Professional Stage (Knowledge Level)

CONCEPT & DESIGN BY

SAYEED

 1. What is economic value added? How can we calculate EVA?

Economic value added (EVA) is a financial performance method to calculate the true economic profit of an organization. EVA can be calculated net operating after taxes profit minus cost of the capital invested. Economic value added (EVA) can be used for the following purposes: Setting organizational. Performance measurement. Communication with shareholder and investor. Motivation of manager. Capital budgeting.

2. What is Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)?

Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the amount of inventory to be ordered at one time for purposes of minimizing annual inventory cost.

3. Define strategic management.

Strategic management is the art and science of formulating, implementing and evaluating cross functional decision that will enable an organization to achieve its objective.

4. What is corporate strategy? What are levels of strategy?

Corporate Strategy - is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. Corporate strategy is often stated clearly in a "mission statement. This is heavily influenced by investors in the business to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Strategy can be formulated in three different levels: Corporate level Business unit level Functional or departmental level. 5. Explain about different stages of product life cycle. The stages through which individual products develop over time are called commonly known as the "Product Life Cycle". Introduction Stage In the introduction stage, the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product. Growth Stage In the growth stage, the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share. Maturity Stage At this point the market reaches saturation. Producers begin to leave the market due to poor margins. Promotion becomes more widespread and it puts price ahead of the competition. Decline Stage At this point there is a downturn in the market. For example more innovative products are introduced or consumer tastes have changed

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 6.

What is the hierarchy of needs suggested by Abraham Maslow for an individuals motivation? How management can use the model while designing an employee valuation system?

The physiological needs: includes basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex,
sleep, etc. The safety and security needs: includes Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. The love and belonging needs: includes family, affection, relationships, work group, etc. The esteem needs: includes achievement, status, responsibility, reputation. Self actualization: Personal growth and fulfillment.

7. How would you explain risk and uncertainty? What are the various types of risks? How
the risks can be avoided or minimized? Risk: The possibility that an event will occur and adversely affect the achievement of objectives. Uncertainty: The inability to predict the outcome from any activity due to lack of information. Classifications of Risks:

Business risk: includes strategy, enterprise, product, economic, technology. Financial risk: includes liquidity, gearing, default, credit, foreign exchange, interest rate, market. Operational Risk: includes process, people, systems and legal. Event Risk: includes physical, social, political etc.

By compliance of standard all the above risk can be avoided or minimized.

8. What is span of control in Management? Narrate the factors influence the span of control
in an organization. The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can directly control is called span of control. The following factors affecting span of control: Geographical Location: if the branches of a business are widely isolated, then the manager will find it difficult to supervise each of them; as such the span on control will be smaller. Capability of workers: if workers are highly capable, need little supervision, and can be left on their own, e.g.: Theory Y type of people, they need not be supervised much as they are motivated and take initiative to work; as such the span of control will be wider. Similarity of task: if the task that the subordinates are performing is similar, then the span of control can be wider, as the manager can supervise them all at the same time.

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 9. Explain why SWOT analysis is important for corporate appraisal process.

The SWOT analysis is a key component in strategic planning. The analysis subjectively evaluates the impact of internal and external factors for a business objective. Internal processes and resources are considered strengths and weaknesses (S and W, respectively). External factors affecting the business and industry are considered opportunities and threats (O and T, respectively). An evaluation of these factors develops a strategic perspective that includes the competitive landscape and current market conditions.

10. What is Gap analysis? How does this help management in setting future strategies?
Gap analysis is an examination of where your business currently is and where you want your business to be, resulting in an apparent gap between the two. It is an insight into the needs for the improvement of your business and helps you determine what steps to take to attain your business goals.

11.What do you understand by Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis?

Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income and net income.

12. What is corporate governance? What are the objectives of corporate governance?
Corporate governance is a term that refers broadly to the rules, processes, or laws by which businesses are operated, regulated, and controlled. The core Objectives of Corporate Governance can be defined as under: Strategic Focus Predictability Transparency Participation Accountability Efficiency & Effectiveness Stakeholder Satisfaction.

13. Define crisis management and what are the different types of business crisis? How
business crisis can be addressed. The identification of threats to an organization and its stakeholders, and the methods used by the organization to deal with these threats. Lerbinger categorized seven types of crises Natural disaster Technological crises Confrontation Malevolence Organizational Misdeeds Workplace Violence Rumors

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 14. What is an organization?

An organization is a social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals, which has a boundary separating it from its environment.

15. List six ways in which organization may differ from each other?
a) b) c) d) e) f) Ownership. Control. Activity. Profit or not profit organization. Size. Legal Status.

16. Describe the types of manager.

A line manager. A staff manager A functional Manager. A project manager.

17. Define the elements of management process.

The following elements are included in management process: Planning: It denotes what is to be done. Organizing: It denotes how it is to be done including staffing and coordinating. Controlling: It denotes what has been done. Leading: It denotes to arrange in a desired pattern or structure.

18. Define marketing and marketing mix. Describe the 4 ps in marketing mix.
Marketing mix: Combination of the four controllable variables of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion those are essential to define and fulfill a target market. 4 ps in marketing mix: Product Quality; Appearance; Packaging; Brand; Service; Support; Warranty. Price Place Promotion Discounts; Financing; Leasing Options; Allowances. Locations; Logistics; Channel members; Market Coverage. Advertising; Public Relations; Direct Sales; Sales; Media.

19.Describe Likert's leadership styles.

Rensis Likert identified four main styles of leadership, in particular around decision-making and the degree to which people are involved in the decision. These are as under: Exploitive authoritative Benevolent authoritative Consultative Participative

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 20. What is psychological contract?

A psychological contract represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. Work (employees input) Pay(employers reward)

Time Effort Performance Results Commitment Loyalty Leadership Sacrifice

Security Safety Training Recognition Promotion Life balance Ownership/equity Benefit/pension

21. Describe the theory X and Y by Douglas McGregor?

Douglas McGregor (1960) defined two sets of assumptions about human nature that are explained as under: Theory X Assumptions: People inherently dislike work. People are controlled to do work to achieve objectives. People prefer to be directed. Theory Y Assumptions: People view work as being as natural as play and rest. Peoples are self-directed and controlled towards achieving objectives. People learn to accept and seek responsibility.

22. List down Team Roles.

Shaper (a) Action Oriented Roles Implementer Completer Finisher Coordinator (b) People Oriented Roles Team Worker Resource Investigator Plant (c) Thought Oriented Roles Monitor-Evaluator Specialist

23. Describe the types of promotions.

Four types of promotion that support marketing objectives, including Advertising Personal selling, Publicity and Sales promotions

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 24. Human Resource management functions. Describe the 4cs of HRM.

There are many functions of HRM including: HRM Functions Resource Planning Job Analysis Candidate selection. Training & Development Evaluating Staffing Appraisal Performance Building Employee Commitment Equal opportunity for all Employees Health and Security 4 Cs Model

Competent Commitment Congruence Cost Effectiveness

25. Describe the Elements of product or Product mix strategy.

Product Mix Strategy deals with: The product life cycle Brand name Packaging Design Quality Safety After sales service. 26. Describe the types of managerial power. In 1959 John French and Bertram Raven identified five bases of power which are as under: Legitimate: It comes from the managers position, experience or status. Reward: It includes pay raises, days off, award or recognition. Expert: This is based on a person's superior skill and knowledge. Referent: Referent power is based on the relationship of the manager and employee. Coercive: Coercive power is a source of power that relies on an employees high dependency on job.

27.Describe Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory

In 1959 Herzberg split his factors of motivation into two categories called hygiene factors and motivation factors. The two types of factors may be listed as follows: Hygiene factors (leading to dissatisfaction): including company policy, supervision, work conditions, salary etc. Motivators (leading to satisfaction): including achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth etc.

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 28. Describe Mint berg: The Managerial Roles.

Mint berg (1973) groups managerial activities and roles as involving: Managerial activities Interpersonal roles Associated roles figurehead liaison leader monitor disseminator spokesman improver/changer disturbance handler resource allocator negotiator

Information processing roles

Decision roles

29.

What is organizational structure? What are the building blocks of organizational structure? An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. Building blocks:

Operating core. Middle line. Strategic apex.

Support staff. Techno structure. Ideology.

30. Describe the classical principles of fayol.

Fayol's fourteen principles of management are as follows:

Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest Remuneration of Personnel

Centralization Scalar Chain (line of authority with peer level communication) Order Equity Stability of Tenure of Personnel Initiative Esprit de Corps

31. What are the features of partnership business?

Two or more Members Agreement Lawful Business Competence of Partners Sharing of Profit Unlimited Liability

Voluntary Registration Principal Agent Relationship Restriction on Transfer of Interest Continuity of Business

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 32. How to analyze the general environment by using PESTEL.

