CDMA Network Planning and Optimization Training Guide For Postsales Engineers - Primary Optimization

CDMA Network Optimization
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to Basic Processes in Network Optimization ............................................................... 1 1.2 Requirement Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Spectrum Scanning ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Single Station Sampling Check......................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Work to be Done in this Stage................................................................................................ 6 1.4.2 Case Study ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Calibration Test ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Network Evaluation before Optimization ....................................................................................... 10 1.7 Optimization of Base Station Cluster.............................................................................................. 10 1.7.1 Work to be Done in this Stage.............................................................................................. 10 1.7.2 Case Study ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.8 Optimization on Whole Network and Network Evaluation after Optimization.............................. 17 1.8.1 Work to be Done in this Stage.............................................................................................. 18 1.8.2 Case Study ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.9 Project Acceptance and Report Submitting .................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2 Evaluation and Test of Voice Service....................................................................................... 27 2.1 Network Evaluation Process ........................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Test Equipment and Software in Evaluation ................................................................................... 29 2.3 Test Selection .................................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Load Selection in Network Evaluation ................................................................................ 30 2.3.2 Calling Mode in Network Evaluation .................................................................................. 31 2.4 Drive Test (DT) in Evaluation......................................................................................................... 32
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2.4.1 Data Collection .....................................................................................................................32 2.4.2 Test Steps ..............................................................................................................................33 2.4.3 Data Analysis........................................................................................................................34 2.4.4 Evaluation Standard..............................................................................................................35 2.5 Call Quality Test (CQT) in Network Evaluation .............................................................................35 2.5.1 Data Collection .....................................................................................................................35 2.5.2 Test Steps ..............................................................................................................................37 2.5.3 Data Analysis........................................................................................................................37 2.5.4 Evaluation Standard..............................................................................................................39 2.6 Evaluation for OMC Indices............................................................................................................39 2.7 Comprehensive Evaluation for Network .........................................................................................39 Chapter 3 Test and Analysis of Data Service.............................................................................................41 3.1 Preparations before Data Service Test .............................................................................................41 3.2 Usage of the Application Layer Test Software ................................................................................43 3.3 Equipment Performance Test...........................................................................................................46 3.4 Coverage Test ..................................................................................................................................48 3.5 Network Performance Test ..............................................................................................................50 3.6 Data Service Performance Indices...................................................................................................55 Chapter 4 Optimization of Newly-added Base Station .............................................................................57 4.1 Confirming the Radio Parameters ...................................................................................................57 4.2 Checking the Single Station ............................................................................................................59 4.3 Optimizing the Network ..................................................................................................................59 Chapter 5 Dual-carrier System Optimization...........................................................................................61 5.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................61 5.1.1 Networking Modes ...............................................................................................................61 5.1.2 Carrier Selection in Waiting Mode .......................................................................................63
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5.1.3 Carrier Used by the Mobile Phone....................................................................................... 63 5.1.4 Handoff in the Same Carrier ................................................................................................ 64 5.1.5 Handoff when the Adjacent cells Same Carriers Traffic Channels are Full-loaded........... 64 5.1.6 Dual-carrier Critical Cell Handoff ....................................................................................... 65 5.2 Network Planning in Dual-carrier System ...................................................................................... 69 5.2.1 Parameter Planning .............................................................................................................. 69 5.2.2 Antenna Feeder Planning ..................................................................................................... 72 5.2.3 Dual-carrier Region Planning .............................................................................................. 73 5.2.4 RF Extension and Repeater Planning................................................................................... 73 5.3 Network Optimizing the Dual-carrier System ................................................................................ 73 5.3.1 Demand Analysis ................................................................................................................. 73 5.3.2 Dual-carrier Performance Test ............................................................................................. 74 5.3.3 Single-station Inspecting Optimization................................................................................ 77 5.3.4 RF Optimization................................................................................................................... 77 5.3.5 Maintaining the Dual-carrier System ................................................................................... 79 5.4 Hard handoff based on Pilot Beacon............................................................................................... 79 5.4.1 Principle and Background .................................................................................................... 79 5.4.2 Precautions for Radio Parameters Setting............................................................................ 81 5.4.3 Precautions for Pilot Becon Planning .................................................................................. 81 5.4.4 Comparision of two Hard Handoff Mode ............................................................................ 82 Chapter 6 Repeater Optimization ............................................................................................................. 85 6.1 Repeater Parameters Setting ........................................................................................................... 85 6.2 System Parameters Optimization .................................................................................................... 87 6.2.1 PN Alias and Pilot Pollution ................................................................................................ 87 6.2.2 Neighbor List ....................................................................................................................... 88 6.2.3 Parameters of Search Windows............................................................................................ 88
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6.2.4 Handoff Parameters ..............................................................................................................93 6.3 Typical Case ....................................................................................................................................95 6.3.1 Introduction to Drop Rates in NanChong Service Area........................................................95 6.3.2 Impact of Repeaters to Call Drop Rates ...............................................................................99 6.3.3 Summary.............................................................................................................................104 Chapter 7 Radio Network Optimization Cases.......................................................................................105 7.1 Cases in Equipment Layer .............................................................................................................105 7.1.1 Drop Call Caused by Antenna Feeder System Fault...........................................................105 7.1.2 Discontinuous Voice and Drop Call Caused by Transmiting Fault.....................................106 7.1.3 Handoff Problem Caused by GPS Fault .............................................................................107 7.1.4 Call Failure Caused by Improper Radio Parameters Configuration ...................................107 7.1.5 Poor Quality Call Caused by Mismatching Version ...........................................................108 7.2 Cases in Network Layer ................................................................................................................109 7.2.1 Drop Call ............................................................................................................................109 7.2.2 Low Call Completetion Ratio ............................................................................................. 114 7.2.3 Small Coverage................................................................................................................... 116 7.3 Cases in Resource Utility Layer ....................................................................................................120 Chapter 8 Packet Data Service Optimization .........................................................................................133 8.1 Introduction to 1x Packet Data Service .........................................................................................133 8.1.1 What is 1x Packet Data Service ..........................................................................................133 8.1.2 Understanding 1x Packet Data Service...............................................................................134 8.1.3 Protocol Reference Model of 1x Packet Data Service........................................................136 8.1.4 1x System Networking .......................................................................................................139 8.1.5 Network Interfaces of the 1x System..................................................................................140 8.2 Data Service Optimization.............................................................................................................140 8.3 Consideration over Data Service Optimization .............................................................................140
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8.3.1 Data Service Optimization Steps ....................................................................................... 143 8.4 Data Service Analysis Methodology............................................................................................. 144 8.4.1 Delay Analysis ................................................................................................................... 144 8.4.2 Probability PDF Curve Chart ............................................................................................. 145 8.4.3 Integral Analysis of Data Rates.......................................................................................... 146 8.5 Handling of Data Service Common Issues ................................................................................... 147 8.5.1 The Mobile Station Cannot Log into the Network............................................................. 147 8.5.2 The Rate at the Forwarding Application Layer is Relatively Low..................................... 147 8.5.3 The Rate at the Backwarding Application Layer is Unsatisfactory ................................... 150 8.5.4 Summary............................................................................................................................ 151
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1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

& Key points l General flow of network optimization and each stages detail description
Just as the network planning, during the network optimization, it also needs to solve the following questions, such as: what work is to be done in this process? What is the working order? And what are the conditions required for each step and each steps output? Below, we will introduce the general network optimization stage first, and then we will give the detailed descriptions about each step with real case operating process presented.
1.1 Introduction to Basic Processes in Network Optimization

The network optimization is an important link of the overall wireless network construction. The performance of the network may change with some factors, such as continuous development of the network, the increasing scale of the subscribers, and the growth of the subscribers distribution, while the timely network optimization is the guarantee for the network performance. The network optimization includes the RF optimization after the network is ready for service and the maintenance optimization after the system starts its commercial launch. In this chapter, we primarily introduce the process of the RF optimization. In terms of the maintenance optimization, its content is all similar to the work in the RF optimization except that the maintenance optimization is focused on the network performance optimization. The position of the network optimization (including RF optimization and maintenance optimization) in the overall wireless network building process is as shown in the Figure 1.1-1:
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Project Pre-research
Requirement Analysis
Available sites survey
Procedure Simplify & Project Plan
Planned Sites Survey
Network Topology Design
Wireless Environment Test
Network Evaluation
Design Result Report
Simulation
PN Design &Neighbor List Configure
Design Report Submitted
Figure 1.1-1 U Note:
Position of network optimization in overall network building
The division of the RF optimization and the maintenance optimization is based on whether the networks initial acceptance is implemented, and is independent of the specific work. A complete wireless network optimization process can be seen in the Figure 1.1-2 (the stages in yellow color include the data service.). In practice, the real optimization steps may be cut down according to the customers requirements and the projects actual conditions, with unnecessary stages being removed. In a third-party network optimization, the required stages are selected on the basis of the contract.
Requirement analysis
Procedure simplifying
Plan making
Spectrum scanning
Wireless parameter check
Single site check
Calibration test
Network assessment before optimization
Base station cluster optimization
Whole network optimization and assessment

Figure 1.1-2
Project acceptance
Report providing & data archiving
Network optimization process
The first purpose of the network optimization is to guarantee the normal wireless propagation environment; then from the small to large section in the network (i.e. from the single base station, to the base station cluster and the whole network) settle the existing problems gradually. The main target of each stage is as follows: 1. Spectrum scanning: to ensure a normal wireless environment (free of interference). 2. Single-station sampling check: to ensure every station works normally. 3. Base station cluster optimization: to ensure that the network in small parts of the area works normally. 4. Entire network optimization: to ensure that the overall network works normally. In the network optimization, it can adopt the organization structure similar to that in the network planning, as shown in the Figure 1.1-3:
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Project m anager
Technical manager
Netw ork optimization engineer
NOA
Sim ulation engineer
Project manager
T est engineer
Sites survey engineer
Local technical team
Assistant Database Expert team
T echnical supporting team in background
Figure 1.1-3
Organization structure of network optimization project
1.2 Requirement Analysis

The purpose of requirement analysis is to find out the specific information of the project, including the customers expectation on the optimization performance, the acceptance criteria, etc. Normally, when this stage starts, the network is ready for service, so the detailed information about the network can be obtained by communicating with the customer. If the network optimization is conducted by the equipment manufacturer or the network planning & design company, the related information can be acquired through internal channels. In this stage, the information which is to be collected or confirmed concludes the following contents: 1. Information about the coverage and capacity requirements: including the optimization areas, the key covered areas, the wireless propagation environment, etc. especially the information about the key areas where there
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exist special requirements on voice and data capacity (the optimization of these areas should be first guaranteed during the optimization process.); 2. Information about the sites in current network: including the longitude, latitude, station type, antenna height, sector azimuth, antenna down tilt, antenna type, length of the feeder, rated transmitting power of the cell, PN, neighboring list, etc. 3. Information about the system parameters configuration: including parameters related to the voice and data service, such as handoff parameter, the search window, PCF and PDSN configuration, the network IP configuration address plan, etc.. 4. Problems in the existing network: including the customers complaints and problems recieved from other sources; the problems for which the customer can not stand the most should be resolved first of all. 5. Confirm the acceptance criteria of each sub-project: if there is a contract about the network optimization, the acceptance criterion of each project item should be regulated in the contract; if the contract does not contain such information, these criteria should be defined in the requirement analysis stage; each sub-project selected by the network optimization contract should have its own acceptance criterion, otherwise, it will be difficult to make sure whether the optimization targets have been reached. 6. Confirm the parameters setting of each item included in the acceptance testing: such as the seletction criteria for the testing routes (in the case of DT) and test points (in the case of CQT), the requirement for the calling mode, setting of the testing period (busy hour, without load, with load), etc.. 7. Confirm the work division interface with the customer: including the work for which the customer is responsible, and the information the customer needs to provide. Note that in above items the first four points need to be learned from the customer only when a third party implements the network optimization. Later, three points should be made certain with the customer.
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1.3 Spectrum Scanning

