Tester

coursework
title
CW01 JOURNAL
FACULTY Faculty of Design & Technology SCHOOL The Scott Sutherland School COURSE(S) BSc (Hons) Construction Design & Management BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology BSc (Hons) Surveying MArch Architecture STAGE 1 ACADEMIC YEAR 2009 . 2010 SEMESTER 1 MODULE AC1002 : Introduction to Building Technology CO-ORDINATOR Bruce Newlands bruce.newlands@rgu.ac.uk DATE OF ISSUE Tuesday 23rd September 2008 HAND IN
ANYTIME BEFORE FRIDAY 8TH JANUARY 2010

This front sheet MUST accompany your submission All work to be submitted as digital copies, originals must be retained by the student The University Regulations do not provide for late submissions, all work must therefore be submitted by the set date unless due to approved Mitigating Circumstances, details of Mitigating Circumstances should be intimated by accompanying letter and medical certificates should be submitted to the School Secretary in Room SC02.
INSTRUCTIONS Submit Digitally via MOODLE before 12:00PM on the above day
JOURNAL
AC1002 The Art of Building
Observing 01
Comparative Study : Steeples
Nesting 02
Site Analysis
Materials 03
Cataloguing & Glossary
Built Heritage 04
Vernacular Architecture
Archaeolink 05
Site Visit
Structure 06
Workshop
Frame 07
Design Esquisse
Model 08
Building
Drawing 09
Construction Drawing
Detail 10
Annotating Drawings
Envelope 11
Thermal Analysis
Observing 01
To the right my journey from Woolmanhill RGU Halls to Garthdee RGU Campus is outlined. A great variation of architecture and architectural details can be observed on this journey.
In Woolmanhill, Aberdeen City Centre, this building is the only example of a large scale building built primarily with red brick. It has been converted into a number of apartments in recent years. Contemporary detail has been added (red steel cladding on roof and the abstract design on the rails protecting the car park area) to the building. These additions contrast well with the traditional red brick.
Also in Woolmanhill is the remains of a wall of building which is no longer there. The wall has been filled in and changed over time. It consist of a variety of materials including red brick and finely cut granite. The red brick compliments to the aforementioned apartment building while, as the granite does to the many of the dominating building within the city.
Observing 01
This abandoned church, which has now been partly converted into a bar Triple Kirks, is one of the many examples of Aberdeens churches. Due to the dying interest and involvement of younger generation in religion many of these churches are no longer in demand for their original use. Triple Kirks is one of a the many churches in Aberdeen which has been converted for alternative use.
His Majestys Theatre located across from Union Terrace Gardens is a very successful example of an old building which has been extended in a contemporary manor which is sympathetic to the original building. It is one of a number of buildings in the city which has oxidised copper cladding. It is also one of the many buildings related to the Arts in Aberdeen and is a proof of the significant role they play in the city.
Siberia is one of the many bars in Aberdeen. Aberdeen has a very active night life. This architecture of this bar is arguably more considered than some of its rivals. The buildings original feature are emphasized and there is an eclectic feel to it.
Observing 01
This is a detail of a window over the door of number 16 Union Terrace. It is very different to many typical arched windows over doorways. The delicate curved frame work of it contrast with the heavy, raw granite surrounding it.
This handrail is located on the steps of the Aberdeen Music Hall. The Bronze material of it is very smooth to touch. It is a very practical and important element of the Hall and may often go untoiced. The Hall itself is a very significant part of Aberdeens architectural landscape. It is also again a reminder that the Arts are very much alive in the Aberdeen area
This is a pillar of a suburban house on the road out to Garthdee. It shares element of the style of architecture seen further within the city, such as the materiality of it. However it contrasts heavily with the urban feel of the city. It marks as a barrier to the passersby to what is beyond it. It also marks the sense of privatization and separation in the more suburban areas.
Nesting 02
Site Analysis We choose the Garthdee Round Tower as part of our site analysis. It is located on the southern edge of the Garthdee campus in between Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and the Built Environment and The Scott Sutherland Business School.
Figure 1
Please note the label River Dee has been lost in the scanning process. It is far south of Round Tower Shelter and surrounding environment The buildings site is shown on the map in Diagram 1. A very sharp incline separates the site from the south bank of the River Dee. This inclines vegetation mainly comprises of deciduous trees. The building located beside by a large grouping of coniferous and deciduous trees and bushes to its east. A number of very old coniferous and deciduous trees are also located to the buildings east and southwest. The Scott Sutherland is located to its south east, providing a large amount of shelter. The site is further sheltered as it is on relatively level ground at the end of a slope with a number of developments which receives the majority of the weather conditions.
Pictures Show Shelter Tower Receives

