Determinant Most said determinants are square schemes.

Determinant is a function depending on n that associates a scalar , det(A), to every nn square matrix A. Must be careful how marked determinants, because it is similar mark, as matrices.

a1 By agreement, matrix is marking with square brackets, for example A = a 2 a3 a1

Determinant is marking with

b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 . c3

b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3

a1
or det (A) = a 2 a3

b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3

A = a2 a3

Finding determinants
2 2 (2 rows and 2 columns)

a b = ad bc c d
Multiply the elements of the so-called main diagonal minus multiplied elements of the supporting diagonal.

Example:
3 4 5 7 = 3 7 - 4 5 = 21-20 = 1

1 3 = (-1) 12- (-5) 3=-12+15=3 5 12

3 3 (3 rows and 3 columns)

Determinants 3 3 ,we can develop in any row or column. First of all, to every element assign sign + or -

+ + + + +
Just to remind you: rows are , and column

a1 a2 a3

b1 b2 b3

c1 c 2 = If you want to develop for example, by the first row = c3

= + a1

b2 b3 a2 a3

c2 a b1 2 c3 a3 c2 a + b2 1 c3 a3

c2 a + c1 2 c3 a3 c1 a b3 1 c3 a2

b2 =Or if we do development by the second column: b3 c1 c2

= b1

The best is, of course, to develop by that column or the row where where we have the most zeros !

5 3 1
Example: Calculate the value of determinant 1 7 0 =?

2 3 2
Solution:

5 3 1

+ +

1 7 0 = First, above each number write the sign: + , or if is easier to you ,just above the numbers in 2 3 2 + + the column or row , on which you decided to expand determinant.
We have decided on the second row because it has a zero .
+ 3 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 0 = 1 7 0 = 1 +7 0 =-1(3 2 - 1 3)+7(5 2-2 1)= -3 +56 = 53 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2

5 3 1

5 3 1

Rule of Sarrus
The sum of the products of three diagonal north-west to south-east lines of matrix elements, minus the sum of the products of three diagonal south-west to north-east lines of elements when the copies of the first two columns of the matrix are written beside it as below:

a1

b1

c1

a 2 b2 c 2 a 3 b3 c3 - -

a1 b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3

= a1b2 c3 + b1c 2 a 3 + c1 a 2 b 3 b1 a 2 c3 a1c 2 b3 c1b2 a3

5 3 1
Example: Calculate the value of determinant 1 7 0 =? 2 3 2

5 3 1 5 3 1 7 0 1 7 = 5 7 2 + 3 0 2 + 1 1 3 - 3 1 2 - 5 0 3 - 1 7 2 = 70 + 0 +3 6 0 14 = 53 2 3 2 2 3

So, both ways, we get the same result, and you can select what is easier.

4 4 (4 rows and 4 columns)

a1 a2 a3 a4

b1 b2 b3 b4

c1 c2 c3 c4

d1 d2 d3 d4

+ + = We can develop it by any row or column! Add signs : + + + + + +

We will, for example, to develop determined by the first column:

a1

b1 b2 b3 b4

c1 c2 c3 c4

d1 d2 d3 d4

a2
+

b2
= + a1 b3

c2 c3 c4

d2

b1

c1 c3 c4

d1

b1

c1 c2 c4

d1

b1

c1 c2 c3

d1 d2 d3

a3

b4

d 3 a 2 b3 d4 b4

d 3 + a 3 b2 d4 b4

d 2 a 4 b2 d4 b3

a4

Of course, now we have to develop each of the four determinants with 3 rows and 3 columns ....

Agree that this is not easy.

DETERMINANT CHARACTERISTICS will help us in solving problems!

DETERMINANT CHARACTERISTICS

1. Determinant changes sign if the two rows of columns change their places.

2. Value of determinants does not change if all rows and columns change their places.

a1
3. k a 2 a3

b1 b2 b3 mb1 mb2 mb3

c1

a1 k b1 k b2 b3 a1 b1 b2 b3

c1 k

a1k

b1

c1 c 2 = etc. c3

c2 = a 2 c3 a3 c1

c 2 = a 2 k b2 c3 a 3 k b3 c1 c2 c3

a1 a2 a3

c2 = m a 2 c3 a3

a1
4.

b1 + m1 b2 + m 2 b3 + m3

c1

a1

b1 b2 b3

c1

a1

m1 m2 m3

c1 c2 c3

a2 a3

c2 = a 2 c3 a3

c2 + a 2 c3 a3

5.

