State of Illinois Illinois Department of Natural Resources Illinois Historic Preservation Agency

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook

A GUIDE TO BASIC PRESERVATION

Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national origin, disability, age, religion or other nonmerit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact the funding source's civil rights office and/or the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, IDNR, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271; 217/785-0067; TTY 217/782-9175. This information may be provided in an alternative format if required. Contact the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 782-7498 for assistance. This publication was financed in part with federal funds from the Department of the Interior, administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior or the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. This program receives federal financial assistance for the identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity or facility, as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity National Park Service P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 OR Equal Employment Opportunity Officer Illinois Historic Preservation Agency One Old State Capitol Plaza Springfield, IL 62701

Printed by the Authority of the State of Illinois DNR010390-200-6/08 IOCI 0271-10

CONTENTS

Preface ii Introduction ii Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act 1 Why Is Cemetery Preservation Important? 2 Essentials for Cemetery Preservation 3 Developing a Cemetery Management Plan 3 Research 3 Identification, Documentation, and Assessment 5 Establish Goals 7 Activities to Achieve Goals 7 Cleaning Marble Stones 9 Not To Do List 10 Appendix A: Resources 11 Appendix B: Marker Types and Styles 13 Appendix C: Cemetery and Marker Assessment Forms 21 Appendix D: Stones and Statues: Laws Governing Illinois Cemeteries 27

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook i

PREFACE
The Illinois Historic Cemetery Handbook: A Guide to Basic Preservation was developed in response to many inquires to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA) and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). Most often, those questions focused on how to clean and repair gravestones, sources of assistance, and the laws that govern cemeteries.

INTRODUCTION
The Illinois Historic Cemetery Handbook introduces the reader to the value of historic cemeteries and methods to protect them. The handbook focuses on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Illinois cemeteries where markers are made predominately of marble. The term marker is used to designate headstones, footstones, obelisks, and other memorials. The information in this handbook is also applicable to limestone and sometimes sandstone markers. However, working with granite or slate requires different techniques. References for working with these materials may be found in Appendix A. Based on inquires made to both the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, there is a strong need to address such problems as weathering, vandalism, neglect, agricultural activity and development associated with abandoned/neglected rural Illinois historic cemeteries. This handbook is a starting point for basic information on cemetery preservation. It is not meant to be a clearinghouse for information. There are several excellent source books and web sites on cemetery preservation referenced in Appendix A. The reader is encouraged to consult those and other sources for more details.

The IHPA is responsible for protecting nonregistered Illinois cemeteries that are more than 100 years old. The IDNR owns and manages over 50 cemeteries statewide. Together both agencies have hosted workshops and provided guidance to numerous groups responsible for maintaining and preserving cemeteries. This handbook provides basic information for groups or individuals who wish to embark on a successful cemetery preservation program.

Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources Hal Hassen, Archaeologist Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Dawn Cobb, Physical Anthropologist

ii A Guide to Basic Preservation

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS PROTECTION ACT

The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA) administers the Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (20 ILCS 3440; 17 IAC 4170). This Act, passed in 1989, protects all unregistered graves, graves artifacts, and grave markers (including prehistoric burial mounds) that are over 100 years old and are not located in a cemetery that is registered with the State Comptrollers Office under the Cemetery Care Act. The Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act offers protection from all disturbances including, but not limited to, excavation (including cultivation), vandalism, removal, defacement, or desecration in any way (20 ILCS 3440/1). It is the agencys preference that graves or cemeteries be undisturbed and preserved in place. an accredited institution. In addition, the lead investigator must be certified by the IHPA. Certification requires a minimum of six months of supervised analytical training or experience in the identification, analysis, and interpretation of human skeletal remains (17 IAC 4170). It is unlawful for any person or agent representing an individual to knowingly disturb or to allow the disturbance of human skeletal remains, grave artifacts, or grave markers without first obtaining a permit from the IHPA. Any violation of this Act is a Class A misdemeanor. Violators can face imprisonment of up to six months and a fine not to exceed $10,000. Any subsequent violation is a Class 4 felony (20 ILCS 3440/3-11).

Occasionally an unmarked grave or cemetery is disturbed, either by an accidental discovery or road conUnder this law, all human skeletal remains, grave artistruction or residential development. If human remains facts, and grave markers in unregistered graves are or graves are accidentally uncovered, then the discovery under the jurisdiction of the IHPA and are held in trust must be reported to the county for the people of the state. If matericoroner within 48 hours. If the coro- Any cemetery restoration work als are removed from the cemetery ners office determines that the case (cleaning, repairing, etc.) in an under this Act, they will be maindoes not warrant any further investi- unregistered cemetery requires tained, with dignity and respect, at gation and the remains appear to be a permit from the Illinois Historic the Illinois State Museum, Springfield over 100 years old, then jurisdiction (20 ILCS 3440/14). is passed to the IHPA. If the remains Preservation Agency. are believed to be less than 100 The administrative codes of the years old, then the coroner maintains jurisdiction. If a Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (17 IAC 4170) planned development project will adversely impact an state that if direct lineal descendents can be identified, unregistered grave or cemetery, then a permit must be then they may submit a written request to the IHPA for obtained from IHPA prior to any development. the return of the remains, grave artifacts, and grave marker. Descendents must demonstrate their direct lineal Professional archaeologists and skeletal analysts are redescent from the deceased through family genealogical quired to lead the archaeological investigation. A skeletal records. The family must agree to reburial of the remains analyst is an individual with either a masters degree or and artifacts within a set period of time and must proPh.D. specializing in the study of human osteology from vide notarized proof that the reburial has occurred. Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 1

WHY IS CEMETERY PRESERVATION IMPORTANT?

A cemetery serves two purposes, (1) the burial of the dead and (2) a place where the living communicate with the dead. Cemeteries are places with specific visual characteristics including markers, landscaping, fences, and a recognizable spatial relationship between these components. Cemeteries are scattered across the landscape and are found in almost all communities. In addition, present day travelers of back roads will frequently observe isolated cemeteries located some distance from todays communities or churches. The locations reflect an evolving rural landscape. For example, regional economic development and shifts in population may have resulted in changes to the transportation system. New roads were developed and old roads were abandoned. Consequently, some early cemeteries may be situated along or near now-abandoned roads. Cemeteries and their symbols guide us into the past. They are not just where the dead reside, nor are they static snapshots of older views and attitudes about death. Cemeteries are dynamic, reflecting changing cultural institutions, social values, and regional ethnic identity. All cemeteries encode social and cultural values reflecting specific choices; therefore they provide insight into how people organized their social and physical landscape. Markers tell us not only about the individual who died, but the markers appearance and placement provides
INFORMATION LEARNED FROM MARKERS

information about the society from which the individual departed. The symbols and text inscribed on markers contain important information for understanding the past. In addition, changes in marker text and motifs reflect changes in attitude toward death, from the pragmatic and harsh to a more sentimental and spiritual attitude. The raw materials, shapes, inscriptions, and motifs represented on markers are important components of material culture. The placement and arrangement of markers informs us about the use of space. Consequently, cemeteries and markers are studied by art historians, folklorists, cultural geographers, archaeologists, anthropologists, genealogists, and historians. Increasingly, cemetery studies are the focus of amateurs searching for ancestors or individuals with an interest in learning about the past or understanding the rituals of death. These latter two groups are instrumental in saving cemeteries for future generations. When cemeteries are ignored and allowed to deteriorate, and markers are damaged or destroyed, society loses important information about the past. Ultimately, an important part of ourselves is lost. Preservation efforts are more successful and vandalism decreases when adults and children become familiar with the information learned from cemeteries.