Weather conditions As stated the structures is very well sheltered so receives fewer. It faces every direction as it is round however it is mostly exposed to the south. This means that the tower is likely to receive large amounts of sunshine relative to Aberdeen. The sun is low in the North East of Scotland so all sites will receive limited amounts of sunlight. The site also undergoes cold temperatures typical to Aberdeen. The pathways etc would become dangerous in icy conditions; as they are highly sheltered to the north of the site they may take considerable time to thaw under these conditions. The site would receive other conditions typical to the North East of Scotland such as rain, sun, frost, snow. Structure The structure is a 6 story round tower. It has homogenous windows in its flats; these express a sense of geometry and formality. A common room is located on the fifth and 6th floor of the round tower. It is orientated to face the large amounts of sunlight from the south and south west sun. The common room has large steel frame windows; these contrast to the traditional style windows of the flats; they also break repetitive geometry of the building and add a contemporary feel to it.
Structure in context to the surroundings Its rough render and terracotta colour cause the structure to appear more organic. Its height emulates the height of the surrounding trees. As a result the structure is less imposing. Its roundness also appears to emulate the trunks of the trees. Health risks The fact that the path on the circumference of the building is on the edge of a very sharp incline is a huge health risk. This area is poorly lit also. It is very likely that someone would fall if not familiar with the path way during dark hours of the day.
Nesting 2 We choose
Materials 03
Aggregate Blocks
Appearance Description
Light grey coloured. Hard, rough texture. Formed from china clay stent, cement and water. Up to 90% recycled material.
Uses
Interior and exterior walls.
Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)
440x100x215 N/A Lightweight - 1450 Dense - 1950 High
Durability
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Lightweight - 0.42-0.51 Dense - 1.074-1.180 0.1 0.005
9.88
Notes
Available in lightweight and dense. Recyclable and reusable. Life 60 years+
Aluminium(Al)
Bight silver-grey. Generally shiny depending on its finish Aluminium is metallic and is the thirteenth element on the periodic table of elements. Its extremely lightweight and durable
Uses
Metal sheeting for building facades, cladding etc, window and door frames, household products (e.g. cans, foil etc.), as an alloy in conjunction with other metals.
Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability
2000-3500mm Length N/A 2700Kg/m3 High Durability
236W/mk 155 MJ/Kg 8.24 Co2 kg / kg 0MNs/g
Notes
Aluminium is not a renewable resource yet can be sourced relatively easily as its widely recycled in the Western World.
Fraxinus excelsior (European Ash Tree)
Creamy White Light Brown. Light grain Fraxinus excelsior (European Ash Tree) is a large deciduous tree growing to 2035 m tall, exceptionally to 46 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m, exceptionally to 3.5 m diameter. Widely available in England where it is particularly valued for its fast growth on poor soils and exposed sites where few other trees can be grown successfully. It is a hard wood
Uses
Furniture, Sports equipment (base ball bats, hurleys etc)
2000-3500mm Length N/A 710 kg/m3 Low Durability
N/A
8 MJ/kg 0.4 Co2 kg / kg

N/A
Notes
e.g Renewable
Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests
Beech Wood
Light Yellow- Brown Beech wood comes from the deciduous Beech Tree which is a native of Europe, Asia and North America. It grows in acidic or basic soil types provide the site is not water logged. Beech trees provide a huge amount of shade. The beech tree grows on average from 25m to 35m. It grows tall and straight if it receives direct sunlight and is given space to do so. It is a native to the South of England as soil types were compatible after the last glaciations. It is not a native to the rest of the UK or to Ireland. Furniture, Wood Flooring.
Uses
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)
720 kg/m3 Low Durability
Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
Renewable Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests Durability relates to resistance to fungal attacks.
Chipboard P5
Light, golden brown. Textured with speckles of woodchips Clipboard P5 is a load flooring grade building board consisting of compressed and bonded woodchips composing sheeting of building board.
Uses
e.g Boat and ship construction, pallets, packing boxes, board manufacture and paper making. It can be used structurally but must be graded C16 minimum, typcially used for pallets, fences &
Depth: 13 - 22 N/A 695 kg/m3 High Durability
0.23 W/mk 8 MJ/kg 0.4 Co2 kg / kg

