,
good ;
;
sie,
aalin, fair
like.
glen,
cam, crooked
and
such
Cardinal numbers have no plural when put in apposition or composition with their substantives, though their substantives
at the
as, troor,
three
and
thie,
an house
nor when set alone, or substantively, have they plurals ; as we say, ta'n chiare, the four, not ta ny Mare ; t a'n wheig, the
thieyn
five,
not ta ny queig.
29
CHAPTER
XI.
degree
s'aalin
may be
s'
graney, uglier.
The
superlative
formed of
its positive
by adding
s' (a
con-
traction of the
Between the comparatives, or words or persons compared, is commonly placed the comparative conjunction na, answering to the ante-comparative conjunction ny ; as, ta moddey bio ny share
na
lion marroo,
a live dog
is
the positive degree is a weak adjective, it undergoes those changes of gender that adjectives are subject to; but the superlative alters not,
As
but is always expressed in its singular masculine; ven ghennal, the merry woman ; sup. yn ven s'gennal, the as, yn merriest woman.
Monosyllables that begin and end with a consonant have always the syllable ey added to them in the superlative degree ;
as, pos. boght,
poor
into ee
as,
pos. kiaralagh,
most
careful.
30
A GRAMMAR OP
Positives having oa and io change
them
pos.
into
e;
as,
mool?
sup.
feeble,
sup.
s'melley,
:
most feeble
chion,
tight,
s'chenney, tightest
Having
heaviest
;
and ia make
s'trimmey,.
These following are anomalous, or irregular comparisons Positive. Comp. and Sup.
Mie, good,
Oik, bad, Beg, or ~beggan,
Mooar, great,
Ymmodee, many,
Faggys, near,
Lhean, broad,
Aeg, young,
Foddey,
far, distant,,
European languages, as depending on the Celtic ; and not from the caprice of custom, as Mr. Louth imagines. (See Eng. Or. p. 26.)
Which
by
as, so,
how
!
as,
fair as
he
s'mie Ihiam
shen dyjarroo
how pleasing is it to me
s'banglaneagh y peccaghl'
how
is
prolific is
man
s'mooar Ihiam eh
how
begrudge
s',,
it
It
formed of the
positive,
accord-
31
CHAPTER
XII.
Or THE PRONOUNS.
Of the Pronouns, some are Personal
oo, as,
;
mee>
;
shin,
we ;
thou ; shiu, ye
is
ee.
eh,
he or
it ; ee,
she
ad, they
or
when any
emphasis
for
expressed
as, quoi,
who
ere,
Some are Possessives as, my, mine ; Some are Interrogatives as, quoi, who ;
(kys, or quis,
or que,
what
how).
as,
Some
eehene.
are Derivatives
mish, meehene
as,
me
ort,
;
upon thee
er,
thee
lesh,
language, and are called pronominal participles ; by the assistance of which, and the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be, annexed to
the substantive,
all
Construction of Prepositions.)
* The ingenious and learned author of the Essay on the Antiquity of the Irish Language, treating of these pronouns, has these words: "The Orientalist will find a suprising affinity between these cognomina and the Hebrew li, lo, lah, &c. olli,
ollort, lionn,
root."
32
1.
A GRAMMAR OF
OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.
mee, I
:
oo,
thou
-,
eh,
he ; and
she
Mee,
Singular.
I.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Mee,
I,
Ace.
Yoc.
Abl.
V.
A. Vom, from
Oo, thou.
us.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
N. $/im, you, or ye, or ayd, of thee, or thine, G. Eu, of you, or your, Dty,
Oo, thou,
D.
Dm,
/STtm,
Ace.
A.
you,
Yoc.
Abl.
Oo, thou,
Void, from thee.
M,
Singular.
he.
Plural.
Nom. Eh,
Gen.
Dat.
he, or
it,
N. Ad, they,
it,
E, or echey, of him or
G. Oc, of them,
roo, hue, to
Da,
rish, huggey, to
it,
them,
Ace.
Eh, him, or
(caret)
Yoc.
Abl.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ee, she,
N.
of her, or hers,
Eh.
D, or
eck,
Yoc.
Abl.
(caret)
Voee,
from her,
33
Hene,
self,
may be
and
added
to the
pronouns personal
it is
and then h
aym, hym, rhym, voym, changed into p, as aympene, hympene, &c. Ish in the feminine, and eshyn in the masculine, are emphatical
is
:
added
as,
ecksh, hers
echeysyn,
Mish, shinyn ; aym's, ainyn ; dooys, hym's ; dooinyn, hooinyn, &c.; uss, shiuish; ayd's, euish; dhyt's, rJiyt's, &c. ; eshyn,ish;
echeysyn , ecksh ; dasyn, jeeish, &c., are used when particular persons or things are set in opposition to one another, or when
property
it
is signified
is
my
shoh yn Hoar ayms, cha nee yn Hoar book, not his ; cur dooys eh, cha nee dasyn,
as,
it
give
eh,
&c.
DEMONSTRATIVES.
Shoh, shen, shid are common, undeclinable, and all of the third person ere shoh ? what's this ? ere shen ? what's that ? ere shid ?
:
3.
RELATIVES,
Quoiy who,
ere,
My
is
is
of both genders
and,
when
it
cast away,
and
only expressed
as,
m'annym,
my soul, for
my annym.
Dty, thine or thy. of both genders ; and by apostrophe dt3 Dty thy breath, for dty ennal.
is
as, dt'ennal,
E, his, her, or
its.
e is
determined only by
34
masc., as
e glioo, his
A GRAMMAR OP
word,
e liooil,
Ms
eye
doubles in expression the initial consonant of the following noun, when it comes before substantives beginning with Z, n, r. The
Welsh, and Irish. Nyn, genders, and the plural number, used indiscriminately with substantives of both numbers as
same
nyn
dliie,
our house,
pi.
nyn
dhieyn.
5.
INTERROGATIVES.
Quoij
Ore,
who
what
They are of all genders and numbers. They are not always interrogatives, but are sometimes
definites, especially
erbee,
any
as quoi-erbee
whatever
it
be.
35
CHAPTEB XIIL
OP A VEEB.
There ate four sorts of Verbs^ viz., the Active, and Passive, the Auxiliary, and Impersonal* The Manks Verbs are for the most part formed of substantives
of the same signification with
them
as,
t'eh coayl,
he
loses.
The Indicative Mood, present tense, is always formed of the participle of the present tense and the auxiliary verb ta mee } to be
And indeed
mee
:
the other tenses are frequently used in the participles only, particularly in discourse, joined with the auxiliary ta
all
as
EEGULAE VEEBS.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
Singular. Ta mee coayl, I lose, or am losing, T'ou coayl, thou losest, or artlosing,
Plural.
Ta shin coayl, we lose, or, &c* Ta shiu coayl, ye lose, or, &c^
T'ad coayl, they
lose,
is
losing,
&c.
36
A GRAMMAR OF
Preterimperfed.
Singular.
Plural.
Chaill eh,
lie lost.
Or:
or was losing,
F'o^cocM/Z,thoulost,orwastlosing,
losing,
losing,
were losing.
may be
Ren mee coayl, I lost, or did lose, Ren oo coayl, thou didst lose, Ren eh coayl, he lost.
Singular. mee er choayl, I have lost,
Een shin coayl, we lost, &c. Ren shiu coayl, ye lost, &c. Ren ad coayl, they lost, &c.
Plural.
Preterperfect.
Ta
Preterpluperfect.
Va mee
J
er choayl, I
had
lost,
V ad er choayl,
3
they had
lost.
Future Tense.
Caillee mayd, or shin, we, &c. Cailleeym, I shall or will lose, Caillee oo, thou shalt or wilt lose, Caillee shiu, ye, &c. Caillee eh,
he
expressed or understood, the persona of the future tense terminate in ys, and the nominative case is
a relative
When
speak to
him
;
as, mish loayrys rish, I am he that uss screeuys huggey, thou art he that shall
:
write to
him
eshin chaillys, he
who
shall lose.
always be aspirated
as,
yn fer
chaillys, the
37
Which termination
is
common
to both numbers.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Caill, lose thou.
Caill-jee, lose ye.
The
Mood
might, perhaps, be
:
him
lose.
them
lose.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
The Subjunctive Mood may be formed of auxiliaries and the verb compound foddym, to be able, without any change in the
verb
:
as
Present Tense.