Place of birth

Military

Profession/vocation

Profession/vocation

Sorrow and loss or morning

2 A Guide to Basic Preservation

ESSENTIALS FOR CEMETERY PRESERVATION

Successful cemetery preservation involves three stages which, when completed, will be contained in a cemetery preservation management plan. Research Identification, documentation and assessment Establishment of goals Stage one is the research that provides the background information about a cemetery. The research should establish who owns the cemetery, who may have been buried there, and what types of previous preservation or recording activities may have occurred. Stage two is the documentation and assessment of all cemetery features. These features include markers, fences, paths, roads, and vegetation. This information allows you to understand the types of features present, their condition, and the problems within the cemetery. Stage three ranks the problems and groups them into activities designed to solve them (including general site cleaning, marker cleaning, marker repair, and marker resetting). Cemetery preservation efforts should also include a projection of costs, possible fundraising activities, and schedules. The goals should be realistic and achievable. Specific plans focusing on general site cleaning, stone cleaning, stone repair and resetting, maintenance, and public use should only be developed once the first two stages are completed. Preservation efforts should follow the goals and activities identified in the management plan. This ensures an organized progression from easier to more difficult tasks and enables participants to see progress in the appearance of the cemetery. The management plan protects against taking on too many tasks at once and helps keep the preservation effort moving forward. Frequently, abandoned cemeteries need many improvements. There is a strong desire to see all the stones cleaned, repaired, and reset back into the ground. However, there are many little things that may need attention first, and if your group is unable to achieve even basic identification, documentation, and assessment then it is unlikely they will succeed in repairing and resetting stones. Cemetery preservation requires planning and patience. However, the time spent developing the management plan will be rewarded once you see the improvements. Dont be discouraged by a long list of tasks. You will be surprised at the satisfaction of accomplishing even the smallest task. Once you have successfully cleaned or repaired your first stone you will be energized to move forward. Measure your progress by visual improvements, not by dates on the calendar.

DEVELOPING A CEMETERY PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

A management plan is one of the most important tools used to preserve historic cemeteries. Successful cemetery preservation involves research, identification, documentation and assessment, maintenance, rehabilitation and restoration. The management plan should contain shortand long-term preservation goals, as well as the activities needed to achieve those goals. Following the steps outlined below should provide the basis for the development and implementation of a successful historic cemetery preservation plan. Family diaries and personal letters can provide clues about where your ancestors are buried. There is a good chance that an inventory of graves or a transcription of markers may exist. You might also be able to find a cemetery plat, especially if the cemetery was larger in size. Good places to look for these plats or transcriptions are sextons offices, township or county offices, or local genealogical and historical societies. County histories are a good source for learning about individuals buried in the cemetery. Historical atlas maps, 15 USGS topographic maps, and aerial photographs should also be studied. These sources are available at your local universities and the Illinois State Library in Springfield. Check the road names on county maps. The image below illustrates this point. Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 3

Research
Learn everything you can about the cemetery by consulting several sources. Sometimes one source will point you in the direction of another! Local historical and genealogical societies and local funeral homes frequently have lists of cemetery burials. Historical documents, such as obituaries, are another good source of information because they typically provide burial locations.

There are many on-line web sites that list cemeteries and provide valuable information about specific ones. Use internet search engines to look for cemeteries, either by name or by county and state. Organization is a key element in the preservation process! It is important to compile all the information learned into a file or folder before you begin recording features in the cemetery. It is really helpful to educate yourself on the basics of cemetery mainte-

nance, repair and restoration. In Appendix A, you will find a list of various books and web sites that will help get you started. Cemetery preservationists enjoy talking about their projects and can certainly be helpful to you. Archaeologists from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources have practical hands-on experience in cemetery research and preservation. Frequently, local genealogists and historians may also have experience in cemetery preservation.

1875 Historical atlas map showing a cemetery located near a county road in Section 10.

Robertson Cemetery located on a 7.5 USGS topographic map.

1891 Plat of Sea Graves Cemetery, Bond County

Constant Cemetery Road, Sangamon County

4 A Guide to Basic Preservation

Resources to locate historic cemeteries

Google the cemetery name, town, & state www.IL.hometownlocator.com, select features, then select cemeteries www.trails.com, lists cemeteries on USGS 7.5 topographic maps; not all are shown*; requires a membership fee (formerly topozone.com) www.mapquest.com, gives the option of aerial images www.findagrave.com, search for individual graves, cemetery, etc.; limited www.accessgenealogy.com/cemetery/, listed by state, county, & then cemetery name; incomplete but a good resource www.graveyards.com, listed by county & includes a cemetery list, map, & some photographs www.usgennet.org/usa/il/state2/index.htm, this is the IL Saving Graves link & has various cemetery preservation laws & some cemetery links www.potifos.com/cemeteries.html, cemetery preservation link from Chicora website (www.chicora.org) www.savinggraves.org, good preservation website www.rootsweb.com, gives a listing of cemeteries by county; incomplete 15 USGS topographic maps (Illinois State Library)* Historical aerial photographs (some university libraries)* Historical atlas maps (county genealogy libraries, Illinois State Library)*
*compare these resources to get more comprehensive data on cemetery locations

repair. Do not remove any markers until they have been assigned a unique number, described, illustrated on a map, and photographed. This will ensure their accurate relocation in the field and will enable you to retain the information contained in the marker should it become lost or suffer additional damage. You will find it useful to visit the cemetery during both warm and cold weather because this provides contrasting views. During the warm weather, problems associate with vegetation are best observed. The cold weather, minus snow on the ground, allows the best view of the cemetery features not obscured by vegetation, and it is also the best time to create a map.

Documentation does not include making rubbings of the stone markers.

Making a rubbing of a marker does pose an unwarranted risk to the stone, including uneven pressure when rubbing, accidental transfer of the rubbing material to the stone, and adhesion of tape residue. Although some preservation resources support making rubbings, we believe that the risks outweigh the end results. Digital photography provides an excellent opportunity to capture the motifs and inscriptions found on marble markers. IHPA and IDNR strongly discourage rubbings.