N/A
Notes
Prone to warping when in contact with water.
Concrete Blocks
Light grey coloured with hard, rough surface. Concrete is a construction material composed of cement as well as other materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures. Foundations, interior and exterior walls.
Uses
400x100x215 N/A 1900 kg/m3
Durability
High
1.28 0.71 0.08
Notes
Non-renewable resource. Can be toxic if broken.
Copper
Reddish- brown/Green Copper (Cu) is a metal element. It has an atomic number 29 and a mass number 63.5. It is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity. It is an extremely ductile metal i.e. can be easily bent and shaped. It has a melting point of 1084C/1085C and a boiling point of 2562C.
Uses
Piping/Plumbing, Roofing (e.g. Speyer Cathedral, Speyerer Germany), Wiring (e.g. most electrical appliances). Decorative arts (e.g. Statue of Liberty NYC, sculpture works), Its also used as an alloy when combined with other metals.
N/A N/A
8940 kg/m3
400 W/mk
70.6 ?MJ/kg 3.01 Co2 kg / kg 0 MNs/g
Medium Durability
Notes
Recyclable, although not a renewable resource. It oxidises over time and changes colour as a result.
Douglas Fir
Pink Brown, dark grain. Douglas Fir wood comes from the coniferous Douglas Fir Tree. The tree is an average/large conifer growing around 20m and up to 120m in prime conditions (native habitat). There are five species of Douglas Fir, two from Western North America, two from Asia and one from Mexico. The Scottish botanist D. Douglas is credited with introducing the species to Europe. Douglas Fir is mainly used for exterior joinery, flooring furniture.
Uses
.11
530kg/ m3 Relatively High Durability
Notes
Renewable Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests
Earthwool Loft Roll
Brownish-yellow colour. Easily compressible. Knauf Insulations EarthWool Sound Control Batts are made from highly resilient, inorganic glass fibres bonded by Ecose Technology, a revolutionary new binder based on rapidly renewable bio-based materials rather than non-renewable petroleum based chemicals. Ecose Technology reduces Knauf Insulation binder embodied energy and contains no phenol, formaldehyde, acrylics or artificial colours found in traditional glasswool insulation. Interior walls, floors, crawlspaces and ceilings.
Uses
1140 Width N/A 14
Durability
Moderate
0.04 28 1.35
Notes
Incorporates Ecose, a natural, formaldehyde-free binder with a high content of recycled glass bottles
Glass Wool Insulation
Yellow thick fluffy material This is an unnatural form of insulation made from fibre glass (sand and glass fused together). It is available in sheets or rolls.
Uses
Insulation for buildings and structures, use most efficiently in cavity and attic spaces.
Varying depths usually between 75mm and 300mm
0.04 W/mk 30.3MJ/Kg

N/A N/A
24-30kg/m3
High
Notes
Cheap material, however bad for the environment. Not as effective, particularly in relation to moisture as sheeps wool insulation
Hemp Batts
Light brown coloured with soft texture. Hemp batts are a natural fibre insulation made from hemp fibres. These fibres are bound together using a thermoplastic binder. Hemp batts are treated with inorganic salts to provide fire and pest resistance.
Uses
Loft spaces, between rafters and within walls and floors. Not suitable for cavity wall insulation, or under ground floor slabs. Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
1000-4000 Length N/A 40
0.04 5 N/A (negative impact)
Durability
Moderate Durability
10
Notes
Simple to install. Non-irritant. Breathable and elastic. Will decay if wet. Renewable material.
Limestone
Whitish colour with hard surface. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. Limestone also contains clay, sand, silica and silt. Limestone is a key ingredient of quicklime, mortar, cement, and concrete.
Uses
Exterior walls and faades.
470x90x245 N/A 2180
Durability
High
1.3-2.6 0.85 0.012
N/A
Notes
Soluble in water and weak acid meaning exposed blocks are easily damaged by acid rain. Can be polished.
London Stock Brick
Appearance
Description
Uses
Colour : Mixture of White, Cream, Yellow-Brown and Brown The bricks have an overall yellow and soft appearance in context with other rougher brick types As the name may suggest this brick is the most commonly used type of brick in London. Its made from Kent Clay. Origional London Stock Bricks are very sought after today and are often reclaimed/restored from older buildings etc. Machine mad bricks are produced today with a coarser texture. It is used both structurally and decoratively today.
215 X 112.5 X 75 215 X 102.5 X 50/73/80

e.g N/A
.51
1845kg/m3 Very High Durability
Listed only as 5/10
Notes
This brick type is common in London and some Georgian Period houses in locations such as Dublin, Ireland. Such period houses may be poorly insulated.
Marble
Colour and pattern varies. Cut surfaces are usually polished smooth and shiny. Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone, composed mostly of calcite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate).
Uses
Flooring, fireplaces, wall tiling, worktop surfaces and sculptural.
Varies N/A 2500
Durability
High
2.08-2.94 2 0.112
Notes
Impact and weather resistant.
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF)
Light Brown almost homogenous in appearance with the exception of irregular speckles of darker browns. Smooth texture MDF is a building board made from softwood fibres which are bonded together using synthetic resins. It is very dense. It can be reconfigured (cut up) at a high level of accuracy. The majority of boards are not moisture/flame resistant but such boards are available through special manufacturers, as are integrally coloured and low and zero formaldehyde boards. Building board
Uses
Dimensions (mm)
(l X w) 1220 X 2400/3050, 1525 X 2440, 1830 X 3660 Depth : 6,9,12,15,18, 22, 25 or 30

