Introduction

Non state actors are one of the important features of a real world. Because, in this age of globalization they play many role in any state mechanism. Actually they are created for developing a country. But they are doing some measurement that harmful to developing country and created state violence. Non state actors generally influence to peace and development. But all time they influence to development it is not true. There are various examples in this 3 rd world country that their own interest. prove there wrong strategy. They create difference between poor and reach people and they serve

Definition of Non state actors

Non-State Actors, in international politics, are actors on the international level which are not states. The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory is inherently a rebuke to the assumptions of realism and other "black box" theories of international relations, which argue that interactions between states are the main relationships of interest in studying international events. But nowadays non state actors act in different area of international politics of developing countries as a representative of developed or western societies. So, it can be define non state actors as informal actors of state influence in states policy or ideology to fulfill own interest indirect actors of world reality in the age of globalization can influence many countries at a time

Kinds of Non-state Actors

Different types of non state actors act in different section of international politics. Some of them use violent way as path of their success. They are not recognized by international community but still they are the factors.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

These groups are typically considered a part of society. They are given certain rights to influence the govt. policy to improve the condition of people. They basically work on civil, socio cultural rights of people.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Multinational corporations are for profit organizations that operate in three or more

sovereign states. They are the representative of open market economy and main intention profit making rater than mankind. They influenced state for their business policy.

The International Media

This kind of certain media used as a policy of media manipulation by his own owner which must be developed nation.

Violent non-state actor They are not recognized by any part of international politics but they are quite

influential in state levels of developing countries.

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Armed groups: for example rebel opposition forces, militias, and warlords. Terrorist Organizations, Including groups such as Al-Qaeda, Lashkar e Tayyaba, Jaish e Mohammed. Criminal Organizations, for example drug cartels such as the Gulf Cartel.

Religious Groups

The Quakers are quite active in their international advocacy efforts and their supportive role at international conferences. They have in part founded other non-state actors such as Amnesty International, Greenpeace, and OXFAM. The religion based NGO s is also an influential part of international and national politics. Transnational communities These kinds of actors are considered as the most influential part in international politics of developing countries. Developing countries are bound to them because of their loan policy. Like World Bank (WB), international monetary fund (IMF),Asian development bank(ADB).

Certain Individuals This includes an individual who act as a active agents of civil society. Most types of non-state actors would be considered part of civil society, though some function within the international market (e.g. MNCs and organized crime).in broader economic perspective nowadays all non state actors act due to their own economic interest or power hunger. this kind of intention create violence within or outside in states.

The role of NGO s as non state actors

Non government organizations works in the sector of education, health care awareness, social and political awareness of people, poverty reduction and done a lot of research programmed in order to develop the condition of people. Basically they are non profitable organizations and profit making is not their duty. But nowadays some different kind of NGO s found who lead their work through Microcredit.NGO s play their role differently in terms of local social values. GO s works a lot in many developing countries and plays a vital role as a non state actors. Often their role creates uneven development that leads to social or economic uncertainty. The role of Bangladeshi NGO s can be illustrated to interpret their role. So this portion of article shows different perspective of the role of NGO s in Bangladesh as non state actors and analyzes its role in creating state violence. Leading NGO s of Bangladesh is---

Grameen bank
Since Grameen became a bank it continued to expand. Today it works in almost 43,000 villages across Bangladesh and gives loans to 2.8 million borrowers, 96 per cent of whom are women. it disbursed more than US$ 4billion to these borrowers in a cumulative way, of which US$ 3.6 billion has been paid back. it lend out an average of US$ 34 million every month as new loans. The amount of loans outstanding currently is US$ 250 million, the recovery rate is 99 per cent. The Grameen Bank is owned by poor borrowers and works exclusively for them. Borrowers of Grameen Bank, at present, own 93 per cent of the total equity of the bank, while the remaining 7 per cent is owned by the government. From the beginning it tried to design a system that met the needs of the poor. It identified what the main barriers for poor people to access money from conventional banks were, and set our course by reversing the principles practiced by conventional banks.

but question arise in terms of some points High interest rate of Grameen bank which reaches up to 42% which considered a large panic who loan 5000 taka. the huge amount money source is still questionable often the rough behavior of officials is the reality people often lose everything due to natural calamities and the business policy of grameen bank many other business organizations like Grammen phone, Grameen shakti have foreign investment and the profit money export in foreign countries organization often used for political reason. the political ambition of Dr. yunus proved this allegation very clearly The absence of a legal framework for micro credit programmes continues to be a big constraint in their expansion. Micro credit institutions operate in a variety of institutional structures NGOs, trusts, non-bank finance corporations, banks, financial companies, and so on. Programmes that have reached scale and wish to convert themselves into financial institutions are unwilling to do so because of requirements that are inappropriate for the work they are doing. Micro credit has contributed positively to the well-being of the poor in general; it has failed to reach the poorest of the poor. One research explores the reasons why micro credit programs rarely reach the poorest of the poor in rural Bangladesh. The reasons have been divided into five categories: (1) supply, (2) demand, (3) NGDOs norms and social issues, (4) voluntary and involuntary dropouts, and (5) sustainable financial services. This paper also argues that micro credit alone is not necessarily the best way to help the poorest of the poor.