Singular. coayl, I may lose,
Plural.
Foddym
FoddeeoocoayljihoumajQsij&c. Foddee shiu coayl, ye Foddee eh coayl, he may lose. Foddee ad coayl, they
may may
lose, lose.
manner of formation is periphrastic ; and, as the tense of the Subjunctive Mood is never used but after present the adverbs dy and ny, that and if, like the French que, that, the
this
But
mode
of formation
Plural.
Dy Dy
they lose.
Preterimperfect.
Singular.
Plural.
could lose,
Chaillagh oo, thou mightest, &c. Chaillagh eh, he might, &c.
Periphrastical Formation.
Yinnyn
Yinnagh shin
coayl,
we, &c.
Yi7mao:/ioocoa^,thoumightest,&c. Yinnagh shiu coayl, ye, &c. Yinnagh eh coayl, he might, &c. Yinnagh ad coayl, they, &c.
38
This tense
A GRAMMAR OP
Ihisin, I
same manner.
and
Preterpluperfect.
Plural. Singular. er choayl, I had lost, or might Veagh shin er choayl, we, &c. Veign
have
lost,
Veagh ooerc/i0a^,thouhadstlost,&c. VeagJi shiu er choayl, ye, &c. VeagJi eh er choayl, he had lost, &c. Veagh ad er choayl,they,&c.
Future Tense.
This tense
is
junctive mood.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
The
its
Infinitive
or
by
following another verb in the same sentence without any nominative case between ; and, though the verb stand unvaried
as to itself, yet doth it admit of three tenses, the preter, and preterpluperfect tenses as
:
viz.,
the present,
Present.
Preter.
Dy
choayl, to lose.
vel
T'ou gobbal dy
lost
it.
mee
er choayl eh,
have
Preterpluperfect.
Dob
oo dy
row mee
er choayl,
thou deniedst
Participle Present.
Coayl, losing.
The
and future tenses are formed by to the preter, and er-chee, about,
choayl, having lost.
Participle Preter.
Er
Future.
Supine.
The supines end in t or it, which form the participle of the passive voice, and which, with the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be,
go through
all
the tenses
as, ta
mee coayl
(active),
I lose
ta
meecaillit (passive), I
am
lost.
89
In the conjugation of verbs, a negative much alters the initials ; and, therefore, to every verb here conjugated the affirmatives and
negatives follow.
The negative to the indicative and subjunctive moods is cha, not ; and to the imperative, ny, not as, cha gaillym, I will not
:
lose
ny
caill, lose
thou not
Interrogative.
Nagh
Affirmative.
chaill oo ? did
you not
lose
Negative.
Cha
not lose.
Ny
caill, lose
not.
Singular.
Plural.
Screeu-mee, I wrote,
Screen shin,
we
wrote,
Screen
oo,
Screen eh,
Future.
Screeu-ym, I shall or will write, Screeuee shin, we shall, &c., write,
Screeueeoo,iho\ishali,&c., write, Screeuee shiu,jQshall, &c., write,
Screeuee eh, he shall, &c., write. Screeuee ad, they shall, &c., write.
IMPEEATIVE MOOD.
Screen, write thou.
Screeu-jee, write ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Prefer.
might or could write, Screeuagh shin, we might, &c. Screeuagh oo, thou mightest, &c. Screeuagh shiu, ye might, &c. Screeuagh eh, he might, &c. Screeuagh ad, they might, &c.
Screenin, I
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
screen, to write.
Supine.
Screeut, written.
i 2
40
A GRAMMAR OF
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Screen, writing.
Er-screeu, after writing, having written.
Future.
Interrogative.-
did you write ? Nagh screeu oo huggey ? did you not write to him ? Screeu oo
?
Affirmative.
Negative.
Ny
screeu,
do not write.
Singular.
Plural.
Diu
eh,
he drank.
Diu shin, we drank, Diu shiu, ye drank, Diu ad, they drank.
Future.
luee mayd, or shin, we shall, &c. lu-ym, I shall or will drink, luee oo, thou shalt or wilt drink, luee shiu, ye shall, &c. luee eh, he shall or will drink. luee ad, they shall, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
lu, drink thou.
lu-jee,
drink ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
luagh
shin,
we might,
&c.
luagh
oo,
luagh
eh,
he might, &c.
Present.
Dy
Tut,
iu,
to drink.
Supine.
drunk.
41
Giu, drinking.
Prefer.
Future.
Interrogative.
Diu
oo ? did
you drink
?
Nagh
Affirmative.
diu oo
Cha diu mee, I did not drink. Cha n' iu-ym, I will not drink.
Ny
iu,
drink not.
Ginsh, to
tell
or, telling.
Preter.
Singular.
Plural.
Dinsh
Dinsh
shin, shin,
we
told
ye told ;
told.
Dinsh
eh,
he
told.
Inshym, I
Inshee
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Insh, tell thou.
Insh-jee, tell ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
tell ;
Inshagh shin,
we might, &c*
Inshagh oo, thou mightest, &c Inshagh eh, he might, or, &c.
44
A GRAMMAR OF
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy insh,
to tell.
Supine.
Inshit, told.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Ginsh, telling.
Er
n' insh,
having
told.
Future.
Er-chee
n3
Interrogative.
who
?
told thee
Nagh
Affirmative.
dinsh eh dhyt
did he not
tell
thee
Negative.
Dinsh Juan dou, John told me. Cha dinsh eh dhyt, he did not tell thee.
Cha ny inshym
Gimmeeaght, to go
or,
going to depart.
Plural.
Dimmee shin, we went ; Dimmee shiu, ye went ; Dimmee ad, they went.
Future.
Immeeym, I shall, or, will go ; Immee oo, thou shalt, &c. Immee eh, he shall, &c.
Imme mayd, we
Immee Immee
shall, or,
&c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Immee, go.
Immee-je, go ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Immeein,
go
Immagh Immagh
oo, thou,
&c.
eh,
he might, &c,
Immagh shin, we might, or,&c Immagh shiu, ye might, &c. Immagh ad, they might, &c.
43
Present.
Dy
immeeaght, to go.
Supine.
Immit, gone.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Gimmeeaght, going.
Future.
Interrogative.
Vel oo gimmeeaght
are
will
you going
Affirmative.
you not go
Negative.
immeeym, I
will
Cha
n*
immayd, we
am
Kionnaghey, to buy;
Preter.
or,
buying.
Singular.
Plural.
Chionnee mee,I bought, or did buy; Chionnee shin, we bought, &c. Chionnee oo, thou boughtest, &c. Chionnee shiu, ye bought, &c. Chionnee
eh,
he bought^ &c.
he
shall, or will,
&c.
shall,
&c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Kionnee, buy.
Kionnee-jee,
buy
ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Chionneein I might, or could buy ; Chionnagh shin,we might, &c. Chionnagh oo, thou mightest, &c. Chionnee shiu, ye, &c.
Chionnagh
eh, he,
&c.
44
A GRAMMAR OF
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
chionnaghey, to buy.
Supine.
Kionnit, bought.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Kionnaghey, buying.
JEr
Future.
Gymmyrkey,
Preter.
Singular.
Plural.
mee, I bore
oo,
thou borest ;
eh,
he bore.
Dymmyrk shin, we bore ; Dymmyrk shiu, ye bore Dymmyrk ad, they bore.
;
Future.
Ymmyrfc-ym, I shall, or will bear; Ymmyrkee mayd, or shin, we,&c. Ymmyrkee oo, thou shalt, &c. Ymmyrkee shiu, they shall, &c.
Ymmyrkee
eh,
he
shall,
&c.
Ymmyrkee
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Ymmyrk,
bear.
Ymmyrkagh,
oo,
thou, &c,
Ymmyrkagh
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy ymmyrkey,
to bear.
Sup inc.
Ymm yrkit,
borne.
45
Present.
Preter.
Gymmyrlcey, bearing.
Er
n*
Future.
or,
taking.
Preter.
Singular.
Plural.
shin,
shiu,
Ghow mee, I took, or did take ; GJww Ghow oo, thou didst take ; Ghow Ghow eh, he did take. Ghow
Future.
we took
ye took ;
or,
GWeeoo,thoushalt, or wilt take; Gowee shiu, ye shall, &c. Gowee eh, he shall, or will take ; Gowee ad, they, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Gow, take.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Gho'in, I might, or could take
Ghoghe Ghoghe
oo,
eh,
he might, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
ghoaill, to take.