Political: Taxation policy, International trade, War, Inter country relationship. Economic: Interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, Unemployment. Social: Population ageing, Income distribution, Attitudes of work. Technological: Innovation, New product development, Rate of technological obsolescence. Ecological: resources, pollution, green issues. Legal: Competition law, environmental protection law, employment law, health & safety law.

33. Describe BCG Growth-Share Matrix

The BCG growth-share matrix displays the various business units on a graph of the market growth rate vs. market share relative to competitors: a. Stars b. Cash Cows c. Dogs d. Question Marks High growth, High Market Share Low growth, High market share Low growth, Low market share High growth, Low market share

34. Describe SWOT analysis.

SWOT analysis can be expressed by the following diagrams:

Strengths: includes strong brand names, good reputation among customers, and favorable
access to distribution networks.

Weaknesses: includes location, damaged reputation, poor quality of product and services. Opportunities: Developing market, a new international market, merger-joint venture or strategic
alliances.

Threats: New competitor, taxation policy, superior distribution channel of new competitor.

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 35. Describe Ansoffs matrix.

Ansoff Matrix Existing product Market Penetration Market Development New Product Product development Diversification

Existing Market New Market

Ansoff's matrix provides four different growth strategies:

Market Penetration: To increase market share, the firm seeks to achieve growth with existing
products & existing market segments.

Market Development: By targeting its existing products, the firm seeks growth to the new market
segments.

Product Development: The firm develops new products targeted to its existing market segments. Diversification: The firm grows by diversifying into new businesses by developing new products
for new markets.

36. What is involved in the risk management process?

The four explicit stages of the Risk Management process are: Identify: Find, list and characterize elements of risk. Assess: Prioritize identified risks against agreed criteria. Plan: Develop, analyze, and recommend risk responses. Implement: Implement, monitor, report and review risk management actions against objectives.

37. Describe the types of financial information.

Financial information can be classified as under: Planning information Operational information. Tactical information Strategic information.

38. Who are the users of financial information?

Present and potential investors(shareholder) Employees. Customers. Suppliers and other business partner. Lenders. Government and its agencies. Public.
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 39.

What are the qualitative characteristics of financial statements? Why financial information is needed?

The followings are the qualitative characteristics of financial statements: Understandability. Relevance. Reliability. Comparability. Necessity of financial information: To make economic decision. To hold management to account. To predict cash flow.

40. What are the factors that affect demand?

The following factors which affect demand: Price Effectiveness of distribution Marketing research After sales service Advertising Granting a credit to customer Sales promotion

41. How pricing policy influences the business?

(1) Costs: In order to make a profit, a business should ensure that its products are priced above their total average cost. (2) Competitors: If the business is a monopolist, then it can set any price but if a firm operates under conditions of perfect competition, it has no choice and must accept the market price. (3) Customers: Price must be addressed according to the customer expectation. (4) Business Objectives:

To maximize profits To achieve a target return on investment To achieve a target sales figure To achieve a target market share

42. What is discounted cash flow?

A method of investment analysis in which anticipated future cash income from the investment is estimated and converted into a rate of return on initial investment based on the time value of money.

43. Define control activity. What are generally included in the control activities?
The policies and procedures that help ensure management directives are carried out. The following things are generally contained in the control activities: Approval.

Authorization. Verifications. Reconciliation. Security of assets and Segregation of duties. Business Finance
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44. Describe the Purpose of Budget. A Budget is basically a list of all the planned expenses as well as sources of revenues. It is a plan for saving as well as spending. It is an important concept from microeconomics. The Budget have the following key purpose: - It helps in planning the money as well as spending for the future. - It provides a forecast of revenues as well as expenditures. - It enables to measure the actual financial operations of a business against the forecasts.

45. Describe the function of treasury management.

Treasury management is all about the efficient management of liquidity and financial risk. Some of the major roles/functions of Treasury management are as follows:

Cash management Currency management Funding management Banking Corporate finance Venture Capital Financing

46. What aspects of performance are measured?

Performance may be measured in operational and financial aspect: Operational aspect: Efficient use of labor and material. Control of labor rates of pay and material prices. Effectiveness of planning and control mechanism.

Financial aspect: Profitability. Liquidity and solvency. Efficiency and working capital management.

47. Why measurement of business performance is required?

Managers need to measure performance in order to assess whether objectives of SBUs are being met, and if so how:

Productivity: What is output relative to what is input? Effectively: How far are targets and objectives achieved? Efficiently: what is the gain that the business has achieved?

48. What are the components for balancing liquidity and profitability?
Following are the components for balancing liquidity and profitability: Cash Receivable. Inventory. Payables.

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 49. What are the solutions to liquidity problem?

Liquidity problem can be solved by ---

Reducing the inventory-holding period. Reducing the production period. Reducing customer credit period and accelerating on cash collection. Extending the period of credit taken from suppliers.

50. How credit ratings are being accomplished?

Credit rating should be based on: An assessment of the ability of the customer to meet the liabilities.

An assessment of financial statements particularly for major customers. An analysis of ongoing trading experience with each customer. Trade and Bank references.

51. What are the motives that influence on cash balances?

Transaction motive: to meet current day to day financial obligations. Finance motive: to cover major item such as the repayment of loans and the purchase of non-current assets. Precautionary motive: to give the caution against unplanned expenditure rather the buffer inventory. Investment motive: to take advantage of market opportunities.

52. How surplus fund can be invested?

Surplus funds can be invested in various financial products:

Treasury bill. Deposits. Gift (longer term govt. debt). Bonds. Equities.

53. What are the money market financial instruments?

The following financial instruments that are traded in money market:

Bills. Deposit. Commercial paper.

54. Define primary and secondary market?

Primary market: where new financial instruments are issued for cash. Secondary Market: Where existing financial instruments are traded between participants in the market.

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 55. What are the fundamental professional principles?

The fundamental professional principles are as under:

Integrity. Objectivity. Professional competence and due care. Confidentiality. Professional behavior.

56. What are the threats to professional principles?

Self-interest threat. Self-review threat. Advocacy threats. Familiarity threats. Intimidation threats.

57. What do you mean by acting diligently?

Acting diligently means when he will provide professional services then he will comply all required standards and regulations.

58. State the safeguards against the threat.

Safeguard that may eliminate such threats to an acceptable level fall into two broad categories:

Safeguard created by the profession, legislation or regulation. Safeguard in the work environment.

59. State the objectives of corporate governance.

There are four broad objectives which are discussed below:

The corporate perspective on corporate governance. The public policy perspective on corporate governance. The stakeholder perspective on corporate governance. The stewardship perspective on corporate governance.

60. What are the symptoms of a serious conflict of interest?

There is no standard way in which a serious conflict of interest becomes apparent. It may become evident by: Financial collapse without warning.

Directors are trying to disguise true financial statements from shareholders. Disputes over directors remuneration. Decision taken by the board of director for their own interest without thinking about shareholder.
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 61. What are the concerns of good governance?

Good practice in corporate governance is concerned with: Openness and transparency.

Integrity and accountability. Reducing the potentials for conflicts. Reconcile the interest of shareholder and directors as far as possible.

62. How can an ethical culture be promoted?

An ethical culture can be promoted by a combination of:

Ethical leadership from the board of directors. Code of ethics or business conduct. Policies and procedures to support ethical behavior.

63. What are the attributes of ethical leadership?

The attributes of ethical leadership are as under:

Openness. Courage. Ability to listen. Honesty. Fair mindedness

64. Define Demand. Which factors affect the demand for a product?
The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price.

Price of the good Price of complementary goods Price of substitutes Consumer's income Consumer's taste for the good Consumer's expectations about future prices Advertising Taxation changes in price of related goods e.g. substitutes and complements change in income e.g. normal goods/inferior goods changes in tastes Changes in expectations.

65. What factors shift demand curve?

66. Define supply. Which factors influence supply?

The total amount of a good or service available for purchase; along with demand, one of the two key determinants of price. Factors influence on supply: The Income The expectations of people The customers' satisfaction The number of people buying something The price of the product

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 67. Define Equilibrium price.

The market price at which the supply of an item equals the quantity demanded.

68. Price elasticity of demand. Factors affecting the Price Elasticity of Demand.
The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price, with all other factors held constant. Availability of substitutes. Degree of necessity. Proportion of the purchaser's budget consumed by the item. Time period. Permanent or temporary price change. Price points.

69.

What is centralization? What are the ways of centralization? What factors affecting centralization?