Documentation and Assessment Tips

1. Walk through the cemetery before photographing and recording features. This will help you to become familiar with the cemetery layout and organization. 2. Photograph the cemetery before any work begins. Record all photographs and document exposure number, provide a description of the item photographed, and record the date and name of the photographer. Include general landscape images, to the north south, east and west. Markers should be photographed from both the front and back. Do not forget to check the sides of the marker for any decorations; photograph if present. If the marker is an obelisk, for example, photograph all sides because each side may contain an inscription or a decoration. Remember to include a scale on all marker photographs. A scale may be a measuring tape, yard stick or meter stick. Photograph any damage to the marker. Fences around plots should be photographed from all four sides and include close-ups of any damage. General landscape photographs are Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 5

Identification, Documentation and Assessment

Equipment: clip board, writing paper, graph paper, camera, scale, cemetery form, marker forms, pencil, pen, compass, clippers, tape measure, flagging tape, bug spray, sunscreen, gloves, and hat. All cemetery features should be identified, documented, assessed, and illustrated on a map. Markers should not be removed from the cemetery unless they are in danger of further damage or theft, or if the removal facilitates

sufficient for fences enclosing the cemetery, but make sure to include close-ups of any damage. 3. Record information about the cemetery features on forms. Features that should be recorded include markers, roads, paths, fences, and landscaping.

Greenwood Cemetery, Decatur shows organized family plots, roads, landscaping

Identification and documentation means to list the features individually and to record their specific information. For example, identification and documentation of a headstone will record the information carved in the stone at the time of construction (name, dates, motifs, epitaph, makers name), as

well as the material used to construct the marker (marble, sandstone, etc.), and the markers size and shape (obelisk, round top, slotted above ground base, etc.). Appendix B contains photographs of different marker types and styles. These examples may be useful when identifying the marker during your restoration project. Feature assessment provides information on the integrity or condition of the feature. Integrity refers to the level of damage to a marker, a structure, or an enclosure. Examples of forms used by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources are presented in Appendix C. A brief search on-line and in various books will provide other examples of forms. There is no prescribed way to document the necessary information. The decision of which forms to use is usually cemeteryspecific and dependent upon the project goals. Regardless of which form is used, be certain that it records the basic information needed to make future decisions. A vast amount of written material on cemetery features, markers, materials, iconography, and symbolism is available. Those interested in additional research should consult the bibliography for both printed material and relevant web sites (Appendix A). 4. Create a map of the cemetery. Record and label the locations of all grave markers, cenotaphs (memorials to people who are buried elsewhere), fences, paths, and roads using a compass, a tape measure (you can also pace off distances), and graph paper. Give each marker its own number. That marker will have the same number for every form and for every photograph. Depending on the cemetery, it may not be practical to record all the different types of vegetation. However, you should try to map the larger trees and any ornamental plants because it may help you to find a specific marker at a later time. You should certainly record the location and condition of vegetation that may harm other cemetery features (e.g. fallen branches or exposed tree roots). It is important to establish a datum point in the cemetery. A corner of the cemetery would work well. A datum is a permanent marker (like an iron rod) set into the ground that will help you to orient the map correctly. It may be used as a starting point from which to map specific features in the cemetery. Be sure to include a north arrow, a scale, and distance between features. The figure on page eight is a good example of a cemetery map. Note the legend along the bottom identifying specific symbols and what they represent.

Marker with good integrity

Marker with fair integrity

Marker with poor integrity

6 A Guide to Basic Preservation

2. REHABILITATION: Identify the extent and types of repairs needed. What types of repairs can be accomplished with volunteer help and what actions require professionals? A short-term goal may focus on repairing monuments associated with particular families or sections of the cemetery. Another short-term goal might be to limit the work to a manageable number of markers that may be repaired during the upcoming warm weather months.
Monument maker American Bronze Co., Chicago, ILL.

A long-term goal might be the total repair of all broken markers that can be fixed using original materials (pinning and the use of epoxies). 3. RESTORATION: Identify the number and extent of markers and cemetery features that require replacement of materials which would result in them looking as they did when first constructed. A short-term goal may be the replacement of portions of a boundary fence or curbing or fence associated with a particular family plot during the upcoming warm weather season. A long-term goal may focus on the total replacement of marker bases for those graves where the lower portion of the marker or its base is missing or totally destroyed.

Monument carver R. HAYS & CO., Carlinville

ESTABLISH GOALS
It is essential to develop a series of short- and longterm goals based on the inventory, documentation, and assessment of the condition of the individual markers and other cemetery features. Short-term goals might be those tasks that may be accomplished in a particular year while a long-term goal would require multiple years to complete. Once the goals are established, develop a list of priorities which will enable you to develop a specific plan of work, budget, and schedule. Examples of short- and long-term goals are presented below. 1. MAINTENANCE: Identify what types of general maintenance needs to be completed both within the overall cemetery and for specific features (markers, fences, etc.). A short-term goal might be cleaning a specific number of markers or to identify the cemetery boundaries with signs. A long-term maintenance goal might be cleaning the entire cemetery grounds so it is aesthetically pleasing and hazard free.

ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE GOALS

The list of activities needed to achieve the goals should be developed based on a realistic assessment of the work effort required, level of volunteer support, availability of funds, and the knowledge and ability of the participants to conduct the tasks. Maintenance tasks are probably the easiest and require the least amount of skill. The exception may be the trimming of large trees. Equipment is probably limited to basic yard equipment and the marker cleaning supplies described in this handbook. Depending on the size of the cemetery it may take several attempts during the warm months to complete the work. If the short-term goal is to properly mark the cemetery boundary, then supportive activities may include building and posting signs or fundraisers for repairing or replacing, in kind, an existing fence. Rehabilitation and restoration requires more skill than general maintenance or marker cleaning. Individuals who are planning to repair markers should either attend a cemetery preservation workshop or at least have some hands-on experience with other individuals who have attended workshops. You should contact the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency for guidance Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 7

on the availability of workshops. Although commercial stone masons are highly skilled craftsmen, they may not have the practical experience in preserving the original marker materials. Always check references to learn about the experience of anyone providing

advice or service on marker repairs. Do not hesitate to ask to see examples of work done at other cemeteries. Remember, the cardinal rule in cemetery preservation is Do No Harm. The second rule is that all work is reversible.

This is an example of a cemetery plan map.