e.g N/A 680 -760 kg/m
3
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
e.g 0.13
W/mk
Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability
Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
11.9
MJ/kg
0.59 Co2 kg / kg
e.g 4
High Durability
MNs/g
Notes
Prone to shrinkage. Is a modular material.
Mineral Wool Insulation
Light Yellow
Mineral wool is manufactured from either glass or rock. Produced by spinning molten rock on high speed wheels creating an accumulation of fine, intertwining fibres.
Cavity insulation in buildings and structures.
Uses
1200x600 Thickness 25,50,75,100mm
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg)
0.034
High
Durability
Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
Cheap Source of insulation however has a very high embodied energy and embodied carbon in contrast to other forms of insulation such as sheeps wool.
OSB (Orientated Strand Board)
Colour : mixture of golden, light and dark browns. Texture: Strips of softwood strands layered upon one another creating a flat rough surface Orientated Strand Board, also known as Sterling Board, Exterior Board, Wafer Board and Smart Ply, is a building board made from 75mm softwood strands layered upon one another and compressed together using exterior grade water resistant resin. It is a relatively sustainable/green product as it produces a low level of formaldehyde and as its a efficient use of resources (95% of woods is used and discarded bark is used for fuel, horticulture etc.) OSB is an extremely versatile material, its uses encompasses a very broad range - in the Building of permanent and temporary structures as well as in integrated and non-integrated fixtures E.g. Sheds, Wall Panelling, Furniture, Flooring. Roof Panelling
Uses
1200mm X 2400/2440mm 590mm X 2400/2400mm for 9mm thick tongue and groove flooring Depth: 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25
N/A
650
High Durability
Notes
Very efficient building board
Plasterboard
White/Cream/Grey
Plasterboard is a board of gypsum plaster sealed by a thick paper at either flat face.
Uses
Used to construct walls and ceilings for its sound deadening, low electrical conductivity and insulating properties. It is also a cheap material/ product and is used profusely in modern building practise. It is also much quicker than the traditional technique of hand plastering.
600mm modular
e.g N/A
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) 6.1
MJ/kg
800 kg/m3
Low- moderate
0.38 Co2 kg / kg
Durability
Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
Extremely difficult to reuse. Cheaper and faster alternative to plastering/rendering inside walls
Polystyrene
White coloured with fairly soft, smooth surface. Rough if broken. Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) is a lightweight material made of expanded polystyrene beads. It is commonly packaged as rigid panels, which are also known as "bead-board". Some EPS boards have a flame spread of less than 25 and a smoke-developed index of less than 450, which means they can be used without a fire barrier. Wall, roof and loft insulation and decorative coving.
Uses
2400x1200x25-50 N/A 15-30
Durability
High
0.034-0.038 60-88 2.5
Notes
Polystyrene is a cheap option for insulation, however has an extremely negative environmental impact.
Ibstock Elementix Colour Rainscreen Cladding
This Product is available in a wide variety of colours. It in a raw fired clay texture or in a glazed finish. This is a form of flat rain cladding and comes in both raw and glazed finishes. It is relatively weather proof and protects the integral part of the structures e.g. wood/steel frames from wet conditions in particular
Uses
It is as an exterior cladding on buildings and structures.
450 X 225
4.6 (Standard 450 x 225)
n/a n/a n/a 0 MNs/g
500 kg/m3
Durable (i.e. weather and rain resistant)
Notes
This products selling point is mainly its aesthetic qualities.
Ibstock Elementix Freedom Rainscreen Cladding
This rainscreen is a ceramic material available in six colours (cream, orange, grey, silver, mocha and slate). It varies in size. The rainscreen is a ceramic tile for use on the exterior of building and structures. Its customisable in its colour (range if 6) and in its size.
Uses
It is as an exterior cladding on buildings and structures.
As per requested up to 900 X 600