Spectrum scanning at this stage is the same as that at the network planning stage.
1.4 Single Station Sampling Check

The purpose of the single station sampling check is to make sure that each station works normally, so that the performance of the whole network will not be affected by any single station. Described below are first the work to be done at this stage and then the CDMA project of S city as an example of the single station sampling check.
1.4.1 Work to be Done in this Stage

Prior to starting the network optimization project, all sites check should have been already finished to ensure the stations work normally; but in practice, there are still some stations that can not work properly because they have not been carefully checked or even had no check, which affects the subsequent optimization work. In order to guarantee the optimization to go on normally, it is necessary to perform single station sampling check. Work to be done at the single station sampling check stage is as follows: 1. First, select the stations to be checked in accordance with the project scale and network conditions. Generally, the selected stations occupy roughly 20% of all station; it is demanded that the selected stations should consist of ones with all types and in all areas. Then make the sampling check plan; 2. Carry out the single station checking following the plan and propose corrective information for the stations with problems. 3. If the sampling check result shows that there are over 20% of the sampled stations unqualified, conduct re-check for all other unchecked stations. If all sampled stations are without problem, skip the re-check process. 4. If third party do the optimization, the optimizing team submits to the customer the information about the sampled stations to the customer which need to be corrected and the customer may then contact with the relevant staff to perform the correcting and re-checking work; or the customer can sign a complementary
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contract with the third-party and let this project team to do the re-checking. 5. Based on the checked result, compose the Single Station Sampling Check Report. Items in the single station sampling check mainly include: 1. Check the antenna feeder system and wireless parameters: including the longitude and the latitude, the antenna height, the sector azimuth, the antenna downtilt, length of the feeder line and voltage standing wave ratio, etc. 2. Check the setting and alarm on the foreground and OMC: including the board software version, PN planning and the neighboring list, the setting of search window parameters, antenna locking, RSSI value and OMC alarms, etc. 3. Check the system performance including the voice and data service, such as the voice call, voice handoff, data call Ping PDSN, softer handoff of data service, etc.
1.4.2 Case Study

The work flow of sampling check of the CDMA Phase One network in S city is as follows: 1. Decide the stations to be checked: according to the rule of 20 percent, select 15 as samples from all stations in S city; these 15 stations are located in all directions of S city; make the sampling plan for each selected station. 2. Take Danxia Jinxun as an example to introduce the sampling check flow: 1) Check and adjust antenna feeder Check whether the project construction of the antenna feeder meets the requirement of the network planning. Check whether the antenna and the BTS are connected correctly. Check whether the power output at the antenna is normal. Through the antenna locking check on the OMC, it is found that there exists antenna locking unbalance between the first and second sector; after examining, the reason is detected as the wrong connection of the receiving antennas in these two sectors; this problem is solved by correcting the connections; 2) Checking the setting and alarm on the foreground and OMC
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Check whether the parameters such as PN planning, neighboring list and search window, etc are in accordance with the planned values. Check whether the software version of each board is normal. Check whether there is no alarm on the OMC Check whether there exists noise in the system through RSSI examining; the checking results shows that there exists no noise in this station; but there is one station, in which the background noise is sometimes as strong as 80dBm, careful checking finds that it is caused by the electromagnetic radiation protection wall of the local Security Bureau. 3) Check the fundamental performance of the base station
Check in sector by making calls near the station, it is found that if the performances such as calling and soft off are normal; now only the voice service performance can be checked, for the current CDMA network is IS-95 system.
The test results show that the fundamental performance of this station is normal on the whole. 4) Single station coverage test: DT finds that the coverage scopes of the stations are generally normal. 3. When the sampling check for these 15 stations finishes, we find that there is few stations with problem, so it does not need to conduct checking to the other stations. 4. Submit the report. For details, the reader can refer to the Single Station Optimization Report of CDMA Network in S City.
1.5 Calibration Test

The purpose of the calibration test is to test the relative loss in various environments, so that the coverage performances in other environment can be calculated from the test data about one certain environment. In the network optimization, there are generally the following several types of calibration tests: 1. Indoor penetrating loss test. 1) Aim at measuring the indoor loss relative to the outdoor, so that during the DT the indoor coverage can be learned from the DT data.
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2) Use two mobiles indoors and outdoors at the same time, and the indoor penetrating loss can be obtained through comparing the receiving powers of the two mobiles. 2. Vehicle-mounted antenna calibration test: 1) Aim at measuring the vehicle-mounted antenna loss relative to the vehicle interior; this test is mainly used for the equipment which needs to be equippd the vehicle-mounted antenna, such as PN Scanner; on the basis of the testing data of the vehicle-mounted, the testing data of the vehical interior can be calculated. 2) Put the antenna of the PN Scanner on the vehicle top and inside the vehicle respectively, and the gain of the vehicle-mounted antenna relative to the vehicle interior can be calculated through comparing the received signals intensity in two cases. 3. Mobile station external antenna test
1) Test the received signal intensity when the mobile uses the external antenna and is put in the normal position in the vehicle respectively, and the coverage inside the vehicle can be calculated from the testing data of the external antenna. 2) Put the mobile external antenna outside on top of the vehicle and test the power of the received signal, then compare the test data with the power obtained when the mobile antenna is located in one normal position inside the vehicle, and thus obtain the external antenna gain relative to the normal case. 4. Vehicle body mean penetrating loss test 1) Test the intensity of the receiving signal when they are inside and outside vehicle respectively. This test is used to work out the coverage performance of one communication position outside the vehicle, such as the pavement, on the basis of the vehicle-inside testing results; 2) Put two handsets respectively on normal positions inside and outside the vehicle, and make calls to them simultaneously. Record the received power of these two situations and the vehicle body means penetrating loss can be calculated by comparing the two values. To all these above calibration tests, generally, it needs to test on many testing points
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and take the mean value from all testing points as the final loss value. In practice, according to the testing data gotten inside the testing vehicle, we can work out the coverage performance outside the vehicle under all kinds of testing environments.
1.6 Network Evaluation before Optimization

Through evaluating the network and learning its current situation, the network evaluation before optimization possesses the two main functions: the first function is to compare the network performance before and after the optimization and learn the optimization result; the second is to find the problems existing in the network, which can provide guidance to the following network optimization. Detailed operations in this stage are primarily as the same as the evaluation process during the network planning. The main purpose of the network evaluation during the network optimization process is to provide optimizing suggestions for the problems in current network.
1.7 Optimization of Base Station Cluster

The purpose of the base station cluster optimization is to locate and solve the problems existing in different areas in the network; this process mainly aims to solve the problems found in the network optimization in early stage, in the testing by cluster and problems existing in this station cluster found from other sources. The common problems include: poor voice quality, high call drop rate, difficult call connection, low data rate, failed data service call or overlong call setting-up time, low data softoff success rate, etc. Below, we first introduce the work to be done in the process of the base station cluster optimization, and then take the CDMA Phase One project in S city as an example.

If the CDMA network has a large scale, especially when the network building project is not fully completed, or there are base stations which have unsolved problems, it needs to divide the whole network into some small-scale base station clusters and gradually perform the optimization of those clusters one by one, which can reduce the
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complexity degree of the network optimization, and this optimization method is terminal call base station cluster optimization. The BS cluster optimization consists of the following main steps: 1. Divide the network into some BS clusters: 1) Before optimization, it needs to divide the whole network into BS clusters, generally, each BS cluster includes less than 18 BTS (18 is the number of the BTS in the central three layers of the standard network topology), and neighboring clusters should have overlapped areas between them; 2) The BS clusters are generally divided in accordance with the following standards: terrain and cluster; service demanded, for example, to those conjoint areas which all have special demands for data or voice service, it had better to involve them into one same cluster so as to facilitate solving the problems with similar characteristics; another example, to the conjoint areas which have similar problems, it can involve them into one same cluster; 2. BS cluster optimization 1) Referring to the available resources and optimization time demand, the optimization for the BS clusters can be conducted serially or in parallel; 2)The problems in BS cluster can be dealt with on the basis of the problem type they belong to, such as voice quality, call drop, call origination, call termination, data service, etc. 3) Referring to the network evaluation report prepared before the network optimization, the BS cluster tesing result and the information about problems existing currently in the cluster obtained from other sources, the optimization engineer analyzes and locates problems, and proposes the scheme for improvement; 4)After implementing theimprovement scheme (which includes the improving adjustment on the stations and the OMC parameters), the test engineer checks the areas with serious problems again; if the problem proves to have been resolved, then go on to the next problem, otherwise, analyze this problem once again; 5) After all problems in the tested BS cluster have been resolved, the test engineer performs an overall test on this BS cluster, meanwhile collects the indices
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concerned by the project acceptance; if the indices reach the acceptance criteria, go into the optimization of the next BS cluster, otherwise, analyze again the possible factors influencing the indices and continue the further optimization on the BS cluster; After all BS clusters have reached the acceptance criteria on optimization, go on to perform the optimization on the whole network.
1.7.2 Case Study