Used by permission of the Texas Historical Commission

8 A Guide to Basic Preservation

CLEANING MARBLE STONES

These methods are meant for simple cleaning of markers. It is not the intent of the cleaning to return the stone to the original brightness. Some weathering and color change is natural and to be expected. If the surface has excessive granulation (efflorescence), then a poultice treatment may be necessary. If so, then you should consult the references in the appendix or a professional for the correct treatment method. The same is true if the marker has particularly difficult stains caused by paint, metal, or organic material. Do not clean the stone if there is a possibility of temperatures going below freezing with 72 hours of the cleaning. Do not clean the stone more than once every three years.

If the stone is in one piece

Step 1: Inspect the stone. Be sure there is not excessive efflorescence (surface granulation) or exfoliation (pealing of thin sheets). Although cleaning does remove some of the surface material, it should never result in further deterioration of stone markings or excessive removal of surface material. Do not attempt to clean if the surface appears to be unstable. Step 2: Photograph and record the condition of the stone before cleaning. Step 3: Set the two 2x4 boards across the wheelbarrow or saw horses and lay stone on boards. Brush off loose dirt particles. A soft toothbrush or craft stick may come in handy to clean dirt from crevices. Be careful not to dig into the stone, especially in the cracks and crevices, which may be soft. Step 4: Begin by cleaning the back side of the stone first. Wet the stone with water prior to, during, and after cleaning to prevent ammonia and soap from soaking into the stone. Never allow the ammonia or soap to dry on the stone surface. Use plenty of water. Spray the stone with ammonia solution and scrub. Remember to clean the sides and the breaks, if present. Rinse with water. Step 5: Wet stone with non-ionic soap solution and scrub. Rinse brush and stone between scrubbings. Step 6: When completed, thoroughly rinse with clean water (sprayer). Turn stone over and clean the front side, following the steps above. Step 7: Place a couple of 2x4 boards flat on the ground and spaced about 1-2 feet apart. On these, place the cleaned stone to dry. Be sure to keep the stone up off the ground to allow all sides to dry. When the front of the stone is dry, turn it over to allow reverse side to dry. The stone should be dry within the hour, but the drying time will depend on the humidity and how windy it is. Step 8: Photograph both sides of the cleaned stoned. Record the date and materials used to clean the marker. The stone is now ready to be re-set. Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 9

Tools
white nylon or natural bristle brush (no dye or colored handles) soft-bristle brush/paintbrush soft toothbrush, wooden craft sticks one gallon plastic bucket, metal buckets should not be used since they may roll into and mark the stone. sturdy rubber gloves, eye goggles two 2x4 boards (for drying) two 2x4 boards (cut to fit across the width of the wheelbarrow), measuring cup w/pour spout

2 or 5 gallon tank sprayer filled with clean water 2 spray bottles 2 saw horses (or wheelbarrow) w/ two 2x4 boards laid across to support stones during cleaning white rags camera, scale (measuring tape or yard stick), pencil, and graph paper knee protection (knee pads or carpet square)

Cleaning Solutions
ammonia solution (1 cup ammonia to 5 cups clean water) in spray bottle non-ionic soap, i.e. Orvus soap solution (1/8 cup soap to 1 gallon clean water in plastic gallon bucket (purchase at farm supply store).

If the stone is broken into two or more pieces

Before cleaning a broken stone, you should decide if it can and should be repaired. If so, all pieces must be cleaned before beginning any reconstruction work. Steps for cleaning a broken stone follow those outlined above. Be sure to clean all of the broken edges.

Clean upright stones in place and from the bottom up to avoid staining. First, begin on the back side of the stone. Next, clean both sides of the marker stone. Finally, clean the front and top of the stone. Rinse thoroughly. Remember, sunlight acts as a natural whitener and any stains that remain on the marker after a cleaning will fade or disappear with time. Lichens (mossy plant growth) do not penetrate the stone but sit on top. But they do hold moisture which damages the stone. Gently remove the lichens from the stone by brushing them away with a soft-bristled brush or a wood scraper.

If the stone is intact and is still standing in place

Follow Steps 1, 2 and 4 through 6 and 8.

NOT TO DO LIST
Because marble markers may be damaged by inappropriate methods of cleaning, repairing, and resetting, the following list is offered as a guide of what not to do. Do not do anything to a marker that cannot be undone. Do not use bleach, salt-laden cleaners or acids, wire brushes, or metal tools to clean markers. Do not use household products (Ivory soap, Formula 409, Trisodium phosphate, etc.) to clean markers. Do not use ammonia on metal markers. Do not use a brush that you would not use on your car. Do not make rubbings. Do not use chalk, flour, or shaving cream to help read markers. Do not use sealants to waterproof markers. Do not set markers in concrete. Do not discard fragments of markers. Other pieces may yet be discovered. Do not use commercial herbicides near markers. Do not mow immediately around marker unless the mower has bumper guards. Always avoid touching the marker. Do not place adhesive tape on a marker. Do not use metal pry bars to lift markers.

10 A Guide to Basic Preservation

APPENDIX A: RESOURCES

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 11

RESOURCES
Anson-Cartwright, Tamara 1997 Landscapes of Memory: A Guide for Conserving Historic Cemeteries: Repairing Tombstones. Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, Ontario, Canada. http://www.gov.on.ca/MCZCR/english/culdiv/heritage/memories.htm DeBartolo Carmack, Sharon 2002 Your Guide to Cemetery Research, Betterway Books, Cincinnati, Ohio. Hacker, Debi 2001 Iconography of Death: Common Symbolism of Late 18th Through Early 20th Century Tombstones in the Southeastern United States. Chicora Foundation, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina. King, Gregg G., Susan Kosky, Kathleen Glynn, and Gladys Saborio 2004 Michigan Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide. Michigan State Historic Preservation Office, The Charter Township of Canton Historic District Commission, and Department of Leisure Service. Strangstad, Lynette 1995 A Graveyard Preservation Primer. Altamira Press, published in cooperation with Association for Gravestone Studies, Walnut Creek, California. Taylor, Veronica 1987 Caring for Your Local Cemetery. Illinois Preservation Series Number 9, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Division of Preservation Services, Springfield, Illinois. Texas Historical Commission n.d. Preserving Historic Cemeteries, Texas Preservation Guidelines. The State Agency for Historic Preservation, Austin, Texas. http://www.thc.state.texas.us Trinkley, Michael 1998 Recording Historic Cemeteries: A Guide for Historical Societies and Genealogists, Chicora Foundation, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina.

Trippe-Dillon, Tammie 1999 Grave Concerns: A Preservation Manual for Historic Cemeteries in Arkansas. Arkansas Preservation Program.

