A L A R M

C I R C U I T

R 1

R 1
R 2

R 1

R T D

3 2

+ 1 5 V
6 L M 7 4 1 R 3 3 2 + -

+ 4

+ 1 5 V
6 L M 7 4 1 L E D R 4

R E 1

- 1 5 V

3 . 5 VR

3 4

D i f f e r e n t i a l

a m p l i f i e r c o m p a r a t o r

- 1 5 V

5 V

Design RT = Ro (1+T) Ohms Room temperature, T= C Ohms

Resistance of RTD at room temperature, RT = Temperature for which alarm is to be designed Tref = C Resistance at Tref = R ref = Change in resistance , R= Bridge output, Eo = Ei *R/4R1 Volts When all arms are equal, RRTD at room temperature = R1 Let Resistance of each arm of the bridge, R1= Bridge input, Ei = Therefore, Eo = Volts Volts. Ohms Ohms

Ohms

Let Reference voltage Vref = 3.5 Volts Gain of the differential amplifier = Vref / Eo = R2 / Rf = Gain Let R2 = Therefore, Rf = Let R3 = Ohms R4= 330 Ohms Ohms. Ohms.

Design of Alarm Circuit Aim To design an alarm circuit to monitor the temperature using RTD as sensor. Apparatus Required RTD (Pt100), Micro bath (dry), IC 741-Op-Amps, Resistors, LED, Regulated Power Supply. Theory Temperature sensors find wide range of application in ON/OFF based circuits like thermostat, temperature controlled baths, alarms etc. These devices consist of temperature sensing element which shows resistance variation with temperature. Formula i. RT = Ro (1+T ) Where, Ro = Resistance of RTD Pt100 at 0C = 100 Ohms RT = Resistance of RTD Pt100 at TC = Temperature coefficient of resistance of Pt100 RTD ii. Eo = Ei *R/4R Where, Eo = Output voltage of the bridge (in V) Ei = Supply voltage to the bridge (in V) R= Change in resistance (in Ohms) R = Resistance value of each arm of the bridge (in Ohms) The change in resistance can be suitably converted to voltage levels to drive ON/OFF mechanisms like relays, displays etc.

Tabulation

Reference Temperature : Sl.No.

C LED Display For increasing For decreasing temperature temperature

Temperature (C) Increasing Decreasing

Procedure i. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

ii. iii. iv. Result

Switch on the water bath, to increase the temperature. Note the temperature where the LED goes ON. When the LED is ON, decrease the temperature and note down the temperature where the LED goes OFF. Tabulate readings. Thus an alarm circuit for monitoring temperature was designed using RTD as sensor.

Experimental Setup of Dead Weight Tester

1 Hand pump 2 - Testing Pump 3 - Pressure Gauge to be calibrated 4 - Calibration Weight 5 - Weight Support 6 - Piston 7 - Cylinder 8 - Filling Connection

Calculation of Percentage Error in Pressure Gauge (using Dead Weight Tester)

Aim To determine the percentage error in the readings of a given pressure gauge using Dead weight tester. Apparatus Required Dead weight tester, pressure gauge, weights. Theory A basic standard calibrating device widely used under laboratory conditions in industries is the hydraulic / pneumatically operated dead weight tester. In this type of instrument, the force produced on a piston of known area is measured directly by the weight it supports. A free piston gauge for precise determination of steady pressure can be utilized to calibrate pressure transducers. Formula Percentage error =[ (Theoretical reading Actual reading) / Theoretical reading ] * 100 Theoretical reading : applied pressure.

Tabulation Sl.No. Applied Pressure Actual pressure gauge %Error

(Kg.F / cm2)

reading (Kg.F / cm2)

Procedure Priming i. ii. Pour clean oil to approximately two third of the capacity of the reservoir. Open the release valve.

iii. iv. v. vi. Testing i. ii. iii. iv. v. Result

Turn screw pump handle clockwise fully. This will expel air from the system which will bubble out in the oil cup. Turn it anti-clockwise fully to draw in oil into the instrument. Repeat clockwise / anti-clockwise turning of the handle a number of times until no bubbles appear in the oil cup. Finally draw in the oil. Place the required weights on the weight carrier and increase the pressure by means of rotating the screw pump handle until the free piston floats. Note the pressure gauge reading. Tabulate the actual pressure versus the applied pressure. Release the screw pump handle and remove the weights. Repeat the above procedure for different weights. The percentage error in the readings of a given pressure gauge was calculated using Dead weight

tester.