Here, we take the CDMA phase one project in S city as an example to introduce the process of the BS cluster: 1. Divide the BS clusters According to the region distribution of S city, divide the city zone into 4 BS clusters, they are: central, east, southwest and northwest of the city zone; the numbers of the BS in those 4 clusters are respectively 15, 17, 12 and 14; and the blusters have overlapped areas on their boundaries. 2. Optimize the BS clusters one by one According to the characteristics of the CDMA project in this phase, we determine the goal of this BS cluster optimization as to find the blind zones, cross-cell coverage, pilot pollution, improper neighboring list setting, call drop, high FER etc. through on-load testing, and to further optimize the network performance by adjusting the foreground and OMC parameters. Optimize the BS clusters one by one. Below, we take the optimization process of the BS cluster in the central urban area in S city as an example to introduce the BS cluster optimization. 3. Optimization of the BS clusters in central urban area in S city: 1) Basic information of this BS cluster Areas in the central urban zone are relatively even, with dense population and buildings. The BS cluster includes 15 base stations altogether, namely: Dongnanhai Hotel, Jinxin Garden, Minsheng Bank, International Harbor, Danyang Training Agency, Danxia Jinxun, Huanbi Village, Longhu New Station, Shangtou Post Office, Jinhu Building, Zhuchi Huayu, Wanji Building, Huaye,
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Hongwei Packaging Factory, Harbor Center and Welfare Institution on Changping Rd. 2) On-load test and test result In this BS cluster optimization project, the on-load test is adopted. On the basis of the test result, present the optimization scheme, then implement the scheme and finally check whether the optimization has resolved the located problems. If the problems have not been solved, it needs to perform further optimization and adjustment. During the optimization, the main parameters needed to be analyzed include: the forward receiving power, the strongest pilot Ec/Io, reverse transmitting power, Tx_Aji, forward FER, call drop and so on. The strongest pilot Ec/Io obtained before optimization are shown in Figure 1.7-1:
Figure 1.7-1 Strongest pilot Ec/Io before optimization
The test results of other indices are omitted here. 4. Problem analysis and resolving scheme
Poor pilot coverage in Zhongshan Middle Road (from Culture & Technological Bookstore to Huaqiao Park) Situation: the highest pilot Ec/Io is mainly between -12dB to -13dB; Analysis: on the Zhongshan Middle Rd, the section between Dongxia South Rd and Jinhuan South Rd is mainly covered by the following sectors: 201 (the second sector of
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Welfare Insitution on Changping Rd), 60 (the first sector of Huaye), 27 (the first sector of Hongwei Packaging Factory), and 207 (the second sector of Dongnanhai Hotel); the section between Dongxia South Rd and Jinhuan South Rd is mainly covered by the following sectors: 27 (the first sector of Hongwei Packaging Factory), 42 (the first sector of Jinxin Garden), 378 (the third sector of Jinxin Garden), 207 (the second sector of Dongnanhai Hotel), and 237 (the second sector of Minsheng Bank). Optimization scheme: the staion at the S city Post Office will be ready for service in the coming days, before it launches, make the following processing procedures first: adjust the first sector azimuth of Hongwei Packaging Factory from 60 to 50, adjust the forward rated power from 10W to 22.5W, lower the forward transmitting power of the first sector (PN 21) of Huaye station from 10W to 5W, in order to improve the coverage in the section between the Dongxia South Rd and Jinxin South Rd on the Zhongshan Middle Rd; adjust the second sector azimuth of Dongnanhai Hotel from 180 to 155, and adjust the mechanical downtilt angle from 4to 6, so as to improve the pilot coverage in the section between the Dongxia South Rd and the Jinhuan South Rd on the Zhongshan Middle Rd; Poor pilot coverage in the section between Dongxia South Rd and Longyan South Rd in Jinsha Middle Rd Situation: the strongest Ec/Io is very poor, predominantly between -13dB and -15dB Analysis: the planned Dongfu Yiheng station is not yet launched, and the buildings in this area are extremely dense, signals arriving here from the neighboringing stations are very weak, and it is hard for a major pilot to stand out. Optimization scheme: weaken the signal strength from stations in Longhu New Station and Haigangcheng, and enhance the coverage of the third sector of the Post Office station. The adjusting steps include: increase the downtilt angle of the second sector of Jinhu Building station from 8 to 10, increase the downtilt angle of its third sector from 6 to 8; increase the downtilt angle of the first sector of Haigangcheng station from 6 to 8; reduce the azimuth of the third sector of Post Office station from 300 to 270, adjust its downtilt angle to 4, and adjust the forward rated power from 10W to 22.5W. Cross-cell coverage of the third sector (pilot 435) of Danxia Jinxun Situation: signals from this sector are still very strong even beyond the Post Office, causing cross-cell coverage; Analysis: the signal can go far because the density of the buildings just opposite the
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cell is low Optimization scheme: adjust the downtilt angle of this sector from 8 to 10. Overlarge overlapped area between Huanbi Village station and Danxia Jinxun station Situation: the distance between these two stations is less than 500m, and the majority of the area between them belongs to soft handoff area Optimization scheme: adjust the downtilt angle of the first sector of Huanbi Village station from 5 to 8, adjust the azimuth of its second sector from 190 to 210, and adjust the downtilt angle of its second sector from 9 to 11. Incomplete neighboring list configuration Situation: during the DT process, call drops often occur due to pilots weakenging, the mobile station will recapture a new pilot which does not exist in the candidate pilots before call dropping, and is very strong Analysis: incomplete neighboring list configuration for the new launched station Optimization scheme: make the neighboring list complete Other problems 5. Implement the adjustment scheme and conduct the verifying tests To the optimized network, it also needs to analyze some parameters including the mobile stations receiving and transmitting power, the strongest pilot Ec/Io, Tx_Adj, forward FER, call drops, and so on. The strongest Ec/Io coverage is shown as below:
Figure 1.7-2 Strongest Ec/Io after optimization Table 1.7-1 Comparison of strongest Ec/Io coverage before and after
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optimization
Strongest Ec/Io Ec/Io range -1.00 0.00 -2.00 -1.00 -3.00 -2.00 -4.00 -3.00 -5.00 -4.00 -6.00 -5.00 -7.00 -6.00 -8.00 -7.00 -9.00 -8.00 -10.00 -9.00 -11.00 -10.00 -12.00 -11.00 -13.00 -12.00 -14.00 -13.00 -15.00 -14.00 -16.00 -15.00 -17.00 -16.00 -18.00 -17.00 -19.00 -18.00 -20.00 -19.00 Pilot Before Optimization Percentage (%) of Aggregate Ec/Io range 0 0 0 0 0 5.25 24.2 18.08 17.49 13.12 8.45 percentage (%) 0 0 0 0 0 5.25 29.45 47.53 65.02 78.14 86.59 After Optimization Percentage (%) of Aggregate Ec/Io range 0 0.29 1.18 3.82 7.06 20 25.29 13.82 13.24 7.35 4.12 percentage (%) 0 0.29 1.47 5.29 12.35 32.35 57.64 71.46 84.7 92.05 96.17
6.41
93
2.65
98.82
3.79
96.79
0.88
99.7
1.17
97.96
0.29
100
0.87
98.83
100
0.58
99.41
100
0.58
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
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Test results of other indices are omitted here. 6. Performance indices of the BS cluster after optimization Call drop rate: applying the full-rate MARKOV call to test; during about two testing hours, no call drops, so the call drop rate is 0. Call completion rate: call each other with the QUALCOMM test mobile phones. Among the total 306 call attempts, 301 calls succeed, so the call completion rate is 301/306=98.36%. 7. Optimization result: The coverage ratio can be obtained through averaging statistic data in the bin of 100 m*100m. The indices before and after optimization are: Coverage ratio of the strongest Ec/Io: the percentage of the coverage area with Ec/Io>-10dBm is 78.14% and 92.05% espectively, increasing by 14%; and to the Ec/Io>-12dBm, the data is respectively 93% and 98.82%, increasing by nearly 6%. FFER: the percentage of FER<2 increases from 87.02% before the optimization to 91.18%, after the optimization, improving by 4%. Tx_Adj: the percentage of Tx_Adj<0 increases from 96.21% before the optimization to 98.53% after the optimization. Call drop: before optimization there is one time call drop, and after optimization there is no call drop. 8. Conclusion It proves that through optimization, the performance of the BS cluster in the center of S citys urban area has been improved greatly and can primarily satisfy the expectations.
1.8 Optimization on Whole Network and Network Evaluation after Optimization

After finishing the optimization of all BS clusters, it needs to conduct the optimization
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on the whole network to deal with the system or cross-BS-cluster problems. When the optimization indices of the whole network have been achieved, it should evaluate the network and learn its performance after optimization. In the following part, we first introduce the work to be done during the whole network optimization and the subsequent network evaluation, and then we also take the CDMA phase one project in S city as an example to give detailed descriptions.

Normally, after the optimization of all BS clusters is finished, most of systems in the coverage area should work properly; but in some parts, especially in the overlapped areas between BS clusters, there still probably exist problems. At that time, it needs to adjust the whole network partially considering comprehensively all performance indices, to reach the final goal of optimizing the whole network. The flow in this stage is just like: 1. Make sure the optimization objective, that is, the required indices. 2. Decide the test routes which should involve all important coverage areas. 3. Conduct an overall drive test. 4. Analyze the test data, find out the problems in current network, and establish the adjustment scheme. 5. Implement the adjustment scheme and conduct the verifying test. 6. Check whether the test result reaches the expected objective. If yes, go on into the next problems optimization; otherwise, continue the further optimization on this problem). 7. After resolving all problems, transfer into the network evaluation stage: according to the acceptance testing criteria, evaluate the optimized areas.
1.8.2 Case Study

Below, we also take the CDMA phase one project in S city as an example to describe the whole network optimization and network evaluation after optimization. 1. Set the optimization objective
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Before starting this stage, the single station sampling test and BS cluster optimization have been finished. In this project, the constructed items include: 1 MSC; 1 BSC; 87 macrocells, among which there are 55 cells (54 of them are launched) in the urban zones including districts of Longhu, Jinyuan and Shengping and there are 6 cells in the city zones of Chenghai and other cells are located in the suburb; and 15 repeaters. The objective of this whole-network optimization project is set as the network of the central urban area in S city. The customer only put forward the following goals instead of detailed requirements: 1) Measure the indoor and outdoor coverage of forward and reverse links under the on-load condition. 2) 3) Present the performance indices of the network with the actual traffic load. By adjusting the parameters of the antenna feeder system and the base station, reduce the pilot pollution areas and blind areas. 4) By adjusting the parameters of the antenna feeder system and the OMC, enable the network coverage to satisfy the expectations. 5) On the basis of the current network infrastructure, try to expand the coverage and enhance the network performance as much as possible. 6) Understand the status of the current network coverage, and make proposals for the next phase network construction. 7) Optimize the network to meet the performance indices of the system.
2. Determine the test routes The test routes cover the central area and the near suburb. After negotiating with the operators branch company, we finally determine the test routes as follows: Shanzhang Rd Waima RdGuoping Rd Minzu Rd Zhongshan Rd Dahua Rd Binhai Rd Xinxing Rd Ruejin Rd Nanhai Rd Shengping Rd Minzu Rd Zhenping Rd Tongping Rd Shengping Rd Xiti Rd Zhiping Rd Nanhai Rd Minzu Rd Huoche Rd Erma Rd Beihai Side Rd Ruiping Rd Yuemei Rd Zhongshan Rd Dahua Rd
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Jinsha West Rd Xinghua Rd Chaoshan Rd Guanghua Rd Xigang Rd Guanghua Rd Daxue Rd Shaoyang Rd Chenghai Rd Chaoshan Rd Jinhu Rd Changjiang Rd Taishan Rd Zhujiang Rd Hengshan Rd Zhuchi Rd Taishan Rd Jinsha East Rd Shanzhang Rd Zhongshan Rd Taishan Rd Changping Rd Shanzhang Rd Raoping Rd Dahua Rd Haibin Rd Zhongshan Rd Taishan Rd Shanfen Highway Songshan Rd Hanjiang Rd Hengshan Rd Tianshan Rd Huashan Rd Jnhuan South Rd Binhai Rd Dongxia Rd Jinhu Rd Jinxin Rd Honglingjin Rd Zhongshan Rd Longyan South Rd Jinsha Rd Longyan North Rd Jinhuan Rd Jinyuan Rd. The distribution of cell sites is shown in the figure below.
Cell sites distribution in phase one project in S city
Note: The cell site in Dujuan Garden is not launched, 3. Test before optimization The main purpose of the test is to learn the coverage information about the forward receiving power, reverse transmitting power, the strongest Ec/Io and forward FER, etc.
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The test data of the strongest Ec/Io is shown in Figure 1.8-1 and Table 6-2
Figure 1.8-1 Strongest Ec/Io distribution before whole network optimization in phase on CDMA project in S city
The statistic result of BIN for the area 100m * 100m is shown in Table 1.8-1; the test data of other indices are omitted here.
Table 1.8-1 Statistic result of BIN of strongest Ec/Io
Statistics of Strongest Ec/Io Range > -7.00 -8 -7 -9 -8 -10 -9 -11 -10 -12 -11 < -12 Range percentage (%) 74.77 9.62 7.06 4.49 2.78 0.36 0.92 Aggregate percentage (%) 74.77 84.39 91.45 95.94 98.72 99.08 100
4. Analyze test result
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
According to the DT results, the major problems existing are as follows: 1) Call drops due to improper configuration of repeater parameters
Situation: the FER around the Jinyuan St is very high and thus result in call drops Analysis: there is a repeater neea this area and the FER within the repeaters coverage is relatively high. The analysis shows that the high FER is resulted from the improper setting of repeater gain
Solution: adjust the repeater gain 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Reverse coverage deterioration resulted from interference Cross-cluster coverage Cross-cluster incomplete setting of neighboringing lists Coverage of strongest Ec/Io Coverage of forward receiving power
5. Test after scheme implementation 1) Strongest pilot Ec/Io: the coverage of strongest pilot Ec/Io is shown in Figure 1.8-2.
Figure 1.8-2 Coverage of strongest Ec/Io after whole network optimization in phase one CDMA project in S city
2) Call drop rate: using the test method of long-term calling, the testing lasts 6 hours
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altogether and 2 dropped calls occur; the calculated calling times are: 6*3600/90=240, so the call drop rate is 2/240=0.83%; 3) Call completion rate: there are totally 598 call attempts, and successful calls are 589, so the call completion rate is 98.49%; 4) Handoff success rate: through tracking the data on the OMC, it is found that there are 5514 handoffs altogether, and 5513 of them are successful, so the handoff success rate is 99.98%. 6. Result of network evaluation After the network optimization, evaluate the whole networks performance. It is found that the network performance has been improved compared with that before optimization. 1) The network coverage before and after the optimization is shown in Table 1.8-2:
Table 1.8-2 Network coverage contrast before and after optimization
No-load Item Section before optimization Coverage receiving ratio power of >-65dBm of >-75dBm >-85dBm >-8dB Coverage ratio of >-10dB >-12dB >-14dB Coverage receiving ratio power of <-20dBm of <-10dBm <0dBm <1% <2% FER <3% <5% 97.49 98.78 98.1 99.52 96.72 98.69 89.39 99.08 100.00 84.39 95.94 99.08 100 90.05 99.25 100 89.1 95.34 No-load optimization 66.03 94.69 100.00 92.64 99.21 99.85 100 76.38 96.09 100 90.26 95.72 after On-load optimization 68.16 96.3 100.00 64.05 87.63 97.13 99.43 66.78 94.02 100 81.48 93.36 after
forward mobile station
strongest Ec/Io
reverse mobile station
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2) The network performance is very good; the indices are shown in the Table 1.8-3:
Table 1.8-3 Statistics of network performance
Item Section Total call attempts Call completion rate Number of successful calls Call completion rate Total call numbers Call drop rate Number of call drops Call drop rate Number of handoff Soft handoff success rate Times of failure handoff Handoff success rate Outdoor on-load test after optimization 780 769 98.59% 260 2 0.77% 4656 4648 99.82%
7. Issues unsolved and proposals 1) In the section of Dongxia North Rd, the pilot Ec/Io is relatively poor, which induces an increase of FFER. This problm is resulted from the reason that the base station around is relatively low and blocked by high buildings; hence the base station can not provide a satisfying coverage to this road of section. It is recommended to launch the base station in Dujuan Garden as soon as possible. 2) Buildings in urban area of S city are so dense that in some areas the indoor coverage can not be guaranteed. It is recommended to utilize microcell to solve this problem. 3) In the section road on south end of Queshi Bridge to C sity, the area can only be covered by the signal from the urban area of S city, with relatively more signals and without strongest pilot. In addition, the hardoff in this section with the urban area of C city has a relatively success rate. It is recommended to add base station in this location. 4) In the joining area of north suburb in S city and CZ city, the signal is difficult to cover far on the boundary because the base station in Huaxin Town is relatively low; on the other hand, the base station of the CZ city is located relatively high and results in the remote coverage and signal roaming in all areas. It is recommended to control the transmitting power of the base station in CZ city,
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and meanwhile add base station in the north suburb of S city.
1.9 Project Acceptance and Report Submitting

