Determination of Densities

Arkel Jed Angelo G. Espaar Lassanah Mamadu A. Keita

De La Salle University-Dasmarias Dasmarias, Cavite Philippines

ABSTRACT The determination of densities were demonstrated by using: a watch glass, a 10 and 100 ml graduated cylinders, a beam balance, a metric ruler, a block of wood, a marble, a some pebbles. The reagents used in this experiment were: isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil, water, and an unknown liquid sample. In order to get the densities of the liquid samples we used a 10 and a 100 ml graduated cylinder. For water, we used the 100 ml graduated cylinder. We took the weight of the graduated cylinder which was 98.8 g then added 50 ml of water which caused the weight to change to 144.8 g. We subtracted the initial weight of the graduated cylinder, from the weight of the graduated cylinder after water was added. Then using the formula ( ) in where D=Density, M=Mass, and V=Volume we can derive the density of water. This formula simply indicates that in order to derive the density of water we have to divide its mass over its volume. This gave us the conclusion that the experimental density of water is 0.92 g/ml. A similar method was used for the other reagents, only instead of a 100 ml graduated cylinder, a 10 ml graduated cylinder was used. The measurement of the reagent added into the 10 ml graduated cylinder was 5.0 ml. As for the solid items, they were classified into: Regular-Shaped Solids: Rectangular Solid, Spherical Solid. And finally Irregularly-Shaped Objects. Other measuring methods were used for measuring these solid items.

INTRODUCTION Density is used to characterize subs. It is defined as the amount of matter occupying a unit of volume. Density is commonly expressed in g/ml for liquids, g/cm for solids & g/L for gases. It is also describes the characteristic property of the material. D= Where: D=density M=mass V=volume The mass of a liquid / solid may be taken directly from a balance. Similarly, the volume of a liquid sample may be read from a graduated cylinder. For regular solids like a cube / rectangular solid, their volumes can be calculated using the formula V = S & V = lwh respectively. S refers to the length of one of the sides of the cube while l, w, h is for rectangular solids. For irregularly-shaped solids, their volumes are taken using the water displacement method. The irregularly shaped solid is immersed in water & the volume is taken as the volume of the irregularly shaped solid.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Densities Solids
Regular (Weigh all) Wooden blocks Thickness Width Length Marble Diameter Circumference Radius Liquids Type of liquid Water Isopropyl alcohol Coconut oil Unknown (Kerosene) Measurement (50 ml) (5 ml) (5 ml) (5 ml) Measure of graduated Cylinder (100 ml) (10 ml) (10 ml) (10 ml) Pebbles -- weigh -- immerse ( water displacement method) Irregular

Rectangular

Spherical

-- weigh by difference -- measure the volume

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Experimental Procedure

The materials that we used were 10 & 100ml graduated cylinders, watch glass, beam balance, metric ruler, block of wood, pebbles. First we weighed all the solids. Then we measured the thickness, width, & length of the rectangular-shaped solid. We also measured the diameter, circumference, & radius of the spherical-shaped solid. And lastly, we weighed a clean and dry watch glass and we placed the pebbles there. And then we filled the graduated cylinder w/ 30 ml water. And then we put the pebbles into the graduated cylinder. And finally we were able to determine its final volume. The Reagents used for the liquid experiment were 5ml of isopropyl alcohol, 5ml coconut oil,5ml unknwn (kerosene), & 50ml of water. We weighed a clean & dry 100ml graduated & added a 50 ml water, and determined the mass of the container w/ water. After that, we weighed a clean dry 10 ml graduated cylinder and added an amount of 5ml of the liquid samples & weighed them all.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1.1 Results of Density Measurements of Liquids Experimental Density

0.92 g/ml 0.66 g/ml 0.96 g/ml 0.62 g/ml

Liquids Water Isopropyl Alcohol Coconut Oil Kerosene

Mass
46 g 3.3 g 4.8 g 3.1 g

Volume
50 ml 5.0 ml 5.0 ml 5.0 ml

Known density at 30 C
1 g/ml 0.80 g/ml 0.90 g/ml 0.81 g/ml

Percentage Error
8% 18% -7% 23%

In Table 1.1, the results show us that in measuring liquids with the same volume, their mass and density are different. Derived from the experiment we notice that the Coconut oil has the greatest mass among the given liquids while the Unknown Liquid Sample has the least mass.

Table 1.2 Results of Density Measurement of a Regular Rectangular Solid Regular Rectangular Solid Block of wood Mass
33.9 g

Length
48 cm

Width
37 cm

Height
36 cm

Volume

Density

In Table 1.2, there is an indication that shows us in measuring rectangular-shaped solids we use the formula V = lwh to get the volume and then divide the mass by the volume to get the density.

Table 1.3 Results of Density Measurement of a Regular Spherical Solid Regular Spherical Solid Marble Mass
29 g

Diameter
70.2 cm

Volume

Density

In Table 1.3, we can see that the density was derived by using the formula ( we can derive the volume. And mass over volume will give us the density.

), in which r=radius and h=height,

Table 1.4 Results of Density Measurement of an Irregular Solid Irregular Solid Pebble Mass
4.8 g

Volume
2 ml

Density
7.4 g/ml

In Table 1.4, we can see the density was derived by dividing mass over volume. In order for us to get the volume of an irregular-shaped solid we had to immerse it in water. This method is called water displacement method. We subtract the final volume of water from the initial volume of water to derive the volume of the irregular-shaped object.

REFERENCES Samonte, Joseph L.; Figueroa, Lolibeth V. General Chemistry Laboratory Manual 3 Publishing, Inc. 2007
rd

Edition C&E

Prepared by: Arkel Jed Angelo G. Espaar, BS Computer Engineering Freshman College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology De La Salle University-Dasmarias Dasmarias, Cavite Philippines Lassanah Mamadu A. Keita, BS Computer Engineering Freshman College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology De La Salle University-Dasmarias Dasmarias, Cavite Philippines