Definition: The process of transferring and assigning decision-making authority to lower levels of an organizational hierarchy. Way of centralization: (i)Geographically. (ii)By authority. Factors affecting centralization: Leadership. Size of activity diversification. Extent of activity diversification. Effectiveness of communication. Geography of location.

70.

Define crisis management. Describe the types of crisis. How crisis can be managed?

Crisis management is the task for creating and implementing a business plan that can be implemented quickly in the face of a crisis. Types of crisis:

Lerbinger categorized seven types of crises Natural disaster Technological crises Confrontation Malevolence Organizational Misdeeds Workplace Violence Rumors
Crisis can be managed by the following ways: Crisis prevention. Contingency planning. Effective action in the event of crisis.

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 71. What are the qualities of good information (ACCURATE)?

A C C U R A T E Accurate Complete Cost-beneficial User-targeted Relevant Authoritative Timely Easy to use

72. How data or information is processed?

Input (Data) Processing Output (information)

To be effective, information processing should meet the following CATIVA criteria: C A T I V A Completeness Accuracy Timeliness Inalterability Verifiability Assessibility

73.Write Short Notes:

Management Power Responsibility Delegation Balance Scorecard Management information system (MIS) Management: Getting things done through other people. Governance: The system by which businesses are directed and controlled. Power: The ability to get things done. Authority: The right to do something and expect it to be done. Responsibility: The obligation a person has to fulfill a task which s/he has been given. Accountability: Liability for the task s/he has been given. Delegation: Responsibility is to be delegated among subordinate to get things done. Balance Scorecard: Balanced scorecard methodology is an analysis technique designed to translate an organization's mission statement and overall business strategy into specific, quantifiable goals and to monitor the organization's performance in terms of achieving these goals.
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Governance Authority Accountability Fiduciary relationship Perpetual inventory methods

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii)

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ix)

x) xi)

Management information system (MIS): Management Information Systems (MIS) are processes used by companies to provide management with the best information for decision making. Fiduciary relationship: A fiduciary relationship exists when a person claims to act in the best interests of, or in behalf of, another, and the other accepts that trust. Perpetual inventory methods: An accounting method of maintaining up-to-date inventory records that accurately reflect the level of goods on hand.

Math for Business Finance 1. Nikko Ltd. has revenue of Taka 1,600,000 cost of sales Taka 900,000 and expenses of
Taka 350, 000. Requirement: GP margin, Net margin and Mark-up on cost of sales.

Answer to the above question

(i) GP Margin = = = (ii) Net Margin = = = 21.87% Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold Revenue 1,600,000-9,00,000 1,600,000 43.75% Net Profit Revenue 3,50,000 1,600,000 x x 100 100 x x 100 100

Note: Where net profit =Revenue-COGS-Operating Expenses (iii) Mark-up on cost on sale = = = Gross margin 1- Gross Margin .4375 1- .4375 77.77% x x 100 100

2. Profit is usually measured initially in CUs in absolute terms: 100,000.00 (58,000.00) 42,000.00 (24,000.00) 18,000.00

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Expenses Net profit

Requirement: GP margin, Net margin and Mark-up on cost of sales.

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 Answer to the above question 42,000.00 a.Gross margin: Gross profit/ Revenue = 100,000.00 = 42 %
b.Net margin: Net profit/ Revenue = 18000.00 100,000.00 = 18 % 42,000.00 58,000.00 = 72%

c.Markup : Gross profit/ cost of sales =

3. Gridlock ltd has revenue of CU 1.6m, cost of CU 0.9m and expenses of CU0.35m.Calculate the following: a.Gross margin b.Net margin c.Markup on cost of sales

Answer to the above question a. Gross margin: (1.6-0.9)/1.6X 100% = 43.75% b.Net margin: (1.6-0.9-0.35)/1.6 X 100% = 21.87% c.Markup on cost of sales (gross profit/cost of sales): (1.6-0.9)0.9 X 100% = 77.78% 4. ABC limited has Taka100, 000 which can be invested@10% p.a in FDR.Alternatively, the
fund can be invested now to receive back Taka125,000 in 12 months time because of risk issue, the company expects 12% return on it. What would be your suggestion as an advisor?

Answer to the above question

PV=FV / (1+i)n =125000/ (1+.12)1 =Tk.1,11,607 Since the present value of the investment is more than the amount invested, we say it has a positive NPV of (1,11,607-1,00,000)=Tk.11,607.This NPV is higher than(1,10,000-1,00,000)=Tk.10,000. Generally the project with higher NPV should be accepted so the investment in the 12 months project should be accepted.

5.Enron Limited has the following data in their financial statements of 2009:
Ordinary shares @Tk.100 per shareTk.150,000 Dividend Tk.45,000 Market price per shareTk.200 Earnings per share Tk.17 From the above information please calculate the followings: i) Dividend per share ii) Dividend cover iii)P/E Ratio iv)Dividend yield.

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 Answer to the above question

i) Dividend per share = = = (ii)Dividend cover = = = ii) P/E Ratio = = = iii) Dividend Yield = = = 11.76 Dividend per share Current price per share 30 200 15% X 100 X 100 .57 Market Value per share Earnings per share 200 17 Sum of dividend over a period Share outstanding for the period 45,000 1,500 30 Earnings per share Dividend per share 17 30

6.

How can we calculate (i) Inventory turnover ratio; ii) Return on capital employed iii) Current ratio iv) Quick ratio; v)Debt Equity ratio; vi)Gearing ratio vii)Interest cover and vii) Asset- turnover.

Answer to the above question

i) Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold Average or Current year Inventory EBIT Total Asset Current Liabilities Current Asset Current Liabilities Current Asset-Inventory Current Liabilities Total Liabilities Shareholder Equity Non-current Liabilities Shareholders equity + Non-current Liabilities PBIT Finance Cost Revenue Capital employed(total asset-current liabilities)

(ii)ROCE iii) Current Ratio iv) Quick Ratio v) Debt Equity Ratio vi) Gearing Ratio vii) Interest cover Ratio viii) Asset turnover

= = = = = = =

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 7. From the following information-Calculate ratio analysis.

FURLONG LTD INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER

Particulars
Revenue Cost of Sales Gross Profit Other Income Operating Income Administrative Expenses Finance Cost Profit before Tax Tax Profit for the Year Dividend per Share Earning per Share FURLONG LTD BALANCE SHEET ASSETS Non-Current Assets Tangible non-current assets Current Assets: Inventory Receivable Cash & Cash Equivalent Total Assets EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Equity Ordinary Share Tk. 10 per Share Share Premium Account Retained Earnings Non-Current liabilities 10% loan notes 2004/2009 Current Liabilities Total Equity and Liability NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1.Depreciation Depreciation Charged 2.Other Income Receivable on short-term deposit 3.Finance Cost Payable on short-term borrowings Payable on loan notes 2004/2009

Notes

Year 2008
3,095,576.00 2,402,609.00 692,967.00 744.00 693,711.00 333,466.00 18,115.00 342,130.00 74,200.00 267,930.00 1.40 12.80

2007
1,909,051.00 1,441,950.00 467,101.00 2,782.00 469,883.00 222,872.00 21,909.00 225,102.00 31,272.00 193,830.00 1.00 9.30

2 1 3

802,180 64,422 1,002,701 1,327 1,870,630

656,071 86,550 853,441 68,363 1,664,425

210,000 48,178 630,721 100,000 881,731 1,870,630

210,000 48,178 393,791 100,000 912,456 1,664,425

151,107 744 8,115 10,000 18,115

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120,147 2,782 11,909 10,000 21,909

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Particulars
4.Receivables Trade Receivables Prepayments and accrued income Total Receivables 5.Called-up Share Capital Authorised ordinary shares of Tk.10 each Issued and fully paid ordinary shares Tk.10 each 6.Current Liabilities Trade Payables Accruals and Deffered income Tax

Year 2008
905,679 97,022 1,002,701

2007
807,712 45,729 853,441

1,000,000 210,000

1,000,000 210,000

627,018 81,279 173,434 881,731

545,340 280,464 86,652 912,456

Profitability measures:

Profit before interest and tax(PBIT) Year-2008 3,42,130 10,000 3,52,130 3,52,130-2,35,102 2,35,102 Year-2007 2,25,102 10,000 2,35,102 X 100 = 50%.