Supine.
Goit, taken.
PAETICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Goaill, taking.
Er
ghoaill,
having taken.
Future.
46
A GRAMMAR OP
Many nouns, betokening the passions of the mind and body, are conjugated with the verb substantive ta mee, to be, put for have, as the verb sum for habeo in Latin.
EXAMPLES.
Fys, knowledge.
Present.
Plural.
;
Tafys
ain,
we know
Tafys ayd, thou knowest, or, &c. Tafys echey, he knows, &c.
Preter.
Vafys
ain,
eu,
oc,
we, &c.
Vafys Vafys
ye
knew ;
Future.
Beefys aym, I
Beefys ayd,
Beefys
Beefys
eu,
oc,
ye
shall,
&c. &c.
Beefys
echey,
he
will
know.
they
shall,
In'like manner.
Graih, love.
Present.
Ta Ta Ta
graih
aym
ain,
we
love;
;
eu, ye love
oc,
they love.
Va Va
Va
he loved.
Va graih ain, we loved ; Va graih eu, ye loved ; Va graih oc, they loved.
47
Bee graih aym, I will love, Bee graih ayd, thou wilt love,
Bee graih
echey, lie will love.
Bee graih aym, we will love, Bee graih ayd, ye will love,
Bee graih
:
oc,
as, ta
graih
him ;
he loves me.
is
The adverb
ta mee, to
away,
be ; as
Preter.
Va mee
Va shyn ersooyl, we,&c. ersooyl, I went, or was gone ; V'ou ersooyl, thou wentest, or wast gone; Va shiu ersooyl, ye, &c. V'ad ersooyl, they, &c. eh ersooyl, he went, or was gone.
Future.
ersooyl, I will be gone
Bee mayd ersooyl, we, &c. ; thou wilt be gone ; Bee shiu ersooyl, ye, &c. Bee oo ersooyl, Be ad ersooyl, they, &c. Bee eh ersooyl, he will be gone.
Bee 'm
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Ersooyl-jee,
be ye gone.
OF RECIPROCAL VERBS.
Reciprocal or Reflecting Verbs are common to this language as to the Hebrew, French, Irish, &c., and require two personal pronouns when the sense is turned by the auxiliary verb ta mee,
which is the most elegant and pointed expression. Nevertheless, the simple verb may be used alone, as in the following
to be
;
less
Cadley, to sleep
or, sleeping.
Present*
Singular.
Ta mee my
mee
am
sleeping
or, ta
cadley.
48
A GEAMMAE OF
T'ou dty chadley, thou sleepest, or art sleeping ; or, tfou cadley. T'eh ny chadley, he sleepeth, or sleeps ; or, t'eh cadley.
Plural.
Ta Ta
ny chadley, we sleep. or ta shiu cadley, or ny chadley, ye sleep. nyn gadley, T'ad nyn gadley, or t'ad cadley, or ny chadley, they sleep.
shin
nyn
shiu
Preter.
~Va
mee
my
chadley, I
was
sleeping, or I slept
or,
chaddil mee
V'ou
dty, &c.
Future.
Bee'm
my
or,
cadlym.
See oo dty chadley, or, cadlee oo, thou shalt, or wilt sleep. See eh ny chadley, or, cadlee eh, he shall, or will sleep.
Interrogative.
Bow
you asleep
?
Negative.
Va mee my chadley, or chaddil mee, I slept. Ta cadley orrym, I am sleepy. Cha vel mee my chadley, I am not asleep. Cha chaddil mee, I did not sleep. Cha gadlym,' I will not sleep.
Shassoo, to stand ; or, be standing.
Ta mee my
hassoo, or ta
t'ou
t'eh shassoo,
standing.
Plural.
Ta
shin
nyn
shassoo, or
ny
we
are
standing, or do stand. Ta shiu nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or shassoo, ye stand, &c. T'ad nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or shassoo, they stand.
49
Singular.
Va mee my
was
standing".
V'ou dty hassoo, or hass oo, thou stoodest, &c. V'eh ny hassoo, or hass eh, he stood, &c.
Plural.
Va
shin
nyn
shassoo, or
ny
Future.
Singular.
Bee'm
my hassoo, or shassym, I will stand, &c. See oo dty hassoo, or shassee oo, thou wilt stand.
Bee eh ny hassoo, or shassee
Plural.
eh,
he
will stand.
Bee mayd nyn shassoo, or shassee mayd, we will stand. Bee shiu nyn shassoo, or shassee shiu, ye will stand. Bee ad nyn shassoo, or shassee ad, they
Interrogative.
shall or will stand, &c.
?
Affirmative.
oo dty hassoo ? Were you standing eh ny hassoo ? Is he standing ? Vel Va mee my hassoo, I was standing.
Eow
Negative.
T'eh ny hassoo, he is standing. Gha row mee my hassoo, I was not standing. Cha vel eh ny hassoo, he is not standing. Cha shassym, I will not stand.
Ny
MOEE EXAMPLES.
Ta mee my
Interrogative.
hoie, I sit.
Do you
sit ?
Ta mee my hoie, I sit. Affirmative. Cha vel mee my hoie, I do not Negative. Ta mee
er
sit.
my ghoostey,
am
awake.
50
Interrogative.
Affirmative.
A GRAMMAR OF
Vel oo er dty ghoostey ?
[&c.
Negative.
Va mee er my ghoostey, or ghooisht mee, I was awake, Cha bee'm er my ghoostey, or cha dooishtym, I will not,
bee er dty ghoostey, or
Ny
ny
dooisht, don't
awake. [&c.
Ta mee
Interrogative.
er
my
chosh, I
am
on
foot.
Are you on
foot ?
Affirmative.
Ta mee
Cha
vel
Negative.
chosh, I
foot.
Ny
be not on
PASSIVE.
foot.
OF A VERB
In Manks there
it is
is
all
parts of speech
elegantly and expressively formed by the verb ta me, to be, and the supine active, or participle passive. The tenses are formed by the participle, which always ends in
it
or
t,
all
numbers
Present Tense.
Singular
Plural.
Ta mee
T'ou
T'eh
caillit,
am
lost, lost,
caillit,
thou art
Ta Ta
shin shiu
caillit,
caillit,
we
are lost,
ye are lost,
lost.
caillit,
he
is lost.
T'ad
Preterimperfect.
caillit,
they are
Va mee
V'ou
caillit,
I was lost,
lost,
caillit ,
caillit,
thou wast
V eh
J
he was
lost.
they were
lost.
PreterperfecL
Ta mee er
ve
caillit,
Ta shin
ye, &c.
Tad
Va mee er ve
caillit,
had been
lost,
Va
shin er ve
lost,
caillit,
we had
been
V'ouerve caillit,
HioulL&dLst, been lost,
Vashiu
V'ad
V'eh er ve
caillit,
he had been
lost,
I
Bee'm
Bee oo Bee
caillit,
caillit,
Future.
I shall or will be lost, Bee
mayd
caillit,
thou
shalt, &c.
Bee
eli caillit,
he
shall,
&c.
Bee ad
they, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Bee
caillit,
be thou
lost.
Bee-jee caillit,
be ye
lost.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
Dy
bee'm
caillit,
that I be (or
&c.
&c*
bee
Veign er ve caillit, I had been, or Veagh shin er ve caillit,we, &c. I might have been lost,
Veagh oo Veagh eh
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Participle.
Dy
ve caillit, to
be
lost.
Caillit, lost.
The preter and future tenses of the indicative mood are often very elegantly formed by the help of the irregular goll, to go
:
as
52
Singular.
A GEAMMAR OF
Plural.
lost,
lost,
Hie mee
er coayl, I
was
Hie shin
Hie shiu
Hie oo
Hie eh
er coayl, er coayl,
thou wast
ye were
lost,
he was
lost.
H'em
H'eu
be
lost,
lost,
lost.
thou wilt be
Hed
eh er coayl, he will be
&c.
&c.
as, keearagh, to
grow night ;
cheeree eh,
grew night ;
grow
night.
the French, the Spanish, the Italian, the German, the Irish, &c., &c., except in the Portuguese.
viz.,
principal auxiliary verb is ta mee, to be, or, I am, which is used on all occasions, as the verb sum in Latin, as the verb
The
ttre or suis in
all
fication.
