Starch + water Salivary Maltose amylase Secretes bile Stores bile Peptides Erepsin Amino + water pH 7.

5 acids Maltose Ma ltase Glucose + water Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Fructose + water Lactose + Lacta se Glucose + water Galactose Lipid + water Lipase Fatty acids + glycerol Protein + Pepsin Polypeptide water pH 2.0 Caesinogen Rennin Caesin + water Secretes panc reatic juices Starch + Pancreatic maltose amylase water Polypeptide Trypsin pept ide + water Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids + glycerol water

Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant Largest part of the stomach Mutualistic microorganisms secrete cellulase to dige st cellulose Water is removed from cud True stomach Cud (chewed and reswallowed) Microorganisms secrete cellulase to digest cellulose Gastric juice secreted Digestion of proteins

Fatty acids + glycerol, Vitamins A, D, E and K Structure of a villus Glucose Amino acids

LOCATION Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion takes place in the alimentary c anal) Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex compounds or structural c omponents Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for the release of appropr iate amount of nutrients in the circulatory system.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. Glycogen wil l be converted to sugar when the body needs energy Glucose is distributed throug hout the body by circulatory system. Cells oxidise glucose to release energy dur ing cellular respiration.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE Excess of glucose is converted into lipids by the liver.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS Amino acids have to pass through the liver before they reach blood circulatory s ystem Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma proteins. Function of plasma pr oteins: blood clotting and osmoregulation When there are short supply of glucose , amino acids are converted to glucose by the liver through gluconeogenesis proc ess.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS Amino acids that enter the cell are used for synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged tissue. Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis hormones and enzymes. Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination process. The wa ste product of this process is commonly the urea. Urea is transported to the kid neys and secreted out through urine.

LIPIDS Lipids such as fats represent the major energy store of the body Excess lipids a re stored in the adipose tissue. Some lipids; ex: phospholipids and cholesterol are major components of plasma membranes

OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER Liver acts as the detoxicification site In this process, the liver removes harmf ul substances from blood and convert them to less toxidic compounds. The detoxic ification products are eliminated from the body through bile or urine.

Glucose for cellular respiration Amino synthesis of hormones, plasma acids membr anes, enzymes Glucose - respiration Excess glucose glycogen Amino acids plasma protein Excess amino acids - urea

Formation of Faeces and Defaecation Reabsorbs water and minerals Elimates undigested food Escherichia coli are found Secretes mucus to bind faeces and lubricates movement of feaces along the colon Temporary storage of faeces Faeces is expelled from here when the rectum is ful l, contraction of the muscles of the rectum propels the faeces out