Other NGO s micro credit programme

Bangladesh found to this problem is to create a national wholesale fund: Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation (PKSF). The government and the World Bank put their money into PKSF, which in turn made this money available to NGOs. The reason NGOs in Bangladesh demonstrated a significant growth in recent years is because of the existence of this wholesale fund. Until the beginning of 2003, it had provided more than US$ 260 million tonearly 200 NGOs in Bangladesh to carry out micro credit programmes. NGO MCPs with over 1, 00,000 4

micro credit borrowers. In Bangladesh, several NGOs have more than a million borrowers. It is not easy to run large micro credit programmes when the prime source of money is donor money. Despite the general consensus that microfinance does not reach the poorest; recent evidence suggests that nearly 15% of microfinance clients in Bangladesh are among the poorest. It is from the realization that even within the existing microfinance membership of BRAC, there is a significant percentage of the poorest; the CFPR-TUP programme has included a special focus on this segment of the poor what it calls the BDP ultra poor. A total of 1,339 households were surveyed from 30 area offices consisting of BDP ultra poor, VO members and non-VO members. Findings show that 46% of BDP ultra poor households belong to the poorest quartile and most of the remaining BDP ultra poor households belong to moderate poor quartile that suggests the programme is being able to concentrate on the target population. It was also found that the current focus on BDP ultra poor targeting is on the poorer VO members since majority of BDP ultra poor households was selected from existing BRAC microfinance VOs.

Political activities and corruption in Bangladeshi NGO s

Severe allegation found against the NGO s in Bangladesh. Some of them proved that they have political ambition and a large amount of corruption found in this sector. here are some of them Dr. yunus the founder of Grameen bank want to form a political party during the uncertain political condition of Bangladesh after 1\11 when an army and international community backed govt. rule in this country. This made him controversial and he failed in this time. Proshica the 33 year old NGO in Bangladesh and it is second largest. the chairman of it Quazi Faruque used this organization to fulfill his political ambition.Abul Kashem Palash the acting director of Proshica was arested after 1\11 for being involved anti social activities during the pre election violence from October to December 2006 as well as in the Awami Legue leader Abdul Jalil s in famous tramp card deadline. He told in interrogation that their chairman assigned them to take part in those movements of logi boitha. Faruque also accused to using Proshica fund to fulfill his political ambition showing them as expenses for various socio economic emancipation programme.he also employed his family members in important position.

Faruque paid for 32,00,000 Oikyabadha nagorik andolon and paid 15,00,960 taka for voter education but mainly using political purpose, spending 17,66,358 taka for making posters in favor of certain political parties, spending 2,10,000taka for observing his own birthday.

NGO s often give taka without any reason like Faruque give 1,99,423 taka to an Indian citizen called komol kher. If anyone touches the corruption and try to understand about their true intention he must be pushed back. They are so strong because of the support of imperialist developed countries. For example, some days ago a weekly called 2000 published a news called, micro credit, macro business. In this article the reporter tries interpret the reality about micro credit of Grameen bank. But the next one provides an apology for this report. it proved how strong they might be.

World

Bank (WB)

The World Bank is the world's most important development institution. It is the main lender to poorer countries for a whole range of projects, including the fight against poverty and HIV/Aids. the world wide work space of WB proved it as a strong non state actor in respect of developing countries. they specially plays role in the decision making sector of countries for the implementation of imperialist wish. some notes are here-- Joseph Stiglitz a leading economist said, "This is either an act of provocation by America, or an act so insensitive as to look like provocation," he says. "The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world." Stiglitz steered the organization away from the discredited diet of fiscal austerity and rapid market liberalization it had force-fed developing countries for years. He fears a reversal if Wolfowitz takes the helm, and imports his tough-minded Pentagon instincts. In recent years, more moderate policies and an anti-poverty focus have won the bank much more respect across the developing world," he says. "That progress would be badly undermined by an extreme turn to the right. "Wolfowitz's views on development remain vague. But his mere appointment, says Stiglitz, would destroy the World Bank's credibility among poorer nations, preventing it from promoting even sensible policies.