The other
saillym, I
is
am I ; foddym, I am able ; which are personals. She (it is), which willing often substituted for ta mee, and sheign (must), are used
auxiliaries'are vel mee,
;
am
impersonally, and always joined to a substantive as, she mish Vel mee is t'ayn, it is I ; sheign dhyt loayrt thou must speak. or denying Vel mee er ghra eh, as nagh vel used in asking as, mee er chooilleeney eh ? Have I said it, and have I not per:
:
formed
Cha vel, you have not. Row, was, is an auxiliary, and generally used in the past time, either to ask a question as, Row fer erbee dy my laccal ? Did any one want me ? or, was anybody wanting me ? or else denies Sometimes it is added as Cha row, there did not, or was not.
it ?
:
53
Va dooinney dy
row,
there was a
man
that was.
May
peace be with us
Ta
mee, I am.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Ta
;
mee, I
t'ee,
am f ou,
;
t' eh,
or ta eh,
he or
Plural.
it is
she
is.
Ta
shin, we
Singular.
Va
mee, I
was
v'ou,
v'ee,
she was.
Plural.
Va
shin,
we were va
;
shiu,
Preterperfect.
Singular.
Ta mee Ta
er ve, I
have been ;
t'ee er ve,
t'ou er ve,
t'eh er ve,
he has been ;
shin er ve,
Plural.
we have been ;
have been,
Preterp luperfect.
Singular.
v'eh er ve,
Plural.
Va mee er ve, I had been v'ou er ve, thou hadst been he had been. Va shin er ve, we had been ; va shiu er ve, ye had been
;
v'ad er
ve,
Singular.
bee oo,
be
bee eh,
he shall or
will
be ;
Plural.
Bee mayd, we
bee ad,
shall or will
be
bee shiu,
ye shall or will
be ;
54
A GRAMMAR OP
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Bee, be thou.
Bee-jee,
be ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD..
Singular.
eh, if
My
vee'm,
if
I be
my
be ;
my
vees
he be.
Plural.
My
vees
mayd,
if
we be ; my
vees shiu, if
ye be ;
my vees
ad,
if
they be.
.
Preterimp erfect Singular. Veign, I might or could be; veagh oo, thou mightest or couldst be ; veagh eh, he might or could be.
Plural.
Veagh shin, we might or could be ; veagh shiu, ye might or could be ; veagh ad, they might or could be.
Prefer and Preterpluperfect.
Singular.
Veign er
ve,
might have been, or had been ; veagh have been, &c.; veagh eh er ve s he
Veagh shin er ve, we might have been ; veagh shiu er ve, ye might have been ; veagh ad er ve, they might have been.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
ve, to be.
Part. pr.
Caret.
Preter.
Er
ve,
having been.
Future.
Ta mee Manninagh dooie, I am a true-born Manksman. Kys t'ou, or leys myr t'ou ? How do you do ? Ta mee er ve feer vie, I have been very well.
EULE.
When
in Latin
ta
is
mee
put
is
put for the English verb have (as when sum pronoun must be put in the geni-
tive case, as
55
Cka
Ta
AUXILIARY VERBS.
Foddym,
am
able.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
Foddym,
am
or may,
Foddee shiu, ye are able, or may, Foddee ad, they are able, or may.
is able.
Preter.
Oddin, I might, or was able, Oddagh shin, we were able, &c. Oddagh oo, thou mightest, or Oddagh shiu, ye were able, wast able,
Oddagh
eh,
he might,
is
or,
expressed, or the relative understood, as My oddym, if I can, or will be able, My oddys mayd,
we can,&c.
&c.
My
oddys be able,
oo, if
My
oddys
shiu, if ye can,
oddys ad,
if they
can, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Dy
vod, to
be
able.
AUXILIARY VERBS.
Saillym, or Baillym, I
Present.
am
willing.
Saillym, I
am willing,
we are willing,
G 2
56
A GRAMMAR OF
Or,
Singular.
Plnral.
Baillym, I
am
Baill mayd,
we
are willing,
Baillish,
he
is willing,
or wishes.
Preter.
Baillin, I
was
we were willing,
Bailt) thou
Baillish,
wast willing, &c. Ba/illm, ye were willing, he was willing, &c. Bailleu, they were willing. I could wish, or, would to God that, is also expressed Baillin,
by the superlative adjective share, best, and the participial pronoun as, Bare Ihiam nagh beagh caggey erbee, I wish there was
:
no war.
Sheeu,
argid,
it is
worth,
is
it is
worth money
?
an auxiliary impersonal as, Sheeu eh cha beeu eh veg, it is good for nothing. ;
:
an impersonal, and governs a dative Dare you go ? Cha bloys, I dare not.
it
S'lhiass,
needs, or,
:
must,
is
governs a dative
Need
go
Cha
Ihiass
RULE.
is joined to another, the auxiliary and the variation of person and number; but pronoun go through the verb continues invariably in the third person.
When
an auxiliary vecb
all
OP IRREGULAR VERBS.
These Irregulars are by far the most difficult part of the language ; but that they are neither so many, nor the knowledge of them so difficult to be attained, as is generally represented, a
very little attention to the following pages will sufficiently evince. These irregular verbs are
Goll, to go.
Jannoo, to do.
Cheet, to come.
Geddyn, to get.
Clashtyn, to hear.
57
Fafcin, to see.
Goaill, to take.
Of the verb
The
indicative
Goll, to
go ;
or,
going.
present tense of the irregulars is formed after the same manner as the regular verbs active viz., by the
participle present
mood
to
be
as,
to,
mee
goll,
go
Prefer.
Singular.
Plural.
Hie
shin,
we went,
Hie
eh,
he went.
Hedym,or hem, I shall or will go, Hed mayd, or hemmayd, we, &c.
Hed Hed
oo, eh,
Hed Hed
shiu,
ye shall or
will go,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Gow, go.
This
first
the only verb we can recollect that has in itself the person plural of the imperative mood'.
is
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PreterimperfecL
Raghin, I
Ragh shin, we might, &c. Eog/k0o,thoumightestorcouldst go, Ragh shiu, ye might, &c. Ragh eh, he might or could go. Ragh ad, they might, &c.
might or could go,
Preter
and
Preterpluperfect.
Dy
Dyjagh
Dy jagh
he went, &c.
Dy jagh shin, that we, &c. Dy jagh shiu, that ye, &c. Dy jagh ad, that they, &c.
58
A GRAMMAR OP
Future.
Dy jem,
Dyjed
eh, that
Dy jed Dy jed
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
gholl, to go.
Supine (wanting).
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Future.
Goll, going. Er-n' gholl, having gone. Er-chee goll, about to go.
Cheetj to come.
Preterimperfect
Singular.
Plural.
Hairik shin,
we came,
ye came,
Haink
eh,
Haink Haink
Preterperfect.
shiu,
Ta mee
Ta shin Ta shiu
T'ad
er jeet,
er jeet,
we have come,
er jeet,
.
Va mee
er jeet, I
had come,
Va
V'ou, &c.
Future.
shall or will coine, Hig mayd, we shall or will come, thou shalt or wilt come, Hig shiu, ye shall or will come, Hig oo, Hig ehf he shall or will come. Hig ad, they shall or will come.
Higym, I
59
come
ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Harrin, I might or could come, Harragh shin, we might, &c. Harragh oo, thou mightest, &c. Harragh shiu, ye might, &c. Harragh ehj he might, &c. Harragh ad, they might, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dyheet, to come.
Cheet,
Supine,
come.
PAETICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Cheet,
coming*
about to come.
Future.
Jannoo, to do.
Preterimperfect.
mee, I did,
oo,
thou didst,
eh,
he did.
Ren mayd, we did, Ren shiu, ye did, Red ad, they did.
Preterperfect.
Ta mee ern'yannoo, I have done, Ta shin ern'yannoo,we}ia,ve done, T'ou ern'yannoo, thou hast done, Tashiuer n'yannoo, ye have done,
T'eh er n'yannoo, he hath done. T'ad ern'yannoOjtheylcL&vQ done.
Preterpluperfect.
Va mee
er n'yannoo, I
V'ou, &c.
60
A GRAMMAR -OF
Future.
Singular.
Plural.
Nee'm, I shall or will do, Nee oo, thou shalt or wilt do,
Nee mayd, we shall or will do, Nee shiu- ye shall or will do.
Nee ad, they
shall or will do.
Nee
eh,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Jean, do thou.