45KG/M2
e.g 500
kg/m3
Low
Durable (ie weather and rain resistant)
Notes
Panels made from 90% recycled materials.
Red Oak
Yellow- red with broken darker areas of grain Red Oak wood comes from the Red Oak tree species native of Canada North, Central and South America. It produces a bitter acorn nut and red leaves. It is a broad leafed tree and produces acorns
Uses
Interior and exterior Joinery, Flooring, Furniture. Once used within boat building industry
10,000 40,000 670-710 740kg/m3 High Durability
0.17 W/mk 7.4 MJ/kg 0.47 Co2 kg / kg
Notes
Oak is a hardwood and takes a very long time to grow therefore is less easily renewable than softwoods. It is suitable from both interior and exterior uses.
Scots Pine
Yellow-Brown. The grain of the wood is long and darker. Scots Spruce is a widely available evergreen coniferous tree originating from Europe and Asia. It grows on average 25m, but exceptionally 35 45m. With a diameter of 1m 1.7m. It is
Uses
Widely used for interior joinery and furniture.It can be used for wood pulp. Its used in the It was also used for making tar in Norway/Finland in the pre industrial age.
12,000 36,000
0.12 W/mk 2.4 MJ/kg
510 kg/m3 Good Durability
Notes
Renewable Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests. Fast growing soft wood.
Slate
Usually dark to light grey coloured with a hard, grooved surface. Also available in shades of purple, green and cyan. Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low grade regional metamorphism. The result is a foliated rock in which the foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering. Roof tiles, stairs, wall cladding, interior flooring and exterior flooring.
Uses
Varies N/A 1600
Durability
High
2 0.1-1.0 0.006-0.056
Notes
Reusable. Life 75 years+
Sitka Spruce
Light brown coloured with red grain. The Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to 50-70 m tall, exceptionally to 100 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 5m, exceptionally to 6-7 m diameter. Widely available in Scotland where it is particularly valued for its fast growth on poor soils and exposed sites where few other trees can be grown successfully. Can be used structurally but must be graded C16 minimum. Mainly used in panelling, siding, beams, joists and porch columns. Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Uses
2000-4000 Length N/A 500
0.13 8 0.4
Durability
Moderate
Notes
Renewable resource so long as its sourced from FSC accredited forests
Steel
Shiny grey coloured with smooth, hard surface. Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Varying the amount of alloying elements and form of their presence in the steel controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also less ductile. Bridges, piping, furniture, structural framing and in reinforced concrete. Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Uses
Varies N/A 7800
43 9.5 0.43
Durability
High
Notes
100% recyclable
Teak
Dark Golden Brown with a irregular lighter and darker coloured grains Teak is a tropical hardwood grown in the south and South East of Asia. Its tree typically grow from 30m 40m tall.
Uses
Interior and exterior joinery.
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
0.19 - 0.38 Est 2 MJ/kg
N/A 660 kg/m3 Extremely High Durability
Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
Renewable Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests Relatively difficult to craft.
Thermafleece
Grey coloured with soft texture. Thermafleece is a high density, wool rich insulation with high thermal and acoustic performance and breathability. Works well in space limited situations. Thermafleece is an environmentally friendly solution that utilises natural hollow wool fibres, blended to an optimum density producing first-class acoustic performance in buildings whilst minimising impact on the environment. This naturally occurring and sustainable environmentally friendly product is the alternative to Rockwool type products when looking for a green substitute to infill stud partitions and timber joisted floors for sound control. Pitched roof, timber wall and loft insulation. Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Uses
400-600 Width N/A 25
0.038 20.9 N/A (negative impact)
Durability
High
Notes
Renewable resource
Thermafleece PB20
Light grey colour. Easily compressible. Thermafleece PB20 is as a lower density, compressed roll insulation that is easy to handle and install in confined spaces such as lofts. Thermafleece PB20 contains a lower quantity of wool than Thermafleece (60% compared to 85%). Thermafleece PB20 incorporates a proportion of recycled polyester fibres to ensure the insulation regains its full thickness when un-rolled. Pitched roof, timber wall and loft insulation.
Uses
370-570 Width N/A 20
Durability
High
0.039 21 N/A (negative impact)
Notes
Renewable resource
Built Heritage 04
Footdee (Fitee)
Footdee is a very small planned fishing village located on the sea front and the east Harbour of Aberdeen. It is also within very close distance to Aberdeen City centre. It embodies both the Aberdeen Neo-Classicism architecture and the architectural characteristics of the other fishing villages in the North East of Scotland. The village was planned as 28 thatched houses composing its two integral squares by John Smith, the Superintendent of The Towns Public Works in 1809. The area developed over the course of the 19th century with additional houses constructed (mainly to the new Pilot Square) and many houses altered, extended or reconstructed. In 1880 the council began to phase out the lease of the houses and sold them to the inhabitants. The majority of the houses in Footdee are orientated to have windows facing North and South. (See map below) Footdee faces onto a North Easterly beach front; however no windows (excluding skylight windows) or doors face the beach due possible risks of corrosion, erosion of the features related to facing the sea. It is reasonably sheltered from the predominating South Westerly Winds of the North East of Scotland due to the proximity of the development of the large scale fishing industry infrastructure to the west of Footdee (seen below where the ASCO infrastructure is viewable from within a Footdee square and in map).
As stated Footdee exhibits Neo Classical style architecture typical to the Aberdeenshire area and architecture typical to the fishing villages of the North east of Scotland. It is an example of period 19th century architecture and how it has developed over time. The materials used within the village are predominantly granite, slate and wood, however brick is used in buildings such as the village church and rubble is used in the construction of many cottages. Many wooden windows and doors have also been replaced by uPVC versions. This is unfortunate as it detracts from the overall aesthetic of Footdee and is bad for the environment. This is usually done for economic and practical reasons, such as lowering costs or reducing the level of upkeep required from the buildings. Generally the materials used in Footdee are hard warring and built to withstand the elements presented to the Village. Generally granite stone is used in the main construction of the houses in the Footdee area (see below)
The area is also sheltered from winds due to the tightness of the houses to one another and the isolation of the village from the surroundings. However Footdee receives very wet conditions due to its proximity to the sea. It also most weather types typical to Scotland
such as cold, rain, snow, sunshine etc. Stone work which is regularly exposed to the sea is often given a level of protection (see below)
Here the regular lime mortar bonding the stone work together has been given a number of lines of paint in an effort to weather proof the mortar and prevent the salt sea air from eroding or corroding it. Below a larger amount of paint has been applied to some stone work which is directly facing the seafront, again to prevent corrosion. It also appears that a large level of grouting has been applied over the stone work itself to further protect it.