Good reforms, including efforts to tackle poverty and disease, will be tainted," he says. "Governments in developing countries will come under enormous pressure, with elections being fought on whether or not they will kick out the World Bank."Stiglitz says that, in the wake of the Iraq invasion and the torture of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, Wolfowitz will never be accepted by many countries the World Bank is supposed to assist. "The arguments for war were lies. Human rights abuses have been exposed. That's why objections to this nomination are felt very deeply in many parts of the world."

at the oppse of the recruitment of the chair man of WB called Wolfowitz he said But he(wolofwitz) has no training or experience in economic development or financial markets," Stiglitz says. "Poverty is a major global concern and the Bank is the most important institution addressing that. So we need someone in charge who knows developing countries and who knows development."

"A set of hard-line policies imposed by the US through the World Bank would lead to a strong sense of alienation. The rise of a movement called the New International Economic Order. It was organized by developing countries, many of whom had recently been decolonized. They did not think the "universal" system created by the founders of the IMF and the World Bank in the 1940s was fair.

In order to build the economies of the developing nations, the World Bank engaged in project lending. The aim of the early projects was to increase the nations' abilities to sustain economic development through generating income from projects. The only way to do this was to build up the resources necessary for economic growth in right way what choused by WB and which is dangerous for the sovereignty of the state.

World Bank lending to developing nations stressed the development of infrastructure, industry, and agriculture. For instance, it was important to develop electric power plants and roads before manufacturing factories could open and before light and heavy industry could be developed. None of these economic activities could develop without electric power. Without good roads, no investor would want to do business with a country because there was no way to transport products. They have loose their intention

towards environment .for that reason developing countries are in danger due to green house effect. Between 1973 and 1980, the World Bank, led by Robert McNamara, became a significant actor in the push to address social welfare in developing countries. In his view, it was imperative (in light of the Cold War) for the World Bank to work with governments to eradicate absolute poverty in developing nations. With financial and technical assistance from the World Bank and developed nations, the governments of developing countries implemented state-run programs aimed at improving the lot of their nation's citizens. Development was controlled directly by the state and its policies. But with this kind of work WB often controls the development policies of state. Another top-down approach to development - the import-substitution model - also began to show weaknesses during the 1960s and 1970s. That approach, implemented widely in Latin America and parts of Asia, sought to jump-start development by promoting industrialization. Accordingly, governments heavily regulated market activity in the domestic sectors (e.g., subsidies and price controls) as well as in the international arena (e.g., trade barriers and foreign investment regulation). Typically, much of the market activity was dominated by state-owned enterprises. but the decentralization policy of world bank damaging many local products and local small business. also they stop many industry of developing countries like the jute industry of Bangladesh with the prescription of WB. WB often plays duel role as they plays with the jute industry of Bangladesh. They provide loan for the jute industry of India and pressure Bangladesh to stop many jute industry. Consequence is very clear, Indian jute industry boost up and Bangladeshi industry become weaker. The NIEO was, in essence, a demand for effective sovereignty. During the 1960s and 1970s, newly independent ex-colonies were coming of age and demanding a greater share of the world's wealth and more participation in the decision-making processes that affected world issues, especially in economic matters that had great implications for the well-being of their populations. At the United Nations, where each country had one 8

vote, (this was not true at the IMF), developing countries successfully passed a number of resolutions during the mid-1970s that embodied the NIEO's agenda relating to the international economic order. The resolutions demanded the transfer of resources from developed nations in the form of technology, open markets, and direct aid.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund was created in July of 1944,originally with 46 members, with a goal to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world's international payment system. Countries contributed to a pool which could be borrowed from, on a temporary basis, by countries with payment imbalances. (Condon, 2007) The IMF describes itself as "an organization of 185 countries (Montenegro being the 185th, as of January 18, 2007), working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty Most are represented by other member states on a 24-member Executive Board but all member countries belong to the IMF's Board of Governors. The International Monetary Fund was formally created in July 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The representatives of 44 governments met in the Mount Washington Hotel in the area of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States of America, with the delegates to the conference agreeing on a framework for international economic cooperation. The IMF was formally organized on December 27, 1945, when the first 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement. In 2008, faced with a shortfall in revenue, the International Monetary Fund's executive board agreed to sell part of the IMF's gold reserves. On April 27, 2008, IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn welcomed the board's decision April 7, 2008 to propose a new framework for the fund, designed to close a projected $400 million budget deficit over the next few years. The budget proposal includes sharp spending cuts of $100 million until 2011 that will include up to 380 staff dismissals. At the 2009 G-20 London summit, it was decided that the IMF would require additional financial resources to meet prospective needs of its member countries during the ongoing global crisis. As part of that decision, the G-20 leaders pledged to increase the IMF's