Particulars Profit before tax Finance Cost PBIT Growth (in %) =

Return on capital employed(ROCE) ROCE =

PBIT Capital employed *Capital employed=Equity +long-term liabilities Or =Total asset less current liabilities Particulars ROCE Year-2008 3,52,130 = 9,88,899 = 35.6% Year-2007 2,35,102 751,969 = 31.3%

X 100

X 100

Gross margin Gross profit Revenue Year-2008 6,92,967 = 30,95,576 = 22.4% X 100 Year-2007 4,67,101 19,09,051 = 24.5%

Gross margin = Particulars Gross margin

X 100

X 100

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Net margin Net margin = PBIT Revenue Year-2008 3,52,130 = 30,95,576 = 11.4% X 100 Year-2007 2,35,102 19,09,051 = 12.3%

Particulars Net margin

X 100

X 100

Liquidity and solvency measures:

Short-term liquidity: Current ratio Current ratio = Particulars Current ratio = = Current Assets Current Liabilities Year-2008 10,68,450 8,81,731 1.21:1 Year-2007 10,08,354 9,12,456 = 1.10:1

Quick ratio Quick ratio = Current Assets less inventory Current Liabilities = = Year-2008 10,68,450-64,422 8,81,731 1.14 Year-2007 10,08,354-86,550 9,12,456 = 1.01

Particulars Quick ratio

Long-term liquidity:

Debt ratio Debt ratio = Total current & Non-current Liabilities Total Assets Year-2008 = = 8,81,731+1,00,000 18,70,630 52% X100 Year-2007 9,12,456+1,00,000 16,64,425 = 61% X 100

Particulars Debt ratio

Gearing ratio Gearing ratio = Non-current Liabilities Shareholders equity + Non-current Liabilities Year-2008 = = 1,00,000 8,88,899 +1,00,000 10% X100 Year-2007 1,00,000 651969 +1,00,000 = 13% X 100

Particulars Gearing ratio

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Interest cover = PBIT Finance Cost Year-2008 = = 3,52,130 18,115 19.4 times Year-2007 2,35,102 21,909 = 10.7 times

Interest cover Particulars Interest Cover

Efficiency and working capital management measures:

Asset turnover = Revenue Capital employed(total asset-current liabilities) Year-2008 = = 30,95,576 18,70,630-8,81,731 3.13 times Year-2007 19,09,051 16,644,25-9,12,456 = 2.54 times Cost of Sales Average Inventory 24,02,609 (86,550+64,422)/2 31.8 times Year-2008 Inventory X 365 Cost of Sales 64,422 X 365 24,02,609 9.8 days Year-2007 Inventory X 365 Cost of Sales 86,550 X 365 14,41,950 =21.9 days

Asset turnover Particulars Asset turnover

Inventory turnover Ratio =

Inventory turnover Ratio

*Inventory=Opening+Closing/2 Inventory turnover Ratio = = Particulars Inventory turnover Period = =

= Receivable collection period Receivable collection period =

Trade Receivables Revenue from credit sales Year-2008 9,05,679 X 365 30,95,576 106.8 days

X 365 days

Particulars Receivable collection Period = =

Year-2007 8,07,712 X 365 19,09,051 =154.4 days

Payables payment period Payables payment period = Trade Payables X 365 days Cost of sales Year-2008 Year-2007 627018 5,45,340 X 365 X 365 24,02,609 14,41,950 = 95.3 days =138.0 days
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Particulars Payables payment period =

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Length of Cash Operating Cycle Year-2008 days 9.8 95.3 106.8 21.3 Year-2007 days 21.9 138.0 154.4 38.3

Inventory turnover period payables payment period + receivable collection period Particulars Inventory turnover period Less. Payable payment period Add. Receivable collection period Length of Cash Operating Cycle

Investor measures:

Dividend cover Dividend cover = Earnings per share Dividend per share Year-2008 = = 12.8p 1.4p 9.1 times Year-2007 9.3p 1.0p = 9.3 times

Particulars Dividend cover

Assuming the companys current share price is 54p and 85p at the end 2007 and 2008 respectively what would be the P/E Ratio and Dividend yield?

Price earnings ratio Year-2008 Year-2007 Current share price/Earnings per share 85p/12.8p 54p/9.3P 6.6:1 = 5.8:1

Particulars P/E Ratio = =

8. Following are the financial statements of XYZ Limited: Income Statement of XYZ Limited For the year ended 31 Dec. 2009 Particulars 2009 Revenue 30,95,576 Cost of Sales 24,02,609 Gross Profit 6,92,967 Other Income 744 Administration Expenses 3,33,466 Finance Cost 18,115 Profit before tax 3,42,130 Tax 74,200 Profit for the year 2,67,930 Dividend per share 1.40 Earnings per share 12.76 Market price per share 100

2008 19,09,051 14,41,950 4,67,101 2,782 22,2,872 21,909 2,25,102 31,272 1,93,830 1.00 9.23 75

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Balance Sheet of XYZ Limited As at Dec. 2009 Particulars Assets: Non-current Assets: Tangible Asset Current Assets: Inventory Receivables Cash in Hand Total Current Assets Total Assets Equity and Liabilities Equity: Ordinary Share @Tk.10 each Share Premium Account Retained Earnings Non-current Liabilities 10% Loan Notes Current Liabilities Total Equity and Liabilities 2009 2008

8,02,180 64,422 10,02,701 1327 10,68,450 18,70,630

6,56,071 86,550 853,441 68,363 10,08,354 16,64,425

2,10,000 48,178 6,30,721 1,00,000 8,81,731 18,70,630

2,10,000 48,178 3,93,791 1,00,000 9,12,456 16,64,425

From the above please calculate the followings: a) Current Ratio, b) Quick Ratio, c) Asset Turnover Ratio, d) ROCE, e) Debt Equity Ratio, f) Gearing Ratio, g) P/E Ratio, h) Dividend yield, i) Dividend cover and j) Interest cover.

Answer to the above question:

2009 a)Current Ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities b) Quick Ratio Current Assets less inventory Current Liabilities c) Asset Turnover Ratio Revenue Capital Employed d) ROCE PBIT Capital Employed e) Debt Equity Ratio Total current + Non-current liabilities Total Assets f) Gearing Ratio Non-current liabilities Equity + Non-current liabilities 10,68,450 8,81,731 1.25:1 10,04,028 8,81,731 1.14:1 30,95,576 9,88,899 3.13 times 3,52,130 9,88,899 35.61% 9,81,731 18,70,630 52.46% 1,00,000 9,88,899
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2008 10,08,354 9,12,456 1.11:1 921,804 9,12,456 1.01:1 19,09,051 7,51,969 2.54 times 2,35,102 7,51,969 31.26% 10,12,456 16,64,425 60.81% 1,00,000 7,51,969

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10.11% g) P/E Ratio Market price per share Earnings per share h) Dividend yield Dividend per share Market price per share i) Dividend cover Earnings per Share Dividend per share j)Interest cover PBIT Finance Cost 100 12.76 7.83 1.40 100 1.40% 12.76 1.40 9.11 times

13.31% 75 9.23 8.12 1.00 75 1.33% 9.23 1.00 9.23 times

3,52,130 18,115 19.44 times

2,35,102 21,909 10.73 times

9. Apollo Drinks and Beverages Ltd. operates many outlets throughout the country. Some of the vending machines in one of its outlets provide very little revenue, so the company is considering removing the machines and installing equipment to dispense soft ice cream. The equipment would cost Taka 80,000 and have an eight-year useful life. Incremental annual revenues and costs associated with the sale of ice cream would be as follows:

Particulars Taka Sales 1,50,000 Less. Cost of ingredients 90,000 Contribution margin 60,000 Less. Fixed expenses: Salaries 27,000 Maintenance 3,000 Depreciation 10,000 Total fixed expenses 40,000 Net operating income 20,000 The vending machines can be sold for Tk.5,000 scrap values. The company will not purchase equipment unless it has a payback of three years or less. Should the equipment be purchased? Required: i. Compute the net annual cash inflow. ii. Compute the payback period. Answer to for i Net Annual Cash Flow: Operating Income + Depreciation =20,000 + 10,000 =30,000

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Answer to for ii Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flow -80,000 35,000 30,000 30,000 Cumulative cash flow 35,000 65,000 Balancing amount -80,000 -45,000 -15,000

Therefore, Payback period=2+ (15,000/30,000) =2.6 years

10. You are advised to calculate the Break Even Point from the following data: Particulars Fixed Costs Monthly Lease Rent Insurance Total Monthly fixed costs Variable Costs Materials Labour Total Variable Costs Selling Price Answer for b: Taka 100,000 50,000 150,000 3,000 4,000 7,000 10,000

Break-even point: In units = = In volume = = 1,50,000 10,000 -7,000 50 units 1,50,000 1-(7,000/10,000) Tk. 5,00,000

11. Product a currently sells for Tk.5, and demand at this price is 1,700 units. If the price fell to Tk.4.60, demand would increase to 2,000 units. Product B currently sells for Tk.8 and demand at this price is 9,500 units. If the price fell to Tk.7.50, demand would increase to 10,000 units.

