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Emlyn Josephine M.

Lanon

MARRIAGE
Marriage (or wedlock) is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but is usually an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Such a union, often formalized via a wedding ceremony, may also be called matrimony. Although marriage is usually between a man and a woman, in some jurisdictions it may involve two persons of the same sex, or may involve more than two people. People marry for many reasons, including one or more of the following: legal, social,libidinal, emotional, economic, spiritual, and religious. These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear family unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of commitment.[1][2] The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved. In some societies these obligations also extend to certain family members of the married persons. Some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious authority, a tribal group a local community or by peers. It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution irrespective of religious affiliation, in accordance with marriage laws of the jurisdiction.

MARRIAGE AND RELIGION


Among the precepts of mainstream religions are found, as a rule, unequivocal prescriptions for marriage, establishing both rituals and rules of conduct.

ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS In the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

Rembrandt's depiction of Samson's marriage feast The Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament) describes a number of marriages, including those ofIsaac,[Gen 24:4967] Jacob,[Gen 29:27] and Samson.[Judg 14:712] Polygyny, or men having multiple wives at once, is one of the most common marital arrangements represented in the Hebrew Bible. Betrothal (erusin), which is merely a binding promise to get married, is distinct from marriage itself (nissu'in), with the time between these events varying substantially. Since a wife was regarded as property in those days, the betrothal (erusin) was effected simply by purchasing her from her father (or guardian); the girls consent is not explicitly required by any biblical law. Like the adjacent Arabic culture (in the pre-Islamic period), the act of marriage appears mainly to have consisted of the groom fetching the bride, although among the Israelites (unlike the Arabs) the procession was a festive occasion, accompanied by music, dancing, and lights. To celebrate the marriage, week-long feasts were sometimes held. In biblical times, a wife was regarded as chattel, belonging to her husband; the descriptions of the bible suggest that she would be expected to perform tasks such as spinning, sewing, weaving, manufacture of clothing, fetching of water, baking of bread, and animal husbandry. However, wives were usually looked after with care, and men with more than one wife were expected to ensure that they continue to give the first wife food, clothing, and marital rights.[Ex 21:10]

Since a wife was regarded as property, her husband was originally free to divorce her for any reason, at any time.[68] A divorced couple were permitted to get back together, unless the wife had married someone else after her divorce.[Deut 24:24]

JUDAISM

A Jewish wedding, painting by Jozef Israls, 1903 In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved.[Deut. 24:1] Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children.[Gen. 1:28] The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.

CHRISTIANITY

Christian wedding in Kyoto, Japan. Christians variously regard marriage as a sacrament, a contract, a sacred institution, or a covenant. From the very beginning of the Christian Church, marriage law and theology have been a major matter. The foundation of the Western tradition of Christian marriages have been the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Apostle Paul. Christians often marry for religious reasons ranging from following the biblical injunction for a "man to leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife, and the two shall become one,"[Gen. 2:24][74]to obeying Canon Law stating marriage between baptized persons is a sacrament. Divorce and remarriage while generally not encouraged are regarded differently by each Christian denomination. Most Protestant Churches allow people to marry again after a divorce. The Eastern Orthodox Church allows divorce for a limited number of reasons, and in theory, but usually not in practice, requires that a marriage after divorce be celebrated with a penitential overtone. In the Roman Catholic Church, marriage can only be ended by an annulment where the Church for special reasons regards it as never having taken place.

"'...So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate." Jesus[Matthew 19:6]

