AS 4264.

4—1996

Australian Standard
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Coal and coke—Sampling

Part 4: Determination of precision

and bias
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MN/1, Coal and Coke. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 29 April 1996 and
published on 5 September 1996.

The following interests are represented on Committee MN/1:

Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Coal Association
Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories
Australian Coal Preparation Society
Australian Institute of Energy
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Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia

CSIRO, Division of Coal and Energy Technology
Department of Minerals and Energy, Queensland
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Minerals Council of Australia
Queensland Coal Board
Royal Australian Chemical Institute
Standing Committee on Coalfield Geology of New South Wales
University of Newcastle
University of New South Wales
University of Queensland

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editi ons as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest editi on, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australi an Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australi an
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 95151.

Originated as AS K153.1 — 1964 (being endorsement

of BS 1017:1960 wit h Australi an Amendment) .
Previous editi on AS 2646.8 — 1984.
Revised and redesignated AS 4264.4— 1996.
 AS 4264.4—1996

Australian Standard
This is a free 5 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Coal and coke—Sampling

Part 4: Determination of precision

and bias

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 0574 X
 AS 4264.4—1996 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Coal and Coke as a
revision of AS 2646.8—1984, Sampling of solid mineral fuels Part 8: Determination of
precision and bias, in the series of Standards for the sampling of solid mineral fuels.
The major difference from AS 2646.8—1984 is the expansion of the section on bias to
incorporate bias of scale.
Other parts of AS 4264 are as follows:
Part 1: Higher rank coal—Sampling procedures
Part 2: Coke—Sampling procedures
Part 3: Lower rank coal—Sampling procedures
The objective of this Standard is to provide those responsible for sampling coal and coke
with means for checking and adjusting the precision and bias of sampling.
The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
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Appendix to which it applies. A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard.

CONTENTS
Page

1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 DETERMINATION OF PRECISION OF SAMPLING,
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 DETERMINATION OF PRECISION OF SAMPLE PREPARATION
AND MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8 TESTING FOR BIAS IN SAMPLING, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND
MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

APPENDIX A THEORY OF CHECKING SAMPLE PREPARATION ERRORS . . . . 41

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 3 AS 4264.4 — 1996

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Coal and coke—Sampling

Part 4: Determination of precision and bias

1 SCOPE This Standard sets out methods for checking and adjusting the precision of
sampling, checking the precision of sample preparation and measurement, and testing for bias
in the sampling of solid mineral fuels.
The procedures described in this Standard apply to sampling of coal and coke from both
moving streams and stationary situations, and to the subsequent sample preparation.
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Experiments to check for precision and bias should be carried out for all sampling programs,
whether manual or employing mechanical elements, implemented on a regular basis.
Procedures should be repeated whenever significant change in the character of materials being
sampled, especially in nominal top size or particle size distribution, has occurred.
When a mechanical installation is commissioned or when principal parts are modified, check
experiments for precision and bias should be carried out for the installation as a whole. The
material to be used for bias tests should be the most variable material that is likely to be
sampled. Various parameters, e.g. ash, can be used as measures of the variability of the
material. One measure of variability that has been developed is the size-ash index.
Where a bias higher than the maximum acceptable bias is detected, checks of individual
elements of the system should be made, to determine which part or parts of the installation
may require modification.
The preferred method of testing for bias (see Clause 8) is by comparison with ‘stopped-belt’
sampling and using the critical properties in the operation of the sampling system.
Design criteria of primary samplers for avoiding bias in a mechanical sampling system are
given in AS 4264.1 and AS 4264.2. Reference is made to the geometry of cutter opening
design and aperture, cutting speeds, measures for prevention of sample change and
contamination, and procedures for examination of the performance of mechanical sampling
equipment.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this
Standard:
AS
1038 Coal and coke—Analysis and testing
1038.16 Part 16: Assessment and reporting of results
1152 Specification for test sieves
4264 Coal and coke — Sampling
4264.1 Part 1: Higher rank coal—Sampling procedures
4264.2 Part 2: Coke—Sampling procedures
4264.3 Part 3: Lower rank coal— Sampling procedures
2418 Coal and coke—Glossary of terms
ISO
3534 Statistics —Vocabulary and symbols

COPYRIGHT
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AS 4264.4-1996, Coal and coke - Sampling

Determination of precision and bias
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