In each of these cases, calculate: a) The price elasticity of demand (PED) for the price changes given; and b) The effect on total revenue, if demand is met in full at both the old and the new prices, of the change in price. Answer to the above question (a) Product A: At price Tk.5 Present Quantity- Previous Quantity Change in quantity = = = Previous Quantity 2000-1700 1700 17.64%(rise)
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X 100 X 100

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Change in price = = = PED = = =

Present price- Previous price Previous price 4.60-5 5 -8%(fall) Change in Quantity Change in Price 17.64 % -8 % -2.20

X 100 X 100

X 100

Demand is elastic and a fall in price should result in such a large increase in quantity demanded that total revenue will rise. Impact after fall in price: Revenue at old Price (Tk. 5 x 1700) Revenue at new Price (Tk.4.60 x 2,000) Tk.8,500 Tk.9,200

Increase in Total Revenue Tk.700 (b) Product B: At price Tk.8 Present Quantity- Previous Quantity Change in quantity = Previous Quantity 10000-9500 = 9500 5.26%(rise) = Change in price = = = Therefore,PED = = Present price- Previous price Previous price 7.50-8 8 -6.25%(fall) Change in Quantity Change in Price 5.26 %

X 100 X 100

X 100 X 100

X 100

-6.25 % -0.85 = Demand is inelastic and a fall in price should result in only a relatively small increase in quantity demanded that total revenue will fall. Impact after fall in price: Revenue at old Price (Tk. 8 x 9500) Revenue at new Price (Tk.7.50 x 10,000) Increase in Total Revenue Tk.76,000 Tk.75,000 (Tk.1000)

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12. The following three companies have current asset financing structures which may be considered as aggressive, average and defensive: Balance Sheet Particulars Aggressive Average Defensive Non-current Assets 50,000 50,000 50,000 Current Assets 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Equity(Tk.1 per Share) Long-term debt(average cost 10% p.a) Current Liabilities(average cost 3% p.a) 30,000 70,000 100,000 50,000 20,000 30,000 100,000 50,000 40,000 10,000 100,000

Income Statement Particulars PBIT Less. Finance Cost

Aggressive 15,000 (2,100) 12,900 (3,870) 9,030

Average 15,000 (2,900) 12,100 (3,630) 8,470

Defensive 15,000 (4,300) 10,700 (3,210) 7,490

Tax@30% Net profit for the period

Requirement: Calculate current ratio and earnings per share for each company and comments on their strengths and weakness. Answer to the above question: Particulars Current ratio Earnings per share Aggressive Average Defensive Aggressive 0.71:1 Tk.0.30 Average 1.66:1 Tk.0.16 Defensive 5:1 Tk.0.14

It has a short-term credit than equity in its structure, returns a higher profit but at the cost of greater risk revealed in its relatively poor current ratio. There is less risk here than in the aggressive company, as shown by the healthy current ratio, but considerably less return as well as seen in the EPS. This is a low risk and low return company.

13.Calculate EOQ from the following information:

Reagent costs Taka100 per Litre. 2000 Ltr.are to be used per annum and holding cost Tk.5 per Ltr. Each order placed costs Taka 200 against overhead. 2 x A x Cp EOQ = Ch

A = Demand for the year Cp = Cost to place a single order Ch = Cost to hold one unit inventory for a year 2 x 2000 x 200 EOQ = 5 8,00,000 = 5 = 400 kgs.
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14.Following are opening and closing data of Apon Aloy Ltd.s balance sheet and income statement for the year 2009. Calculate approximate length of the cash operating cycle. Particulars Accounts Receivable Accounts payable Inventory Credit Sales Cost of Goods Sold 1 Jan Taka 800,000 200,000 600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 31 Dec Taka 900,000 250,000 700,000

Answer to the above question: Cash Operating Cycle=Inventory Turnover Period + Receivable collection period Payable Payment Period Inventory Turnover period = = Receivable Collection Period = = = Payable payment Period = = = Average Inventory COGS 6,50,000 60,00,000 39.54 days Average Trade Receivables Credit Sales 8,50,000 10,000,000 31.02 days Average Trade Payables COGS 2,25,000 6,000,000 13.68 days X 365 X 365

X 365 X 365

X 365 X 365

Therefore, Cash Operating Cycle = (39.54 + 31.02-13.68) =56.88 days

15.Calculate Economic Value Addition from the following informations: Particulars PBIT after tax Capital employed Cost of Capital 2008 Taka 2,77,930 9,88,899 12% 2007 Taka 2,03,830 7,51,969

Answer to the above question EVA= PBIT after tax (Capital employed x Rate of cost of Capital) 2008 2,77,930 (9,88,899 x .12) =1,59,262 2007 2,03,830 (7,51,969 x .12) =1,13,594

As EVA increased by Tk.45,668 or 40% thus the business performance has improved.

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 15.Calculate the Length of Cash Operating Cycle from the following informations:
Sales 36,00,000 Average Receivable 3,06,000 Gross Margin 25% Inventories: Finished goods 2,00,000 Work in progress 3,50,000 Raw Materials 1,50,000 Average Payables 1,30,000 Inventory levels are constant Raw materials represent 60% of total production cost Answer to the above question Cash Operating Cycle= (Inventory turnover period+ Receivable collection period-Payable payment period). Cost of Sales= (36,00,000 x .25)= Tk.27,00,000 Inventory turnover period= Raw Material= = Finished Goods & WIP= = Receivable collection period = = = Payable payment period = = Average Inventory Cost of Sales 1,50,000 27,00,000 x .60 34 days 5,50,000 27,00,000 74 days Average Receivables Credit Sales 3,06,000 36,00,000 31 days 1,30,000 27,00,000 x .60 29 days X 365 X 365

X 365

X 365 X 365

X 365

Therefore, Cash Operating Cycle= (108 days +31days-29 days) =110 days. 16.Voltar Company manufactures and sells a telephone answering machine. The company's contribution format income statement for the most recent year is given below: Particulars Total Per unit Percent of sales 100% ?% ?%

Sales $1,200,000 $60 Less variable expenses 900,000 45 Contribution margin 300,000 15 Less fixed expenses 240,000 Net operating income $60,000 Requirement: a) Calculate break even point both in units and sales dollars.

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 b) To earn a minimum profit of $90,000. How many units will have to be sold to meet the target
profit figure?

Margin of safety of safety both in dollars and percentage form

Answer to the above question for a Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses +Profit $60Q = $45Q + $240,000 + $0 $15Q = $240,000 Q = $240,000 / 15 per unit Q = 16,000 units; or at $60 per unit, $960,000 Answer to the above question for b Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits $60Q = $45Q + $240,000 + $90,000 $15Q = $3330,000 Q = $3330,000 / $15 Per unit Q = 22,000 Units Answer to the above question for b Margin of safety = Total sales Break even sales* = $1,200,000 $960,000 = $240,000 Margin of safety percentage = Margin of safety in dollars / Total sales = $240,000 / $1,200,000 = 20% *The break even sales have been calculated as follows: Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profit $60Q = $45Q + $240,000 + $0** $15Q = $240,000 Q = $240,000 / $15 per unit Q = 16,000 units; or at $60 per unit. $960,000

17.What Does Payback Period Mean?

The length of time required to recover the cost of an investment. Calculated as:

Payback Period All other things being equal, the better investment is the one with the shorter payback period. For example, if a project costs $100,000 and is expected to return $20,000 annually, the payback period will be $100,000 / $20,000, or five years. There are two main problems with the payback period method: 1. It ignores any benefits that occur after the payback period and, therefore, does not measure profitability. 2. It ignores the time value of money. Because of these reasons, other methods of capital budgeting like net present value, internal rate of return or discounted cash flow are generally preferred.

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Present Value

18.

Suppose you are depositing an amount today in an account that earns 5% interest, compounded annually. If your goal is to have $5,000 in the account at the end of six years, how much must you deposit in the account today? Answer to the above question

The following information is given:

future value = $5,000 interest rate = 5% number of periods = 6

Present value = future value / (1 + interest rate) number of periods PV = FV/ (1 + r)t Inserting the known information, PV = $5,000 / (1 + 0.05)6 PV = $5,000 / (1.3401) PV = $3,731 Present Value Annuity

19. Suppose you determine that you can pay $5,000 per year on a loan. If the loan is for a period of
six years and the interest charged is 5% per year, how much can you borrow? Answer to the above question The following information is given: periodic cash flow = $5,000 interest rate = 5% number of cash flows = 6 We want to solve for the present value. Using notation, such that: CF = periodic cash flow PV = future value r = interest rate T = number of cash flows PV = CF ((1- (1/ (1 + r) T)) / r) Inserting the known information, PV = $5,000 (5.0757) PV = $25,378

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Future Value

20.