The purpose of project acceptance is to test the acceptance items in accordance with the contract or the agreement of both sides.The acceptance criteria are embodied in the contract or depending on the both sides agreement. The work involved in this stage mainly includes: 1. Set up the work plan, and start the acceptance test after obtaining the confirmation of the customers principal. 2. After the test task has been arranged, start to determine the test routes and set the test parameters, with these determining processes being on the basis of the contract; if the contract does not contain the content about the determining of the test routes or parameters, consult them with the customer. The CQT is maybe needed by the contract rules. 3. Carry out the test, and make statistics of the OMC data; compose the Acceptance Test Report according to the test data. If the network indices meet the acceptance criteria, write the Wireless Network Optimization Report. Otherwise, analyze the problems and solve them first, and then carry out the acceptance test. The related personnel from the customer should be invited to attend the activities of testing and test data analyzing, in order to guarantee that the final test result and related report can be approved by the customer. 4. Submit the report to the customer after the report has been validated, then organize to report and communicate with the customer, introducing the customer the project implementing process, the searched problems, the adopted optimizing steps, the obtained results, and so on. It is the related customer principal who makes validation and verification on the optimizing effect according to the reporting contents, the Acceptance Test Report and the Wireless Network Optimization Report.
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2 Evaluation and Test of Voice Service

& Keypoints l l Network evaluation process
DT and CQT
The radio network evaluation is necessary in CDMA radio planning and optimization. If the network planning is grown based on the existing network, network evaluation is used to guide the network planning. Normal network optimization includes two newwork evaluations: 1. Network evaluations before optimization: one side it is used to analyze the network to find the ploblems in the network, on the other hand it is used to contrast the network performance before optimization and after optimization. 2. Network evaluations after optimization: it is used to evaluate the network effect after optimization.
2.1 Network Evaluation Process

The simplified network evaluation process is shown in Figure 2.1-1.
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Start
Parameter setting
DT data collection
CQT data collection
OMC data collection
DT data processing
CQT data processing
OMC data processing
DT indices scoring
CQT indices scoring
OMC indices scoring
Network overall score
Submit the report and exchange ideas
End
Figure 2.1-1 Simplified process of network evaluation As Shown in Figure 2.1-1, network evaluation acquires correlative performance indices by DT(Drive Test), CQT(Call Quality Test) and PM(Performance Management)data collection, it evaluates voice service and data services indices from network coverage and network performance and get the networks running situation. Based on the projects actual situation, DT and CQT maybe involved data service; their
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test scope, test route, test poing and parameters setting are different from voice services. Network evaluation approximate procesures: 1. (1) Parameters setting and making sure the plan Based on the contract stipulation and the standards negotiated with the operator, select test route and test point, set the paramters in test software. If there is no stipulation in the contract or no requirement from the operator, use the common parameters. (2) Select test item based on the stipulation in the contract or the operators requirements. (3) Grade standard of every test item is based on the stipulation in the contract or the operators requirements. If there is no concrete requirement, evaluate based on the standard introdued in this chapter. (4) Work out the plan, including the time, staff and resources. The customer should confirm the time arrangement. In light of the resources and time arrangement, DT, CQT and OMC may be performed in parallel or in series. 2. (1) (2) Data collection and process Based on the parameter setting, collect DT, CQT and PM data. Dispose DT, CQT and PM data respectively, give their scores respectively based on the evaluation standard. (3) 3. According to three items scores, get network evaluations general score. Output radio network evaluation report according to the test result.
2.2 Test Equipment and Software in Evaluation

At present, ZXPOS CNT1 is often used for testing and ZXPOS CNA1 is ofter used for analyzing. Test terminal includes 95 mobile phone, 1x mobile phone and 1x network card. In testing data service, FTP and Iperf can be used as test software. Iperf is recommended in testing.
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DT and CQT for voice service and data service need the following equipment, shown in Table 2.2-1.
Table 2.2-1 Evaluation Test Equipment List No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Device Notebook PC Test mobile phone Radio Network Card GPS&Anntena&Data Cable Testing Software Vehicle smoke lighter & converter multi-functional socket 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Voice DT 1 1 Voice CQT 1 1 1 optional optional Data DT 1 optional optional Data CQT
During data service testing, one can be selected in test mobile phone and network card , and it must be guranteed that the test mobile phone used to test data service has limit to the rate.
2.3 Test Selection

Network evaluation has comparability only when based on definite load condition and the same call mode.
2.3.1 Load Selection in Network Evaluation

The evaluation test can be implemented in one of the three loading method: busy hour, unloaded (light load) hour or loaded hour. Busy hour test means the test implemented when the current network traffic is busiest. This test is suitable for the network that has already been operating for a period and can facilitate finding out existing problems in the network. Unloaded (light load) test is implemented when there is no user or a small number of users. For a network that has not undergone large scale of number allocation, the test can be implemented in the normal period. But for a network that has already undergone large scale number allocation, the test can only be conducted at midnight when the
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traffic is small. Loaded test check the network performance by simulating fixed loading condition through adding loads in forward and reverse links. In the forward link, simulate traffic load by utilizing the orthogonal channel noise simulator (OCNS); in the reverse link, apply the signal attenuator to simulate the load. For a network which has not undergone large scale number allocation, the loaded test can be implemented in normal traffic period. While for a network with large scale number allocation undergone, the test can only be done at midnight when the traffic is small, which can accurately simulate the load and on the other hand can reduce the influence the test brings on the subscribers. The forward OCNS loading can only reflect the network performance at the wireless side, while it can not reflect the processing capability of the system. The best reverse loading method is to use a noise simulator to add noise at the receiving end of the base station. However, as it is difficult to add a noise simulator to each base station, add reverse load through reverse load simulator. For a network that has been operating for a period, generally busy hour test is adopted. And unloaded and loaded tests are always untilized by a newly built network.
2.3.2 Calling Mode in Network Evaluation

1. Calling mode in evaluation for voice service 1) According to the calling time, the calling mode can be divided into continuous long-time calling and periodical calling. In the continuous long- time calling test, the call holding time is set to be the maximum value and automatic recall will originate when a call drop occurs. This kind of calling features a small number of calling times, and can better reflect the system handoff performance. It can be used to in the tests for some parameters such as coverage ratio, call drop rate, handoff success rate and handoff zone rate, etc. In a periodical calling test, the call setting-up time, call holding time and call interval are set respectively to fixed values, and calls are originated periodically to test the network performance. The periodical test can better reflect the system processing capability and the test result is closer to the actual user situation. It can be used to test parameters such as call completion rate, paging response rate and call drop rate, etc.
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2) According to the calling mechanism, the calling mode can be divided into dial-up test and Markov call; and the Markow call can be further divided into with fixed rate and variable rate. 2. Calling mode in evaluation for data service According to the type of service, it can set with periodical call or continuous long-time call. Generally, the former is used in testing the call completion rate of data service; while the latter is to test the items such as data throughput of single subscriber and singal sector, data service handoff, etc. and the specific call duration can vary with the tested item.
2.4 Drive Test (DT) in Evaluation

According to type of service, DT can be divided into voice service DT and data service DT: The tested items in voice service DT includes coverage ratio, call success rate, call drop rate, voice quality and handoff success rate; for the data service DT, it mainly tests the forward and reverse average data transmission rate. According to type of service, DT can be divided into voice service DT and data service DT: The tested items in voice service DT includes coverage ratio, call success rate, call drop rate, voice quality and handoff success rate; for the data service DT, it mainly tests the forward and reverse average data transmission rate. According to the area where tests are performed, DT can be divided into urban-area DT and artery DT. Urban-area DT obtains the network performance in urban area, while artery-DT tests the performance of the network in highways (including expressways, national and provincial highways and other major highways), railways and waterways.
2.4.1 Data Collection