Experimental Setup

Orifice plate

Venturi

Calculation of Discharge Coefficient of Orifice plate, Venturi, Pitot tube Aim

To calculate the discharge coefficient of Orifice plate , Venturi, and Pitot Tube. Apparatus required Flow measurement setup Theory Orificemeter The orifice meter consists of a thin circular metal plate with circular sharp edge hole in it. The concentric orifice is by far the most widely used. As the fluid passes through the orifice, it contracts in area. The minimum flow area is called vena contracta. Different types of taps are used for orifice meter. The flow of fluid through the orifice meter establishes the pressure differential across the orifice plate, which can then be measured and related to the flow rate. The Actual discharge through orifice meter is given by Qa = Cc.a.2gH / (1 Cc2 (D/d)4) Where, Qa = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec. Cc = Coefficient of contraction a = Area of orifice in m2 g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2 H = Differential pressure head in m of liquid D = Diameter of orifice in m. d = Diameter of pipe in m. The above expression can be written as Qa =Cd x a2gH Where, Cd = Cc./ (1 Cc2 (D/d)4 which is the discharge coefficient of the orifice plate. Venturimeter The venturi is particularly adapted to installation in pipelines not having long, unobstructed runs. The flow of fluid through the venturi tube establishes the pressure differential, which can then be measured and related to the flow rate. Because of the gradual reduction in the area of flow, there is no vena contracta and the flow area is minimum at the throat so that, the coefficient of contraction is unity. The meter is equally suitable for Pitot Tube

Tabulation Orifice Meter S.No: Rotameter Reading (LPH) Time Actual Pressure Difference across OrificeH (meters) Theoritical discharge (LPH) Coefficient of discharge Cd taken to Discharge fill 1.5 lit (LPH) of water in (sec) tank

Venturi S.No: Rotameter Reading (LPH) Time Actual Pressure Difference across VenturiH (meters) Theoritical discharge (LPH) Coefficient of discharge Cd taken to Discharge fill 1.5 lit (LPH) of water in (sec) tank

compressible and incompressible fluids. The flow through the venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by

Qa = a1 a2 (2gH)1/2 / (a12 - a22) where, Qa = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec. a1 = Area of venturimeter at inlet in m2 a2 = Area of venturimeter at throat in m2. g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2. H = Differential pressure head in m of liquid Pitot tube The Pitot tube is primarily a device for measuring fluid velocity. It is a combination of a total head tube and a static tube. It consists simply of a tube supported in the pipe with the impact opening arranged to point directly towards the incoming fluid. This is called the impact opening and is used to measure the stagnation pressure. The static pressure is measured through the ordinary pressure tap. The difference between impact pressure and static pressure represents velocity head. Pressure difference (H) = Velocity head = V2/2g Therefore, velocity (V) = (2Hg ) Formula Orifice meter 1. Inlet area of the orificemeter (A) = D2 / 4 (m2) 2. Orifice area of the meter (a) = d2 / 4 (m2) 3. Actual discharge (Q)= Q / t (m3 / sec) a 4. Theoretical discharge (QT) = a (2gH)1/2 (m3 / sec) 5. Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qa / QT Venturi 1. Inlet area of the venturi meter (a1) = D2 / 4 (m2) 2. Throat area of the venturi meter (a2) = d2 / 4 (m2) 3. Venturimeter constant (K) = a1 a2 (2g)1/2 / (a12 - a22) 4. Actual discharge (Q)= Q / t (m3 / sec) a 5. Theoretical discharge (QT) = K (H)1/2 (m3 / sec) 6. Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qa / QT Pitot Tube S.No: Rotameter Time Actual Pressure Theoritical Coefficient

Reading (LPH)

taken to Discharge fill 1.5 lit (LPH) of water in (sec) tank

Difference across pitot tube H (meters)

discharge (LPH)

of discharge Cd

Calculations Orificemeter specification Inlet pipe diameter (D) = 0.0185 meter Orifice diameter (d) = = 0.0122 meter Venturimeter specification Inlet pipe diameter (D) = 0.0185 meter Throat diameter (d) = 0.010 meter Pitot tube specification Inlet pipe diameter (D) = 0.0185 meter