Jean-jee,
do ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Yinnagh Yinnagh
eh,
he might, &c.
or,
&c.
The
is
Jean-ym
Will I do
I will do.
Jean-ym
Jean
Jean eh
? will
I do
? ?
mayd ?
will
we do
?
oo ? wilt
? will
thou do
Jean shiu
? will
he do
Jean ad
? will
ye do they do
But
if
it
asketh no question
And
before
the future tense of the subjunctive, having the adverb dy it, asketh no question, and is thus conjugated
:
or may, or
Dy jean mayd,
Dy jean Dy jean
oo,
eh, that
he will do.
Dy jean shiu, that ye, &c. Dy jean ad, that they, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Supine.
Dy
61
Present.
Preter.
Jannoo, doing.
Future.
Interrogative.
Ore nee'm
what
shall I
do
?
?
Negative.
Jean oo screen huggey ? will you write to him eh, I did not do it.
Chajean-ym eh, I won't do it. Cha jinnin eh, I would not do it.
Affirmative.
Nee'm
eh, I will
do
it.
Ta mee jannoo
eh, I
am
doing
it.
Singular.
Plural.
Hooar
get,
shin,
shiu,
we
got,
Hooar
ye got,
got.
Hooar
eh,
he got.
Future.
Yiow-ym, oryioym, I shall or will get, Yiow oo, thou shalt or wilt get,
Yiow
eh,
shall,
&c.
IMPEKATIVE MOOD.
Fow,
get.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Yio'in,
or yioivin, I
oo,
Yiogh
Yiogh
eh,
With
dy, that,
formed thus
62
A GRAMMAR OF
Singular.
Plural.
Dy
mayd, that we
get,
Dy vogh,OTnogh oo, that thou, &c. Dy vogh,ornogh shiujfhat ye, &c. Dy vogh, or nogh eh, tliat he, &c. Dy vogh, or noghad, that they, &c.
Future.
Dy
Dy vow mayd, that we, &c. Dy vow shiu, that ye, &c. Dy vow ad, that they, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
gheddyn, to get.
Supine.
Feddynit, gotten.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Geddyn, getting.
Er gheddyn, having
Dooar
oo ? did
?
gotten.
Future.
Interrogative.
you get
? ?
Now-yet eh
shall I get it
Negative.
Affirmative.
Vogh ad eh ? would they get it Cha dooar mee eh, I did not get it.
Cha now eh, thou shalt not get it. Hooar mee eh, I got it. Ta mee er n gheddyn eh, I have got it.
9
This verb
into a
is
lesh,
with, changed
pronoun
but,
;
when
is
it
signifies to give, it is
formed with-
as
Hug mee Ihiam, I carried, or brought, Hug shin lhien,we carried, Hug shiu Ihiu, ye carried, Hug oo Ihiat, thou carriedst, &c. Hug eh lesh, he carried or brought. Hug ad Ihieu, they carried.
63
Ver-ym
mayd
Ihien,
we will,
&c.
Veroo lhiat,thou wilt bring or carry, Ver shiu Ihiu, ye will, &c. Ver eh lesh, he will carry or bring. Ver ad lhieuy they will, &c.
IMPEEATIVE MOOD.
Cur
Ihiat,
bring, or carry.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Verrin Ihiam, I might or could bring, Verragh shin Ihien, we, &c. Verragh oo Ihiat, thou might est, &c. Verragh shiu Ihiu, ye, &c. Verragh ad Ihieu, they, &c. Verragh eh lesh, he might, &c.
With
it is
formed
Dy
Dy
could bring,
may be formed
:
jannoo, to do, as
Yinnin Ihiam, I would bring Yinnagh shin Ihien, we, &c. oo Ihiat, thou wouldst bring, Yinnagh shiu Ihiu, ye, &c. Yinnagh Yinnagh eh lesh, he would bring. Yinnagh ad Ihieu, they, &c.
Future.
Present.
Dy
choyrt, to give.
Dy
Supine.
Coyrt, given.
PAETICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Er
choyrt, or er chur,
having given.
Future.
64
Interrogative.
A GRAMMAR OF
.Dug oo Uiiat
i/n
Hoar
Der
Negative.
eh ? will you bring it? Ihiam eh, I won't bring it. der-ym
oo
ITiiat
it.
Gra, to say.
Preter.
Singular.
Plural.
Dooyrt shin,
we
said,
said,
said.
Dooyrt
oo,
thou saidst,
Dooyrt shiu, ye
Dooyrt ad, they
Future.
Dooyrt
eh,
he
said.
Jir-ym, I shall or will say, Jir oo, thou shalt or wilt say,
Jir eh, he shall or will say.
Jir
mayd, we
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Abbyr, speak.
Abbyr was
among
'Nabbyr oo ? Did you speak ? for Anabbyr oo ? And here let me lament the loss our language sustains by the want of this interrogative article an ; for, in discourse or writing (except by a
mark
of interrogation, indeed), we cannot give the reader or the hearer, by order of the words, any idea of our request, whether it be a question or a positive assertion ; as, for instance,
Ver oo Ihiat eh
Ver oo Ihiat
eh,
? will
you bring
bring
it ?
;
you
will
it
whereas with the particle an, whether, your meaning would immediately appear ; and then it would run thus
:
An
you bring
it ?
65
Plural.
would
say,
Yiarragh
oo,
'Yiarragh eh,
Yiarragh skin, we, &c. Yiarragh shiu, ye, &c. Yiarragh ad, they, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
ghra, to say.
Supine.
Present.
Preter.
Gra, saying.
Er
Future.
Interrogative.
Ore 'nabbyr oo
dooyrt mee y
Dooyrt oo y Iheid
Negative.
Cha Cha
did you say the like ? Iheid, I did not say the like.
it.
Glww Ghow
mee, I took,
oo,
Ghoiv eh,
shin,
shiu,
we
took,
ye took,
or will take,
Gowee
eh,
shall,
&c.
IMPEEATIVE MOOD.
66
A GRAMMAR OF
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Singular.
Gho'in, or ghowin, I
Plural.
might
or could take,
Ghogh Ghogh
Ghogk Ghogh
oo,
eh,
Ghogh
My ghoym, or ghow-ym, if I take, My ghoys mayd, if we take, -or ghowys oo, if thou take, My ghoys shiu, if ye take, My ghoys, My ghoys eh, if he take, or will take. My ghoys ad, if they take.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
ghoaill, to take.
Supine.
PAETICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Goaill, taking.
Er
n' ghoaill,
having taken.
Future.
Interrogative.
Gogh
oo eh ?
it ?
Gow
Negative.
oo shen ? will
Cha gain eh, I would not take it. Cha goym eh, I will not take it.
Clashtyn, to hear.
Preter.
Cheayll shin,
we
heard,
thou heardest,
Chluin
eh,
he heard.
Chluin shin, we heard, Chluin shiu, ye heard, Chluin ad, they heard.
67
Cluinee
mayd, we
shall,
&c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Claslit,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Preter.
Chluinagh shin, we, &c. thou might' st, &c., hear, Chluinagh shiu, ye, &c. Chluinagh oo, Chluinagh eh, he might or could hear. Chluinagh ad, they, &c.
Chluinin, I might or could hear,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
chlashtyn, to hear.
Supine.
Cluinit, heard.
PAETICIPLES.
Present.
Preter.
Clashtyn, hearing.
Er
Future.
Interrogative.
Cheayll oo
Nagh
Negative.
geayll oo ? did
?
Chluin oo
Cha geayll, I heard not. Cha ghluinym, I won't hear. Cha gluinagh oo, you would not
Fakin, to see.
Preter.
hear.
HonnicJc shin,
we
saw,
he saw.
68
A GRAMMAR OP
Future.
Singular.
Plural.
Hee mayd, we shall or will see, Hee shiu, ye shall or will see,
Hee ad, they
shall or will see.
he
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Faik, see thou.
Faik-jee, see ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Heein, I might, could, would, or should see, Heeagh shin, we, &c.
Heeagh.
oo,
Heeagh
eh,
see,
Heeagh
sliiu,
ye, &c.
Dy Dy Dy
vaikagh
vaikagh
oo, that
thou, &c.
&c.
Dy Dy Dy
vaikagh shin, that we, &c. vaikagh shiu, that ye, &c. vaikagh ad, that they, &c.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
Dy
akin, to see.
Supine.
Present.
Preter.
Fakin, seeing.