ORGANIZATIONS AND ON-LINE RESOURCES

The Association for Gravestone Studies 278 Main Street, Suite 207 Greenfield, MA 01301 www.gravestonestudies.org Chicora Foundation, Inc. P. O. Box 8664 Columbia, SC 29202 www.chicora.org Indiana Pioneer Cemeteries Restoration Project www.rootsweb.com/~inpcrp National Center for Preservation Technology & Training 645 University Parkway Natchitoches, LA 71457 www.ncptt.gov New England Cemetery Services 27 Miles Standish Drive West Hartford, CT 06107 www.gravestoneconservation.com State Association for the Preservation of Iowa Cemeteries (SAPIC) 21813 170th Street Birmingham, IA 52535 www.rootsweb.com/~iasapic/ Texas Historical Commission The State Agency for Historic Preservation P. O. Box 12276 Austin, TX 78711-2276 www.thc.state.tx.us www.ilgenweb.rootsweb.com ww.usgennet.org/usa/il/state2index.htm

For in Internet search engines type in cemetery name, county name, state

12 A Guide to Basic Preservation

APPENDIX B: MARKER TYPES AND STYLES

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 13

Marker Material Types

Limestone

Marble

Granite 14 A Guide to Basic Preservation

Zinc (a.k.a white bronze)

Marker Styles

Straight Head

Gothic Head

Tablet Head

Head with Shoulder

Head with Shoulder

Head with Shoulder Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 15

Head in Socket

Head on Base with Pin

Foot Stone

Vault

Mausoleum 16 A Guide to Basic Preservation

Pedestal Obelisk

Pedestal with Urn

Pedestal Vault

Bedstead

Scroll

Family Plot Corner Marker Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 17

Pulpit

Tree Stump

Confederate States of America 18 A Guide to Basic Preservation

Union Army

Ornament Styles

Draped Urn

Sculpture

Relief Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 19

Boundary Styles

Closed curb

Grave plot fence

Open curb

Cemetery fence 20 A Guide to Basic Preservation

APPENDIX C: CEMETERY AND MARKER ASSESSMENT FORMS

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 21

ILLINOIS HISTORIC CEMETERY SURVEY FORM

BACKGROUND
Recorder: _______________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________________ Affiliation: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cemetery Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Contact: ___________________________________________________________________ Phone: _________________________ Type of Ownership: Private City/town/village Township County Church Unknown

Other __________________________________________________________________________ If private ownership, name of owner: _________________________________________________________________________ Owner permission granted? Yes No

Owner Address: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Is the cemetery registered? Yes No Unknown Rural community Urban lawn park Inactive and maintained

Design layout: Early family graveyard Active and maintained Inactive but not maintained Public accessibility: Restricted

Active but not maintained

Abandoned and not maintained Car Foot

Unrestricted

LOCATION DATA
County: ____________________________________________ USGS Quad: ____________________________________________ Twp: _____________________ Range: _______________ , , , Section: _______________________________________ Topography: Flat ______________ Rolling ______________ Nearest stream _________________________________________

Nearest town: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

DIMENSIONS AND FEATURES

Dimensions (attach sketch map: include type of boundary fences/hedges, nearby roads/access areas): ______ ft x _____ ft; Paced?/Taped? From published map? _____________ Boundary fence/wall/hedge: Yes No Internal structures: Fence Curbing

# headstones _______________________________________ # cenotaphs (i.e., no interment) _____________________________ Other types of markers: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22 A Guide to Basic Preservation

List any ornamental plants: __________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ List any unique natural plants: _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HAS GENEALOGICAL DATA BEEN COMPILED AND IF SO BY WHOM, WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND AND YEAR WORK DONE? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oldest Legible Death Date: ____________________ Number 19th C. burial: ________________________ Most Recent Death Date: ____________________ Number of 20th C. burials: ____________________

Important Persons/Events Associated with this cemetery: _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Foreign Languages: _________________________________________________________________________________________ Unusual architectural or structural features: ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stone Types: Slate Sandstone Limestone Concrete Marble Granite

White bronze/zinc Ethnic groups included: Caucasian

Other ____________________________________________________ Hispanic Asian

African American

Nationality: _________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTEGRITY
Condition: Well maintained Poorly maintained Overgrown

Evidence of recent/past disturbance (specify type and extent; e.g., erosion, beer/soda bottle debris, vandalism, etc.): ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prior conservation attempts: No Yes (explain) _________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hazards or threats to the cemetery (explain): ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 23

ILLINOIS HISTORIC CEMETERY CONDITION FORM

Recorder: _______________________________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Affiliation: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cemetery Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Contact: ___________________________________________________________________ Phone: _________________________ Address: __________________________________________________________________ County: _________________________ Circle all that apply below: STRUCTURES Marker Box tomb Foot stone Vault Mausoleum Bedstead Obelisk Cenotaph ENCLOSURES Curb Fence Gate Wall Other None Materials Found Marble Granite Limestone Slate Sandstone Brick Wood LANDSCAPES Trees Plants Ground cover Roadways Walkways Others FURTHER ACTION General site clean-up: _________________________________ Monument cleaning: __________________________________ Monument conservation: ____________________________________ Other: _________________________________________ Materials Found Annual Perennial Ornamental Shade trees Hedges Grass Gravel/pebble Shell Concrete Brick Pavers Others Wrought iron Lead Bronze Zinc Concrete Cast iron Other Type of Damage Collapse Fallen Broken Missing pieces Stained Biological growth Erosion Type of Damage Fallen / Uprooted Fallen on monument Broken Downed limbs Missing pieces Other Level of Damage None 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Level of Damage None 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Materials Found Marble Granite Limestone Slate Sandstone Brick Wood Wrought iron Lead Bronze Zinc Concrete Cast iron Other Type of Damage Collapse Fallen Broken Missing pieces Stained Biological growth Erosion Level of Damage None 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100%

24 A Guide to Basic Preservation

ILLINOIS HISTORIC CEMETERY MONUMENT RECORD FORM

Cemetery Name: ___________________________________________________________ Location: _______________________ Recorder: _______________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________________ Weather: _________________________________________________________________ Time of Day: ____________________ Monument Number: ___________________________________________ Orientation: N Material: Slate Concrete Monument type: Straight Head Head in socket Mausoleum Pedestal with Urn Pulpit WWI Tabletop Type of Ornament: Urn Boundary: Curb Gothic Head Head on base with pin Ground tablet Bedstead Woodsman of the World WWII Tablet Head Foot Pedestal obelisk Family name marker Rev. War Korean War Head with shoulders Vault Pedestal vault Scroll Civil War Vietnam War Sandstone Wood Limestone Zinc Marble Granite S E W NE SE NW SW

Other _____________________________________________________

Other ____________________________________________________ Sculpture Fence Relief decoration None None

Other _____________________________________________

Dimensions (inches): Main = Width ___________________ Height ___________________ Thickness ____________________ Base = Width ___________________ Height ___________________ Thickness ____________________ Number of inscribed surfaces: _______________________ Condition of inscriptions: Mint Trace Clear but worn Illegible Mostly legible Unknown

ATTACH DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF ALL SIDES

INSCRIPTIONS: Include name, dates, family status, epitaphs and motifs. Indicate direction inscription is facing (e.g. E or W).