Pitot Tube 1. Inlet area of the pitot tube meter (A) = D2 / 4 (m2) 2. Actual discharge (Qa) = Q / t (m3/sec)

3. Theoretical fluid Velocity (V) = (2gH)1/2 4. Theoretical discharge (QT)= AV (m3/sec ) 5. Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qa / QT Commissioning 1. Remove the supply tank and fill with distilled water. Place the supply tank at its location. Note that the measuring tank drain pipe is inside the supply tank. 2. Ensure that the vent valve on the rubber bulb is fully closed. 3. Keep the flow regulating valve (V1) 50% open, keep drain valve (V2) 100% open and 4. Check the working of rotameter by manipulating flow regulating valve (V1). 5. 6. Set the flow rate to 60 LPH. Press rubber bulb 2-3 times to lower down the water levels in Loosen the vent valve on the rubber bulb slightly. The water shall rise in manometer the manometer tubes. Gently tap the manometer tubes to remove air entrapped. tubes. Set the water level at mid scale of the manometer. Ensure that total air bubbles are removed by varying the flow rate from minimum to maximum range. (The average level in the manometer can be raised by slightly venting out the air from vent valve of the air bulb or it can be lowered by pumping air by rubber bulb.) Procedure 1. Adjust rotameter flow rate in steps of 50 LPH from 60 to 600 LPH and wait for few minutes till the steady state is reached. 2. Note the pressure difference across the orifice meter. 3. Close the outlet valve at the measuring tank. 4. Measure the time required for collecting 1.5 lit of water in measuring tank. 5. Drain the measuring tank by opening the drain valve (immediately). 6. Draw the graph between theoretical discharge and actual discharge. 7. Repeat the above procedure for venturi and pitot tube. Result Thus the discharge coefficient of Orifice plate , Venturi, Pitot Tube were found. Experimental Setup Of Capacitive Level Transmitter switch on the pump.

Tabulation S.No. Level of liquid in the tank (mm) Transmitter output (mA)

1. Study of Capacitive Level Transmitter Aim

To study the characteristics of a capacitive level transducer. Apparatus Required Level measurement trainer, Multimeter. Theory Measurement and control of liquid level is an important function in many industrial process such as the operation and fueling of large liquid fuel rocket motors and in chemical industries. Liquid level may be expressed in different terms like float type, displacer type, hydrostatic type, electrical and electrostatic type etc. The capacitive type level measurement (electrical type) method is suitable for non- conductive liquids like oils, gasoline or liquid gases for corrosive acids and for high performance processes. V0 = R.Vi / (R + Xc) Xc = 1 / wC Therefore, If wCR << 1 , V0 = wCR Vi Thus output voltage is proportional to capacitance, which is in turn proportional to the liquid level being sensed. Procedure 1. 2. 3. output in mA. 4. 5. 6. 7. Result Thus, the characteristic of a capacitive level transducer was studied. Switch OFF the pump when the liquid level in the tank crosses 20 cm. Open the outlet valve of the tank slightly and close it when the level in the Note the transmitter output using the ammeter for different liquid levels. Draw a graph between Liquid level and Transmitter output. Switch ON the trainer. The pump inlet valve should be fully open and the process outlet valve Connect the multimeter across B1 and B2. This will give the transmitter should be fully closed. V0 = R.Vi / (R +1 / wC ) = wCR Vi / (1 + wCR)

tank is exactly 20 cm.

Conductivity Sensor

Conductivity Sensor Sensor mount

Tabulation S.No. Conductivity (Micro Siemens) Voltage (Volts) Current (mA)

2. Study of Conductivity Measurement Aim

To study the characteristics of conductivity meter. Apparatus Required: Conductivity Trainer, Conductivity Transmitter, Multimeter. Theory Measurement of conductivity is one of the important aspects in chemical process control. The conductivity indicates the ability of solution to conduct electricity when a voltage is applied across two electrodes kept immersed in the solution. The AC voltage of constant amplitude and frequency is applied across the electrode, which causes the current flow depending upon the conductance of the solution in between. The resistance across the electrode immersed in the solution is measured and expressed in units of conductivity. Procedure 1. Initially clean or wipe off the beaker with water.
2. Switch ON the unit.

