WIPRO

TRAINING-REPORT ON TOPIC NAME:

TELECOMMUNICATION
TRAININING DURATION: 15.06.2011-01.07.2011

SUBMITTED TO
MR. SOURAV MANNA(MENTOR) (ANALYST PROGRAMMER) WIPRO(KOLKATA)

SUBMITTED BY
RAVIPRAKASH THAKUR B.TECH ECE LPU

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have made this training report possible. I would like to acknowledge all those who contributed, directly or indirectly, to the successful completion of this training report. First and foremost, I wish to express sincere thanks to my mentor, MR. SOURAV MANNA, who has always expressed confidence in me and continues to encourage me in my training report pursuits. This personality always motivated me to self hard work and gave generously of his time and insight and helped organize my thoughts and the contents of this training report. I express deep gratitude to my mentor, MR. SOURAV MANNA, whose vision and words provided inspiration and enthusiasm for my endeavour towards training report. Thanks are also due to entire faculty members of WIPRO who provided diligently and patiently help time-to-time. I acknowledge CHANDAN SHAW AND SOHAM SENGUPTA AND

ALSO SHEO SHANKAR MISHRA who encouraged me during my training report completion. I dont have enough words to thank my parents whose contribution shaping my career cannt be measured. They taught me to be sincere, stay grounded, believe in myself, and to work hard and with honesty and devotion. Last, but not the least, I thank the Almighty for giving me opportunities.

RAVIPRAKASH THAKUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. CONTENTS 1. TELECOMMUNICATION-INTRODUCTION 2. MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION 3. GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION) 4. CDMA(CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) 5. 2G(SECOND-GENERATION) 6. 3G(THIRD-GENERATION) 7. BASICS OF TELECOM 8. GSM COMPONENTS 9. SOME ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TELECOM 10. SWITCHING SYSTEM 11. NETWORK NODES 12. ASSOCIATED NETWORKS 13. GSM NUMBERING PLANS 14. TRAI(TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA) 15. GSM NETWORK PLATFORMS 16. CALL SCENARIOSPOSTPAID,PREPAID,ROAMING & INTERCONNECT 17. PROVISIONING 18. OTA(OVER THE AIR) 19. IN(INTELLIGENT NETWORKS) 20. BLACKBERRY INTERNET SERVICE 21. MNP(MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY) 22. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 23. CRM(CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT)
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P.NO. 6-7 7-10 11 12 12-13 13 13-15 15-16 16 17-18 19-20 20 21-22 22-25 26-27 28-31

31 31 32 32 33 33-34 35-37

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

BILLING RATING CDR(CALL DETAIL RECORD) MEDIATION MIS(MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM) CONCLUSION QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

38 39 39-40 40 41-42 43 44 45

TELECOMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:
Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate.

A Gower telephone, at the Muse des Arts et Mtiers in Paris

In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud whistles. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teletypes, the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of the 20th century, with Guglielmo Marconi winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his pioneering developments in wireless radio communications. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Nikola Tesla, Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).

 Telecommunications play an important role in the world economy and the worldwide telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be $3.85 trillion in 2008. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7 trillion in 2008, and is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013.

MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION
TELEPHONE:

Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication

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 In an analog telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.

RADIO AND TELEVISION:

Digital television standards and their adoption worldwide

In a broadcast system, the central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous lowpowered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information.
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 The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values). The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analog to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analog broadcasts.Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. The choice of modulation for analog radio is typically between amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo FM.

THE INTERNET

The OSI reference model

 The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol. Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between computers. For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS

Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks ("LANs" computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometers in size) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet will not provide 100% protection of the LAN from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN. There are also independent wide area networks ("WANs" private computer networks that can and do extend for thousands of kilometers.) Once again, some of their advantages include their privacy, security, and complete ignoring of any potential hackers who cannot "touch" them. Of course, prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information completely secure and secret.

GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communications)

The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is succeeded by the third generation (or "3G") UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (or "4G") LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.

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CDMA
(Code division multiple access)
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply CDMA), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies . This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division).

2G
(SECOND-GENERATION)
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were
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significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. 2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

3G(3rd GENERATION)
3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

BASICS OF TELECOM

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The Flowchart showing how a connection is made when a call is made:

BTSBSCMSCNETWORK MSCBSCBTS
Many BTS makes a BSC & many BSC makes a MSC. BTS is arranged in a Hexagonal form so that maximum area can be covered under network coverage.

NETWORK: It is basically a medium. It can be air (i.e. wireless) or wired.

GSM :The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of

mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.

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GSM COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS:
The GSM Components have been categorized under several convenient sections for the ease of understanding. These sections are as under: Switching Systems

Network Nodes Associated Networks

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Fig. Basic Telecom Structure.

SOMEABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TELECOM

BTS-Base Transceiver System BSC-Base Station Controller MSC-Mobile Switching Center HLR-Home Location Register VLR-Visitor Location Register AUC-Authentication Center GSM-Global System for Mobile Communication IVR-Interactive Voice Recording IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity SIM-Subscriber Identity Module ISP-Internet Service Provider NIC-Network Information Centers CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access GPRS- General Packet Radio Service EIR-Equipment Identity Register SMP- Service Management Point SCP- Service Control Point CSD- Customer Support Division
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SWITCHING SYSTEM
AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AC/AUC)
The Authentication Center (AC/AUC) authenticates the mobile SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module) found in every mobile handset. The 10 digit SIM card number is registered in the Authentication Center with a MSIN number (Mobile Station Identification Number). The AUC therefore provides the authentication and encryption parameters helping to verify a users identity thus maintaining the confidentiality of each call. In addition to this the AUC also provides the HLR with authentication parameters and ciphering keys by generating Triplets (an encryption parameter which uses the random number, the ciphering Key (KC) and the KI value). Using these triplets ciphering of speech, data and signaling over the air-interface (both provide system security) is performed.

MSC
The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or the Switch is responsible for setting up, routing and supervising calls to and from the mobile subscriber. It is the node to which all external nodes connect. In certain cases, separate platforms may be set up for validating and authenticating short messages (SMS) or other Data calls. All these call types however, are routed finally through the switch.

GMSC
The Gateway MSC (GMSC) serves as an interface between the mobile network and other networks, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for mobile terminating calls. It operates as an MSC and contains an interrogation function for retrieving location information from the subscribers HLR. Moreover, it also contains functions for rerouting a call to the mobile station according to the location information provided by the HLR.

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HLR
The Home Location Registry is a database of subscriber profiles comprising the MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number) and MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber International Subscriber Identity Number) and includes subscriber's supplementary services, location information, and authentication parameters. All mobile subscriptions purchased by a subscriber is registered within an operators HLR. Therefore an HLR is functionally equipped to store and manage all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator.

FUNCTION OF HLR:
It checks whether the customer is authenticate to use the service or not. It includes the basic information of the customer.

VLR
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a temporary storehouse of information for all subscribers. In call scenarios, the MSC confirms Subscriber call status from the VLR which in turn authenticates and replies back to the MSC for further routing. Subscriber information is temporarily offloaded from the HLR when the subscriber wishes to make a call whether within his/her own network or in a foreign network.

EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION REGISTER (EIR)

The EIR or the Equipment Identification Register helps in storing the information on mobile equipment identity (the identifying key for your handset). It stores the IMEI (International Mobile equipment identity), a 15 digit number unique to every mobile handset. Press*#06# in your handset to view the IMEI Number.
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NETWORK NODES
BTS

The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. It is the radio equipment needed to service each cell in the network and comprises the antenna system, radio frequency power amplifiers, and digital signaling equipment. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

FUNCTION OF BTS (TOWER)

It Receives the Signal from Mobile and sends it to the nearby BSC.

