Assignment No:11 Transfer Function & Block Diagram Reduction

Name : Ramchandra Waingankar. Seat NO : 636060

[A] Definition of Transfer Function

The ratio of the Laplace transform of the output (or response) to the Laplace transform of the input (or excitation) under the assumption of zero initial conditions is defined as the transfer function of the given system. For the system shown in Fig: c( t ) - output and Lc( t ) = C( s ). r( t ) - input and Lr( t ) = R( s ) g( t ) - system function and Lg( t ) = G( s )

Therefore transfer function G(s) =

B] Properties of Transfer Function

1.The transfer function of a system in the Laplace transform of its impulse response for zero initial conditions 2. The transfer function can be determined from system Input-output pair by taking ratio of Laplace of output to Laplace of input. 3. The system differential equation can be obtained from transfer function by replacing s-variable with Linear Differential Operator D. defined by D = d/dt. 4. The transfer function is independent of the inputs to the system. 5. The system, poles/zeros can be found out from transfer function 6. Stability can be determined from the characteristic equation 7. The transfer function is defined only for linear time invariant systems

[C] Advantages and Disadvantages of Transfer Function

Advantages 1. It is a mathematical model that gives the gain of the given block/system. 2. As It uses lapsplace transform, the terms are simple algebraic expressions. Integer-differential terms are absent. 3. Once transfer function ts known, any output for any given input, can be known.

4. From the knowledge of the transfer function the poles and zeros of a system is found out. Both poles and zeros of a system ploy a very important role in response of the system. 5. From the characteristic equation, system stability can be inferred. Disadvantages 1. Transfer function is valid only for Linear Time Invariant systems. 2. It does not take Into account the initial conditions. Initial conditions looses it's significance. 3. It does not give any idea about how the present output is progressing. No idea about physical structure of the system Is immediately known.

[D] Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function

Poles: The values of s' for which the transfer function magnitude I G (s) | becomes infinite after substitution in the denominator of the system are called as poles of transfer function.

Zeros: The values of s' for which the transfer function magnitude I G (s) | becomes zero after substitution in the numerator of the system are called as Zeros of transfer function.

[E] Characteristic Equation

The equation obtained by equating the denominator polynomial of a transfer function to zero is called as the characteristic equation.

[F] Block Diagram Fundamentals

1 Block Diagram : Block diagram is a pictorial representation of the cause and effect relationship between input and output of the system. 2 Output : Output = Gain * Input Value of input is multiplied to value of block gain to get the output. 3 Summing Point : More than one sigal can be added or subtracted at summing point.

4 Take off Point : The output signal can be applied to two or more input from a take off point.

5 Forward Path : The direction of flow of signal is from input to output.

6 Feedback Path : The direction of flow of signal is from output to input.

[G] Rules of Block Diagram Reduction: Rule No 1 : Blocks in series or cascade Any finite number of blocks in series may be algebraically combined by multiplication.

Rule No 2 : Blocks in parallel The blocks which are connected in parallel get added algebraically (considering the sign or polarity of the signal )

Rule No 3 : Eliminate feedback loop

Rule No 4 : Associative law for summoning The order of summing point can be changed if two or more summing points are in series.

Rule No 5 : Shifting a summoning point before a block

Rule No 6 : Shifting a summoning point after a block Here the aim is to shift summing point after G as shown by dotted lines.

Rule No 7 : Shifting a Take off point before a block Here the aim is to shift the take off point before G as shown by dotted lines.

Rule No 8 : Shifting a Take off point after a block Here the aim is to shift the take off point after G as shown by dotted lines.

Rule No 9 :Shifting a Take off point after a summoning point

Rule No10 :Shifting a Take off point before a summoning point

[H] Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Diagram Reduction

Advantages: (1) The functional operation of the system observed from block diagram. (2) Block diagram gives the information about system (3) Block diagram is used to analysis and design of control system. (4) It is very simple to construct the block diagram for big and complicated system. Disadvantages : (1) Block diagram for given system are non unique. (2 )Source of energy flow in the system is not shown on the diagram. (3 )In block diagram, it is assumed that inside the block is affected by its inputs and not by other blocks. There is no interaction between various blocks. (4) In procedure of reduction of block diagram algebra some important functions may be omitted or hidden. There is no check for it.