supplemental cash tenfold to $500 billion, and to allocate to member countries another $250 billion via Special Drawing Rights. "The interests of the IMF represent the big international interests that seem to be established and concentrated in Wall Street." Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, Argentina, which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its compliance to policy proposals by the Bretton Woods institutions, experienced a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001, which some believe to have been caused by IMFinduced budget restrictions which undercut the government's ability to sustain national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health, education, and security and privatization of strategically vital national resources. early 2006 trend towards moderate left-wing governments in the region and a growing concern with the development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business pressures has been ascribed to this crisis. Another example of where IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes aggravated the problem was in Kenya. Before the IMF got involved in the country, the Kenyan central bank oversaw all currency movements in and out of the country. The IMF mandated that the Kenyan central bank had to allow easier currency movement. However, the adjustment resulted in very little foreign investment, but allowed Kamlesh Manusuklal Damji Pattni, with the help of corrupt government officials, to siphon off billions of Kenyan shillings in what came to be known as the Goldenberg scandal, leaving the country worse off than it was before the IMF reforms were implemented. Overall the IMF success record is perceived as limited. While it was created to help stabilize the global economy, since 1980 critics claim over 100 countries (or reputedly most of the Fund's membership) have experienced a banking collapse that they claim have reduced GDP by four percent or more, far more than at any time in PostDepression history. On June 15, 2007, the Executive Board of the IMF adopted the 2007 Decision on Bilateral Surveillance, a landmark measure that replaced a 30-year-old decision of the Fund's member countries on how the IMF should analyze economic outcomes at the country level.

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In 2008, a study by analysts from Cambridge and Yale universities published on the open-access Public Library of Science concluded that strict conditions on the international loans by the IMF resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by tuberculosis as public health care had to be weakened. In the 21 countries which the IMF had given loans, tuberculosis deaths rose by 16.6 %.

the IMF's policies' influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view. In 1978, one year after Jamaica first entered a borrowing relationship with the IMF, the Jamaican dollar was still worth more on the open exchange than the US dollar; by 1995, when Jamaica terminated that relationship, the Jamaican dollar had eroded to less than 2 cents US. Such observations lead to skepticism that IMF involvement is not necessarily helpful to a third world economy.

That said, the IMF sometimes advocates "austerity programmes," increasing taxes even when the economy is weak, in order to generate government revenue and balance budget deficits, which is Keynesian policy. Countries are often advised to lower their corporate tax rate. These policies were criticized by Joseph E. Stiglitz, former chief economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank, in his book Globalization and Its Discontents.

The investment scenario in the next fiscal is likely to be gloomy claims economist Zaid Bakht of the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. He claimed that most public investment would be politically motivated ahead of the general election scheduled to be held in January 2007, while private investment may fall by the wayside on the back of the IMF-dictated credit-squeezing policy.

The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War period, as the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations. Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to their views of democracy, human rights, and labor rights. The controversy has helped spark the Anti-globalization movement. Arguments in favor of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy; however, critics highlight various examples in which democratized countries fell after receiving IMF loans.

Country indebted to IMF/World Bank Dictator In power from In power to Argentina Military dictatorship 1976 1983 Indonesia Suharto 1967 1998

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Brazil Chile Pakistan Philippines

Military dictatorship Augusto Pinochet Zia-ul Haq Marcos

1964 1973 1977 1965

1985 1989 1988 1986

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB), following the World Bank and JICA, is the third largest donor in the Asia- Pacific region, lending an average of USD 5-6 billion in a year to its developing member countries. Their role as non state actor clear if anyone looked at their investment in Bangladesh. Bangladesh became the member of ADB in 1973, and subsequently emerged as one of the largest borrowers of ADB's concessionary Asian Development Fund (ADF) resources. As of end 2004, ADB had approved 158 public sector loans for $7.4 billion and 297 technical assistance (TA) activities for $158 million. The 32 ongoing public sector loans (for 25 projects) are valued at about $2 billion. In addition, ADB supported 7 private sector projects, valued at $242. During the period between 2002 and 2006, Bangladesh has always ranked as one of the top borrower countries, receiving an average of USD 362 million per year. As of end 2004, public sector lending was dominated by four sectors: energy (34%), transport and communications (25%), social infrastructure (20%), and agriculture and natural resources (19%). Lending in the other sectors, including finance, governance, and multi-sector operations remains relatively small, although these sectors have been given more prominence in recent years. A total of 54 loans (for 51 projects) were post evaluated. Of these, about 39% were classified as generally successful, compared with an ADB average of 56%. Over half (52%) were partly successful, and 9% were unsuccessful compared with ADB averages of 32% and 11%, respectively. All these projects funding and finance policies allows ADB to have more influence over countrys budget, operation and development planning than its own public officials and elected public representatives. Here are some criticisms of their policies ADB neither financing in the public service sectors e.g. health, education, agriculture etc. nor allowing government to finance these sectors, which is increasing poverty and economic disparity. Statistics from the government of Bangladesh shows that the number of hardcore poor has been increased from 20 percent in 1995-96 to 30 percent