3. Connect the sensor to the interface provided at the module.

4. Pour distilled water into the beaker. 5. Immerse the sensor into the water kept in the beaker.

6. Gradually add salt into the water solution.

7. Record the conductivity values from the display and corresponding output current and

voltage. 8. Draw the graph between 1. Voltage Vs Conductivity. 2. Current Vs Conductivity. Result Thus, the characteristic of conductivity meter was studied.

Experimental Setup

3. Study of pH Measurement Aim To measure the pH value of the given solution without and with temperature compensation. Apparatus Required pH Measurement Trainer, pH Measurement Electrode, Test solution, Process vessel. Theory Potential of hydrogen ions (pH) is the measurement of the level of acidity or alkalinity of chemical solutions. Its scale varies from 0 for extreme acidity to 14 for extreme alkalinity. The degree of acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions is determined by the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the solution. When the hydrogen ions predominate, the solution is acidic. When the hydroxyl ions are in majority, the solution is alkaline. pH value of a solution is defined as the negative algorithm of the hydrogen ion concentration pH = log(1/[H+]) The measurement of pH value is obtained by immersing a pair of electrodes in to the solution to be measured and measuring the voltage developed across them. In the pH cell, one of the electrodes, called the reference electrode, is at the constant potential regardless of the pH value of the solution under test. The potential of the other electrode, called the measuring electrode, is determined by the pH value of the solution. Due to the latest development a combination electrode is used, where in both the electrodes (reference and measuring electrodes) are assembled and fixed in a single glass tube, thus eliminating the need of two electrodes. pH measurement is used for control of corrosion prevention in the equipment and piping and to meet environmental restriction on plant effluent. Formula Used % error = ( Actual Value Displayed Value) / Displayed Value Connection Procedure
1.

Connect electrode output points to electrode plug point terminal as indicated in the front panel.

2.

Connect temperature compensation selector switch in the upward direction.

Tabulation Without Temperature Compensation S.No. Output voltage (Volts) Displayed pH value Actual pH value % error

With Temperature Compensation S.No. Output voltage (Volts) Displayed pH value Actual pH value % error

3.
4.

Wash the pH sensor tip with the help of distilled water. Immerse the electrode in the test solution. Connect 230V AC supply through 3 pin power chord. Connect voltmeter across the GND and test point nearer to display. If the test component is a pH tablet, then dissolve it in 100 ml of distilled water.

5. 6. 7. Procedure

Without Temperature Compensation 1. 2. 3. 4. Switch ON the power switch. Note down the pH value and output voltage. Calculate the percentage of error. Repeat the experiment with different solutions.

With Temperature Compensation

1.

With RTD temperature sensor connected to temperature compensation connector, position the temperature compensation selector switch in the downward direction.

2. 3. 4.
5.

Switch ON the power switch. Note down the pH value and output voltage. Calculate the percentage error. Repeat the experiment with different solutions.

Result Thus, the pH value of the given solution was found with and without temperature compensation.

Design Vmin and Vmax are the output voltages of the sensor (Universal calibrator) at the minimum and maximum temperatures. 1 = Vmin.G + Vcomp(1) 5 = Vmax.G + Vcomp(2) Solving (1) and (2), we get the values of G and Vcomp Also, G = R2 / R1

Let R1 = 1 K Therefore, R2 = Assume R3 = 1 K Therefore, Rcomp = R3 || R3 || R3 R=V/I= 1 = Imin.R + Icomp..(4) 5 = Imax.R + Icomp..(5) Imin = 4mA ; Imax = 20mA Solving (4) and (5), we get R = 250 Icomp = 0 Design of Temperature Transmitter Aim To design a signal conditioning circuit for Pt100 RTD for a temperature range of 40C to 100C. Apparatus Required Pt100 RTD, IC 741 Op-Amps, BC107 Transistor, resistors, heater, regulated power supply. Theory Signal conditioning is a process of converting the output of a transducer (or a sensor) to a desired form and level. RTD comes under the class of temperature sensors, which exhibit a change in resistance with the temperature, This characteristics enables it to be used to measure temperature. In general, the signal conditioning circuit for RTD consists of a Wheatstone bridge where the change in resistance with respect to change in temperature is converted to a corresponding voltage, which is raised to the desired voltage level by using an amplifier and converted in to an equivalent current signal. Formula RT = Ro (1 + T) in Ohms RT = resistance of the RTD at TC in Ohms Ro = resistance of the RTD at 0C in Ohms = temperature coefficient of resistance

= 0.00385 /C for Pt100 RTD Procedure i. ii. iii. iv. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure. Place the RTD in temperature bath. Note down the current and voltage outputs for every 5C. Verify the results theoretically.