1. Voice Service DT To the voice service DT, the testing routes should be as detailed as possible. Urban area features relatively low speed, large number of sites and great network performance difference between different areas. Therefore, adopt periodical calling generally. The call setting-up time, call duration and call interval (idle time) are respectively set at 10/60/5 seconds by default, but they can be adjusted according to the customers demand.
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In terms to the artery DT, as the vehicle speed in the artery is fast, so in order to ensure the data coherence and integrity, continuous long-time call test is required. If periodical call is adopted, considering that the statistics are only significant only when the call times reach a certain number, generally set the call duration at 30 seconds, and according to the customers demands, the call duration can be adjusted. Voice service DT test mainly collects the following data: FER, Tx, Rx, the max Ec/Io, total call number, origination call success times and drop call number, terminal call number, statistic handoff success rate in OMC. 2. Data Service DT Generally data service test is done in idle time (no load or null load state) to avoid that the data in differrent area has no comparability and influences on voice subscribers because the subscribers are not symmetrical. Data DT is conducted in the key areas which demand the data service specially. The test routes in these areas should be as detailed as possible. For other data-service-demanded areas, conduct data DT on their key routes. The data service DT can adopt the Iperf method. The test duration should be set long enough to avoid the effect on the test result caused by software setting. This test needs to be performed on forward and reverse links respectively; FTP can also be applied to download/upload large-size files from/to the server to implement the test. By data service DT, forward/reverse data service rate in application layer can be gotten, the relation between traffic and location can be gotten from test software record and the average transimitting rate in whole test area can be gotten tenbased on these record data.
2.4.2 Test Steps

1. Make sure test route: make sure test route with the operator according to the converage requirement of voice service and data service; data services test route can be defferent frome voice services test route. 2. Test preparation: connect the test equipment correctly; set the data or voices parameters according to the operators opinions.
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3.
Test: begin to record the data, Initiate the data call or voice call, and process the test at medium speed in service area. In the urban the vechile speed should be in 30km/h~ 50km/h, on the artery, the speed should be common.
4.
Complete test: according to the established test route, after complete all areastest, stop record the data.
2.4.3 Data Analysis

1. Voice Service Based on DT test record data, many radio indices about voice can be acquired, including Coverage ratio, Call completion rate, Call drop rate, Voice quality and handoff success ratio. (1) Coverage ratio The coverage ratio is measured by Tx, Rx and Ec/Io: in urban-area DT: calculate the mean value of the test data in 0.1km*0.1km Bins, then get the ratio of the Bins in which Tx<=3dBm, Rx>=-85dBm and Ec/Io>-12dB are qualified, and then obtain the coverage ratio. To a relatively mature network, the coverage ratio can be obtained directly from the test data. The criteria about Tx, Rx and Ec/Io for qualifying the coverage requirement vary in accordance with the various requests by different phases of network constructing and different environment, which can be referred to the related regulations from the operator; in artery DT: use the test data directly to calculate the ratio of Tx<=3dBm, Rx >=-85dBm and Ec/Io>-12dB qualifying the coverage requirement. (2) Call completion rate It includes Origination call success rate and terminal call success rate, which can be gotten from stastics data in testing respectively. (3) Call drop rate It is the ratio between call drop number and total call number, if continuous long time call is used, total call number is total call time(Unit: s)/90. (4) Voice quality
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Since it is hard to measure the voice quality, this index can be replaced with FER. (5) Handoff success ratio Get handoff success ratio from OMC in testing. 2. Data service By analyzing DT test data, the forward/reverse even transmitting rate can be acquired.
2.4.4 Evaluation Standard

Generally evaluation standard is confirmed with the operator. At first, give scores of data service and voice service respectively, and then get DT test general score according some proportion. Urban and artery are evaluated respectively.
2.5 Call Quality Test (CQT) in Network Evaluation

CQT can also be divided into voice service CQT and data service CQT. Test item: 1. Voice Service: coverage rate, call success rate, drop call rate, poor quality call rate and average call time. 2. Data Service: average transmitting rate, call success rate, call delay, DormantActive success rate and DormantActive delay.
2.5.1 Data Collection

1. (1) Voice Service Selection criteria of the test point The CQT test points should include major positions in the coverage area, and they are selected according to the customer requirement and some other related factors. Here is an example for test points selecting.
Table 2.5-1 an example for test points selecting 35
ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
No 1 2 3 4 5 Top office building
Coverage
Proportion 20% 20% 20% 30% 10%
Local government office, operators office area and residential area for related staff Major shopping center, hotels and large venues Places with large floating population, such as resorts, airports, railway stations, bus stations and passenger ports Others
The data from all test points will be applied to making coverage statistics. But only those test points whose forward receiving power is no less than -100dBm can take part in the statistics of parameters such as call success rate, poor-quality call rate, call drop rate, and so on, because these parameters are meaningful
only under the condition that the coverage requirement is guaranteed. Use two mobile phones to call each other to conduct call originating and call terminating tests at the same time; conduct indoor test at each selected test point and repeat the test several times; each call should be originated at different positions, for example in different floors and rooms. (2) Record the data In terms of the test at each point, record the call situation and conversation quality; the conversation accompanied by such phenomena as intermittent voice, tone change, echo, monolog, cross-talking and background noise should be considered as poor quality. 2. (1) Data Service Selection criteria of the test point Generally data service abopts the same standard, as voice service, except that the operator has special demand. Data service call can not be originated in areas with low receiving power and weak plot signal, i.e. For the areas where the receiving power is lower than
-90dBm or the plot is lower than -12dB, CQT is not needed. At each test points, initiate data service call many times, it is can be done in different room, Test DormantActive status conversion at the same time. (2) Record the data
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Test software records transmitting rate in application layer, call delay, air link delay, PPP link delay, DormantActive acive number and delay initiated by MS and Network side.
2.5.2 Test Steps

1. Selecting Test Points: based on selection criteria, the principal of the test team make sure the voice test points and data service test points respectively with
the principal of the operator(If the operator has no demand, only based on the selection criteria); voice test points can be inconsistent with data service test points. 2. Test preparation: connect the test equipment correctly; set the data or voices parameters according to the operators opinions. 3. Test: initiate data or voice call, record related data. If the test point is used to voice test and data test, voice test is the first. Do the data test based on receiving power and pilot signal; for the voice service CQT test, every test points data must be recorded in test record table. 4. The same test point can be test in different places. After completing all test points test, get the whole networks related indices from all statistic data.
2.5.3 Data Analysis

1. (1) Voice Service Coverage ratio The coverage ratio is measured by Tx, Rx and Ec/Io. (2) Call completion rate It includes Origination call success rate and terminal call success rate. Origination call success rate is the ratio between origination call success times and total call number. Terminal call success rate is the ratio between called success number and initiate success number. (3) Call drop rate
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
It is the ratio between call drop number and total call success number. (4) Poor quality call rate In terms of the test at each point, record the call situation and conversation quality; the conversation accompanied by such phenomena as intermittent voice, tone change, echo, monolog, cross-talking and background noise should be considered as poor quality. (5) Call time length Get every call time length by anayzing signal based on the record data, and calculate the average of all call time length to get global call time length. 2. Data Service Calculate the average of all test points data to get data service indices, including average transmitting rate, call success rate, call delay, DormantActive success rate; Dormant Active active delay. (1) Average transmitting rate Calculate the average of all test points transmitting rate to get it, including forward/reverse averate rate. (2) Call success rate It is the ratio between total call number and call success number. (3) Call delay It includes air link delay and PPP link delay. Calculate the average of all call delay to get it. (4) DormantActive success rate Calculate the average of MS initiate active success rate and Network side active success rate to get it. (5) DormantActive active delay Calculate the average of MS active delay and Network side active delay to get it.
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2.5.4 Evaluation Standard

Evaluate the voice service and data service respectively, get general CQT test score according to some proportion.
2.6 Evaluation for OMC Indices

According to the OMC statistics, we can assess the network quality from the aspects of resource utility and network performance. The indices used to measure resources using include: the Max of SVE utility rate, TCEutility rate, TCE handoff occupy ratio, softer handoff rate and page response rate which are gotten from OMC.
2.7 Comprehensive Evaluation for Network

Comprehensive evaluation score is gotten from the average value of DT Score, CQT Score and PM Resource Using with weight. For example: Comprehensive Score=DT Score * 40%+CQT Score* 30%+PM Resource Using Score* 30%; For the service area whose related performance indices can not be gotten from OMC, only the former two itemss weight needs to be considered For example: Comprehensive Score =DT Score* 60%+CQT Score*40%; The above weight is only for example. In actual project, it needs to be negotiated with the operator. If only for the road, evaluate it according drive test result (Data and Voice): Comprehensive Score =artery DT Score.
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3 Test and Analysis of Data Service

& Key points l Data service test method
The target of data service test is to master the systems commercial performance. Test content is divided three parts: still point throughput performance test, drive test performance test, network delay performance test. Still point throughput performance test and network delay performance test can be done in one sector of one service area; Drive test performance test should be done in important urban based on requirements and actual situation.
3.1 Preparations before Data Service Test

1. (1) Test conditions The test network or the commercial network BSC works stably, and PDSN works stably. (2) (3) The MSC where BSC is located works stably. Sufficient 1X wireless access equipment, testing data cables, and a notebook computer. (4) (5) 2. 1X test software: ZXPOS CNT1, installed on the notebook PC. The operating system is WINDOWS2000. Test equipment For the wireless internet access equipment, the 1X wireless network card is recommended firstly, the advantages are: (1) (2) Notebook provided with electricity can have the long-time test. Both forward and reverse directions can reach 16X.
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
(3) (4)
The testing data cables are easy to use. PCMCIA port rate is not limited. When only 1X mobile phones are available for the test, pay attention to the following things:
(1)
If the data cable is connected with COM1 directly, COM rate is only 115.2Kbits/s, which can not reach 163.2Kbits/s request of the data service 16X, and cannot carry out the data service test.
(2)
The reverse direction of some of the 1X mobile phones (such as Jingci 2035 1X mobile phones) cannot reach 16X but are 8X. Therefore they cannot be used to carry out reverse data service test.
3.
The selection of test Area The following testing methods are concerned with several service areas that must be first categorized.
Table 3.1-1 Test Area Name of Region 1 Single-carrier (283) 2 3 3 The 1st carrier in Dual-carrier (283) 4 5 The 2nd carrier in Dual-carrier (201) 6 7 8 Single-carrier handoff region 9 10 11 12 The 1st carrier in Dual-carrier handoff region 13 14 15 16 42 No. 95A 95A/1X 1X 95A 95A/1X 1X 1X 95A and 95A 95A/1X and 95A/1X 1X and 1X 95A and 95A/1X 95A and 1X 95A/1X and 1X 95A and 95A 95A/1X and 95A/1X 1X and 1X 95A and 95A/1X Region Type
Name of Region
No. 17 18 95A and 1X
Region Type
95A/1X and 1X 1X and 1X (95A,1X) and 95A (95A,1X) and 95A/1X (95A,1X) and 1X (1X,1X) and 95A (1X,1X) and 95A/1X (95A/1X, 1X) and 1X (95A,1X) and 95A (1X,1X) and 95A/1X (95A/1X, 1X) and 1X Handoff between BSCs Handoff between MSCs Handoff between PDSNs Handoff between PCFs
The 2nd carrier in Dual-carrier handoff region
19 20 21 22 23
Handoff between Dual-carrier and single-carrier
24 25 26 27 28 29
Others
30 31 32
4.
Near cell and Far cell Table 3.1-2 shows the definition of Near cell and Far cell.
Table 3.1-2 Definition of Near cell and Far cell Location Near cell (near cell center) Far cell (near cell edge) Receive Power >= -65 dBm -85 dBm to -95 dBm Pilot Ec/Io (at 70% Loading) -4 to -9 -12 to -13
U Note In test process, for far cell, especially in single sector, it is hard to test (Ec/Io is too high).In this case, the condition can be relaxed; only it requires to meet with receiving power.
3.2 Usage of the Application Layer Test Software