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in 2005-06. Again, according to GINI co-efficient ratio, income inequality increased to 0.46 during 2005 which was 0.39 in 2000. This figure reflects the hardship of the poor people who are living in the bottom line of the income structure. Although ADB defined poverty in a multidimensional humanistic aspect but ADB financing only consider income poverty and countrys GDP and grossly ignores non-income poverty. it found in many other countries also. A recent study financed and commissioned by ADB showed how the proposed USD 2 billion investment of TATA, the Indian corporate, would benefit the country. Indians other conglomerate, Mittal, also has expressed its interest for investing around USD 3 billion and negotiating with the government for using countrys gas and coal as raw materials at reduced rate, which is even lower than the rate paying by the local investors. Asia Energy, a British Company, who even doesnt have any experience of coal mining, made an agreement with the government for extraction coal in Phulbari in Dinajpur district. In all case ADB is advocating for the investment of these multinational companies; ADB is still using its power and influence derived from public money to serve companies at the cost of people and environment. In energy sector ADB has been involves since early 1980s in formulating policies to privatize common property and to create favorable path for foreign corporate. Along with the World Bank, projects of ADB helped MNCs to grab natural resources in terms and conditions very unfavorable for people of this country along with dismantling of national institutions and erosion of capabilities. ADB and allied international financial institutions are trying to promote corporatization and commercialization of agriculture sector, especially commercialization of seed market with the introduction of GMOs (genetically modified organism). Commercialization of agricultural inputs, especially of seeds, will make farmers dependent on multinational seed companies and will make agriculture system costly and unsustainable wherein 70 percent of countrys workforce employed. Livelihoods of farmers who constitute 80 percent of the population will be endangered. A big NGO of the country has already in agreement with Monsanto (present name Pharmacia) for experimentation and introduction of GMO / Hybrids seeds. With the influence of IFIs and according to the instruction of the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank of the Bangladesh), private banks even some of the foreign banks have announced their investment plan in agriculture sector; meantime CITI Bank and Standard Chartered

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Bank have declared BDT (Bangladeshi Taka) 100 million investment plan in agriculture. Such corporate investment will increase commercialization of agriculture, i.e., big agricultural farm will grow up replacing small farm/land holders. Small farm holders and landless day labor which constitute around 50 % of the population ultimately will be the losers. There will have no way for the land less laborers and small farm holders except migrating to theurban areas. ADB financed projects as case like; Khulna-JessoreDrainage Project, Sundarban Biodiversity Conservation Project, Fulbari Coal Mining Project etc. which has created local level social tension and environmental disasters and finally considered as fail projects. The presenters pointed out that although ADB publicly advocates democracy, rule of law, human rights, poverty alleviation etc. but in Bangladesh it is obvious that ABD finance policies and loan conditionality are reproducing poverty putting the country in the vicious Cycle of indebt ness. Following the presentation of the impacts of ADB finance projects and ADB Country Assistance and Program (CSP) the representatives of political party leaders and CSOs representatives expressed their views on ADB financing in Bangladesh. They also asked the government of Bangladesh to find out alternative funding sources other than ADB, the World Bank and IMF.

Multi-National Corporation (MNC)

A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. The first modern MNC is generally thought to be the Dutch East India Company, established in 1602. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed some national GDPs. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies as well as the world economy and play an important role in international relations and globalization. Multinational corporations have played an important role in globalization. Countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against one another for the establishment of MNC facilities, and the subsequent tax revenue, employment, and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer incentives to MNCs such as

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tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or improved infrastructure, or lax environmental and labor standards enforcement. This process of becoming more attractive to foreign investment can be characterized as a race to the bottom, a push towards greater autonomy for corporate bodies, or both. MNCs deliberately avail themselves of lax environmental regulation or poor labour standards. As Bhagwati has pointed out, MNC profits are tied to operational efficiency, which includes a high degree of standardization. In addition to efforts by multinational corporations to affect governments, there is much government action intended to affect corporate behavior. The threat of nationalization (forcing a company to sell its local assets to the government or to other local nationals) or changes in local business laws and regulations can limit a multinational's power. Multinational corporations such as Wal-mart and McDonald's benefit from government zoning laws, to create barriers to entry. Many industries such as General Electric and Boeing lobby the government to receive subsidies to preserve their monopoly. corporate and government confrontations have occurred when governments tried to force MNCs to make their intellectual property public in an effort to gain technology for local entrepreneurs. When companies are faced with the option of losing a core competitive technological advantage or withdrawing from a national market, they may choose the latter. This withdrawal often causes governments to change policy. Countries that have been the most successful in this type of confrontation with multinational corporations are large countries such as United States and Brazil which have viable indigenous market competitors. MNC s are mostly responsible for the environment degradation but on the same time they promote some programme for environment which have no intention to improve the condition .they do so only on for their advertising process. MNC s are very dangerous for the security of national resources. MNCs to grab natural resources in terms and conditions very unfavorable for people of this country along with dismantling of national institutions and erosion of capabilities. Since 1980s ADB and the World Bank has been providing policy prescription to the government of Bangladesh to restructure and downsize public sector giving more space for foreign private sector. This policy prescription, with the precondition of dismantling public institutions, argues that the foreign private investment would provide an inflow of foreign currency would ensure remarkable development of the energy sector and would contribute to develop other sectors well. Recently, with the similar argument, ADB is 15

