REYNOLDS APPARATUS OBJECTIVE:

To study different types of flow (based on observation of flow in pipe and comparison between observation and the values theoretically obtained)

AIM:
To determine the Reynolds Number of different flow profiles

INTRODUCTION:
As a petroleum engineer we have to design pipeline to transport petroleum. Reynolds Number tells us about type of flow. By knowing Reynolds Number we can predict about type of flow that petroleum will possess. This will tell us about amount of pressure exerted by petroleum on pipeline. So we can make pipeline accordingly.

THEORY:
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number Re is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions. It is related to viscosity, average pipeline velocity and geometrically similar boundary conditions. Re (Reynolds Number) is expressed as:

Where, D = Diameter of glass tube in m V = average velocity of fluid flow in m/sec Re < 2100 Laminar flow Re > 4000 Turbulent flow Re = 2100-4000 Transition zone

= Density of fluid in kg/m^3 = Viscosity of fluid in N*s/ m^2

DATA:
1. D = 0.025 m 2. Temperatures versus Kinematic viscosity values as available are as under: Table 1: Kinematic viscosity data for water at different temperatures TEMPERATURE (oC) KINEMATIC VICOSITY(m2/s) 0 1.788X10-6 20 1.066X10-6 40 0.657X10-6 60 0.478X10-6 o Average Kinematic Viscosity at room temp (30 C) = (1.066*10-6 + 0.657*10-6) /2 =0.8615*10-6 m2/s

Laminar Flow:
It is flow in which streamlines need not to be straight as the flow steady as long as this criterion is fulfilled. Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards.

Fig. 1 Schematic of laminar flow

Turbulent Flow:
Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic and stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time

Fig. 2 Schematic of turbulent flow Transitional flow: Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows behaves in different manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while flowing, and have different equations that predict their behavior.

APPARATUS:

Fig-3

Fig-4

Apparatus lay out diagram

Fig-5 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

EQUIPMENT ON APPARATUS:
ITEM Dye tank Head tank Glass tube Flow regulator valve Tank ITEM S NO. 1 2 3 4 5 ITEM Control valve Bypass valve Power supply panel Centrifugal pump Measuring cylinder ITEM S NO. 6 7 8 9 10

Reynolds number Apparatus contains a tank (5) with centrifugal pump (9) which circulates water from tank to a glass tube (3) with one end having bell entrance connected to head tank (2) to insert dye. At other end of tube flow regulator (4) is present to change flow of water through it. Flow rate is measured with help of measuring cylinder (10) and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill storage tank - (5) with clean water. 2. Prepare KMnO4 dye solution and put it in a vessel- (1) provided in apparatus. 3. Open bypass- (7) and turn on pump (9). 4. Open control valve-(6) to supply water through glass tube-(3) and regulate its minimum flow. 5. Let dye flow through glass tube.-(3) 6. Regulate flow of dye in glass tube by increasing or decreasing water flow with the help of control valve-(4) 7. Measure time t required to fill the measuring cylinder. (Vo =1000 ml)- (10) 8. Change flow rate with the help of valve(4) and take reading for different types of flow

Sample Calculations:
D = 0.025 m at 20 = at 40 = (Assumed lab temperature as 300C) Velocity in pipe = V o / t (Area of pipe) Area of pipe (glass tube) = A = D 2 / 4 = 3.14 (0.025)2/4 m2 = 490.6 10-6 m2 Q = [(Vo*10-6)/t] m3/sec Where Vo is the volume of water collected in measuring cylinder in ml in t seconds. V = Q/ (Area of pipe) m/sec (V = velocity of water in glass tube) = DV/ Velocity in pipe V= [(1/t) 10-3] / 0.0004906 m/sec (When volume of water collected in cylinder is 1000 ml)

Note: Re = [(59.150 * Vo)/t] (Where Vo is the volume (in ml) collected in t seconds if it is different than 1000 ml)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vo (ml) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 t (sec) 29 25 21 18 10.5 4.63 Calculated Re = 59150.33 X 1/t 2040 2364 2816 3286 5633 12775 Observed flow type Laminar Laminar Transient Transient Turbulent Turbulent Calculated result is true or not Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

RESULT
1. As we increase velocity of flow, flow pattern changes from Laminar to Transition to Turbulent. 2. Re is dependent on kinematic viscosity so here calculated result is not equal to observed result because temperature in lab assumed as 300C and hence the value of viscosity is based on assumption.