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 25

Monument Integrity: (check all that apply) Standing Collapsed Ruin Cracked Fragment Biological growth Tilted Stained Sunken Relocated Needs cleaning

PREVIOUS PRESERVATION TECHNIQUE: (check all that apply) Clean Repair (non-base) Repair (base) Reset

Explain: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Additional Information: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26 A Guide to Basic Preservation

APPENDIX D: STONES AND STATUTES: LAWS GOVERNING ILLINOIS CEMETERIES

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 27

Stones and Statutes Laws: Governing Illinois Cemeteries

The first Illinois laws protecting historically significant cemeteries were enacted in 1851. Since that time the state legislature has passed a number of laws governing the management of public cemeteries, including sales and ownership, the creation of local cemetery authorities, burial places of Illinois soldiers and sailors, and the care and maintenance of cemeteries. Those laws encourage local government and private organizations to maintain, regulate, and protect cemeteries. Also established by law are provisions for creating a local cemetery authority when none exists. Responsibility for cemeteries clearly rests with local governments. Except for certain cemeteries designated historic landmarks, the State of Illinois appropriates no money for the care and maintenance of cemeteries. Why preserve or protect cemeteries? They are memorials to the past that offer a unique view of our history, culture, and way of life. Their existence adds much to our understanding of the history of Illinois and its people. Abandonment, or the assumption of abandonment, of a cemetery occurs when no interments have been made for thirty years and the cemetery has been exempt from real estate-taxes during that period. A cemetery is also considered abandoned when there is no cemetery authority to care for the land (60 ILCS 1/130-5; 525 ILCS 30/3.01; 765 ILCS 835/9-14). Care refers to the maintenance of cemetery grounds and all structures within its boundaries, the equipment used for its care, the salary of those employed, and the recording of interments and owners of lots (760 ILCS 100/2). Care funds are any land donation, personal gift, contribution or bequest accepted by a cemetery authority for the care of a cemetery (760 ILCS 100/2). Cemetery authority is the legally authorized owner or operator of a cemetery. The cemetery authority may be an individual or an organization with some members serving as trustees. Trustees of a cemetery association sometimes hire a cemetery caretaker (525 ILCS 30/3.04; 760 ILCS 100/2). Family burial ground is any cemetery that restricts the interment to a group of persons related by blood or marriage (760 ILCS 100/2). Fraternal cemetery is a cemetery owned by a fraternal organization that limits its interments to members (760 ILCS 100/2).

Defining Terms What do the legal terms mean in plain English?

It is important to define the commonly used terms in the Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS). A cemetery is any area used for the interment of human remains, including structures such as columbariums, mausoleums, and crypts (525 ILCS 30/3.03; 760 ILCS 100).

This is a well-maintained municipal cemetery in a park-like setting. Woodland Cemetery, Quincy, Adams County

Cemeteries contain both above and below ground burials.Oak Hill Cemetary, Watseka, Iroquois County

28 A Guide to Basic Preservation

Grave artifacts are any item of human manufacture or use that is associated with the human skeletal remains in an unregistered grave (20 ILCS 3440/1c). Grave marker is any tomb, monument, stone, ornament, prehistoric mound, or other item of human manufacture that is associated with an unregistered grave (20 ILCS 3440/1d). Municipal cemetery is a cemetery owned or managed by a city, village, township, or county (760 ILCS 100/2). Registered exempt cemeteries are not licensed. They are owned by a religious organization, private family, or municipality (local, township or city) (760 ILCS 100). Registered licensed cemeteries are those that are active, are privately owned, are for profit, and sell plots on a pre-need basis (760 ILCS 100/7). Religious cemetery is one owned and operated by any church, religious society, or denomination (760 ILCS 100/2). Privately operated cemetery is any burial ground other than those defined as fraternal, municipal, family, or religious (760 ILCS 100/2). Skeletal analyst is an individual with either a masters degree or Ph.D. specializing in the study of human osteology from an accredited institution. They must have a minimum of six months of supervised analytical training or experience in the identification, analysis, and interpretation of human skeletal remains to become

certified with the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (17 IAC 4170). Unregistered grave is defined as any grave or location where a human body has been buried or deposited (20 ILCS 3440).

Federal Programs What role does the federal government have in cemetery care?
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was established to protect historic properties and cultural resources from unnecessary harm due to progress and change. In Illinois, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agencys Preservation Services Division is designated the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). As the SHPO, division staff members administer the federal historic preservation program in Illinois. The Preservation Services Division oversees surveys and inventories of Illinois historic properties and nominates places to the National Register of Historic Places, which is maintained by the United States Department of the Interior. The State Historic Preservation Office also advises and assists local governments in planning for the preservation and management of cultural resources, including cemeteries. The review and compliance section monitors federal projects for their effect on historic places and cultural resources. Sometimes a federally funded highway route includes a cemetery in its right-of-way. Through the review and compliance process staff members may

Prehistoric burial mounds, such as these, are protected by the Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act.

Goddard Memorial Chapel, Rose Hill Cemetery, Marion, Williamson County, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 29

recommend rerouting the proposed road or relocating the cemetery. The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency also oversees the National Register program in Illinois. Generally, a grave or cemetery is not eligible for the National Register except in the following cases: It is the grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance and no other appropriate site or building directly associated with the individuals productive life exists It is a cemetery that derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance The cemetery is distinguished by age, distinctive design feature, or its association with historical events For additional information on the National Register of Historic Places and its association with Illinois cemeteries, write: National Register Coordinator, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, One Old State Capitol Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62701. In 1935 the Illinois legislature, under the provisions of federal law, established an alphabetized roll of honor for all veterans that include their place of burial. The rolls are maintained at the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs offices throughout the state. The federal government is obligated to pay for the grave markers (330 ILCS 110).