ISLAM

A Muslim couple being wed alongside theTungabhadra River at Hampi, India Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally. In Islam, polygyny is allowed while polyandry is not, with the specificlimitation that men can only have no more than four wives at any one time, with the requirement that they are able and willing to partition their time and wealth equally among the respective wives. For a Muslim wedding to take place, the bride and her guardian must both agree on the marriage. Should either the guardian or the girl disagree on the marriage, it may not legally take place. In essence, while the guardian/father of the girl has no right to force her to marry, he has the right to stop a marriage from taking place, given that his reasons are valid. The professed purpose of this practice is to ensure that a woman finds a suitable partner whom she has chosen not out of sheer emotion. From an Islamic (Sharia) law perspective, the minimum requirements and responsibilities in a Muslim marriage are that the groom provide living expenses (housing, clothing, food, maintenance) to the bride, and in return, the bride's main responsibility is raising children to be proper Muslims. All other rights and responsibilities are to be decided between the husband and wife, and may even be included as stipulations in the marriage contract before the marriage actually takes place, so long as they do not go against the minimum requirements of the marriage. In Sunni Islam marriage must take place in the presence of at least two reliable witnesses, with the consent of the guardian of the bride and the consent of both the bride and the groom. Following the marriage, the couple may consummate the marriage. To create a religious contract between them, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words in front of a suitable Muslim, nowadays priest will be asked to officiate. The wedding party usually follows but can be held days, or months later, whenever the couple and their families want to, however there can be no concealment of the marriage as it is regarded as public notification due to the requirement of witnesses. In Shia Islam, marriage may take place without the presence of witnesses as is often the case in temporary mutta marriage (prohibited in Sunni Islam), but with the consent of both the bride and the groom. Following the marriage they may consummate their marriage.

HINDUISM

Hindu marriage ceremony from a Rajputwedding. Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Old Hindu literature in Sanskrit gives many different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants only, without any need for even a single third person as witness) to normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" ("demoniac" marriage, performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons). The Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act 1856 empowers a Hindu widow to remarry. Though traditionally widow remarriages were frowned upon and are still considered taboo in many parts of India,[88] the society is changing and the incidence of widow remarriage is on a rise.[89] Although sati, or the practice of a widow immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyre, was officially outlawed by India's British rulers in 1829, the rite persists. The most high-profile sati incident was in Rajasthan in 1987 when 18-year-old Roop Kanwar was burned to death.[90]

BUDDHISM
The Buddhist view of marriage considers marriage a secular affair and as such, it is not considered a sacrament. Buddhists are expected to follow the civil laws regarding marriage laid out by their respective governments.

SAME-SEX MARRIAGE
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church, Quaker,United Church of Canada, United Church of Christ and Reform Jewish congregations, someAnglican dioceses, and various Neopagan faiths.[91][92] This model is currently recognized by various jurisdictions[93] and religious denominations.[94][95][96] Polygyny Religious groups have differing views on the legitimacy of polygyny, the practice of a man taking more than one wife. It is allowed in Islam and Confucianism, though in most areas today it is uncommon. Judaism, Christianity and Hinduism have allowed polygny in the past, but it is prohibited by their mainstream modern authorities. Close-kin marriage Religion has commonly weighed in on the matter of which relatives, if any, are allowed to marry. Relations may be by consanguinity oraffinity, meaning by blood or by marriage. On the marriage of cousins, Catholic policy has evolved from initial acceptance, through a long period of general prohibition, to the modern-day requirement for a dispensation. Islam has always allowed it, while Hindu strictures vary widely.

FAMILY
Family is the basic social unit. Family represents people living together by ties of marriage, blood or adaptation, thus representing a single household. According to sociology, the family has the primary function of reproducing society; biologically, socially, or both. There are various structures of a family based on the relationship shared between the parent and the children. The different types of family are patrifocal, where the family consists of a father and his child; matrifocal, where the family consists of a mother and her child. Consanguineal family is one which consists of the mother, the child and other people, mainly belonging to the family of the mother. The conjugal family consists of one or more mothers and their children, with other people and one or more spouses. The parent-child relationship varies due to different cultures. One of the prominent forms is the nuclear family. It consists of the marital pair living with their offspring separately. The joint family is an extension of the nuclear family. Joint family occurs when children of one sex live at their parents house. In a joint family, the children bring along their spouse to live with them at their parents house after marriage. A joint family usually consists of an older man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons wives and children. Members of a joint family share all the task of trade, food gathering and preparation and child rearing. Children who share one parent but not another are called half-brothers or half-sisters. Children who do not share parents, but whose parents are married, are called step-brothers or stepsisters. Similarly, if a person is married to the parent of a child, but is not the parent of the child themselves; they are called stepfather or stepmother. A complex family involves more than two adults. It refers to any extended family or to polygamy of any type. A joint family is also known as a complex family. The parents and their children in a joint family live together under a single roof. In a joint family setup, the womenfolk are often housewives and cook for the entire family. The patriarch of the family is usually the oldest male member, who lays down the rules of the family. This kind of setup is fast eroding in many parts of the world. Almost all the urban families are switching over to the nuclear family society