BSC
The Base Station Controller (BSC) is the functional entity within the GSM architecture. It provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and the BTS (Base Transceiver System). The BSC can also be considered as a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
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FUNCTION OF BSC
BSC receives the signal coming from BTS and then transfer the signal to the nearby MSC.

ASSOCIATED NETWORKS
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was the first automatic communications network application. It offers standard telephony functions as well as a full range of basic and advanced PSTN services. Mobile networks connect to the PSTN for international network access.

ISDN
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a network that supports more advanced services such as data and fax calls in addition to voice. The call details carried through the ISDN are more detailed than that in PSTN.

PLMN
The Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs) defines those mobile wireless networks that use land based radio transmitters or base stations.

HPLMN
The Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) defines the PLMN where the subscribers profile is registered. Outroamers (users roaming to other network) will receive information on their own subscription from their HPLMN.

VPLMN

The Visited Public Land Mobile Network is the visitor network where the subscriber is roaming. This is used only in roaming scenarios.

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GSM NUMBERING PLANS

Some of the important numbering schemes are:

SUBSCRIBIERS IDENTIFICATION MODULE (SIM)

The subscribers Identification module (SIM) refers to the user subscription to the mobile network. The SIM contains relevant information that enables subscribers access to the operator network which he/she has subscribed to.

SIM DETAILS (FOR AIRCEL)

It includes following parameters: IMSI-15 digit SIM-20 digit PUK1-8 digit PUK2-8 digit PIN1-4 digit PIN2-4 digit KI-32 digit ADM-8 digit

NOTE: It can vary from brand to brand.

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WORKFLOW OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM

FLOW : From TRAI to Service Provider Then from Service Provider to Commercial

TRAI (TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA)

It is the independent regulator established by the Government of India to regulate the telecommunications business in India. It operates and manages the whole telecom system. SERVICE PROVIDER This is the Business Department. COMMERCIAL In advanced industrial economies, marketing considerations play a major role in determining corporate policy. Once primarily concerned with increasing sales through advertising and other promotional techniques, corporate marketing departments now focus on credit policies , product development, customer support, distribution, and corporate communications. Marketers may look for outlets through which to sell the company's products, including retail stores, direct-mail marketing, and wholesaling. It includes SIM output file. It takes care of the CSD(Customer Support Division) & IT Team.

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AFTER COMMERCIAL IT COMES TO THE SYSTEM CONFIGURE System configure includes 7 Small teams as follows: 1) IN (Intelligence Network) Name of the database=MINSAT Company=ERICSON, TELECORDIA. 2) OM/IM (Order Management/Inventory Management) Name of the database=KENAN Company=COMVARSE 3) CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Name of the database =SIEBEL Company =ORACLE 4) OTA (Over The Air) Name of the database=SMART TRUST Company=ORACLE 5) VAS (Value Added Services) It can be configured through the mobile. 6) Provisioning Name of the database=METASOL Company=ORACLE

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7)HLR (Home Location Register) It is itself a database. Company=ERICSON, NOKIA, HUAWEI, ZTE.

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY (IMEI)

Each GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) mobile phone is assigned a unique 15 digit IMEI code when it is produced. This code is used to identify an individual GSM mobile telephone to a telephone network.

MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (MSIN)

This number is used to uniquely identify a mobile or subscription from within a network. This number is attached to the SIM card and is comprised of a maximum of 10 digits. This number only helps to authenticate the handset in the AUC/HLR and does not enable him to make calls.

MOBILE STATION INTERNATIONAL ISDN NUMBER(MSISDN)

This is the standard international telephone number used to identify a given subscriber. This number helps the subscriber to make calls by validating through the HLR. The MSISDN comprises three parts Country Code (CC) + National Destination Code (NDC) + Subscriber Number. For example, For Airtel, Kolkata, the numbering scheme is 91+9831052855 91 is the Country Code. The NDC comprises of 9831(0-9)(5 digits).