advocating to the government to rationalize investment of TATA and Asia Energy Corporation newly named as Global Coal Management) for further grabbing in the coal and gas resources. A recent study financed and commissioned by ADB showed how the proposed USD 2 billion investment of TATA, the Indian corporate, would benefit the country. Indians other conglomerate, Mittal, also has expressed its interest for investing around USD 3 billion and negotiating with the government for using countrys gas and coal as raw materials at reduced rate, which is even lower than the rate paying by the local investors. Asia Energy, a British Company, who even doesnt have any experience of coal mining, made an agreement with the government for extraction coal in Phulbari in Dinajpur district. In all case ADB is advocating for the investment of these multinational companies; ADB is still using its power and influence derived from public money to serve companies at the cost of people and environment. MNC s also using many reputed organization s as they using Grameen Bank in Bangladesh for their own purpose. a French company called VITALIA open a project called GRAMEEN VITALIA in this project they supply water for village people. People paying 250 take and at the same time people paying 6 taka for WASA of Bangladesh. This is also true for the fertilizer corporation CAFKO. Often they are out of the range of law for example NICO a canadian gas company does not a pay any compensation even the international court of justice order to pay them for the damaging magurchora gas field. also several people killed due to the incident of fulbari koil project. Multinational company like MACDONALDS, KFC, PEPSI gave money to the isreali govt. as a help during latest incident where above 200 children killed. they also involved conspiracy against many ruler who stand against their own business purpose

International Media
Media always plays a vital role since it discusses and represents vital issues to people. International media have the ability to pursuit people about different issues. they aware about education, social and political independence, human rights etc. but they also got the ability to bad use of their communication power to people. Propaganda master Goebles said, you repeat a lie several times it becomes true. Media often use this theme against developing countries especially Muslim countries. They create destabilized situation and intervent states own interest and ideology in the name of moderation or democratization. such as

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Called HAMAS, HIZBULLAH terrorist even they occupy the support of people. In recent time they use media propaganda against the elected president of iran to destabilize the political patience of this country. but thy said nothing when when BUSH elected even he defeated by popular vote.

Yellow journalism used by media to fulfill the purpose of multinational companies because most of the media owners are directed this company.

Violent non state actors and security threats of state

The use of strategies of violence and terror by non-state actors is not a new feature of the international security environment. For at least the past two centuries, politically motivated non-state groups have organized transnational as a way of mounting a challenge to the political status quo, and many of these groups have employed violence as a means of furthering their goals. One need only think of late 19th century America, for example, and the perceived security threat that was posed by the international anarchist and socialist movements. Law enforcement officials of the time struggled to manage the consequences of the new technology of dynamite, which had been invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866 and had quickly become the weapon of choice for radicalized groups in both the United States and Europe. The technology had been used to build "suicide bombs" that were almost impossible for law enforcement officials to detect. As one anarchist newspaper advised its readership in 1884, "One man armed with a dynamite bomb is equal to one regiment of militia when it is used at the right time and place . . . the whole method of warfare has been revolutionized by latter day discoveries of science". A sympathizer of the time commented, "It is among the Anarchists that we must look for the modern martyrs who pay for their faith with their blood, and who welcome death with a smile because they believe, as truly as Christ did, that their martyrdom will redeem humanity". In addition to anarchist and socialist networks, a number of nationalist movements were also organized transnational during the late and early 20th centuries. This pattern continued throughout the 20th century in the form of transnational organized anti-imperial, anti-colonial and separatist nationalist movements, all of which used strategies of terror and violence.

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Today, a wide variety of contemporary conflicts, from Kosovo to Kashmir and from Chechnya to Northern Ireland, have involved transnational-organized non-state actors who use strategies of violence and terror to pursue their goals.

While there are certainly important differences between previous transnational organized movements and the activities of al-Qaeda and other radicalized groups, there are also many striking similarities in terms of both their transnational dimensions and their strategic uses of violence.

These similarities provide important points of comparison, and together suggest a fruitful analytical lens through which to view the role played by non-state actors in the contemporary security environment.

Groups such as the HAMAS, the FLN, the IRA and other transnational organized non-state political actors fall somewhere on the continuum of transnational social movements, deterritorialized proto-states, and organized networks of terror and crime. They are not just involved in violence, but also provide social services, such as welfare, policing, education, employment, membership, identity and existential meanings - to constituencies that are marginalized within the given political order.