Er
Future.
Interrogative.
Vaik oo eh
N'aikin eh
? ?
it ?
it ?
Negative.
Cha vaik mee eh, I did not see it. Cha vaikagh oo eh, thou couldst not
Cha vaik-ym
eh, I shall
see
it,
not see
it.
C9
CHAPTER
XIV.
OF THE ADVEKB.
Some Adverbs
eisht,
then ; some
are expressed in one word, as nish, now, consist of a preposition and a noun, as dy-mie,
;
and
all
Also, dy oik, ill, dy bieau, quickly, &c., &c. the particle er is put before substantives it sometimes answers the English word for, as er-phing, for a penny; and
when
sometimes changes them into adverbs, as Adverbs are of several sorts. forcibly.
1.
ADVEKBS OP TIME.
Kinjagh, always.
Nish, now.
Clielleeragh, immediately, pre-
Dy
sently.
Mennick, often.
Er-y-chooyl, in a
rectly.
moment,
di-
An-vennick, seldom.
Jiu, to-day.
J^sm'sfr,bye-and-bye, just now. Jea, yesterday. Eoish, before. Arroo-y-jea, or cha row eh jea, the day before yesterday. Er-y-gherrit, lately.
Noght, to-night.
Riyr, last night.
Arroo-y-riyr, or cha row ehriyr, the night before last night.
Tamwylt, a while.
Er-dy-henney, since.
Lurg,
after.
Lurg
shoh, hereafter.
70
Ro'ic, before,
A GEAMMAE OP
or formerly.
Cuin, when.
Foddey,
far.
Keayrt
elley,
another time.
Dy Dy
Dagh-laa, daily.
and
Choud, while.
Cre-choud,
Nish as
now and
then.
how
Eisht, then.
Er-giyn, \
Erreish, J
late.
Anmagh,
late.
Ro-anmagh, too
Moghey,
Dy-traa} betimes.
early.
any more.
(Past.)
Rieau, ever.
since.
ADVEEBS OF PLACE.
Seose, up.
here.
,
there.
Sliid,
yonder.
I
Va
shid
lo
yonder
way.
SJieese,
down.
Myr
sholi, this
Cheu-sthie, within.
Clieu-mooie, without.
C'raad, where.
Neose
seose,
up and down.
")
Raad
ennagh, somewhere.
,
Ooilley mygeayrt,
Runt mygeayrt,
Heose, up, above. Neose, down.
from whence.
71
as
Myr
urley neealloo
Foddey,
far. far.
yn
far off.
aer, as
an eagle towards
Veihfoddey, from
heaven.
Er-jerrey, behind.
Foddey jeh,
Sthie,
Lurg,
after.
3.
ADVEEBS OP QUANTITY.
Cre-woad, how much, how many. Cre wheesh, how much. Ro, too much (used in composiDy-liooar, enough.
[tion).
7 Much.many.agreat -^ 7 J c Ymmodee, > JLty peesfiyn, by pieces. ^* DT/ sZa^e, wholly^ entirely. Palchey, J
Ny
smooj more.
Whilleen, so many.
Shimmey, many.
8'coan, scarce.
little.
Beggan,
little.
Beggan
beg,
very
Wlieesh, so much.
4.
Whilleen keayrt, so
Jceayrt,
how
many
Shimmey
Jceayrt,
many
a time.
ADVEEBS OP OEDEE.
HosJiiaght, first.
Reesht, again.
by
side.
Lurg
order.
Ry Dy
cheilley, to
one another.
cheilley, together.
H 2
72
G.
Lioar
ta,
Myr Myr
book
it is).
Dy
Dy Dy feer,
shicTcyr,
indeed, surely.
Gyn-dooyt, undoubtedly.
She, yes.
in truth.
7.
Ny,
S'cummey, no matter.
Nar, J
8.
ADVERBS OF DOUBT.
Foast, yet, nevertheless.
Foddee, perhaps.
Foddee y
ve, it
may
be.
My
ta,
though, however.
ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION.
Cre veih, whence.
An, whether.
Cre 'n-fa, why, wherefore. Cre } n-fa nagli, why not.
Quoi, who.
Cre, what.
Cre'd, for ere red, what.
Kys, how.
Cre'n oyr, wherefore.
Cre-theihll,
what
in the world,
whatsoever.
Cre-woad,
how many.
73
ADVEEBS OF COMPARISON.
Myr,
as, like.
sliolij
Smoo, more.
Sloo, less.
Myr
thus.
Na, than.
Ass-towse, exceedingly.
as
good
as he.
12.
ADVEEBS OF SHEWING.
!
Cur-my-ner
Jeeagh
!
behold
lo
see yon-
[der
13.
ADVEEBS OF CONFUSION.
Fud-y-cheilley, in confusion.
Bun-ry-skyn, topsy-turvey.
Ermooin-y-cheilley, pell-mell.
14.
Er-shagliryn, astray.
ADVEEBS OF SEPAEATION.
Er-sooyl, away.
Veih-my-cheilley, asunder.
Ry~lhiattee, aside.
15.
ADVEEBS OF QUALITY.
Adverbs of quality are made of adjectives and participles, by putting the preposition dy, of, before them in apposition, as
Dy Dy Dy
oik,
badly.
liastey, idly.
mitchooragh, roguishly.
74
A GEAMMAE OF
CHAPTER XV.
OF THE
INTEEJECTION.
Interjections are so called because they are thrown in between the parts of a sentence without making any alteration in it, and
serve to express the sudden motions and transports of the soul. There are several sorts of interjections, such as
1.
OF JOY.
Ah !
Oh !
oh
cre'n sport
!
Buy la! you Sir! and la ! woman man or fellow oh the sport
! !
or ya ! or Sir
!
Ouwatta
2.
ho
brave
6.
OF ADMIEATION.
Cur-my-ner
Ogh, or ugh
Ogh-cha-nee
!
!
!
!
behold
oh
Jeeagh
see
woe's
!
me
see there
Bastagh
pity
!
Smerg
woe
OF AVEESION.
3.
TO ENCOUEAGE.^
Erlongs
forward
!
! nasty ! fie ! hut ! out upon you Hut, Drogh ort ! deuce take you
Cugh
Er-dty-hoshiaght
4.
come on
8.
OF LAUGHTEE.
!
TO WAEN.
ah, ah, ah
softly
!
er dty hwoaie
have a care
9.
OF SILENCE.
!
S'lioar! hold!
silence
TO CALL.
Cumdtyhengey! holdyourpeace!
Whush I hush
Vuddee ya
!
you woman
75
CHAPTER
XVI.
OF THE CONJUNCTION.
Conjunction is a part of speech which serves to join and connect the several parts of a discourse.
Conjunctions are divided into several orders, of which are
1.
still.
Myrgeddin,
also.
2.
Ny-sodjey, furthermore.
DISJUNCTIVE, OE TO SEPAEATE.
Ny', or.
Chamoo, neither.
Ga, though, although.
Na, than.
Edyr, whether.
3.
My
ia,
though.
Agh, but.
Ny-yeih, nevertheless.
Foasty yet.
CONDITIONAL.
My,
if.
WHAT
IS SAID.
Fr-y-fa, because.
much
[as.
Son,
for.
Dy,
INTEEEOGATI VE S
Vide of Adverbs.
76
A GKAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
XVII.
OF THE PREPOSITION.
other parts of speech, to explain either in apposition, as cooyl y particular circumstance, thammag, behind the bush ; or else in composition, as cooyl-chas-
some
sey, to slander.
Roish, before.
Mygeayrt, about.
Cheu-mooie, except.
Er, upon.
Marish, with.
Rish, to.
EC, at.
Bentyn, touching.
Tessyn, across.
Magh, out
c
of.
Erlongs, along.
Foddey,
far.
Cooyl, behind.
Er-gerrey, near.
Fo, under.
Erskyn, above.
Son,
for.
Faggys, near, nigh to. Choud's, till, to, even to, as long as ; or choud as, as far as.
Er-coontey, because
Ersooyl, from, away.
of.
Gyn, without.
Fegooish, without.
Fud, among.
Mastey, amidst.
Dy and
of.
of,
Ass, out
or concerning.
Da,
to.