Suppose you are depositing an $5,000 today in an account that earns 5% interest, compounded annually. What will be the balance in the account at the end of six years if you make no withdrawals? Answer to the above question

The following information is given: present value = $5,000 interest rate = 5% number of periods = 6 We want to solve for the future value. Future value = present value (1 + interest rate)number of periods FV = PV (1 + r)t Inserting the known information, FV = $5,000 (1 + 0.05)6 FV = $5,000 (1.3401) FV = $6,701 Future Value Annuity

21. Suppose you want to deposit an equal amount each year, starting in one year, in an account
that earns 5% interest, compounded annually. If your goal is to have $5,000 in the account at the end of six years, how much must you deposit in the account each year (for a total of six deposits)? Answer to the above question The following information is given: future value = $5,000 interest rate = 5% number of cash flows = 6 We want to solve for the cash flow. Using notation, such that: CF = periodic cash flow FV = future value r = interest rate T = number of cash flows FV = CF (((1 + r) T) - 1) / r) Inserting the known information, $5,000 = CF (6.8019) CF = $5,000 / 6.8019 = $735

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Problem: 22ABC Company Ltd is considering a long-term capital investment project called ZIP. The project will require an investment of Tk.1,20,000 and it will have a useful life of 4 years. Annual net income for ZIP is expected to be as follows: Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Total 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 36,000

Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method with no salvage value. The companys cost of capital is 12%. Requirement: (i)Compute annual rate of return. (ii)Compute payback period. (iii)Compute Net Present Value (iv)Should the project be accepted? Answer to the above question (i)Annual rate of return: Average expected annual return/Average investment =(36,000/4) / (1,20,000/2) =9,000/60,000 =.15 or 15%. (ii)Payback period: Cost of capital investment / Annual cash inflow Annual depreciation (1,20,000/4)=30,000 Year 1 2 3 4 Cash Inflow 12,000 +30,000 10,000+30,000 8,000+30,000 6,000+30,000 Cumulative cash inflow 42,000 82,000 1,20,000 1,56,000

Therefore, Payback period=3 years (iii) Net Present Value: Year Discount Rate 1 .89286 2 .79719 3 .71178 4 .63552

Present Value 37,500 31,888 27,048 22,879 1,19,315 Capital Investment 1,20,000 Negative net present value (685)

Cash Flow 42,000 40,000 38,000 36,000

(iv)The annual rate of return 15% is good. However the payback period is 75% of the projects useful life and net present value is negative. The recommendation is to reject the project.

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Present Value and Future Value Tables Table A-1 Future Value Interest Factors for One Dollar Compounded at k Percent for n Periods: FVIF k,n = (1 + k) n Period 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.1 2 1.0201 1.0404 1.0609 1.0816 1.1025 1.1236 1.1449 1.1664 1.1881 1.21 3 1.0303 1.0612 1.0927 1.1249 1.1576 1.191 1.225 1.2597 1.295 1.331 4 1.0406 1.0824 1.1255 1.1699 1.2155 1.2625 1.3108 1.3605 1.4116 1.4641 5 1.051 1.1041 1.1593 1.2167 1.2763 1.3382 1.4026 1.4693 1.5386 1.6105 6 1.0615 1.1262 1.1941 1.2653 1.3401 1.4185 1.5007 1.5869 1.6771 1.7716 7 1.0721 1.1487 1.2299 1.3159 1.4071 1.5036 1.6058 1.7138 1.828 1.9487 8 1.0829 1.1717 1.2668 1.3686 1.4775 1.5938 1.7182 1.8509 1.9926 2.1436 9 1.0937 1.1951 1.3048 1.4233 1.5513 1.6895 1.8385 1.999 2.1719 2.3579 10 1.1046 1.219 1.3439 1.4802 1.6289 1.7908 1.9672 2.1589 2.3674 2.5937 11 1.1157 1.2434 1.3842 1.5395 1.7103 1.8983 2.1049 2.3316 2.5804 2.8531 12 1.1268 1.2682 1.4258 1.601 1.7959 2.0122 2.2522 2.5182 2.8127 3.1384 13 1.1381 1.2936 1.4685 1.6651 1.8856 2.1329 2.4098 2.7196 3.0658 3.4523 14 1.1495 1.3195 1.5126 1.7317 1.9799 2.2609 2.5785 2.9372 3.3417 3.7975 15 1.161 1.3459 1.558 1.8009 2.0789 2.3966 2.759 3.1722 3.6425 4.1772 16 1.1726 1.3728 1.6047 1.873 2.1829 2.5404 2.9522 3.4259 3.9703 4.595 17 1.1843 1.4002 1.6528 1.9479 2.292 2.6928 3.1588 3.7 4.3276 5.0545 18 1.1961 1.4282 1.7024 2.0258 2.4066 2.8543 3.3799 3.996 4.7171 5.5599 19 1.2081 1.4568 1.7535 2.1068 2.527 3.0256 3.6165 4.3157 5.1417 6.1159 20 1.2202 1.4859 1.8061 2.1911 2.6533 3.2071 3.8697 4.661 5.6044 6.7275 21 1.2324 1.5157 1.8603 2.2788 2.786 3.3996 4.1406 5.0338 6.1088 7.4002 22 1.2447 1.546 1.9161 2.3699 2.9253 3.6035 4.4304 5.4365 6.6586 8.1403 23 1.2572 1.5769 1.9736 2.4647 3.0715 3.8197 4.7405 5.8715 7.2579 8.9543 24 1.2697 1.6084 2.0328 2.5633 3.2251 4.0489 5.0724 6.3412 7.9111 9.8497 25 1.2824 1.6406 2.0938 2.6658 3.3864 4.2919 5.4274 6.8485 8.6231 10.835 30 1.3478 1.8114 2.4273 3.2434 4.3219 5.7435 7.6123 10.063 13.268 17.449 35 1.4166 1.9999 2.8139 3.9461 5.516 7.6861 10.677 14.785 20.414 28.102 36 1.4308 2.0399 2.8983 4.1039 5.7918 8.1473 11.424 15.968 22.251 30.913 40 1.4889 2.208 3.262 4.801 7.04 10.286 14.974 21.725 31.409 45.259 50 1.6446 2.6916 4.3839 7.1067 11.467 18.42 29.457 46.902 74.358 117.391

11% 1.11 1.2321 1.3676 1.5181 1.6851 1.8704 2.0762 2.3045 2.558 2.8394 3.1518 3.4985 3.8833 4.3104 4.7846 5.3109 5.8951 6.5436 7.2633 8.0623 8.9492 9.9336 11.026 12.239 13.585 22.892 38.575 42.818 65.001 184.565

12% 1.12 1.2544 1.4049 1.5735 1.7623 1.9738 2.2107 2.476 2.7731 3.1058 3.4785 3.896 4.3635 4.8871 5.4736 6.1304 6.866 7.69 8.6128 9.6463 10.804 12.1 13.552 15.179 17 29.96 52.8 59.136 93.051 289.002

13% 1.13 1.2769 1.4429 1.6305 1.8424 2.082 2.3526 2.6584 3.004 3.3946 3.8359 4.3345 4.898 5.5348 6.2543 7.0673 7.9861 9.0243 10.197 11.523 13.021 14.714 16.627 18.788 21.231 39.116 72.069 81.437 132.782 450.736

14% 1.14 1.2996 1.4815 1.689 1.9254 2.195 2.5023 2.8526 3.2519 3.7072 4.2262 4.8179 5.4924 6.2613 7.1379 8.1372 9.2765 10.575 12.056 13.743 15.668 17.861 20.362 23.212 26.462 50.95 98.1 111.834 188.884 700.233 *

15% 1.15 1.3225 1.5209 1.749 2.0114 2.3131 2.66 3.059 3.5179 4.0456 4.6524 5.3503 6.1528 7.0757 8.1371 9.3576 10.761 12.375 14.232 16.367 18.822 21.645 24.891 28.625 32.919 66.212 133.176 153.152 267.864

16% 1.16 1.3456 1.5609 1.8106 2.1003 2.4364 2.8262 3.2784 3.803 4.4114 5.1173 5.936 6.8858 7.9875 9.2655 10.748 12.468 14.463 16.777 19.461 22.574 26.186 30.376 35.236 40.874 85.85 180.314 209.164 378.721 * * *

20% 1.2 1.44 1.728 2.0736 2.4883 2.986 3.5832 4.2998 5.1598 6.1917 7.4301 8.9161 10.699 12.839 15.407 18.488 22.186 26.623 31.948 38.338 46.005 55.206 66.247 79.497 95.396 237.376 590.668 708.802