There is a mixture of stonework techniques. Some of the stone work is extremely coarse, typical to the style of granite cut often used on gable ends of houses within the city centre. Some of the other stone work is more formalised and is a finer cut. This stone work displays the Aberdeenshire bond (see above). Rubble walls are also present throughout the Footdee area. These show a history to the area and suggest resourcefulness but also at severe economic restraints at their time of construction. Below a red brick is clearly visible amongst granite stone.
Brickwork is also evident some in of the other buildings within the Footdee area. For instance the Church has used London Stock Brick in parts of its construction e.g. the Archway of its entrance.(indicated below) This brick compliments the red, purple and grey granite very well. It is one of the many examples of colours within the vibrant village.
As well as in some of the rubble walls, red brick can be seen in some of the chimneys which have been updated throughout the years. (See below)
Render has also been applied to a number of chimneys. This may be for practical reasons such as reducing the risks of corrosion to the chimney from the sea air and weather conditions or to amplify the sea-cottage aesthetic. (See below)
In some cases whereby a chimney is shared by two separate houses in Footdee, it is common for a chimney to consist of one half one material and one half another material. For instance above right is a detail of granite and redbrick chimney pot. The slate roofs of observed in the Footdee area are also a predominant feature of the area. There is no evidence of thatched roofs which were once present in the area. Both worn slate and newer cleaner cut slate can be observed. Detail 1 of a part of a slate roof which faces the seafront shows how weathered the roofs become over time. They have developed large amounts of lime scale and moss.
. Below newer slates have not undergone discolouration
Some examples of corrugated metal roofs and other materials have been used in some of the sheds and flat roof extensions to the houses (See below)
(Flat roof extensions above, possibly used as coal sheds, extra kitchen space, utility or bathroom areas etc.) The internal walls and fixtures, like the external features, have been altered over time; many of the modernised houses feature cavity walls, insulation and plasterboard. The diagram below illustrates what a wall may look like inside a house in the area.
Above an original wall is clearly displayed. It comprises of some cut stone and a number of rubble/off cut pieces of stone. In the diagram and plaster board has been added to the internal wall. This gives a smooth workable surface which is desirable for many interiors. A cavity area is also created where the studs which the plasterboards attached to are. In some cases occupiers may choose to add a vapour control layer, insulation and sheathing. Walls may also be updated to meet modern E.U building standards, such as ventilation requirements. In the picture to the above right an air vent has been added to the front wall of the house. This reduces health risk imposed by a poorly ventilated house, such as carbon monoxide or radon poisoning or exposure to other potent gases or fungi. Chimneys are also a good source of ventilation.
Insulation may be added to the attic areas of the Footdee cottages and houses. Below the diagram indicates how insulation and ventilation is increased within the attic space. Ventilation is increased by. This diagram also shows a cornice detail which is a decorative feature in keeping with the traditional period style of the 19th century. The slates run into the gutter and would meet directly with it if there was no ventilation gap in place. This helps prevent the house from becoming damp and water running onto the walls or inside the house.
The attic are also sometimes updated to provide extra living space whereby plaster
The sheds found in Footdee are similar to many of the sheds found in the fishing communities in the North East of Scotland. They provide storage and in some cases, what appears to be extra living space. Each shed is unique and many are built using limited materials. The sheds are located in the communal area of the square as there are no private gardens in Footdee.
board and insulation would be placed over the interior walls, similar to what is shown in the first wall diagram. A velux window may also be added to the roof to provide natural lighting. Some dormer windows are also present in the area; this is very typical to Aberdeenshire.
Footdees church Footdee mission hall is the main public building. It is large in scale in context to the rest of Footdee. As stated it is constructed out of granite and London Stock Brick. Its likely that a lime and mortar bond has been used to bond the stone and brick work. The door (see pictures accompanying discussion on brick work) and window details are extremely intricate and detailed. They emphasise the strong geometry of the building. Their arches express a neoclassical/classical style. The building seems to evoke a great sense of pride within the long term members of the Footdee community. (Two residents suggested we study it) The demography and community within Footdee has changed, especially in recent years. It is a popular area due to its proximity to both the urban Aberdeen zone and the seaside. It is also popular as a result of its many attractive period features. An elderly lady who has lived in Footdee for all of her life stated that the community spirit within the Footdee community has weakened, especially in recent years. She also stated that a familiarity amongst the neighbours had been lost. This is possibly due to the regeneration of the area in terms of population. Many young families and young professionals are beginning to replace families who have lived in Footdee for generations. These young families may not see Footdee as a lifelong residence and thus a large sense of
community is lost. Their possible involvement in communities outside of Footdee, e.g. work in the city centre, draws them further away from involvement within the Footdee community. The fishing industry also was once a common interest in which many of the Footdee inhabitants could relate to another with; many of the younger inhabitants mention are not involved in the industry. These inhabitants may not see the same commitment, obligation and attachment to the area. The lack of interest in religion and the significant reduction in its significance, particularly in western, in peoples everyday lives has also added to the diminishing sense of community in the Footdee. The Mission Hall being the main public buildings in the Village would have been/is a meeting point for many of Footdees residents. Below are some examples of the factors other than the architecture of Footdee which have been key to its increase in popularityattractive views in Footdee; proximity to the seaside; and a map showing its proximity to the city centre.
Archaeolink 05
Archaeolink