Tabulation Temperature (0C) Output (mV) of Calibrator Output of (V) summer Transmitter (mA) output

Result Thus a signal conditioning circuit was designed for temperature transducer for the given temperature range.

Circuit Diagram

Design Vcomp = Vuncomp + (Vs / G) Where, Vs = output of LM 35 sensor G = Sensitivity of LM 35 (10mV / 0C) / Sensitivity of thermocouple (J type 54 V / 0C) = (10 mV / 0C) / (54 V / 0C) = 185 Also, G = R5 / R3 Let R3 = 100 Therefore R5 =

Gain of the differential amplifier = R2 / R1 = 1 Let R2 = R1 = 100 Rcomp = R3 || R3 || R5

Cold Junction Compensation of Thermocouple Aim To design a temperature transmitter with cold junction compensation for a thermocouple (k-type) using universal calibrator. Appratus Required Universal calibrator ( UNICAL 3001M), Opamp IC 741, Transistor BC107, resistors, Regulated power supply. Theory A universal calibrator acts both as a simulator and calibrator. As a calibrator it reproduces temperature with an accuracy and stability adequate for range of devices, while as simulator, it duplicates outputs of temperature sensors enabling measuring instruments to see a simulated output by precise temperature value. The Salient features are: Capable of measuring output of thermocouple B,E,J,K,R,S,and T. Capable of measuring output Pt100 and Cu-53 RTD and 2K resistance. Software controlled auto calibration and auto Zero loop within measurement cycle. Automatic cold junction compensation by means of simulated electronic ice point and 100% digital linearization techniques. Measures, simulates mV, V and mA ranges. Independent settings for zero and span. Digital nulling facility for offset cancellation.

Procedure i. ii. iii. iv. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure. Choose k-type thermocouple in the calibrator. Do offset nullification and ambient temperature compensation. Signal condition the output of the calibrator (in mV) for the given span of temperature.

Tabulation Using universal Calibrator S.No: Temperature (0C) Output of Thermocouple (mV) Without cold junction compensation With cold junction compensation

From the circuit S.No: Temperature (0C) Output of Thermocouple (mV) Without cold junction compensation With cold junction compensation

Result Thus a temperature transmitter was designed for a k type thermocouple with its cold junction compensated and output characteristics were plotted.

Circuit diagram

Design Let the output voltage at the rectifier end for a minimum displacement be Vmin and for maximum displacement be Vmax. 1 = Vmin.G + Vcomp(1) 5 = Vmax.G + Vcomp(2) Solving (1) and (2), we get the values of G and Vcomp Also, G = R2 / R1 Let R1 = 1 K Therefore, R2 = Assume R3 = R4 = R5 = 1 K Therefore, Rcomp = R3 || R4 || R5

Tabulation S.No Displacement (mm) Rectified output voltage of the sensor (mV) Output voltage (V)

Design of Signal Conditioning Circuit for a Linear Variable Differential Transformer ( LVDT) Aim To design a signal conditioning circuit for an LVDT to obtain an output voltage of (1-5) V Apparatus Required LVDT, diode IN4148, opamp IC741, signal generator, capacitors, resistors, regulated power supply, multimeter. Theory Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is based on the inductance principle. A transformer with a sinusoidal voltage at the primary is used, whose core is movable. The displacement to be measured is attached with this core. The two identical secondary coils have induced in them sinusoidal voltages of the same frequency as the excitation; however, the amplitude varies as the iron core moves when the secondaries are connected in series opposition. A null position exists at which the net output is zero. Motion of the core from null causes a larger mutual inductance (coupling) for one coil and smaller mutual inductance for the other and the amplitude of output voltage becomes a nearly linear function of core position for a considerable range on either side of the null position. Procedure i. Rig up the circuit for rectification of the output of the LVDT. ii. Observe the DC output for the desired range of displacement measurement. iii. Add suitable signal conditioning circuit to obtain output is the range of (1 - 5)V iv. Take down the readings & plot the graph. (Displacement Vs Output voltage).