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INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)

Each GSM mobile subscribers SIM is assigned a unique 15-digit IMSI code. This IMSI allows any mobile network to know the home country and network of the subscriber. The IMSI code comprises three parts Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Station Identification Number (MCC+MNC+MSIN). E.g. for USA, the numbering scheme is 3101501234567890 310 is the MCC, 150 is the MNC and 1234567890 is the MSIN.

MOBILE STATION ROAMING NUMBER (MSRN)

The Mobile Station Roaming Number, irrespective of the use of the term Roaming in its nomenclature, is used in all call terminating sessions. In every session, the HLR assigns an MSRN to the called number through the MSC. Once the call is answered the MSRN is released. Every operator is assigned a series of MSRNs which it allots to its subscribers (both home as well as Roaming) for terminating calls. If an operator fails to assign an MSRN owing to heavy traffic, an Incoming calls fails to mature. Therefore it is always advisable to increase their share of allotted numbers with the increase in number of subscribers. In all cases, however, is a temporary number unlike an MSISDN.

TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)

The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity is defined by local operators on a temporary basis and has a length shorter than the IMSI. The TMSI is used mainly for two reasons. Maintains the confidentiality of the subscribers identity. Owing to its short length, it increases the paging capacity during location update.

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GSM NETWORK PLATFORMS

The GSM network supports several platforms. These are given :

GPRS
Almost every GSM network today provides the wireless data service platform universally known as General Packet Radio Service or GPRS. Today customers availing GPRS are able to browse the Internet in colour, check emails while travelling, send and receive multimedia messages and various other such feature-rich data services. All this is facilitated by throughput rates of upto 40 kbit/s which provides users with a speed similar to that of a dial-up modem with the ability to connect from anywhere. GPRS has two very vital network entities which are :

SGSN
The Service GPRS Support Node is a GPRS network entity which maintains location information for a mobile station. It is also built to send and receive data from/to mobile stations.

GGSN
The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the GPRS network entity that serves as the mobile wireless gateway between an SGSN and public/private packet data networks . Access to IPs is facilitated through GGSN.

SMS
Short Message Service (SMS) is a service available on most digital mobile phones that enables users to send short text messages between each other. The SMS service is also available in other mobile devices like a Pocket PC, or occasionally even desktop computers.
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 When you send a text message (SMS message) to somebody, your handset will send the message to a central body known as the Short messaging service center (SMSC). The SMSC stores the message and then delivers it to the receiver when they are available. This is a store and forward operation.

MMS
The Multimedia Messaging System (MMS) enables users to send and receive multimedia messages (for example digital photos, audio, video). MMS enables mobile phones need to have a MMS client built into it in order to avail this facility. MMSC centers exist at both the ends in order to send and receive MMS messages. While sending, all MMS messages are submitted to a MMSC center through HTTP using specialized commands and encodings. Similarly upon receiving a message, the recipient MMSC center sends a notification to the recipient's mobile phone using either an SMS notification or WAP Push.

EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology provides users with the benefits of advanced mobile services such as the downloading of video and music clips, full multimedia messaging, highspeed colour Internet access and e-mail on the move. It enables mobile operators to handle three times more subscribers than GPRS, triple their data rate per subscriber as well as add extra capacity to their voice communications.

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CALL SCENARIOS
All calls are treated similarly till the mediation device categorizes calls.

POSTPAID:
The post-paid mobile phone is a mobile phone for which service is provided by a prior arrangement with a carriage service provider (CSP). The user in this situation is billed after the fact according to their use of mobile services at the end of each month. Typically, the customer's contract specifies a limit or "allowance" of minutes, text messages etc., and the customer will be billed at a flat rate for any usage equal to or less than that allowance. Any usage above that limit incurs extra charges. Theoretically, a user in this situation has no limit on use of mobile services and, as a consequence, unlimited credit. This service is better for a person with a secured income.The subscriber has to pay fixed monthly rental. Prerequisite: The customer should give valid identity proof and also a list of desired services before the number is activated. Once the Mediation Device categorizes it as a Postpaid call, the call is forwarded to the Rating and Billing systems. An invoice is generated after the completion of every billing cycle.