Table A-2 Future Value Interest Factors for a One-Dollar Annuity Compouned at k Percent for n Periods: FVIFA k,n = [(1 + k) n - 1 ] / k Period 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 1 1 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.1 1.11 2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1 2.11 3 3.0301 3.0604 3.0909 3.1216 3.1525 3.1836 3.2149 3.2464 3.2781 3.31 3.3421 4 4.0604 4.1216 4.1836 4.2465 4.3101 4.3746 4.4399 4.5061 4.5731 4.641 4.7097 5 5.101 5.204 5.3091 5.4163 5.5256 5.6371 5.7507 5.8666 5.9847 6.1051 6.2278 6 6.152 6.3081 6.4684 6.633 6.8019 6.9753 7.1533 7.3359 7.5233 7.7156 7.9129 7 7.2135 7.4343 7.6625 7.8983 8.142 8.3938 8.654 8.9228 9.2004 9.4872 9.7833 8 8.2857 8.583 8.8923 9.2142 9.5491 9.8975 10.26 10.637 11.028 11.436 11.859 9 9.3685 9.7546 10.159 10.583 11.027 11.491 11.978 12.488 13.021 13.579 14.164 10 10.462 10.95 11.464 12.006 12.578 13.181 13.816 14.487 15.193 15.937 16.722 11 11.567 12.169 12.808 13.486 14.207 14.972 15.784 16.645 17.56 18.531 19.561 12 12.683 13.412 14.192 15.026 15.917 16.87 17.888 18.977 20.141 21.384 22.713 13 13.809 14.68 15.618 16.627 17.713 18.882 20.141 21.495 22.953 24.523 26.212 14 14.947 15.974 17.086 18.292 19.599 21.015 22.55 24.215 26.019 27.975 30.095 15 16.097 17.293 18.599 20.024 21.579 23.276 25.129 27.152 29.361 31.772 34.405 16 17.258 18.639 20.157 21.825 23.657 25.673 27.888 30.324 33.003 35.95 39.19 17 18.43 20.012 21.762 23.698 25.84 28.213 30.84 33.75 36.974 40.545 44.501 18 19.615 21.412 23.414 25.645 28.132 30.906 33.999 37.45 41.301 45.599 50.396 19 20.811 22.841 25.117 27.671 30.539 33.76 37.379 41.446 46.018 51.159 56.939 20 22.019 24.297 26.87 29.778 33.066 36.786 40.995 45.762 51.16 57.275 64.203 21 23.239 25.783 28.676 31.969 35.719 39.993 44.865 50.423 56.765 64.002 72.265 22 24.472 27.299 30.537 34.248 38.505 43.392 49.006 55.457 62.873 71.403 81.214 23 25.716 28.845 32.453 36.618 41.43 46.996 53.436 60.893 69.532 79.543 91.148 24 26.973 30.422 34.426 39.083 44.502 50.816 58.177 66.765 76.79 88.497 102.174 25 28.243 32.03 36.459 41.646 47.727 54.865 63.249 73.106 84.701 98.347 114.413 30 34.785 40.568 47.575 56.085 66.439 79.058 94.461 113.283 136.308 164.494 199.021 35 41.66 49.994 60.462 73.652 90.32 111.435 138.237 172.317 215.711 271.024 341.59 36 43.077 51.994 63.276 77.598 95.836 119.121 148.913 187.102 236.125 299.127 380.164

12% 1.12 2.12 3.3744 4.7793 6.3528 8.1152 10.089 12.3 14.776 17.549 20.655 24.133 28.029 32.393 37.28 42.753 48.884 55.75 63.44 72.052 81.699 92.503 104.603 118.155 133.334 241.333 431.663 484.463

13% 1.13 2.13 3.4069 4.8498 6.4803 8.3227 10.405 12.757 15.416 18.42 21.814 25.65 29.985 34.883 40.417 46.672 53.739 61.725 70.749 80.947 92.47 105.491 120.205 136.831 155.62 293.199 546.681 618.749

14% 1.14 2.14 3.4396 4.9211 6.6101 8.5355 10.73 13.233 16.085 19.337 23.045 27.271 32.089 37.581 43.842 50.98 59.118 68.394 78.969 91.025 104.768 120.436 138.297 158.659 181.871 356.787 693.573 791.673 *

15% 1.15 2.15 3.4725 4.9934 6.7424 8.7537 11.067 13.727 16.786 20.304 24.349 29.002 34.352 40.505 47.58 55.717 65.075 75.836 88.212 102.444 118.81 137.632 159.276 184.168 212.793 434.745 881.17 * *

16% 1.16 2.16 3.5056 5.0665 6.8771 8.9775 11.414 14.24 17.519 21.321 25.733 30.85 36.786 43.672 51.66 60.925 71.673 84.141 98.603 115.38 134.841 157.415 183.601 213.978 249.214 530.312 * * *

20% 1.2 2.2 3.64 5.368 7.4416 9.9299 12.916 16.499 20.799 25.959 32.15 39.581 48.497 59.196 72.035 87.442 105.931 128.117 154.74 186.688 225.026 271.031 326.237 392.484 471.981

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Present Value and Future Value Tables Table A-3 Present Value Interest Factors for One Dollar Discounted at k Percent for n Periods: PVIF k,n = 1 / (1 + k) n Period 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 1 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.9615 0.9524 0.9434 0.9346 0.9259 0.9174 0.9091 2 0.9803 0.9612 0.9426 0.9246 0.907 0.89 0.8734 0.8573 0.8417 0.8264 3 0.9706 0.9423 0.9151 0.889 0.8638 0.8396 0.8163 0.7938 0.7722 0.7513 4 0.961 0.9238 0.8885 0.8548 0.8227 0.7921 0.7629 0.735 0.7084 0.683 5 0.9515 0.9057 0.8626 0.8219 0.7835 0.7473 0.713 0.6806 0.6499 0.6209 6 0.942 0.888 0.8375 0.7903 0.7462 0.705 0.6663 0.6302 0.5963 0.5645 7 0.9327 0.8706 0.8131 0.7599 0.7107 0.6651 0.6227 0.5835 0.547 0.5132 8 0.9235 0.8535 0.7894 0.7307 0.6768 0.6274 0.582 0.5403 0.5019 0.4665 9 0.9143 0.8368 0.7664 0.7026 0.6446 0.5919 0.5439 0.5002 0.4604 0.4241 10 0.9053 0.8203 0.7441 0.6756 0.6139 0.5584 0.5083 0.4632 0.4224 0.3855 11 0.8963 0.8043 0.7224 0.6496 0.5847 0.5268 0.4751 0.4289 0.3875 0.3505 12 0.8874 0.7885 0.7014 0.6246 0.5568 0.497 0.444 0.3971 0.3555 0.3186 13 0.8787 0.773 0.681 0.6006 0.5303 0.4688 0.415 0.3677 0.3262 0.2897 14 0.87 0.7579 0.6611 0.5775 0.5051 0.4423 0.3878 0.3405 0.2992 0.2633 15 0.8613 0.743 0.6419 0.5553 0.481 0.4173 0.3624 0.3152 0.2745 0.2394 16 0.8528 0.7284 0.6232 0.5339 0.4581 0.3936 0.3387 0.2919 0.2519 0.2176 17 0.8444 0.7142 0.605 0.5134 0.4363 0.3714 0.3166 0.2703 0.2311 0.1978 18 0.836 0.7002 0.5874 0.4936 0.4155 0.3503 0.2959 0.2502 0.212 0.1799 19 0.8277 0.6864 0.5703 0.4746 0.3957 0.3305 0.2765 0.2317 0.1945 0.1635 20 0.8195 0.673 0.5537 0.4564 0.3769 0.3118 0.2584 0.2145 0.1784 0.1486 21 0.8114 0.6598 0.5375 0.4388 0.3589 0.2942 0.2415 0.1987 0.1637 0.1351 22 0.8034 0.6468 0.5219 0.422 0.3418 0.2775 0.2257 0.1839 0.1502 0.1228 23 0.7954 0.6342 0.5067 0.4057 0.3256 0.2618 0.2109 0.1703 0.1378 0.1117 24 0.7876 0.6217 0.4919 0.3901 0.3101 0.247 0.1971 0.1577 0.1264 0.1015 25 0.7798 0.6095 0.4776 0.3751 0.2953 0.233 0.1842 0.146 0.116 0.0923 30 0.7419 0.5521 0.412 0.3083 0.2314 0.1741 0.1314 0.0994 0.0754 0.0573 35 0.7059 0.5 0.3554 0.2534 0.1813 0.1301 0.0937 0.0676 0.049 0.0356 36 0.6989 0.4902 0.345 0.2437 0.1727 0.1227 0.0875 0.0626 0.0449 0.0323 40 0.6717 0.4529 0.3066 0.2083 0.142 0.0972 0.0668 0.046 0.0318 0.0221 50 0.608 0.3715 0.2281 0.1407 0.0872 0.0543 0.0339 0.0213 0.0134 0.0085