Archaeolink is a living history site located in the Aberdeenshire countryside near Insch. It exhibits representations of archaeology and vernacular architecture from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. It also includes an example of contemporary architecture which is sympathetic to its context i.e. the vernacular structures and the open landscape. It is situated within a relatively open and uneven hillside landscape and receives weather conditions typical to the North East of Scotland. Mesolithic Structures - The Mesolithic age was coined as the middle stone age. The structures of this time were obviously purely organic and mainly comprised of wood branches and animal skins. The most basic structure was a dome shaped structure (shown below) surroundings. The animal skins used on the exterior were also local materials in that they were sourced from wild animals within the local area. The animals provided a variety of uses (nutrition, weaponry, tools etc). The material is extremely weather proof and easily workable. It is a good insulator, particularly when the animal hair is still intact. The However this area is exposed to extremely cold temperatures during the year. This structure would not be suitable for these conditions. The building is located within a sheltered (sheltered by trees, ditches etc) area in order to reduce the impact of the predominant South Westerly Wind, present in the North East of Scotland, upon it. The more permanent Mesolithic structure is shown below and in diagram 1.
Its frame was made out of tree parts such as branches and young tree trunks. Animal skins would be stitched and attached to this frame providing a level of warmth and shelter. This structure is purely shelter orientated. It receives little light and provides extremely limited space to its inhabitants. It is also is a very temporary structure and can be dismantled with relative ease in comparison with some more permanent Mesolithic structures. The branches etc used for the frame are a familiar and local material in that they are freely available in the immediate
Again it is made from animal skin and wood. However strong and larger wood is used for the integral frame of this structure. Wood spars are used as the main support of the structure. They are extremely durable and would with stand conditions such as ice, rain and sun for a considerable length of time.
Diagram 1. Mesolithic Structure
They are placed deep into the soil and provide a foundation for the structure, thus protecting it more from the South Westerly winds. Spars projecting diagonally upwards and meeting at the top centre create the shape of the cone frame and provide support; Spars projecting vertically upwards (see diagram 1) from within the structure provide further support.
security. The structure at Archaeolink shows a door opening cut into the cone shape, although it was common in Mesolithic times to have an extruding porch-like entrance as shown in the diagram, providing further shelter, however limiting the light the structure receives. The structure is perhaps more organic than the more temporary structure, in that grass etc has began to grow on it. It develops as part of the landscape and is perhaps the least imposing of all the structures in Archaeolink. Bronze Age Structure The Bronze Age produced more sophisticated structure and introduced some techniques, thatch roofs in particular which are still constructed today. Structures were much more permanent and formalised. The structure shown below and in diagram 2 was a typical Bronze Age structure.
As with the dome structure smaller branches etc are used, providing a frame for the animal skins to be attached to (see Diagram 1). The animal skin is again a weather proof and a good insulator. This type of structure is more habitable as it allows for standing high and movement. It also can be internally heated by a fire which is ventilated through and opening where the spars meet at the peak of the structure. The fire keeps the inside of the structure relatively dry and damp proof throughout the year, reducing the risk of the wood rotting. The structure is more resilient to the typical weather conditions such as cold, frost, snow, rain typical to the North East of Scotland. It is positioned, again, in a sheltered area. These structures were generally surrounded by a moat which help prevent over flooding and provided a small amount of increased
The structure shows a significant development from the Mesolithic Age. The technique of wattle and daub and roof thatching are evident. There is a strong distinction between what part is a wall and what is roof in this structure. This is a very big development from the Mesolithic Age, where this distinction was not present. The use of wattle and daub provides a far higher level of insulation to the structure. It is also far more resilient to the element and is an extremely solid foundation to the structure.
The thatched roof and the wattle and daub are a sophisticated and more formalised development to the similar web frame and attached skin present during the Mesolithic times. The Thatched roof is constructed through weaving reeds/straw etc into the grid of the roof frame. Thatched roofs were very effective at keeping water out of structures.
(wattle) which the daub (usually soil, clay, dung or other organic materials available) is outlined; the posts bearing a large amount of the structures load are also highlighted (see also the picture below); and the framework to which the reeds etc of the thatched roof are woven into are also exposed.
It is positioned in a less sheltered area than the Mesolithic structures, possibly as it can handle the weathers better. However in saying this, the area is still relatively sheltered. Its also positioned on raised ground. This provides a drainage system for the structure and prevents it from becoming water logged. This structure, unlike the Mesolithic Age structures, provides a level of security from small animals in that a barrier made of woven branches was sometimes placed across the entrance. The integral frame work of the structure is highlighted in the Diagram. The frame work
Iron Age Structure The Iron Age produced very similar structures to the Bronze Age however on a far larger scale. The thatched roofs and wattle and daub walls were still present. Diagonal spars and vertical beams also held a large amount of the load of the Contemporary Architecture at Archaeolink
Diagram 2. Bronze Age Structure
Diagram 3. Iron Age Structure
Diagram 4. Iron Age Structure Plan
Diagram 5. Iron Age Structure Sectionn
Structure 06
Frame 07
Details of what will be required for this space will be issued when the Tutorials are released.
Model 08
Drawing 09
Detail 10
Envelope 11
Lecture Notes
This is an example area where you might add specific notes and paragraphs taken during the lecture series and workshop sessions.
GLOSSARY
Anodizing1
(metal finish) Adding a protective durable film to an aluminium alloy by passing an electric current through it in a sulphuric acid or chromic solution. Colour can be added to the film through dyes
.
Beam
Horizontal load bearing member in timber contruction.
Chromium Plating1
(metal finish) Adding a hard, bright finish to metals the electrolytic process of depositing chromium onto other metals. For maximum results
Carbon Monoxide
Eaves1
Embodied Energy2
Lintel
Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorise methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs.
Vernacular 1
xide
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride is the third most commonly used plastic. It is sometimes used as VCL in construction. uPVC or rigid PVC is used in areas such as window frames, door frames due to the low maintenance attached to its upkeep.
Post
Vertical Member in timber construction.
Ventilation
Wind driven ventilation, stack ventilation, mechanical ventilation and pressure driven ventilation. Benefits include diluting contaminated air, reducing/removing humid stale air, (metal finish) Adding a hard, bright finish to metals the electrolytic process of depositing chromium onto other metals. For maximum results
Chromium Plating1
Carbon Monoxide
Tensile Stress
Thermal Bridging
Thermal Conductivity
U Value
U= Lambda (Thermal conductivity)/Thickness of the material
REFERENCES
1
CAT C. and CHEAT L., 2005. The Art of Referencing. Journal of Referencing 39(1), pp. 65-76
UNIVERSITY OF REFERENECING 2007. Referencing for AC1002 [online]. Available from: http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml. [Accessed 13 December 2007].