If all elements of a row (column) equal to zero, the value of determinant is zero.

3 0 55 1 0 4 0 0 12

0 =0 or 8 4

0 5 5

0 7 9

0 4 8 =0

77 68 34 80

6. If elements of the two rows (or columns) have the same value, of determinant is zero, again. Example:

12

7 3

9 4 6 = 0 12 7 3

7. If the two species (columns) proportional to one another, the value determinants is zero .

Example:

2
*5

9 5 56 = 0 10 15 20

8. Value of determinant remains unchanged if the elements of a row (column) is added to the elements of some other row (column). [we can multiply that row with the same number if we need that!] The eight properties will help us to solve determinants 4 4 , 5 5

Example1.
1 Calculate the value: 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 5 2 2

2 3 2

3 1

Solution:

The idea is:, using properties of the determinant No.8 1 5 2 2

1 2 4

4 1 1

2 3 2

3 1

First, we make zero where is 4 . How?

I row * ( - 4 ) + IV row

goes to IV row

1 (-4)+4=0 2 (-4)+2= -6 4 (-4)+1= -15 (-1)(-4)+(-2)=2

1 2 4

4 1 1

1 5 2 2 =

1 2 3 0

2 2 1

4 3 1

1 5 2 2

2 3 2

3 1

6 15

Next, we make zero where is - 3.

I row *3 + III row

III row

1 3+(-3)=0 2 3+1 = 7 4 3+1 =13 (-1) 3+(-2)= -5 1 5 2 2 = 1 5 5 2

1 2 3 0

2 2 1

4 3 1

1 2 0

2 2 7

4 3 13

6 15

0 6 15

And finaly, we make zero where is 2.

(-2)*I row + II row

II row

(-2) 1+2= 0 (-2) 2+2= -2 (-2) 4+(-3)=-11 (-2)(-1)+5=7 1 2 0 2 2 7 4 3 13 1 5 5 2 = 1 0 2 7 4 13 1 7 5 2

0 2 11 0 6 15

0 6 15

If you develop determined by the first column, we will have only one member! 1 7 5 2

1 0

2 7

4 13

0 2 11 0 6 15

2 11
= 7

7
Rule of Sarrus

13 5 6 15 2

 2 11

2 11 7 13 5 7 13 = -52-330-735+154+150+546 = -267 6 15 2 6 15 + + + 7

Of course you do not need to go step by step, but immediately take all three zero!

a a a Example 2.
Calculate

a b b b =? a b c c a b c d

Solution:

a a a a

a b b b

a a b b below a in the first column, we have to made all zero! c c c d

II row I row III row I row IV row I row

II row III row IV row

a a a a b b a b c a b c

a a a a b 0 ba ba = c 0 ba ca d

a ba From the first row we can draw a common a . ca

0 ba ca d a

a a a 0 ba ba 0 ba ca

a 1 1 1 ba 0 ba ba =a ca 0 ba ca

ba ca

develop by 1 column

0 ba ca d a

0 ba ca d a

ba ba ba 1 ba ba ba a = a b a c a c a = a (b a ) 1 c a c a 0 ba ca ca ba ca d a 1 ca d a 0 ba ca d a
0 ba ba

Go again to make the zero in the first column! II row I row II row : c-a-b+a=c-b

III row I row

III row

: c-a-b+a=c-b and d-a-b+a=d-b

1 ba ba
a (b a ) 1 c a

cb c b c a = a (b a ) 0 c b c b = a (b a ) = a (b a )(c b)(d c) cb d b 1 ca d a 0 cb d b

1 ba ba

So, the solution is:

a a a a b b a b a b c c

a b c d = a (b a )(c b)(d c)