PREPAID:
In a Prepaid Connection, the entire process becomes a bit more complicated since all the rating and billing processes have to be done as real time activities. The Data flow process resembles the Postpaid Connection till the phase when the call is allowed into the Switch. The Switch now validates the services and the balance available for the prepaid subscriber from a Prepaid Platform (IN Platform) which in turn encompasses all the rating and Billing activities for a prepaid call.

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 The Prepaid Platform draws the recharge information from the Voucher Management System. This is the principle management system to track recharged vouchers. All Vouchers recharged are tracked here in real time.

ROAMING
Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make & receive voice calls, send & receive data, or access other services when traveling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming between network operators is based on - and the commercial terms are contained in - Roaming Agreements. If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is known as National Roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as International or Global Roaming.

TYPES OF ROAMING
REGIONAL ROAMING: This type of roaming refers to the ability of moving from one region to another region inside national coverage of the mobile operator. NATIONAL ROAMING: This type of roaming refers to the ability to move from one mobile operator to another in the same country .Eg if A is subscriber of XYZ (service provider) in Delhi and he goes to Kolkata, people from Delhi will make local calls to A, who will be charged roaming charges by the Kolkata operator. INTERNATIONAL ROAMING: This type of roaming refers to the ability to move to a foreign service provider's network. Eg if A of the above example goes out of India.
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INTERCONNECT
Interconnect is the agreement between two separate operators to enable subscriber of one to make calls to the others network. In this case, subscribers are not separately charged. However, one operator charges the other for letting calls terminate at their network and vice versa. With the increasing competition in the Telecommunication markets all over the world, it is becoming increasingly difficult to conduct end-toend telephony through a single operator. Therefore a growing trend among operators gradually becoming apparent is to enter into partnerships and agreements with each other with the intention of providing seamless service to the subscribers. This practice of forging relationships between operators (inter connecting) to offer services to subscribers is known as Interconnection. All Interconnect relationships therefore are based on Interconnect agreements which primarily define the rates and prices to enable calls passing through each others network. Though by definition there may be little difference between Roaming and Interconnect, in practice however, a wide difference does exist between the two. Roaming involves the service provided by an operator to a subscriber enabling them to use the network of another operator on account of being away from the home network. The charge however is included within the subscribers invoice under a separate category as Roaming charge. Interconnect however, is the agreement between two separate operators to enable subscriber of one to make calls to the others network. In this case, Subscribers are not separately charged. However, one operator charges the other for letting calls terminate at their network and vice versa. Interconnect therefore can be considered as the larger canvas of which Roaming is a part. Let us cite two examples to explain the situation.
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 A, a subscriber of a Kolkata Operator travelling to Delhi and using the Delhi Operators network to make or receive calls is an example of Roaming. On the other hand, A, a subscriber of Hutch in Kolkata making a call to B, an Airtel Subscriber in Kolkata or any other part in India is an example of Interconnect.

PROVISIONING
In telecommunication, provisioning is the process of preparing and equipping a network to allow it to provide (new) services to its users. That is, a number system should be configured in all the systems before being released into the market. Eg. Oracle (Metasolv)

OTA (OVER THE AIR)

Methods of distributing new software updates to cell phones or provisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access services such as WAP or MMS. Some phones with this capability are labelled as being OTA capable. OTA messaging provides remote control of mobile phones for service and subscription activation, personalization and programming of a new service for mobile operators. Example, extra facilities obtained from easyrecharge or etopup cards whose details are there in the OTA server. Eg. Smart Trust

INTELLIGENT NETWORKS (IN)