FAMILY FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS & CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY FAMILIES CALLAGHAN (1987) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. clearly identified hierarchy well-defined parental roles flexibility & adaptability - Can respond to situational & maturational crises consistent, clear rules & expectations consistent affection consistent limit-setting open communication, bi-directional increased degree of support nurturance and acceptance of family members

CHARACTERISTICS OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES Minuchian (1978) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Rigidity - lack of flexibility Lack of individuation - emeshment /loss of autonomy Extreme detachment Scape-goating - family member (often child) who is the object of displaced conflict/criticism Triangulation - Detouring conflict between 2 people by involving a third person, thereby stabilizing the relationship between the original pair Faulty problem solving skills Conflict avoidance Inconsistent application of affection/discipline Low levels of support/nurturance/acceptance Increased degree of expressed hostility towards each other/other family members

Family Roles and Characteristics


CHARACTERISTIC AGES SCHOOL Makes good grades CHARACTERISTICS OUTER A leader; CHARACTERISTICS Lots of activities; Admired; FAMILY HERO Oldest child SCAPEGOAT May be second child Fails in school Rebellious; A "screw up"; Angry; LOST CHILD May be third child Quiet, shy, often goes unnoticed Loner; Ill at ease with others; MASCOT May be youngest child Class "cut up"; class clown Happy-go-lucky; Disruptive;

Hyper-energetic; May read, listen to music or look Family regards as Goes from May try to accomplishment to compete with the at TV a lot; fragile - in need of accomplishment; hero but loses protection; out; Tries not to be a bother; Teachers brag about; Keeps focus on self Stops trying to Strong Serious, seldom plays; please family, may withdraw; attachment to animals; Adult-like, extra Compared to mature; older brother or No close friends sister; Seems to: "Have it made" "Have it all together"; Puts on "tough act"; Relatives dote on; Early chemical use; Helpful at home; Successful away from Girl may get pregnant; home Runs with peers who are like him Feels left out in Feels different; family; Feels like an Feels like misfit; outsider; Needs attention but can't ask for it; Lonely, guilty, hurt

INSIDE Inadequate - Never CHARACTERISTICS Good enough; Scared, guilty, lonely

Fearful - anxious (sees something is wrong but no one acknowledges it);

Low self worth; Confused - in the dark; Feels forgotten May feel crazy

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY


Universality: There is no human society in which some form of the family does not appear.Malinowski writes the typical family a group consisting of mother, father and their progeny is found in all communities,savage,barbarians and civilized. The irresistible sex need, the urge for reproduction and the common economic needs have contributed to this universality. Emotional basis: The family is grounded in emotions and sentiments. It is based on our impulses of mating, procreation, maternal devotion, fraternal love and parental care. It is built upon sentiments of love, affection, sympathy, cooperation and friendship. Limited size: The family is smaller in size. As a primary group its size is necessarily limited. It is a smallest social unit. Formative influence: The family welds an environment which surrounds trains and educates the child. It shapes the personality and moulds the character of its members. It emotionally conditions the child. Nuclear position in the social structure: The family is the nucleus of all other social organizations. The whole social structure is built of family units. Responsibility of the members: The members of the family has certain responsibilities, duties and obligations.Maclver points out that in times of crisis men may work and fight and die for their country but they toil for their families all their lives. Social regulation: The family is guarded both by social taboos and by legal regulations. The society takes precaution to safeguard this organization from any possible breakdown.

Catanduanes State Colleges COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES NURSING DEPARTMENT Virac,Catanduanes

IN

(Marriage and Family)

Submitted by: Icawat, Liezl P. Lanon, Emlyn Josephine M. Madera, Jonah Maricon Manlangit, Wilma O. Molina, Loudette Marie D.

Submitted to: Prof. Rey Soneja

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