Some
of
77
There are,besides real prepositions, certain consignificantparticles, which are turned into prepositions, and prefixed to words in
such manner as to coalesce, and to become a part of them, as
Aa
generally implies a repeated action, as the Latin re, again as aa-chroOj to create again ; aa-vioghey, to revive ; aa-lhieeney,
to replenish
aa-smooinaghtyn, recollection. signifies privation, or not, and has the force of the English or Latin as an-chasherick, unholy, impious ; an-ghoof inun,
;
An
famy;
an-chreestee,
infidel;
an-leigh,
partiality in law;
an-
shickyr, unstable; an-vennick, seldom. Go has the force of the Latin con and co
as co-chruinnaght,
;
an assembly
co-eternal
;
co-eireyj
a coheir
co-beayn,
Lieh, half
as lieh-varroo, half-dead
as cooyl-chlea,
lieh-valloo,
half-dumb.
Cooyl, behind
an ambush.
Lesh, with
com-
Fo under
}
&sfo-Jialloo,
tain (and is
compounded with pronouns) Er, upon, is joined to nouns substantive, and gives them the as ben er-finnue, a mad or passionate force of nouns adjective
(literally,
woman
woman upon
fer er-creau, a trembling man (literally, a &c. ; and is compounded with pronouns.
Gyn, without, denotes privation, or not merciful ; gyn-vioys, without life ; &c.
Neu
manner, and
is
;
joined
to nouns, verbs, or participles as neu-ghlen, unclean Am, bad as in am-vlass, a bad taste.
&c., &c.
Mee is also a privative preposition, and used in composition as mee-arrys, impenitence ; mee-ooashley, dishonour. A, not as aslaynt, sickness.
Drogh, bad
as drogh-ourys,
suspicion
drogh* yannoo,
evil.
78
A GRAMMAR OP
little
Myn,
little
myn-vooinjer, the
ones of a family.
asfeer-vie, very well.
Peer, very
Lane,
full
Dy,
of,
Roishj against,
Ayns,
VoisTi,
in,
Rish, to,
from, or veih,
Marish, with,
Liorish, by,
Ersfcyn, above,
Fegooish, without,
Mastey, among,
Jehj of,
Da,
to,
are
Ey, postfixed to the nominative case of the primitive noun, forms a kind of adjective called a derivative as cass, a foot, eoshey, belonging to a foot ; bannish, a wedding, banshey, belonging to a wedding.
Oil, like, postfixed to the
parative adjective
as
cjiroinutive
noun
as durn, a
fist
or
hand, durneen.
as nieu,
;
toyrt,
kialg,
These compound adjectives, again, are formed into nouns as toyrtagh, liberal, toyrtyssagh, a donor ; shirveish,sGrvice, skirveishagh, serviceable, or a server.
The
postfixes
ag, oor,
form
artificial
nouns
as,
79
gard.
Preacheil,to pre&ch,preachoor,
a preacher,
80
A GRAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
XVIII.
THE SYNTAX.
THE CONSTRUCTION
OF SUBSTANTIVES.
When
cede
it,
two substantives come together belonging to divers if it be masculine, and the article y or yn pre:
change its initial into its soft as folt y ching, the hair of the head ; duillag y villey, the leaf of the tree but words
:
beginning with
to this
Jee,
thie,
:
d, j,
t,
change as Tdone y jalloo, the head of the image ; mac y the son of the God ; ben y dooinney, the man's wife ; ben y
the
woman
of the house.
if
When
feminine gender, the article ny, not yn, is used in the genitive, and the mutable consonant remains unaspirated as cass, a foot, yn chass, the foot, boyn ny coshey, the heel of the foot ; sooill, an
:
eye,
yn
tooill,
the eye, clagh ny sooilley, the apple of the eye. name of a country,
town, or place, without an article, the latter changeth its radical as Elian Vannin, the Island of Mann mac initial into its soft
:
thie
determined by
the gender of the former as (fern.) slat hoost ; (fern ) clagh wyllin ; (fern.) feill vuc, swine's flesh; strom (masc.) muc, a swine's snout ; cloan (fern.) ghooinney, a man's children; mac
But if (masc.) dooinney, a man's son ; ben ghuilley ; mac ben. the former substantive be of the plural number, then the latter
is
as slattyn soost,
flails;
81
CHAPTER
XIX.
and
most fre-
men.
The
tive
:
as dooinney mie, a
place of the adjective in construction is after its substangood man ; ben aalin, a fair woman ;
yn
ghiare-veinn,
yn
Ihag-
an adjective comes after a substantive singular of the masculine gender, it retains its radical initial ; as goo mie, a good
report
When
;
mooar, a large house ; tarroo puttagJi, a pushing bull; dooinney builtagh, a quarrelsome man. The adjective, after a substantive singular of the feminine
thie
gender, changeth its radical initial into its soft ben vie, a good woman ; inneen waagh, a pretty girl ; cooish chluicaghj a crafty
:
cause
eddin ghennal, a merry countenance. When an adjective is placed before its substantive, the mutable
;
initial of the
substantive
is
soft,
as drogh-ghooinney, a
bad man;
drogh-yannoo, a bad action ; shenn ven, an old woman. All substantives plural, of what gender soever they be, will after them beginning with their radical initials, have adjectives
as deiney mie,
good
men
inneenyn mie,
good women
skeeallyn mie,
faces
82
berchee.
A GEAMMAE OP
plural,
:
as chaarjyn ghraiagh.
Adjectives of the superlative (or English comparative) degree are always set after their substantives when comparison is signified,
it
and make no change of the initial of the substantive whether be masculine or feminine as yn eddin s'gilley, the fairest face ;
:
yn
hand
as ta'n ven
ny
s'thollee
na
But when sheshey, the woman is stronger than her husband. the superlative is used to express admiration, it is usually placed
before
its
substantive without
!
initials
!
as s'gial
is his
yn eddin
!
how clean
ven
is
the face
stout
is
s'lajer e
laue
!
strong
hand
s'thollee ta'n
the
woman
its
substantive,
and
rouyr bea,
rouyrjannoo
And so
and
is
dy
placed before
its substantive,
secondary mute
man ;
dy
woman.
their substantives,
and make no
initials
as
un
queig, &c.
Except c?a&,two,whichmakes the substantive following change its radical initial intoits soft jor secondary mute as daa ghooinney,
:
two women ; daa phaitchey, two children. ; before a feminine substantive as un ven, one woman; So un, one, un vooa, one cow ; un ghodee, a girl, or wench. Ordinals are placed before their substantives, and change their
two men
daa
ven,
as
yn chied
woman yn nah
;
man ; yn trass
yn
t,
d, j,
which suffer no change when joined to chied : as yn chied dooinney, the first man; yn chied towse, the first measure ; yn chied jough,
the
first
drink.
83
CHAPTER XX.
THE CONSTRUCTION
The pronoun
OF PEONOUNS.
relative is generally understood in
Manks, as
under-
(that) I
stood not ; ayns y vriwnys t'ou er harey, in the judgment (which) thou hast commanded.
The pronouns
and
articles
y or yn being put before their substantives, as yn thie aym's, my house ; yn cabbyl ayd's, thy horse ; yn thie echey, ain,
eu, eck, oc.
All the other possessive pronouns are placed before their respective substantives, the radical initial letter of their substantives being
soft
as
my ven,
Nyn,
our, your, always placed before its substantives, and before the verbs with which it is used in a reflective sense as va shin er
their, is
:
nyn
livrey,
we were
(ourselves) delivered
va shiu
er nyn livrey,
ye were (yourselves) delivered'. But as nyn changes the mutable consonants in a manner peculiar to itself, viz., into their liquids,
I shall give
it
Bailey, a town,
Cashtal, a castle,
Cheer, a country,
malley.
gashtaL
jeer.
Dooghys, nature,
Foays, advantage,
Giastyllys, charity,
Jee,
-
ghooghys.
voays.
ghiastyllys.
nyn,
God,
Yee.
gione.
Kione, a head,
Man.
vreeney.
guing.
doilchinys.
liquids suffer
no change.
84
A GRAMMAR OP
Er, upon.
ort,
upon you;
upon them,
and
Da,
upon
her.
to.
thee ;
or jee, to her.
Risk, to.
to thee ;
Rhym,
risJi,
to
me;
r/M/,
ree,
to
him ;
to her.
Marish, with.
meriu, with
me
Harrish} over.
Harry m, over
over thee;
ftar-
me;
Hs/i,
her.
Voish, from.
-yoic?,
Fom, from us ;
vewe,
from you;
him ;
J^Oj
from her.