It is network architecture intended both for fixed as well as mobile telecom networks. It allows operators to differentiate themselves by providing value-added services in addition to the standard telecom services such as PSTN, ISDN and GSM services on mobile phones. The intelligence is provided by network nodes on the service layer, distinct from the switching layer of the core network, as opposed to
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solutions based on intelligence in the core switches or telephone equipments. The IN nodes are typically owned by telecommunications operators (Telecommunications Service Providers). IN is based on the Signalling System #7 (SS7) protocol between telephone network switching centres and other network nodes owned by network operators. It is used in prepaid services and not in postpaid. Eg. Minsat (Ericsson)

BLACKBERRY INTERNET SERVICE

BlackBerry is a line of mobile e-mail and Smartphone devices developed and designed by Canadian company Research in Motion (RIM) since 1999. BlackBerry phones function as a personal digital assistant and portable media player. They are primarily known for their ability to send and receive (push) Internet e-mail wherever mobile network service coverage is present, or through Wi-Fi connectivity. They support a large array of instant messaging features, including BlackBerry Messenger

MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY (MNP)

Number portability is a circuit-switch telecommunications network feature that enables end users to retain their telephone numbers when changing service providers, service types, and/or locations. MNP is implemented in different ways across the globe. The international and European standard is for a customer wishing to port his/her number to contact the new provider (Recipient) who will then arrange necessary process with the old provider (Donor). This is also known as 'Recipient-Led' porting. UK did not implement a RecipientLed system, where a customer wishing to port his/her number is
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required to contact the Donor to obtain a Porting Authorisation Code (PAC) which he/she then has to give to the Recipient. Once having received the PAC the Recipient continues the port process by contacting the Donor. This form of porting is also known as 'DonorLed' and has been criticised by some industry analysts as being inefficient. It has also been observed that it may act as a customer deterrent as well as allowing the Donor an opportunity of 'winning-back' the customer. This might lead to distortion of competition, especially in the markets with new entrants that are yet to achieve scalability of operation. In India, MNP is launched recently which is Donor Led. Only the terminology is changed from PAC to UPC (Unique Porting Code).

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

CALL FORWARDING: This service gives the subscriber the ability to

forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally.

BARRING OF OUTGOING CALLS: This service makes it possible for a

mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls.

BARRING OF INCOMING CALLS: This function allows the subscriber

to prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN.

ADVICE OF CHARGE (AOC):The AoC service provides the mobile

subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AoC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements.

CALL HOLD: This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing

call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony.

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CALL WAITING: This service enables the mobile subscriber to be

notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched connection.

MULTIPARTY SERVICE: The multiparty service enables a mobile

subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation - that is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony.

CALLING LINE IDENTIFICATION PRESENTATION/RESTRICTION

These services supply the called party with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation.

CLOSED USER GROUPS (CUGs): CUGs are generally comparable to a

PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling themselves and certain numbers.

EXPLICIT CALL TRANSFER (ECT):This service allows a user who has

two calls to connect these two calls together and release its connections to both other parties.

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CRM (CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT)

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a widely-implemented strategy for managing a companys interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects.

This deals with customer care to provide maximum satisfaction and help to the customers. Example, suppose if a person loses a sim, he can ask for a duplicate sim with the same number and block the lost sim. Eg. Oracle (Siebel) It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processesprincipally sales activities, but also those for marketing, customer service, and technical support. The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients back into the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. Customer relationship management describes a company-wide business strategy including customer-interface departments as well as other departments. Measuring and valuing customer relationships is critical to implementing this strategy.

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BENEFITS OF CRM:
A CRM system may be chosen because it is thought to provide the following advantages:

Quality and efficiency Decrease in overall costs Decision support Enterprise agility Customer Attention

CHALLENGES:
Successful development, implementation, use and support of customer relationship management systems can provide a significant advantage to the user, but often, there are obstacles that obstruct the user from using the system to its full potential. Instances of a CRM attempting to contain a large, complex group of data can become cumbersome and difficult to understand for an ill-trained user.