Iperf is often used for application layer test software. The functions of Iperf are: The server continuously sends random data in maximum TCP bandwidth to the client to emulate the burst data, hence avoiding the delay arising
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from the transmission and scheduling between PDSN, Internet, and Intranet. After the testing is over, the client and server give the aggregate average rate and average rate per second. Iperf needs no installation, which is similar to PING operation and is a DOS command. 1. Scope of application of the Iperf software in the data service
Figure 3.2-1 Scope of application of the Iperf software in the data service
We can see from the above figure: iperf software can be used between the mobile phone terminal and the servers of PDSN and LAN. Since the time delay between the server and the PDSN is little, it can be omitted. 2. (1) (2) Usage of Iperf Input CMD in the StartRun. Input iperf---S in the client end; after the running ends, it is shown in Figure 3.2-2.
44
Figure 3.2-2 Interface after Running Iperf
In the test that tests the maximum throughput of a sector, only one <Iperf -s> window needs to be activated for several severs to send data to the client. The client responds to all those servers in one window. The result is returned after the data is sent. Note that the ID number allocated by the server (one-to-one relationship with the IP address) should correspond to the testing result. In a server, input <Iperf c [IP of mobile] -t 300 i 1 f k o [filename.txt]>. The result of the execution is recorded in filenam.txt. The content in this file is as follows: [ -----------------------------------------------------------[140] local 10.0.3.199 port 1098 connected with 10.0.0.7 port 5001 [ ID] Interval [140] [140] [140] [140] 1653.6-1654.5 sec 16.0 KBytes [140] 1654.5-1655.0 sec 8.0 KBytes 145 Kbits/sec 117 Kbits/sec Transfer Bandwidth 90.9 Kbits/sec 152 Kbits/sec 144 Kbits/sec
0.0- 1.4 sec 16.0 KBytes 1.4- 2.3 sec 16.0 KBytes 2.3- 3.2 sec 16.0 KBytes
[140] 1655.0-1655.5 sec [Warning] Skipping report, interval too small [140] 0.0-1701.3 sec 16.7 MBytes
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82.2 Kbits/sec ]
ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Notes: a) The name of the record file should be able to reflect the test content; or after the test completes, it is difficult to face multiple record files. b) One server should open multiple windows when sending data to multiple clients end at the same time.
3.3 Equipment Performance Test

The equipment performance is obtained by testing the maximum throughput of a single user and the maximum throughput of a single sector. Carrying out the equipment performance test in a service area with a test network is simple. What is required is that there is no subscriber in the test network and only a sector needs to be started to carry out the test. The test in a service area covered by commercial network but where there is an isolated station that provides data, service only needs to be carried out when there is no voice subscriber or at midnight under the environment of one pilot in one sector, and one base station. 1. Testing the Maximum Throughput of a Single User When there is no subscriber, the maximum throughput of a standstill subscriber in near cell and far cell is tested (without load, with 50% load, and with 70% load) to measure the equipment performance. Steps of testing the forward maximum throughput: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Make sure that there is no subscriber in the sector. Confiure the right mask in test software. Initiate a data call. The test software starts to record. Download data for 5 min with Iperf. Fill in the Test Result Table. Steps of testing the reverse maximum throughput: (1) (2) Make sure that there is no subscriber in the sector. Confiure the right mask in test software.
46
(3) (4) (5) (6) 2.
initiate a data call. The test software starts to record. Upload data for 5 min with Iperf. Fill in the Test Result Table. Testing the Maximum Throughput of a Single Sector The data throughput, fairness of the data service, and the relationship between the throughput and the number of data service subscribes are tested when there is only a sector that is working and there is no voice subscriber in that sector. Steps of testing forward data at standstill in near cell and far cell:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Make sure that there is no subscriber in the sector. Involve two mobile phones Set the correct mask in the testing software. The two mobile phones initiate data call. The testing software begins to record. Download data for 5 min with Iperf at the same time. Fill in the Test Result Table. Add 1 subscriber and initiate data call. Repeat step 5 to 8 until the subscribers are more than 8 or new subscriber cannot be added. Steps of testing reverse data at standstill in near cell and far cell:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Make sure that there is no subscriber in the sector. Involve two mobile phones. set the correct mask in the testing software. The two mobile phones initiate data call. The testing software begins to record.
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(6) (7) (8) (9)
Upload data for 5 min with Iperf at the same time. Fill in the Test Result Table. Add 1 subscriber and initiate data call. Repeat step 5 to 8 until the subscribers are more than 8 or new subscriber cannot be added.
3.4 Coverage Test

Coverage test is divided into outdoor test and indoor test. The outdoor test is performed in one area, which is in one BSC, without the handoff between BSCs. The test is divided into drive test and standstill test, each test is implemented uplink and downlink. As shown in Figure 3.4-1.
Coverage test Outdoor test Fixed test
Drive test Indoor test Macro BTS test
Indoor equipment test

Figure 3.4-1 Coverage Test
1.
Outdoor Test Outdoor forward drive test:
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(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Set the correct mask by the test software. Initiate a data call. The test software starts to record. Download data with Iperf. Drive at fixed speed along the testing road. After coming to the end of the road, stop recording the test. Fill the Test Record Table. Outdoor reverse drive test:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Set the correct mask by the test software. Initiate a data call The test software starts to record. Download data with Iperf at the same time. Drive at fixed speed along the testing road. After coming to the end of the road, stop recording the test. Fill the Test Record Table.
Note: In the drive test, there may be no data sent for a long time due to frequent handoff, in which case the MS transits from Active state to Dormant state and the air link is disconnected or call drop happen. It is divided into two situations: (1) PPP is disconnected (The computer screen shows no at the lower right
corner. Executing the ipconfig command fails to have an IP allocated). In this case, initiate the data call again, tell the new IP to the background, and record the test result. (2) PPP connection is maintained (The computer screen shows at the lower
right corner). To make the testing data accurate and to simplify the background operation, initiate no data call again, rather, ping the server to transit the MS from the Dormant state to Active state. No operation is needed at the background.
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Outdoor standstill Test: Select some typical regions in the coverage area (with more passers-by). The test regions can be: a) sidewalk; b) overline bridge; c) crossroads; d) high building corners. The above regions cover no-handoff area, softer handoff, soft handoff area, and pilot polluted area. Outdoor standstill test method is the same as testing method of the maximum throughput of a single user. 2. Indoor Test (1) Macro BS coverage test: Perform the test in the buildings that have no indoor distributed system at the high-story, middle-story, and low-story of the building. At each story, perform the test outside the window, inside the room, and in deep-covered area, such as elevators and underground garage. The test procedures are the same as those of the outdoor standstill test. (2) Indoors distributed system coverage test: Indoor standstill test Perform the test in the high buildings that have indoor distributed system. The range of the test is the same as the macro base station indoor coverage range and the test procedure is the same as the macro base station outdoor standstill test procedure. Note the change of Tx_Adj. Indoor handoff test Perform handoff test in the high buildings that have indoor distributed system. The test contents are divided into the following 4 projects: move from the outdoor to the indoor, from indoor to outdoor, move from the window of the high building to the indoor internal region, and Move from the indoor internal region to the windows.
3.5 Network Performance Test

1. Call Success Rate and Call Delay Figure 3.5-1shows the data call process, in which the data service call success
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rate and the call delay can be completed in one test. The call delay is divided into air link establishment delay and PPP link delay. The air link establishment delay is defined by analyzing the file recorded in testing software; and PPP link delay is defined by analyzing the ppp.log file recorded in WINDOWS
TE
Mobile Station Originate call
Base Station
BSC
MSC
PCF
PDSN/ RADIUS client
RADIUS/ AAA server
Origination Message CM Service Request Assignment Request
Channel Assignment Message (CAM/ECAM) Service Connect Message (SCM) Service Connect Completion Message
Over the air call setup delay
A9 - Setup - A8 A9 - Connect - A8
LCP Configure Request LCP Configure Request LCP Configure Ack LCP Configure Ack PAP/CHAP Request - Service Layer Authentication MSID@domain.com (Network Access Identifier) PAP/CHAP response IPCP Configure Request IPCP Configure Request IPCP Configure Ack IPCP Configure Ack RADIUS - Access Request RADIUS - Access Accept
PPP delay
Service Layer Auth delay
Figure 3.5-1 Data Service Call Process
Test procedure: (1) The test software begins to record (The corresponding masks, preferably all, should be selected). (2) (3) (4) Run C:\ netsh ras set tracing * enable in the running window. Initiate data service call. Write down whether it succeeds and the number of successful calls.
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
(5) (6) (7) (8)
After the call succeeds for 20 seconds, release the call manually. Repeat step 3 to 5 50 times. Run <C:\ netsh ras set tracing * disable>, disable and stop the PPP record. Fill in the test record file. The testing record file is saved in C:\WINNT\tracing\ppp.log.
2.
Handoff Test
U Note Select test item according to handoff mode supported by the system. Test steps handoff between PCFs in Dormant state: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Select an area covered by PCF_A. Record the data of the A, A8/A9, and A10/A11 interfaces. Initiate a data call of the area covered by PCF_A to obtain its IP. Wait for the Active state to transit to Dormant state. The testing software begins to record under the Dormant state. Move from PCF A to PCF B. Find out whether the handoff succeeds and whether the IP of the MS has changed. (8) (9) The testing software stops recording. Repeat the test from PCF A to PCF B, and from PCF B to PCF A for 100 times each. Hard handoff between BSCs in Active state: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) The testing software begins to record. Initiate data call when there is only BSC_A pilot. Download the data with Iperf. Move from BSC A to BSC B coverage region. Find out whether the hard handoff succeeds.
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(6)
Repeat step 2 to 5 for 100 times. Reverse test is similar to the forward test. Soft handoff between BSCs in Active state:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The testing software begins to record. Initiate data call when there is only BSC_A pilot. Download data with Iperf. Move from BSC A to BSC B coverage region;. Find out whether the hard handoff succeeds. Repeat step 2 to 5 for 100 times. Reverse test is similar to the forward test.
3.
Transmit from Dormant State to Active State MS originated:
(1) (2) (3) (4)
The MS originates data call. The testing software begins to record. The MS transits from Active state to Dormant state. Ping the network server from the MS to activate the MS from Dormant state to Active state.
(5)
Write down whether the activate operation succeeds and the number of successful activations.
(6)
Repeat step 3 to 5 for 50 times.
The way to determine Dormant state is: Observe the signal information. If there is only Rx Power but no Tx Power information and the CodeChannel is 1, it means the MS has entered Dormant state. InactiveTime timer defines the time of MS transmitting from Active state to Dormant state; it is set in SVM in SVBS frame of PCF board in the Pre-defined timer setting of Dynamic data management in the background, with InactiveTime unit as 20ms, and the default value 9000, that is 3 minutes. In the test, the InactiveTime value can be set to 1500, or 30 seconds, to shorten the time from Active state to Dormant state and to increase the test efficiency. After the test is over,
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
remember to restore this parameter. Network originated: (1) (2) (3) (4) The MS originates data call. The testing software begins to record. The MS transits from Active state to Dormant state. Ping the MS from the network side to activate the MS from Dormant state to Active state. (5) Write down whether the activate operation succeeds and the number of successful activations. (6) 4. Repeat step 3 to 5 for 50 times. Transmission Delay Test Test method: Ping PDSN gateway IP in mobile side. Test procedure: (1) (2) Run ipconfig/all to obtain PDSN gateway IP. Run the testing software to see whether the forward/reverse SCH information has been allocated. (3) Run <C:>ping [IP of workstation] -l 32 -n 50 > [filename.txt]>. -l is the number of bytes to be sent in the echo request; -n is the number of times the echo request is to be sent. The testing content is recorded in the filename.txt. The file format is as follows: [Pinging 211.97.96.65 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 211.97.96.65: bytes=32 time=430ms TTL=251 Reply from 211.97.96.65: bytes=32 time=691ms TTL=251 Reply from 211.97.96.65: bytes=32 time=630ms TTL=251 Reply from 211.97.96.65: bytes=32 time=311ms TTL=251
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Ping statistics for 211.97.96.65: Packets: Sent = 20, Received = 20, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 301ms, Maximum = 1051ms, Average = 445ms] The data format of the test record:
3.5-1 Data Record Format Test Case 1 2 3 4 5 32 64 536 1000 1460 Segment Size (bytes) Minimum RTT (msec) Maximum RTT (msec) Average RTT (msec) Packet Loss R-SCH Requested? R-SCH Assigned? F-SCH Assigned?
3.6 Data Service Performance Indices