fraud. Exempt cemeteries are owned by non-profit groups. The Comptrollers Office does not have legal jurisdiction over exempt cemeteries. Registering a cemetery is an inexpensive and simple procedure. The fee is just $5. The application includes a number of questions concerning the name, location, and type of cemetery (religious, fraternal, family, or public burial site). Anyone may complete the application, but it must carry the signature of the cemetery owner. Under provisions of the Cemetery Care Act, the owner is liable for the care of lots, graves, niches, mausoleums, memorials, and markers. The Cemetery Care Act protects consumers who purchase a grave or family plot with a provision of perpetual care. The cemetery owner is required to protect the consumers investment by maintaining the cemetery grounds and repairing stones when needed. For additional information on the Illinois Cemetery Care Act and how to register a cemetery, write: Illinois Office of the Comptroller, Cemetery Care and Burial Trust Department, 100 West Randolph Street, Suite 15-500, Chicago, Illinois 60601. Application forms are also available on-line at www.ioc.state.il.us/office/ccbt. Cemetery maintenance is typically handled at the local level. Public officials can be encouraged to allocate funds for cemetery restoration and maintenance. Local individuals or groups can organize an association under provisions of the Illinois Cemetery Care Act, which provides for the establishment of cemetery care trust funds. The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA) administers the Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (20 ILCS 3440). This Act, passed in 1989, protects all unregistered graves, graves artifacts, and grave markers (including prehistoric burial mounds) that are over 100 years old and are not located in a cemetery that is registered with the State Comptrollers Office under the Cemetery Care Act. The Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act offers protection from all disturbances including, but not limited to, excavation (including cultivation), vandalism, removal, defacement, or desecration in any way (20 ILCS 3440/1). It is the Agencys preference that graves or cemeteries be undisturbed and preserved in place. Occasionally an unmarked grave or cemetery is disturbed, either by an accidental discovery or by a planned undertaking. If human remains or graves are accidentally uncovered, then the discovery must be reported to the

State Government Assistance What is the states role in cemetery care and maintenance?
A number of state government organizations help to preserve and protect cemeteries and promote public awareness of their cultural significance. The State Comptrollers Office administers the Illinois Cemetery Care Act (760 ILCS 100), which preserves and protects cemeteries registered with the offices Cemetery Care and Burial Trust Department. This Act, as amended in 1948, mandates the financial and maintenance responsibilities of cemetery owners and operators. Cemeteries registered with the State Comptrollers Office fall under one of two categories, licensed or exempt. Licensed cemeteries are forprofit groups and, therefore, are under the jurisdiction of the State Comptrollers Office. They are required to file an annual report. The Comptrollers Office focuses on licensed cemeteries to protect the consumer from 30 A Guide to Basic Preservation

county coroner within 48 hours. If the coroners office determines that the case does not warrant any further investigation and the remains appear to be over 100 years old, then jurisdiction is passed to the IHPA. If the remains are believed to be less than 100 years old, then the coroner maintains jurisdiction. If a planned undertaking will adversely impact an unregistered grave or cemetery, then a permit must be obtained from the IHPA prior to any development. Professional archaeologists and skeletal analysts are required to lead the archaeological investigation. It is unlawful for any person or agent representing an individual to knowingly disturb or to allow the disturbance of human skeletal remains, grave artifacts, or grave markers without first obtaining a permit from the IHPA. Any violation of this Act is a Class A misdemeanor. Violators can face imprisonment of up to six months and a fine not to exceed $10,000. Any subsequent violation is a Class 4 felony (20 ILCS 3440/3-11). Under this law, all human skeletal remains, grave artifacts, and grave markers in unregistered graves are under the jurisdiction of the IHPA and are held in trust for the people of the State. All materials collected under this Act will be maintained, with dignity and respect, at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield (20 ILCS 3440/14). In some instances, unregistered graves are identified with a grave marker. The administrative codes of the Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (17 IAC 4170) state that if direct lineal descendents can be identified, then they may submit a written request to the IHPA for the return of the remains, grave artifacts, and grave marker. Descendents must demonstrate their direct lineal descent from the deceased through family genealogical records. The family must agree to reburial of the remains and artifacts within a set period of time and must provide notarized proof that the reburial has occurred. The Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act can be found at www.ilga.gov/legislature. Select Illinois Complied Statutes, then Chapter 20, and finally 20 ILCS 3440. The complete administrative codes can be found at www.ilga.gov/legislature. Under the category of Rules and Regulations select Administrative Rules, then Title 17, and finally Part 4170.

The Illinois Nature Preserves Commission protects cemeteries contained within the boundaries of a nature preserve. Each nature preserve cemetery is regulated by the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (525 ILCS 30). The owner of the land and cemetery retains custody, but maintains the area in its natural condition for scientific research, aesthetic enjoyment, and habitat for plant and animal species. Maintenance of these cemeteries follows acceptable management plans developed in consultation with the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission. For additional information on nature preserves, their designation, and regulations, write: Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, Illinois 62702.

A pioneer plot in an Illinois Nature Preserve Prospect Cemetery, Paxton, Ford County.

County, Township, or Municipality Obligation What is the county, township, or municipality obligation?
If a cemetery is not managed by an association, a cemetery maintenance district can be established by petitioning the county commission or township clerk for a tax levy to control and maintain a burial site. Cemetery maintenance districts are provided for by a law enacted in July 1957 that places responsibility for cemetery care on county governments. First, residents must support the proposal with a petition. Next, officials within the proposed boundaries of the maintenance district must be notified and a hearing conducted in the circuit court. A referendum must be held in the next public election, and if it is successful, the county court grants the cemetery maintenance district. Within that district, the county may recondition or restore any Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 31

neglected or abandoned publicly owned cemetery and provide for its continued maintenance (760 ILCS 100; 50 ILCS 610). In addition to a special tax, any county board may set aside funds to clean and maintain any neglected grave or cemetery in its jurisdiction, even if it is not owned by the county (55 ILCS 70). Voters may also request a county soldiers and sailors burial fund and memorial. Legal voters may petition the county board for an annual tax to be levied for establishing and maintaining such a fund. Again, it is a question put to the electorate during a general election. If the residents of a county petition for the establishment of a memorial to their soldiers and sailors, or contribute any money, it is the responsibility of the county commissioners to appropriate money to maintain the memorial (55 ILCS 5/5-28). In July 1925 the Illinois General Assembly enacted a law providing for the restoration and reconditioning of neglected graves and cemeteries. If the cemetery is within a county, township, or city, an appropriate tax may be levied to help maintain and restore the cemetery and grave markers (55 ILCS 70; 60 ILCS 1/130-5; 65 ILCS 5/11-49 & /11-50). City cemeteries must be located less than one mile outside the city limits. The city authority may acquire land or an existing cemetery specifically for burial purposes and sell lots to recover the cost (65 ILCS 5/11-49 and 5/11-52.1).

In accepting a burial site, the city authority becomes responsible for the maintenance of the cemetery. Two or more cities, villages, or townships may jointly maintain a cemetery. If a trust fund for maintenance is established, a city council or board of trustees must oversee expenditures related to the cemeterys care (60 ILCS 135). If a burial site is assumed abandoned, a cemetery authority may file with the circuit court a petition declaring the cemetery abandoned. The petition must include a description of the cemeterys location, the name of its owner or next of kin, and a statement of the cemeterys condition. If an owner responds to the petition, the assumption of abandonment no longer exists. If no owner appears after one year, the right to sell lots is given to the petitioners or cemetery authority. In the event that the owner does appear, all expenses incurred by the cemetery authority are reimbursed and the owner is held liable for the future care and maintenance of the cemetery (765 ILCS 835/9; 60 ILCS 1/130).