Foin, under us; f'eue,
Foym, underone; under thee ; fo, under foyd, him ; foee, under her.
Liorym, by
thee;
liorish,
under.
under
you
Liorish, by.
liortj
me
Liorin,
by us ;
lieriu,
by you
by
by
lioroo,
by them.
in
him
lioree,
by
her.
Ayns,m.Aynym,inme;aynyd, Aynin, in us; ayndiuy in thee; ayn} in him ; aynjee, ayndoo, by them.
in her.
you;
Lesh, with.
Ihiat,
Lhi&n, with us
Ihieu,
with them.
him.
85
Roish, before.
Roym, before
roish,
Roin, before us
reue,
before
you
roue, before
them.
Masteymee;
;
Mast'ain,
among
;
us
mast'eu,
mast'ayd
mast'eck.
mastfechey
and
among you
them.
mastfoc,
among
j'eu,
Jeh,of.
Jee'm, ofme;jeed, of
;
you;
thee
jeh, of
of them.
of her.
Ass, out
of.
^Iss7/m,outofme;
ass,
Ass
shin, out of us
assdiu, out
outof
him ;
assjee,
out of her.
~Erskyn, above.
Ermyskyn,&-
us,
you,
.FegrooisT^without.
These pronouns are contracted thus Ym, from mee or my, I and my ; yt, from dty, thy, and sometimes t is changed into d,
:
in,
from shin, we
shall
iu,
from
shiu,
ye ;
from
roo, them.
its
The
interrogative and
answer
agree in case
as Quoi
86
A GKAMMAR OF
CHAPTER
XXI.
AETICLES.
OP THE CONSTEUCTION OF
These
articles restrain or
are put before to some particular, in the same manner as the definite article the in English ; but we have no article that answers
the English a as Jiaink dooinney, a man came, liaink y dooinney, the man came ; yet,
ny is used in construction for the English article a, and before nouns of the masculine gender it always changes their radical initials into their soft or secondary mutes ;
The
reflective article
but nouns of the feminine gender retain their radical initials t'eh ny ghooinney mie, he is a good man ; fee ny ben vie, she
as
is
good woman.
yn
ven, the
woman
yn
vooa, the
cow.
Proper names have not the articles set before them, because they do of themselves, individually or particularly, distinguish
thethingsor persons of which one speaks.
of countries, cities, rivers,
&c., having no
;
them,
Yn
Spainey, Spain
Eaue,
Rome yn
;
thalloo
not put before the former of two substantives when they betoken divers things.
article is
An
87
CHAPTER
XXII.
as dooyrt dooinney, a
man
with
said
man
told
me.
Nouns come
:
as t'eh IMeeney
yn thie
with the preposition lesh, lesh boirey, he filleth the house with
as gaase ayns creenaghtj
contention.
growing in wisdom ; bishagh ayns cooid, abounding with goods. Of agreeing and speaking to, have rish, to, or with as choard
:
him ;
:
Of accusing, have
accuseth
son, for
him of murder.
:
Of arraying, have lesh, with as coodagh lesh argid, covering with silver ; coamrit lesh purple, clothed in purple. Of asking and intreating, have jeh, of, and veigh, from as
:
hir
mee veih'n dooinney my chair, I entreated the man for my right ; denee mee jeh'n dooinney, cre'n naight ? I asked the man,
?
what news
chan, I
Of buying, have
veih
Of
goods from the merchant. have er, upon as deie mee er cooney, I called calling upon,
:
am buying
for help.
to, or gys, to
my
naboo, I signified to
my
neighbour.
88
A "GRAMMAR OF
Of defending and
veih oik, deliver
as limey
mee
me
from
evil
me
as deaisht
mee
him
as long as I could.
Of loading, have lesh : as Ihieen ym eh lesh feeyn, I will fill him with wine ; laad mee eh lesh argid, I loaded him with silver. Of receiving, have voish, or veih : as hooar mee eh voi$h Lunnin,
I received
it
from London.
rish
:
Of separating, have
my ven, I divorced
my When a
wife.
asked in the present tense, the answer is made by the same tense of the same verb as Vel oo goll thie? are you going home ? Ta mee goll. Or the answer may be made
question
is
:
affirmatively
vel,
by
ta, yes,
or I
am
nel,
or
no, or I
am
made,
if affirmative,
by
ren, or
va
if
negative,
by cha
ren, or
row; or otherwise by repeating the verb, if an affirmative answer; but if negative, by repeating the verb, and putting cha before it, as Nagh dooyrt y dooinney shen ? did not the man say so ?
Dooyrt, or, negatively, cha dooyrt. When a question is asked in the future tense, the answer
is
tense, or
by the
do
as
89
CHAPTER
XXIII.
much, are
nouns adjective, and change their radical consonants into their soft as dooinney feer vie, a very good man ; errey ro hrome, too
:
heavy a burden.
d, j,
and
of the
mutables, change not after the adverb feer very laborious ; feer jolly ssagh, very greedy
observant.
as feer doccaragh,
;
Dy,
Dy
initial
consonant of
is
joined in apposition, as dy
every man, &c. All the other adverbs, whether before verbs, substantives, or
adjectives, suffer
them
CHAPTER XXIV.
OP THE
All the interjections
INTERJECTIONS.
make
God
ghooinney
man
after
them
!
initial
as
cleiyfo
supplant him
90
A GRAMMAR OF
CHAPTER XXV.
OP THE CONSTRUCTION OP CONJUNCTIONS.
Edyr, whether, or either, is answered by ny, or dooinney ny ben, whether it be man or woman.
As, and,
initials.
ere,
:
as edyr eh ve
Ny
is
in Manks, when two subjects are imthe one to the other, and is answered by na, mediately compared than as ta'n airh ny strimmey na'n argid, the gold is heavier
tive degree,
:
than the
silver.
CHAPTER XXVI.
OP THE CONSTRUCTION OP
PREPOSITIONS.
letter.
When the
articles
radical initials
y or yn, the> are joined to prepositions, the of the nouns which follow them are changed into
91
boy ; risk y ven, to the woman ; But nouns whose initials are the consonants
:
and
t,
suffer
no
change marish y dooinney, with the man ; cooyl y dorrys, behind the door ; lesh y jalloo, with the image ; gys y thie, to the house.
of, or to, always aspirates, or changes into the secondary the initial of the following mutable consonant as goll dy mute,
Dy,
valley,
going home
dy ghoaill
compounded with adverbs of place as veihheose, from above veih-heese, from beneath. They are also compounded with pronouns. (See the construction of pronouns.)
Prepositions are
;
:
Aa
is
verbs,
and
participles,
and
:
secondary mutes
man
aa-vioghee eh, he
aa-chooinaghtyn, recollection.
or participles, and changes
:
mutable
secondary mutes
;
as
an
thie
is
impure
tf
initial
c,
doth change
it
into
re-
as co-chorrym, equal
:
it
co-Jee, equally
God
cooyl-chlea}
an ambush ;
cooyl-
dorrys, behind the door. Fo, before s and tli, is used with the aspirate or secondary mute asfo-halloo, under the ground -,fo-liedu, under the moun:
tain
Er
as er-cannoo,
wanton
it is
er-gliee,
brimming
er-finnue, passionate.
Except when
used.
92
Orrym and
its
body
am asleep, or
am
sleepy
ta
paays
orrym, I
am
:
dry.
Lieh changes the radical initials of the words it is compounded with into their secondary mutes as ta'n dooinney lieh-varroo,
the slow-speaking
consonant change into its secondary mute or aspirate gJilen, unclean ; mee-viallagh, disobedient.
as neu-
Gyn
and
is
is
sometimes joined to a
;
lifeless
secondary mute as gyn vioys, gyn-vyghin, merciless or without mercy. When we say
soft or
:
gyn bioys, gyn myghin, and the like, gyn is set by itself, and myghin,
bioys, &c., are
put absolutely
gyn, myghin.
Da,
under,
by, ayns, in, lesh, with, roish, before, mastey, among, jeJi, of, ass, out of, ersJcyn, above, fegooish, without, are all compounded with pronouns. (See the construction of pronouns.)
LONDON
G.
NORMAN AND
SON, PRINTERS,
PB
Kelly, John
1811 K4 1870
PLEASE
DO NOT REMOVE
FROM
THIS
CARDS OR
SLIPS
UNIVERSITY
OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
dlJ&sSil