But this is also true that mass violence of big powers often led people such kind of terrorist activities. The 9\11 must be bad for all peaceful people all over the world, but the demand of these suicide attackers should be recognized. Prevention is better than cure should be the main strategy of remove this kind of violence and a clear definition of terror must be included cause organization like HIZBULLAH, HAMAS use arms due to secure their land.

International Terrorism as a Conceptual Challenge for International Relations

The problem of international terrorism presents a conceptual challenge to the discipline of International Relations (IR), which has traditionally been concerned with understanding conflict and cooperation among state actors, rather than the role that non-state actors play in the international security environment. Yet, international terrorism is inherently an international phenomenon that impacts on overall levels of international security and international stability, and therefore falls squarely within the domain of what IR should be able to explain and understand. In this memo, wish to suggest a framework for thinking analytically about international terrorism from an IR perspective. Rather than focusing on specific groups, particular ideologies or even particular strategies or 18

threats of terror and violence, It will argue that the most fruitful approach for IR scholars to take is to devise a broad research agenda around the role that non-state actors play in the international security environment. Specifically, propose that there is a common and identifiable pattern of transnational organizing and transnational strategies that non-state political entrepreneurs adopt when mounting a violent challenge to the political status quo. call this broad pattern the "logic of transnational mobilization" and argue that it has been a prevalent feature of international politics for at least the past two centuries. By analyzing international terrorism within the broader context of transnational mobilization by non-state political entrepreneurs, it is possible to begin to think about what would constitute an appropriate long-term political response to this broader phenomenon, as opposed to relying exclusively on military and regulatory instruments.

A Political Mobilization Perspective on Non-State Actors and International Security

As opposed to adopting either a Realist or a Liberal perspective on international terrorism, argue that a more useful way of thinking about the role that non-state actors play in the international security environment is through the lens of a Political Mobilization Perspective. This perspective focuses on the fact that terrorism is a strategy that appears within the broader context of political mobilization and contention by non-state actors. Within this context, one can identify a common logic of transnational mobilization used by nonstate actors. By using strategies of transnational mobilization, relatively weak non-state actors can consolidate spatially dispersed resources from across the international system and convert them into coherent projections of power that directly challenge the political status quo. One can identify three broad strategies of transnational mobilization used by relatively weak non-state actors: transnational constituency formation, transnational resource mobilization, and transnational organizational expansion and contention.

Transnational Constituency Formation

Non-state political entrepreneurs construct a transnational constituency by using a politicized identity category or ideology to create transnational networks of political support, and to turn 19

"passive networks" into activated political forces. In the past, nationalism has been a common mobilizing ideology, at other times socialism, anarchism or liberalism have been deployed. In the case of Al-Qaeda and other groups a radical version of Islamism has been used to create and politicize a transnational support base. The process of politicization involves the deployment of a salient and meaningful political ideology in combination with strategies of propaganda and coercion

Transnational Resource Mobilization

Non-state political entrepreneurs draw on transnational networks to exploit a spatially dispersed resource base. The strategy of transnational resource mobilization that is used by alQaeda is not new, but rather follows a common pattern in which non-state actors draw upon a varied transnational resource base to mobilize and consolidate resources. Resource bases to be mobilized include grey economy networks, organized crime, charities and NGOs, legitimate businesses, voluntary contributions from their political support base, "taxes," extortion, and the recruitment of both skilled and unskilled labor. For example, The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of Sri Lanka has one of the most effective contemporary transnational fundraising organizations. Their $50 million annual budget is acquired through a combination of direct donations by Tamil migrant communities, money skimmed off from the budgets of Tamil NGOs, human smuggling operations and Tamil-run businesses. Tamil diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia are estimated to provide $1.5 million a month via donations and informal taxes. A three percent war tax on all earnings abroad was collected by the Kosovo Liberation Army's "Homeland Calling" fund during the Kosovo conflict, and the Zurich-based newspaper Voice of Kosovo routinely appealed for donations to the KLA from the transnational diasporas of supporters. These are all analogous examples of the "terrorist financing" strategies used by al-Qaeda.

Transnational Contention

Organizational

Expansion,

Coalition-Building

and

Political participation has generally been viewed by political scientists as something that occurs within the context of state institutions. Yet, there have always been other non-territorial

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organizations that competed for the loyalties of individuals. Political entrepreneurs operating transnational build up cross-border organizational structures that command political loyalties and mobilize resources. Groups such as the FLN, the IRA, Hamas and other transnational organized non-state political actors are not just involved in violence, but also provide social services, such as welfare, policing, education, employment, membership, identity and existential meanings - to constituencies that are marginalized within the given political order. but they failed and joint violent activities due to the irrational behavior in national and international level.