COMPLEXITY:
Tools and workflows can be complex, especially for large businesses. Previously these tools were generally limited to contact management: monitoring and recording interactions and communications. Software solutions then expanded to embrace deal tracking, territories, opportunities, and the sales pipeline itself. These tools have been, and still are, offered as on-premises software that companies purchase and run on their own IT infrastructure.

POOR USABILITY:
One of the largest challenges that customer relationship management systems face is poor usability. With a difficult interface for a user to navigate, implementation can be fragmented or not entirely complete. In many cases, the growth of capabilities and complexities of systems has hampered the usability of a customer relationship management system. An overly complex computer system can result in an equally complex and nonfriendly user interface, thus not allowing the system to work as fully intended. This bloated software can appear sluggish and/or overwhelming to the user, keeping the system from full use and potential.

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FRAGMENTATION:
Often, poor usability can lead to implementations that are fragmented isolated initiatives by individual departments to address their own needs. Systems that start disunited usually stay that way: siloed thinking and decision processes frequently lead to separate and incompatible systems, and dysfunctional processes. A fragmented implementation can negate any financial benefit associated with a customer relationship management system, as companies choose not to use all the associated features factored when justifying the investment. Instead, it is important that support for the CRM system is companywide.

BUSINESS REPUTATION:
Business reputation has become a growing challenge. The outcome of internal fragmentation that is observed and commented upon by customers is now visible to the rest of the world in the era of the social customer; in the past, only employees or partners were aware of it. Addressing the fragmentation requires a shift in philosophy and mindset in an organization so that everyone considers the impact to the customer of policy, decisions and actions. Human response at all levels of the organization can affect the customer experience for good or ill. Even one unhappy customer can deliver a body blow to a business. Poor usability and low usage rates lead many companies to indicate that it was difficult to justify investment in the software without the potential for more tangible gains.

SECURITY CONCERNS:
A large challenge faced by developers and users is found in striking a balance between ease of use in the CRM interface and suitable and acceptable security measures and features. Corporations investing in CRM software do so expecting a relative ease of use while also requiring that customer and other sensitive data remain secure. This balance can be difficult, as many believe that improvements in security come at the expense of system usability.

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BILLING

Telecommunications billing is the process of adding together rated calls or services for a certain user or group of users, applying discounts and preparing the data for invoicing. Billing is also the name for the entire process of creating an invoice. Steps in the process include: using the service, mediating data, rating, and billing (invoicing). It accumulates all calls per customer, authenticates and validates the service for the particular subscriber from its in-built profile database. The Billing system will also format and print the bill prior to generating the invoice. Both functions are mandatory and invoice will not be generated if either of the two functions does not occur. Once all validations are successfully completed, the Invoice is generated at the end of a billing cycle and sent to the subscriber for payment. eg. Comverse (Kenan)
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RATING
In telecommunications rating is the activity of determining the cost of a particular call. The rating process involves converting call-related data into a monetary-equivalent value. Rating systems typically use some or all of the following types of data about a call: Time property of the call (day of week, date, time of day) Amount of usage (Duration of call, amount of data, number of messages, number of songs) Destination of the call (land line, overseas, etc.) Origin of call/ Location of the caller (for mobile networks) Premium charges (third party charges for premium content, cost of physical items such as movie tickets) Generally individual calls are rated and then the rated amounts are sent to a billing system to provide a bill to the subscriber. Often the rating system will be a module of a larger "Billing System" architecture. To perform the rating calculations it is necessary to produce a Call detail record.

CALL DETAIL RECORD

CDR is the computer record produced by a telephone exchange containing details of a phone call that passed through it. A CDR is composed of fields that describe the exchange. Examples of fields include: the number making the call (calling party) the number receiving the call (called party) when the call started (date and time) how long the call was (duration) the phone number charged for the call the identifier of the telephone exchange writing the record a sequence number identifying the record
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additional digits on the called number used to route or charge the call the result of the call (whether it was answered, busy etc) the route by which the call entered the exchange the route by which the call left the exchange call type (voice, SMS, etc) any fault condition encountered The CDR is provided to the police and TRAI by all service providers for security purposes.