Table 3.6-1 shows the part data service performance indices recommended by Qualcomm.
Table 3.6-1 Data Service Performance Indices Test Item Throughput of single secotor single subscriber near cell Evaluation standard recommended by Quacomm <70kbps 70~100kbps >100kbps Forward total throughput of single secotor multi subscribers near cell <170kbps 170~230kbps >230kbps Reverse total throughput of single secotor single subscriber near cell <90kbps 90~130kbps >130kbps Data service call success rate >95% POOR GOOD VERY GOOD POOR GOOD VERY GOOD POOR GOOD VERY GOOD ACCEPTABLE
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Test Item Data service call air link delay Data service call PPP link delay MS initiate DORMANT active success rate MS initiate DORMANT active delay Network side initiate DORMANT active success rate Network side initiate DORMANT active delay Network delay(ping 32bytes) Network delay(ping 64bytes) MS DT(Physical layer) <3s <1.8s <3s >95% <3s >95%
Evaluation standard recommended by Quacomm ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE
<300ms <300ms >60Kbps
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4 Optimization of Newly-added Base Station

& Keypoints l Optimization of Newly-added Base Station
To an existing wireless network, a newly-added base station will bring certain influence to the whole system. In order to minimize such effect, it is necessary to regulate the operating procedures of new sites building. With respect of the lauch and optimization process of newly-added base station, it can be divided into three stages: radio parameters confirming, single station checking (changing the frequency and activating the station before the checking), and network optimizing.
4.1 Confirming the Radio Parameters

Before the base station is launched, it needs to confirm part of radio parameters, to avoid the network troubles caused by inreasonable initial parameter configuration; meanwhile, check whether the parameters on the OMC background has been set in accordance with the initial design; Parameters needed to be checked mainly include: PN, neighbor list, critical cell and preferred neighbor cell, bordering cell and candidate frequency (double carriers), search window and cell radius, RFS ID and CI, and so on. The check is performed on the OMC background; with the premise that the OMC has finished the data configuration of newly-added base station and data adjustment of surrounding base stations (mainly refer to the neighbor base stations; but no real implementation in practice after adjusting). The detailed steps are as follows: (1) PN checking: check whether the PN design satisfies the requirement of avoiding PN confusion; note whether there exist problems in Pilot_Inc and pilot multiplex. To a base station with far distance coverage, the PN of its neighbor
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
station can not be set continuously after its PN, the difference between their PNs should be larger than 1. (2) Configurng of neighbor list, critical cell, preferred neighbor cell, bordering cell and candidate frequencies: on the basis of the network topology, check whether the neighbor cell configuration of the newly-added station is reasonable; whether the neighbor cells match each other; whether the configuration of the critical cell is proper on the boundary from double-carrier cell to single-carrier cell; whether the preferred neighbor cell configuration of the critical cell is proper; whether the bordering cell and candidate frenquency configuration of the double-carrier cell is reasonable. (3) According to the new base stations coverage radius and whether it has a repeat, check whether the search window and the site radius is reasonable: l The search window size can be set on the basis of estimated transimission path. The size of search window can normarlly not larger than 13. The site radius is generally set to 128 or 256. In terms of the island site, the site radius can be set to 384 or 472. l The urban site SRCH-WIN-A/SRCH-WIN-N/SRCH-WIN-R is often set to 6/8/8, and the site radius is generally set to 128. l In terms of the sites of wide coverage, which are located in urban or suburb areas, their search windows can be properly enlarged. l In terms of the repeaters donor station, the three parameters of its search window are required to be set largerly; for the base station adjoining the repeater, SCR-WIN-N must be set to the values as similar as the ones of the repeaters donor station. (4) Setting of other parameters: for example, in case of single-carrier, it should be set to 2/3/4, while in terms of double-carrier, it is set to 2/5, 3/6, or 4/7. If the setting is wrong, it will produce problems like those due to wrong feeder connection. The setting of parameters including CI, REG_ZONE, LAC, etc., must be correct.
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4 Optimization of Newly-added Base Station
4.2 Checking the Single Station

To guarantee the base station working properly, it needs to debug it before its running. In terms of the island site, set the frequency to the value which is to be adopted formally and then perform the debugging. In terms of non-island site, particularly the newly-added station in the urban area, it needs to select another frequency before debugging, and when the station can work normally change the frequency to the valule which is adopted during work. The station enters the network formally. The debugging of the base station can only be conducted in the condition that the station has been activated. That is, the station constructing has finished, the power and transmission has been ready, the antennas height, orientation angle and downtilt has been set up in accordance with the designed values and the normal call can be made. After the base station has been activated, the staff that is in charge of the activation conduct the single station checking and sees whether it runs in a normal working state.
4.3 Optimizing the Network

For the island station, after finishing the debugging and single station checking, the engineer who is in charge of the base station activation judges according to the real situation whether the drive test should be performed on the base station. If there appear any problems during drive test, slove these problems first, then the new base station can be brought into the network. In terms of the non-island station, after finishing the debugging of the base station, change the frequency back to the systems normal working frequency, and the base station can be allowed to enter the network, which should be done during the period when the traffic is very small. The detailed steps for a non-island station before entering the network is as follows: (1) For a new station located in the urban area, drive test must be done after the station is activated. For a new station in the suburb or other areas, whether drive test is to be done or not depends on the actual network situation and practical requirements. Make a detailed plan about the drive testing, with the tested new station and its surrounding stations being included in the driving route.
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
(2)
When activating the newly-added base station, make its parameters and the parameters of its surrounding stations (mainly those of its adjointing staions) to accord with those which have been corrected on the OMC background.
(3)
For the new station which needs drive testing, make the drive test immediately after it is activated, confirming whether the call origination, call termination, call release, soft handoff and softer handoff is normanl. According to the handoff situation, notice the OMC background to adjust the neighbor list. In terms of the case without drive testing, observe and make sure whether the items mentioned above such as call origination, call termination, etc., are normal through calling.
(4)
Perform the drive test and observe on the OMC background to learn the status of the call. If there exist any severe problems, close the new station and restore the parameters of its surrounding stations. Reopen the new station after the problems have been sloved.
(5)
If the drive test data shows that the newly-added station has a relatively large influence on the current network performance (for example, it affects the call completion, data rate, and so on), adjust the parameters (such as antenna orientation, downtilt) of the new station and its surrounding stations.
(6)
After conducting the adjustment of the new station and its surrounding stations in engineering, repeat the test, until the problems have been resolved.
(7)
During the week after the new station is activated, the OMC engineer must pay a close attention to the handoff status of the new station, and adjust the neighbor list according to the real situation when necessary.
(8)
After one week, the OMC engineer submits the Report of New Stations activating and Network-joining, presenting the running information of the base station and its surrounding stations during the past week. As per planned purposes and practical testing data, judge whether the new station can satisfy the anticipation or not.
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5 Dual-carrier System Optimization

& Keypoints l Master dual-carrier basic knowledge, master hard handoff based on database and
on pilot beacon
Dual-carrier system uses two carriers in CDMA network to serve CDMA subscribers.when the below situations occur, network operator will upgrade the system from single carrier to two carrirers: 1. With CDMA subscribers growth, the existing network can not afford the service traffic which results in network jam; 2. Because data service and voice service share the resource, inevitably resource competition occurs. To provide better data service, data service requires the indepent carrier resource. Dual-carrier system hard handoff has two implement modes: hard handoff based on database and hard handoff based on pilot beacon.
5.1 Overview
The purpose of adding an additional carrier is to meet the demand for traffic. In the area where the cell intensity is so high that it is impossible to add more base stations to meet the demand for capacity, additional carrier can be added to meet the further capacity requirements.
5.1.1 Networking Modes

The dual-carrier networking includes two kinds of modes, "dot mode" and "plane mode". The dot mode means only adding carrier in the areas with heavy traffic but not setting transition cells, as shown in Figure 5.1-1.
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F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1
F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
Figure 5.1-1 Illustration of "Dot Mode" in Dual-carrier Networking
The plane mode means not only adding carrier but also setting transition cells in the areas with heavy traffic, as shown in Figure 5.1-2.
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1 F1
Figure 5.1-2 Illustration of "Plane Mode" in Dual-carrier Networking
In the "dot mode" dual-carrier networking, when the terminal leaves the BTS in which
62
another carrier is added to handle the heavy capacity, it hands off from the second carrier to the public carrier, which will aggravate and even overload the public carrier and thus make the goal of capacity expansion unachievable. Therefore in the dual-carrier networking the "plane mode" is recommended.
5.1.2 Carrier Selection in Waiting Mode

When a mobile phone is powered on, it searches for the pilot channel of one or several carries. When the mobile phone finds the pilot channel of one carrier, it enters the Sync channel of that carrier to obtain the Sync Message, and then enters the Paging channel of that carrier. If BS is configured with paging channel in the second carrier, BS will send CDMA Channel List Message in the first carrier paging channel, telling the mobile phone that BS has two carriers, both with paging channels. The mobile phone performs Hash calculation based on its own IMSI to determine whether to go to the second carrier. If the mobile phone decides to go to the second carrier, it searches for the pilot channel of the second carrier and if it succeeds in doing so, it enters the paging channel of the second carrier. This guarantees that all the mobile phones can basically wait evenly in one of the two carriers. If the second carrier of the base station is configured with only pilot channel but not paging channel, the base station sends CDMA Channel List Message over the paging channel of the basic carrier and tells the mobile phone that only one carrier has paging channel. Therefore all the mobile phones will wait in the paging channel of the basic carrier. Theoretically, the second carrier must be configured with pilot channel but not necessarily the paging channel. The need to configure paging channel depends on the load in the paging channel. If there are many BSC subscribers and the paging traffic is so large as to exceed the load of a paging channel, the second carrier can be configured with a paging channel. The base station decides the paging channel of which carrier to page the MS based on the IMSI of the MS.
5.1.3 Carrier Used by the Mobile Phone

When the mobile phone is originating a call or is being called, the base station will select the carrier that has the smallest load from all the carriers and allocate a traffic
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
channel from the idle traffic channels, though the carrier is not the same as the carrier of the waiting mobile phone. The base station tries to guarantee that the load of each carrier is the same. Because data subscribers use large power resources and have the feature of burst and instantaneity, it is hard to calculate the influence of the number of subscribers on the carrier load. Taking into account the fact that the system needs to access the voice subscribers in priority, the voice subscribers and data subscribers cannot be calculated with the same algorithm. Absolute balance algorithm is used to allocate a carrier to grant the access of a data subscriber, that is, the data subscribers are evenly allocated to the two carriers. The current power of the two carriers determines the maximum data rate available to the data subscribers.
5.1.4 Handoff in the Same Carrier