Terrorism as a Political Tool

Within the broader context of transnational mobilization in the pursuit of political goals, strategies of terrorism and violence are one component of an overall agenda that is designed to challenge the status quo. In addition to inflicting pain and damage, and weakening the existing political order, terrorism, Writes Hoffman, "is designed to create power where there is none or to consolidate power where there is very little. Through the publicity generated by their violence, terrorists seek to obtain the leverage, influence and power they otherwise lack to effect political change on either a local or an international scale". As a "weapon of the weak," terrorism is deployed by groups to gain media attention and visibility as the first step in gaining "name recognition" within the international community. Even if acts of terrorism are universally condemned, they can stimulate media coverage of an issue and provide an opening for the more moderate organizations to ask the public to consider the legitimacy of the cause as separate from the tactics with which the cause is being promoted. In this regard one must note that one of the observable outcomes of 9/11 has indeed been a spotlight of media attention on the Middle East and Islam, and an opening for more moderate voices to have their grievances at least publicly considered and deliberated, to a much greater extent than had been possible prior to 9/11.

Implications of a Political Mobilization Perspective on International Terrorism

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If a Realist Perspective suggests a military response to terrorism as a long-term strategy, and a Liberal Perspective suggests a regulatory response to terrorism as a long-term strategy, then a Political Mobilization Perspective suggests the need for a political response to terrorism as a long-term strategy. In other words, if terrorism is a political tool used in the context of transnational political mobilization, there is a need to both de-legitimize and criminalize this political tool, while simultaneously, over the long-term, providing alternative channels for grievance articulation and claims-making by non-state actors. The international system does not have an infrastructure available to non-state actors to effectively channel political demands and grievances, other than through states and the representatives of states. Using Huntington's terms, it could be argued that the process of "modernization" has outpaced the process of "institutionalization" at the level of the international system. If the strengthening of effective intelligence collection, coordination, policing and surveillance is the only form of institutionalization that occurs at the global level as a long-term response to terrorism, the result will be a gross imbalance. It is useful therefore to at least frame the question in terms of thinking about the types of political institutions that could be used to address this broader issue over the long term. Rather than concluding at a rather abstract level about the potential role that new institutions of global governance could play in this regard, I prefer to end with a concrete illustration of the types of processes that deserve further study. for example, thinking particularly of transnational-organized non-state actors in the case of Turkey, where both Kurdish political entrepreneurs and Islamist political entrepreneurs increasingly draw on the European Court of Human Rights to articulate grievances and engage in claims-making against the Turkish state, instead of using strategies of violence. The lifting of many restrictions on Kurdish expression in Turkey, and the recent victory of the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party, which ran on a pro-European and pro-secular platform provide other examples of the moderating effect that the complex institutional developments are having.

Recommendation
Government should take strong step to control these NGOs.

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 Grameen bank, IDB.WB etc should take a minimum interest from poor people so that they can give back them IMF and thus organization should take such policy so that government can develop infrastructural development. Government should traced out the root of terrorism and rehabilitate them. Government should concern about environmental development. Improve the natural resources organization so that they can serve the natural resources and existing fual coila gas etc. High concern about high-tech modern technology so government should improve scientific and technological education.

Conclusion.
We may summarize to say that non state actors are an essential part of international relation. Because they can provide a great development to any country. On the other hand they can destroy any developing country by many strategic projects. So we should take a such step so that we can develop our country by own policy .These assertions have generated much thinking and debate about the role that deterrence is supposed to play in national security strategy and policy. It also demands a proper curriculum to ensure the removal the violent ingredients of other non state actors who create discrimination and misunderstanding among societies and civilizations.

References:
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Bertalanffy, Ludwig von (1956). General Systems. Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory. Connolly, Terry, et al (Eds.) (2000). Judgment and Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary
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Damasio, Antonio (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons. Tetlock and Meller (2002). "The Great Rationality Debate," Psychological Science, Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan., pp. 94 - 99. Turner, Mark (1998). The Literary Mind. New York: Oxford University Press www.grameen-info.org ADBs Development experiences: Impact of pastassistance;http://www.adb.org/Documents/CSPs/BAN/2005/csp0300.asp Equity and Justice Working Group(www.equitybd) Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm. Hymer (1960, published in 1976), Kindleberger (1969) & Caves (1971). http://books.google.com/books? =

Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm. Hymer,http://books.google.com/books? "World Bank - IMF support to dictatorships". cadtm. http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php? article809. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. BRAZIL Toward Stability, TIME Magazine, December 31, 1965 "Dictators and debt". Jubilee 2000. http://www.jubileeresearch.org/analysis/reports/dictatorsreport.htm. Retrieved on 200709-21.

An interview with Che Guevara for Radio Rivadavia of Argentina on November 3, 1959 www.WorldBank.org/ieg www.ifcmarkets.com

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