Result Thus a signal conditioning circuit for an LVDT was designed and an output of (1-5) V was obtained.

Circuit Diagram

Linearisation of Thermistor
R 8

+15 v
R R R4 3 2 + 4 7

741
-15v

R4 R 2 R T R1 R3

Vo

Design From the S curve, the curve is linear over the range of 40 0C to 100 0C, for S = 10 Therefore, RT / R1 = 10 Let R1 = 1K Therefore, RT = 10 K Let R3 = R4 = R = 10 K and R2 = 10 K (pot) Tabulation S.No: Temperature (0C) Output before linearization (V) Output after linearization (V)

Linearization of Thermistor Aim To linearise the response of a thermistor by designing a linearization circuit. Apparatus Required Thermistor, resistor, water bath, thermometer, opamp IC741, regulated power supply, multimeter. Theory Thermistor, as the name implies is a thermally sensitive resistor which generally has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (although positive coefficient of temperature is also possible). Thermistors are mostly made from semiconductors whose resistivity decreases with increase in temperature. R = Ro exp {(1/T-1/To)} R = Resistance at temperature T () Ro = Resistance at temperature To () = Constant, characteristics of material in kelvin. T, To = absolutr temperature in Kelvin. By the temperature Vs resistance relationship, we can obviously understand that the response of the thermistor is highly non linear. Thermistor linearization is being carried out in various industries where sensitivity is of prime importance because thermistor has the advantage that the sensitivity of it is very high. There are various linearization techniques available in literature. Procedure i. ii. Rig up the bridge circuit without the compensation resistance, and nullify the bridge output. Raise the temperature of the water bath and note down the corresponding output voltage at temperatures with interval of 5C. iii. iv. Result Thus a linearization circuit for thermistor was designed and the linearized output was obtained. Repeat above steps with compensation resistance. Plot the graph. (resistance Vs temperature).

Instrument Control Aim To control instruments located at a remote station from the control room. Apparatus Required Function Generator (33220), Digital Signal Oscilloscope (3062A), PC, VEEPro 9.0 software, GPIB to USB converter ( 82357B), GPIB cable. Theory Agilent Visual Engineering Environment (VEE) is a powerful visual language environment that dramatically reduces the development time of a programmer. It is mainly to communicate the PC with an instrument to control it and therefore to obtain its response characteristics. The USB / GPIB interface cable is hot, pluggable, making it easy to connect and disconnect without having to shut down the computer. The instruments are connected in a daisy chain fashion. These are very easy to connect all the devices together. They require a minimum of cable as compared to other cable configuration. It is easy to add more devices anywhere in the chain. The maximum number of instruments that can be connected is restricted to 14. Once all the instruments are connected together, the data and control signals can be transferred from one instrument to the other and also all devices can be controlled from a single PC. Task to be done 1. Establishing communication and controlling remote instruments. 2. Program / Application using virtual instruments. Procedure 1. 2. Result Thus instruments located at a remote station were controlled from the control room.

Tank specification

Cross sectional area Height its maximum range. Transmitter range Tabulation S.No:

: 5 sq in : 1.2 m

The tank height is designed such that, the transmitter can be used for measuring one hundredth of : 1,05,460 mm of water column Transmitter output (psi) Transmitter output (%)

Level of water in Transmitter the tank (mm) output (Bar)

Calculation 1 bar = 105 pa = 14.5 psi 1 psi = 6894.57 pa = 0.06895 bar

Measurement of Level using Guage Pressure Transmitter Aim

To measure level using a gauge pressure transmitter. Apparatus Required Power supply, smart gauge pressure transmitter. Theory Level measurement of an open head tank can be done by measuring the pressure at the bottom, from which level can be inferred. The pressure input of the guage pressure transmitter should be connected to the bottom of the tank for this purpose. Procedure 1. Connect the bottom of the tank to the pressure transmitter input. 2. Excite the transmitter with +12 V DC supply. 3. Increase the level in steps of 106 mm and note down the output indicated in the LCD display of the transmitter. 4. Plot graph between level and transmitter output. Result Thus the level of a given tank was measured using a guage pressure transmitter.