11% 0.9009 0.8116 0.7312 0.6587 0.5935 0.5346 0.4817 0.4339 0.3909 0.3522 0.3173 0.2858 0.2575 0.232 0.209 0.1883 0.1696 0.1528 0.1377 0.124 0.1117 0.1007 0.0907 0.0817 0.0736 0.0437 0.0259 0.0234 0.0154 0.0054

12% 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118 0.6355 0.5674 0.5066 0.4523 0.4039 0.3606 0.322 0.2875 0.2567 0.2292 0.2046 0.1827 0.1631 0.1456 0.13 0.1161 0.1037 0.0926 0.0826 0.0738 0.0659 0.0588 0.0334 0.0189 0.0169 0.0107 0.0035

13% 0.885 0.7831 0.6931 0.6133 0.5428 0.4803 0.4251 0.3762 0.3329 0.2946 0.2607 0.2307 0.2042 0.1807 0.1599 0.1415 0.1252 0.1108 0.0981 0.0868 0.0768 0.068 0.0601 0.0532 0.0471 0.0256 0.0139 0.0123 0.0075 0.0022

14% 0.8772 0.7695 0.675 0.5921 0.5194 0.4556 0.3996 0.3506 0.3075 0.2697 0.2366 0.2076 0.1821 0.1597 0.1401 0.1229 0.1078 0.0946 0.0829 0.0728 0.0638 0.056 0.0491 0.0431 0.0378 0.0196 0.0102 0.0089 0.0053 0.0014

15% 0.8696 0.7561 0.6575 0.5718 0.4972 0.4323 0.3759 0.3269 0.2843 0.2472 0.2149 0.1869 0.1625 0.1413 0.1229 0.1069 0.0929 0.0808 0.0703 0.0611 0.0531 0.0462 0.0402 0.0349 0.0304 0.0151 0.0075 0.0065 0.0037 0.0009

16% 0.8621 0.7432 0.6407 0.5523 0.4761 0.4104 0.3538 0.305 0.263 0.2267 0.1954 0.1685 0.1452 0.1252 0.1079 0.093 0.0802 0.0691 0.0596 0.0514 0.0443 0.0382 0.0329 0.0284 0.0245 0.0116 0.0055 0.0048 0.0026 0.0006 *

20% 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787 0.4823 0.4019 0.3349 0.2791 0.2326 0.1938 0.1615 0.1346 0.1122 0.0935 0.0779 0.0649 0.0541 0.0451 0.0376 0.0313 0.0261 0.0217 0.0181 0.0151 0.0126 0.0105 0.0042 0.0017 0.0014 0.0007

Table A-4 Present Value Interest Factors for a One-Dollar Annuity Discounted at k Percent for n Periods: PVIFA = [1 - 1/(1 + k)n] / k Period 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 1 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.9615 0.9524 0.9434 0.9346 0.9259 0.9174 0.9091 0.9009 2 1.9704 1.9416 1.9135 1.8861 1.8594 1.8334 1.808 1.7833 1.7591 1.7355 1.7125 3 2.941 2.8839 2.8286 2.7751 2.7232 2.673 2.6243 2.5771 2.5313 2.4869 2.4437 4 3.902 3.8077 3.7171 3.6299 3.546 3.4651 3.3872 3.3121 3.2397 3.1699 3.1024 5 4.8534 4.7135 4.5797 4.4518 4.3295 4.2124 4.1002 3.9927 3.8897 3.7908 3.6959 6 5.7955 5.6014 5.4172 5.2421 5.0757 4.9173 4.7665 4.6229 4.4859 4.3553 4.2305 7 6.7282 6.472 6.2303 6.0021 5.7864 5.5824 5.3893 5.2064 5.033 4.8684 4.7122 8 7.6517 7.3255 7.0197 6.7327 6.4632 6.2098 5.9713 5.7466 5.5348 5.3349 5.1461 9 8.566 8.1622 7.7861 7.4353 7.1078 6.8017 6.5152 6.2469 5.9952 5.759 5.537 10 9.4713 8.9826 8.5302 8.1109 7.7217 7.3601 7.0236 6.7101 6.4177 6.1446 5.8892 11 10.368 9.7868 9.2526 8.7605 8.3064 7.8869 7.4987 7.139 6.8052 6.4951 6.2065 12 11.255 10.575 9.954 9.3851 8.8633 8.3838 7.9427 7.5361 7.1607 6.8137 6.4924 13 12.134 11.348 10.635 9.9856 9.3936 8.8527 8.3577 7.9038 7.4869 7.1034 6.7499 14 13.004 12.106 11.296 10.563 9.8986 9.295 8.7455 8.2442 7.7862 7.3667 6.9819 15 13.865 12.849 11.938 11.118 10.38 9.7122 9.1079 8.5595 8.0607 7.6061 7.1909 16 14.718 13.578 12.561 11.652 10.838 10.106 9.4466 8.8514 8.3126 7.8237 7.3792 17 15.562 14.292 13.166 12.166 11.274 10.477 9.7632 9.1216 8.5436 8.0216 7.5488 18 16.398 14.992 13.754 12.659 11.69 10.828 10.059 9.3719 8.7556 8.2014 7.7016 19 17.226 15.678 14.324 13.134 12.085 11.158 10.336 9.6036 8.9501 8.3649 7.8393 20 18.046 16.351 14.877 13.59 12.462 11.47 10.594 9.8181 9.1285 8.5136 7.9633 21 18.857 17.011 15.415 14.029 12.821 11.764 10.836 10.017 9.2922 8.6487 8.0751 22 19.66 17.658 15.937 14.451 13.163 12.042 11.061 10.201 9.4424 8.7715 8.1757 23 20.456 18.292 16.444 14.857 13.489 12.303 11.272 10.371 9.5802 8.8832 8.2664 24 21.243 18.914 16.936 15.247 13.799 12.55 11.469 10.529 9.7066 8.9847 8.3481 25 22.023 19.523 17.413 15.622 14.094 12.783 11.654 10.675 9.8226 9.077 8.4217 30 25.808 22.396 19.6 17.292 15.372 13.765 12.409 11.258 10.274 9.4269 8.6938 35 29.409 24.999 21.487 18.665 16.374 14.498 12.948 11.655 10.567 9.6442 8.8552 36 30.108 25.489 21.832 18.908 16.547 14.621 13.035 11.717 10.612 9.6765 8.8786

12% 0.8929 1.6901 2.4018 3.0373 3.6048 4.1114 4.5638 4.9676 5.3282 5.6502 5.9377 6.1944 6.4235 6.6282 6.8109 6.974 7.1196 7.2497 7.3658 7.4694 7.562 7.6446 7.7184 7.7843 7.8431 8.0552 8.1755 8.1924

13% 0.885 1.6681 2.3612 2.9745 3.5172 3.9975 4.4226 4.7988 5.1317 5.4262 5.6869 5.9176 6.1218 6.3025 6.4624 6.6039 6.7291 6.8399 6.938 7.0248 7.1016 7.1695 7.2297 7.2829 7.33 7.4957 7.5856 7.5979

14% 0.8772 1.6467 2.3216 2.9137 3.4331 3.8887 4.2883 4.6389 4.9464 5.2161 5.4527 5.6603 5.8424 6.0021 6.1422 6.2651 6.3729 6.4674 6.5504 6.6231 6.687 6.7429 6.7921 6.8351 6.8729 7.0027 7.07 7.079

15% 0.8696 1.6257 2.2832 2.855 3.3522 3.7845 4.1604 4.4873 4.7716 5.0188 5.2337 5.4206 5.5831 5.7245 5.8474 5.9542 6.0472 6.128 6.1982 6.2593 6.3125 6.3587 6.3988 6.4338 6.4641 6.566 6.6166 6.6231

16% 0.8621 1.6052 2.2459 2.7982 3.2743 3.6847 4.0386 4.3436 4.6065 4.8332 5.0286 5.1971 5.3423 5.4675 5.5755 5.6685 5.7487 5.8178 5.8775 5.9288 5.9731 6.0113 6.0442 6.0726 6.0971 6.1772 6.2153 6.2201

20% 0.8333 1.5278 2.1065 2.5887 2.9906 3.3255 3.6046 3.8372 4.031 4.1925 4.3271 4.4392 4.5327 4.6106 4.6755 4.7296 4.7746 4.8122 4.8435 4.8696 4.8913 4.9094 4.9245 4.9371 4.9476 4.9789 4.9915 4.9929

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