MEDIATION
The functionalities that are performed by Mediation are as follows: Mediation collects the CDRs from the network elements (MSC etc). Segregation of CDRs (separation of different kinds of CDRs). Mediation performs data enrichment and format conversion (binary to ASCII). Pre-processing and Post processing of CDRs. Applies business rules such as Filtration, Aggregation, Correlation, and Duplicate check etc on the CDRs. Take proper action in case of errors during the parsing, conversion, distribution and processing of CDRs in the mediation system. Distribution of CDRs to the billing systems.

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MIS (MANAGEMENT INFORMATIOM SYSTEM)

MIS(Management Information System) is used by the middle management to handle tactical information,which is used for generating reports for various business functions.

A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: technology, information, and people. It's important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people. Management information systems are regarded as a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other
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information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.

ADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The company is able to highlight their strength and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employee performance records etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company to improve their business processes and operations. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Information is considered to be an important asset for any company in the modern competitive world. The consumer buying trends and behaviors can be predicted by the analysis of sales and revenue reports from each operating region of the company.

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CONCLUSION
I got one of the best chance to do summer training in WIPRO. In training duration, i got knowledge about basics of telecommunication. I learnt about how call flow(BTS,BSC,MSC,HLR )from one mobile to another mobile user and also about PROVISIONONG,CDR,CRBT,CRM,BILLING,MIS and many more. I got this training which will definitely play an important role throughout my career. I got knowledge by expert person in his own field. I learnt telecommunication is one of the biggest sector. Teaching methodology of faculty members is excellent. At last in my real own words, Telecom in the real sense means transfer of information between two distant points. Telecom is a huge and varied fastness of technologies, companies, services and politics that is truly global in nature .Telecom stands as one of the most essential elements of the business world in terms of Connecting the World. Telecommunication is a complicated automatic process in which much vast software are implemented by virtue of which communication happens even for far distances. It is only the software which is fully responsible for this unique process. In this changing landscape, the winners will be those companies that understand consumers' needs, focussing on usability and actually giving control back to the users. The losers will be the ones that focus on overly technical product differentiation that the majority of consumers will not understand and therefore not use.

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QUESTIONS
1.Is CUG also free in roaming????? 2.Is E-recharge facility without OTA is possible????? 3.What is difference between HLR and VLR????? 4.In GSM we use MSRN for routing but what parameter is used in CDMA for routing????? 5.Is E-topup also possible in postpaid????? 6.What is a permanent storehouse of subscriber profile data????? 7.Which data format is supported by the Billing and Rating Systems????? 8. What type of calls can be made by a mobile phone without the sim????? 9. What can be a possible key to HLR record? ????? 10. What combination occurs in the AUC????? 11. Which network element routes calls????? 12. When is PUK needed????? 13. What sort of pairing is done by the number management system and which network element is associated with it????? 14. MSRN is assigned by which part of GSM and when????? 15. What happens if an operator fails to assign an MSRN owing to heavy traffic????? 16. Which network element gives current status of mobile station????? 17. Why is provisioning important????? 18. IN is based on what protocol????? 19. What is the mechanism used by prepaid for real time billing????? 20. What are the types of charges covered by a bill?????
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.DATA GIVEN BY SOURAV MANNA 2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G 3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G 4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station 5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem 6.http://www.mobilein.com/billing.htm 7.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Internet_Service 8.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_detail_record 9.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_User_Group_(CUG) 10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access 11.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management 12.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM 13.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system 14.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_number_portability 15.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming 16.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpaid 17.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid 18.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication 19.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module 20.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioning 21.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unblocking_code
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