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ANYTIME BEFORE FRIDAY 8TH JANUARY 2010

Pictures Show Shelter Tower Receives

Interior and exterior walls.

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

440x100x215 N/A Lightweight - 1450 Dense - 1950 High

Lightweight - 0.42-0.51 Dense - 1.074-1.180 0.1 0.005

Available in lightweight and dense. Recyclable and reusable. Life 60 years+

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

2000-3500mm Length N/A 2700Kg/m3 High Durability

236W/mk 155 MJ/Kg 8.24 Co2 kg / kg 0MNs/g

Fraxinus excelsior (European Ash Tree)

Furniture, Sports equipment (base ball bats, hurleys etc)

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

2000-3500mm Length N/A 710 kg/m3 Low Durability

8 MJ/kg 0.4 Co2 kg / kg

Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)

720 kg/m3 Low Durability

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

Depth: 13 - 22 N/A 695 kg/m3 High Durability

0.23 W/mk 8 MJ/kg 0.4 Co2 kg / kg

Prone to warping when in contact with water.

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

400x100x215 N/A 1900 kg/m3

1.28 0.71 0.08

Non-renewable resource. Can be toxic if broken.

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

70.6 ?MJ/kg 3.01 Co2 kg / kg 0 MNs/g

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)

530kg/ m3 Relatively High Durability

Renewable Resource so long as its sourced from FSC Accredited Forests

Earthwool Loft Roll

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

1140 Width N/A 14

Glass Wool Insulation

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

Varying depths usually between 75mm and 300mm

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)

0.04 W/mk 30.3MJ/Kg

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

1000-4000 Length N/A 40

0.04 5 N/A (negative impact)

Exterior walls and faades.

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

470x90x245 N/A 2180

1.3-2.6 0.85 0.012

London Stock Brick

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

215 X 112.5 X 75 215 X 102.5 X 50/73/80

1845kg/m3 Very High Durability

Listed only as 5/10

Flooring, fireplaces, wall tiling, worktop surfaces and sculptural.

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3)

Varies N/A 2500

Impact and weather resistant.

Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF)

(l X w) 1220 X 2400/3050, 1525 X 2440, 1830 X 3660 Depth : 6,9,12,15,18, 22, 25 or 30

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)

Weight (kg / unit) Density (kg/m3) Durability

Prone to shrinkage. Is a modular material.