How can a cemetery authority discourage vandals and encourage responsible visitors?
Vandalism takes many forms discarded beer cans and trash, overturned monuments, graffiti, firearm damage, and so on. All are considered Class C misdemeanors. Operating motor vehicles in undesignated areas and at excessive speeds may also cause damage. Those violating the speed limit may be found guilty of a petty offense and fined. Cemetery associations may legally appoint police officers to protect

Cemeteries within a cemetery maintenance district my be reconditioned or restored with funds provided by the county government.

Under Illinois law, a county board can provide funds to clean and maintain a grave or cemetery, even if it is not owned by the county.

32 A Guide to Basic Preservation

and preserve cemeteries. They have the same power to arrest persons in violation of rules and regulations of the cemetery as any city marshal or police officer (765 ILCS 835/1-3; 60 ILCS 1/135-60). Lights, fences, and signs may deter some vandals. Signs may inform visitors of the times that the cemetery is open, where public facilities are located, and outline rules governing the maintenance and care. Some signs inform people of their rights should they violate cemetery regulations. Signs tend to heighten public awareness and establish the cemetery authoritys commitment to maintaining a respectable environment. Lighting may discourage vandals, yet that may be impossible in some cases. City lights or floodlights on an office or mausoleum may deter some vandals because they can be observed clearly from a safe distance. A conscientious citizen could, without risk, call the police to report the vandalism. Fences around a burial site help to keep large animals out and also define the cemetery boundaries. Two types of fencing are especially desirable open-weave chain link or rails. Neither obstructs the view of the cemetery, which makes it easier to observe from a distance.

into cemetery records and obituary notices should provide clues to the locations of obscured stones. Encourage volunteers by offering to train them in proper preservation techniques. Please remember that anyone interested in uncovering and repairing buried markers from an unregistered grave or cemetery must first obtain a permit from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Volunteers must be trained in the correct and sometimes tedious task of uncovering buried markers and repairing grave markers. Contact the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency for gravestone preservation training opportunities. A local civic group or youth organizations Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts may contribute volunteers to maintain a cemetery. Contact local news agencies (television, radio, or newspaper) and your community service department. They may be willing to give your recruitment efforts a boost by providing free publicity. Public support can also be generated by the Illinois State Historical Societys marker program. That program oversees the erection of a historical marker to memorialize an event or person. The markers program may involve your local historical or genealogical society, a civic group, or anyone interested in the areas history. A historical marker may expand on the facts engraved on a grave marker, providing a brief biography of a significant local figure. For guidelines and an application, write: Illinois

Want to know more about a local cemetery?

Contact your local historical or genealogical society, which may inventory or may have already inventoried each marker. Those records indicate which gravestones were visible when the inventory was made. Research

This notice presents a fair warning to visitors of this Sangamon County cemetery.

Historical markers memorialize an important person or event. The Illinois State Historical Society administers Illinois marker program.

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 33

State Historical Society, Historical Markers Program, 210 South Sixth Street, Suite 200, Springfield, Illinois 62701 or visit their website for an application: www.historyillinois.org/Markers/markers.htm.

If you wish to erect a historical marker, write: Illinois State Historical Society, Markers Program, 210 South Sixth Street, Suite 200, Springfield, Illinois 62701, phone: (217) 525-2781, or visit the web site at www.historyillinois.org/Markers/markers.htm. To register a cemetery, write: Illinois Office of the Comptroller, Cemetery Care and Burial Trust Department, 100 W. Randolph, Suite 15-500, Chicago, Illinois 60601 or phone (toll free hotline) (877) 203-3401 or in Chicago (312) 814-2451. Application forms are also available on-line at www.ioc.state.il.us/office/ccbt. Concerns dealing with the burial of Illinois war veterans should be addressed to: Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs, 833 South Spring Street, P. O. Box 19432, Springfield, Illinois 62794, or phone toll free: 1-800-437-9824 or in Springfield (217) 782-6641, or on-line at www.state.il.us/agency/dva. For information on historic cemeteries as nature preserves, write: Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, Illinois 62702 or phone: (217) 524-2415 or visit the web site for additional information: www.dnr.state.il.us/inpc.

For more information

Whom can I contact for more information?
Questions dealing with cemeteries and cemetery laws should be directed to: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Division of Preservation Services, One Old State Capitol Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62701 or phone: (217) 782-4836. Concerns for cemeteries affected by projects involving federal funds should be expressed to: Archaeological Review and Compliance Section, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, One Old State Capitol Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62701 or phone (217) 782-4836. If a cemetery contains a prehistoric burial mound, or if a prehistoric burial mound is being disturbed, contact: Archaeology Section, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, One Old State Capitol Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62701 or phone (217) 782-4836.

34 A Guide to Basic Preservation

The following is a partial list of state and local cemetery and burial laws. This list includes laws that apply to both registered and unregistered and/or unmarked cemeteries and/or graves. This does not include any federal cemetery or burial laws (most of which will, in general, apply only to federally owned land). STATEWIDE LAWS
20 ILCS 3440 Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (*this is the only Act administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency) Veterans Burial Places Act Burial of Dead Bodies Act Crematory Regulation Act Illinois Natural Areas Preservation Act

330 ILCS 110 410 ILCS 5 410 ILCS 18 525 ILCS 30/3.01, 30/3.03, 30/3.04, 30/11, 30/12 720 ILCS 5/21 760 ILCS 100

Criminal Offenses Damage and Trespass to Property Cemetery Care Act (administered by the Illinois State Comptrollers Office) Cemetery Land Ownership and Transfer Act Cemetery Protection Act Cemetery Association Act

765 ILCS 820 765 ILCS 835 805 ILCS 320

COUNTY LAWS
55 ILCS 65 55 ILCS 70 60 ILCS 1/30-60 60 ILCS 1/130 60 ILCS 1/133 60 ILCS 1/135 County Cemetery Care Act Grave and Cemetery Restoration Act Public Graveyards Township Cemeteries Public Graveyards Joint Township Cemeteries

MUNICIPALITY LAWS
65 ILCS 5/11-49 65 ILCS 5/11-50 General Cemetery Power and Tax for Rehabilitation Tax for Restoration of Neglected Cemeteries

These laws can be found on the web at www.ilga.gov/legislation. Then select Illinois Compiled Statutes.

Illinois Historic Cemetery Preservation Handbook 35

Illinois Department of Natural Resources OFFICE OF REALTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING One Natural Resources Way Springfield, IL 62702-1271 (217) 782-7940; TTY (217) 782-9175 http://dnr.state.il.us

Illinois Historic Preservation Agency

Preservation Services 1 Old State Capitol Plaza Springfield, IL 62701-1512 217-782-4836; TTY (217) 224-7128 www.illinois-history.gov