If the mobile phones current cell has the same carrier as the adjacent cells, the mobile phone can hand off to the same carrier of the adjacent cells. The base station tries to guarantee the handoff in the same carrier instead of handoff in different carriers. The handoff in the same carrier can happen in the basic carrier or the second carrier, whose handoff procedures are totally the same. If the mobile phone is in a dual-carrier cell and the adjacent cells have only one carrier, then mobile phones in the basic carrier can implement soft handoff to the basic carrier of the adjacent cells. If the mobile phone is in a one-carrier cell and the adjacent cells have two carriers, mobile phones can do handoff to the basic carrier of the adjacent cells.
5.1.5 Handoff when the Adjacent cells Same Carriers Traffic Channels are Full-loaded
When the mobile phone is in the basic carrier or second carrier and needs to hand over to the same carrier of the adjacent cells, the base station will allocate an idle traffic channel from the same carrier of the adjacent cell to the mobile phone. If the adjacent cell has two carries and the same carrier has no idle traffic channel but the other carrier has idle traffic channels, the base station will consider whether to allocate the traffic channel of that another carrier to the mobile phone, depending on whether the mobile phone can maintain the talk in the current carrier.
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If the pilot intensity received from the current cell is strong enough to maintain the talk, the base station will forbid the mobile phone to hand over. If the pilot intensity the mobile phone receives from the current cell is weaker than a threshold value (adjustable), the base station will instruct the mobile phone to hand over to another carrier. The mobile phone wills handoff from the first carrier to the second carrier or from the second carrier to the first carrier.
5.1.6 Dual-carrier Critical Cell Handoff

Some of the base stations in the system are Dual-carrier base stations, some are single-carrier base stations, and the Dual-carrier cells adjacent to the single-carrier base stations are called critical cells. The carrier common to all base stations is called basic carrier and another carrier is called second carrier. When the mobile phone is in the second carrier of the critical cell, it may move to the adjacent single-carrier BS. Because the adjacent single-carrier base station has no second carrier, inevitably the mobile phone hands off from the second carrier to the basic carrier. Because the 95 mobile phone can only search one frequency, the adjacent single-carrier base station cannot be seen from the second carrier; The mobile phone cannot originate a handoff in the non-idle state; rather, the base station must perform the following algorithm to instruct the mobile phone to hand off: When the mobile phone is in the service state at the second carrier of the adjacent cell, the base station instructs the mobile phone to periodically report the pilot intensity message. If the intensities of all the active pilots reported by the mobile phone are lower than a threshold, the base station instructs the mobile phone to hand off to the basic carrier. This threshold is called hard handoff threshold. There are two hard handoff modes in a critical cell: hand-down and handover. In the hand-down mode, the MS hands down from the second carrier to the basic carrier in the same critical cell. In the handover mode, the MS hands off from the second carrier of the critical cell to the basic carrier of the adjacent single-carrier base station. Hard handoff r should be performed inside the Dual-carrier critical cell (shown in the blue cells in Figure 5.1-3). The adjacent cells are marked by the database in the r_Carrier_para table. Each time after the effective set is updated, (in particular after a call or handover is finished), BSSAP transfers the latest effective set to DBS for decision-making. When all the cells in the effective set are adjacent cells, hard handoff r can happen, in which case the base station sends PMRO, PPMRO, and CFSRQM
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ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
messages to the MS to understand the wireless environment that the MS is in and to decide whether to proceed with the hard handover.
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1/F2 F1 F1 F1 F1
F1/F2
F1/F2
F1
Dual-carrier non-critical cell
Dual-carrier critical cell
Single carrier cell
Figure 5.1-3 Handoff Diagram of the Dual-carrier Critical Cell
In a Dual-carrier system, the CHMs of the two carriers are allocated at the two sides of the DBS shelf, in which case the channel resources of the two carriers are independent of each other.
Figure 5.1-4 Half Handoff Cell Diagram
In a Dual-carrier system there are two handoffs: one is the hard handoff and the other is the Dual-carrier handoff. specifically, when the MS moves from base station A to base station B, it performs soft handoff. But when there is no resource in the basic carrier
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and the second carrier has idle resources, hard handoff r can be performed by the MS reporting PSMM message. This handoff is the same as the frame offset handoff. When the MS moves from base station B to base station A, the handoff is between two carriers. Under this mode the base station instructs the mobile phone to report the PSMM message. In the Dual-carrier system, the adjacent cells of each carrier are configured independently, provided that the number of aggregate adjacent cells of the two carries is not over 20 because the base station sends the aggregate adjacent cells of the two carriers as the Adjacency List over the control channel. There are 2 kinds of two carrier handoffs: 1. Hand-down: The four legs established for the handoff include the basic carrier of the current sector. 2. Handover: The four legs established for the handoff do not include the basic carrier of the current sector. In a two carrier handover, the base station can specify maximum 3 legs when instructing the MS to perform handover. The three legs are selected from the so-called preferred adjacent cells. Only 3 preferred adjacent cells can be configured under the hand-down mode (4 if the own cell is included); under the handover mode, 4 can be configured. Hand-down means to hand over from the second carrier to the basic carrier of the same cell and handover means to hand over from the second carrier to the basic carrier of the adjacent single-carrier base station. At the Dual-carrier neighborhood configuration, the surrounding Dual-carrier base stations and the preferred adjacent cells of the bordering Dual-carrier base stations must be taken into account. The purpose of hand-down is to force the MS to hand down to the basic carrier before it leaves the critical cell so that it has enough time and distance to hand over to the single-carrier base station from the basic carrier via the normal soft handover. The basic carrier of the critical cell not only provides capacity for the call and handover in the basic carrier, but also provides enough capacity to the services that are handed down from the second carrier. The reason for a base station to expand to a Dual-carrier system is that the traffic in the basic carrier is so high that a second carrier is needed to
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expand the capacity. However, hand-down increases the traffic of the basic carrier and causes overload in the basic carrier. In the case that the Dual-carrier base station does not have enough basic carrier capacity to accommodate the handoff, Dual-carrier areas must be added around the base station so that the handoff operation can be shifted to the base stations that have enough basic carrier capacity. So the Dual-carrier areas are expanded so that the critical cells have enough basic carrier capacity to process calls and handoff. The second carrier cells that are added for the purpose of hand-down are called transit cell. The hand-down from the second carrier to the basic carrier is carried out in the transit cells instead of in the central cells that have large load. Generally speaking, if the hand-down from the second carrier would have caused the basic carrier overloaded, transit cells should be added. Handover is not as robust as hand-down. Because the 95 mobile phone cannot see the basic carrier from the second carrier, the target cell of the handover should be preset manually. Because the mobile phone can demodulate signals of maximum 4 cells, the target cells of the handover can only be maximum 4. When the number of single-carrier adjacent cells of a critical cell exceeds 4, there would be more handoff failures. However, handover does not increase the load of the basic carrier of the critical cell, so no transit cells need to be added. Handover is applicable where there are few adjacent cells, where adding transit cells are not allowed, and where the number of handovers is so small that more handover failures can be tolerated. Based on the above theoretical analysis of the hard handover, the hand-down mode has higher success rate than the handover mode, but the hand-down mode consumes the channel resources of the basic carrier of the critical cell. Conditions that trigger half handoff: 1. 2. 3. 4. No legs to be added. All the active set are in the critical cell. The search window of all the legs in the effective set is more than T_RTD. The number of legs in the effective set whose intensity is greater than T_Drop is less than 2. 5. The intensity of all the PNs in PSMM is less than T_DropSSHO.
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5.2 Network Planning in Dual-carrier System

5.2.1 Parameter Planning
1. Parameter configuration
5.2-1 Dual-carrier System Parameter Configuration Name HANDOFF MODE Hard handoff The Dual-carrier cells bordering (radio border, not geographical border) both InCriticalCell Dual-carrier single-carrier critical cells.. For inter-frequency handover decision, avoid the mobile phone initiating RTD_THRESHOLD _VOICE Round Trip Delay threshold (voice and data) the handover in a place close to BS. This parameter should be modified with the instruction of the personnel familiar with the system. For T_DROP _SSHO_VOICE When the MSs demodulation performance is less than this value, it hands over to the basic carrier Neighbor cell configuration In the Dual-carrier network, one of the carriers is configured as basic carrier to cover the whole network and the other FIRST_LIST carrier is configured as the second carrier that acts as a supplement to the basic carrier and that does not cover as widely as the basic carrier Means the number of voice subscribers CALLCOM THRESHOLD in the current MSs preferred carrier has reached the call holding threshold. If the number of voice subscribers in 69 Allocation across carriers Dual-carrier setting handoff decision making. The earlier the inter-frequency is initiated, the smaller the effect of 2nd FA on the capacity increase NGHBR _CONFIG Idle handoff coverage coverage are and called Hard handoff Definition Function Hard handoff
ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
Name
Definition that preferred carrier is CALLCOM THRESHOLD less than the minimum number of voice subscribers in the two carriers, the MS is allocated with the preferred carrier, otherwise with the other carrier Means the maximum number of voice subscribers that the MSs preferred (access) carrier can hold. If the number has not reached this threshold, the MS is allocated with the carrier, otherwise the threshold for cross-carrier allocation is compared
Function
CARRIERCALL THRESHOLD
Allocation across carriers
REVERSE_PRE _LEN T_COMP_HARD
Length of reverse preamble Hard handover pilot set and soft handover threshold pilot set comparison
Hard handoff Hard handover in the
central cells
2.
Channel Configuration Generally, at the second carrier of the central cell of a dual-carrier BTS, the pilot, sync, paging and access channels are configured. The second carrier of the critical cell of the Dual-carrier base station is configured in two ways: One is only configured with pilot channel; another is configured with pilot channel, sync channel, paging channel, and access channel. The first is recommended. If the paging channel is only configured at the public carrier, the cross-switch assignment can occur only from the public carrier to the second carrier. In this case, the effective coverage of the second carrier can be larger than that of the public carrier (but the difference between them can not be too big) to ensure that the terminal can always search out the target pilot after assignment. If the paging channel is also configured at the second carrier, the terminal may transit from the second carrier to the public carrier. In this case, the effective coverage of the second carrier must be consistent with that of the public carrier to guarantee the terminal can find out the target carrier during its transition between the two
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carriers. This can be measured with the demodulation effect of the terminal on the two carriers before and after frequency-switch handoff. 3. Neighbor Configuration The neighborhood configuration of the second carrier is the same as that of the basic carrier. Selecting the adjacent cells from the second-carrier critical cells used for hard handoff: when the mobile phone works in the second carrier, it does not know the information of the basic carrier in the place that it is located and needs the base station to tell it which of the cells signals to search for the basic carrier. The mobile phone will select the cells that have the most handovers with the current cells, that is non Dual-carrier system, and that are sectors of different base stations through the neighborhood handover statistics. The number of such cells depends on the hard handover mode of the current cell. Under the hand-down mode, only three preferred adjacent cells can be selected; under the handover mode, 4 preferred cells can be selected. 4. Notes The values of the pilot channel, sync channel, paging channel, and access channel of the second carrier in the central cells must be the same as those of the basic carrier. The value of the pilot channel of the second carrier in the critical cells must be the same as that of the basic carrier. The forward power control overload parameter of the second carrier must be the same as that of the basic carrier. To ensure that the second carriers coverage is the same as the basic carriers coverage, the forward Tx power output of the second carrier at the idle hours must be 2dB fewer than that of the basic carrier if the upgrade to the Dual-carrier system is within a small area. Because the second carrier of the critical cell only has pilot channel, its synchronized and calibrated value is 2dB less than that of the basic carrier. However, because all the control channels of the second carrier in the central cells are fully configured, the Tx power is almost the same as the basic carriers Tx power. The Tx power needs to be manually attenuated to 2dB fewer than the basic carriers Tx power in Dynamic Management. For the large area updating Dual-carrier, the basic carrier and second carrier Tx power of the central cell should keep the same, in
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order to keep the coverage of the basic carrier and the second carrier the same. The forward Io of the second carrier is far less than that of the basic carrier, thus the Ec/Io of the second carrier is much better than that of the basic carrier given the same pilot channel, sync channel, and paging channel configuration. Therefore the calibrated forward Tx power output of the second carrier at the idle hours should be less than that of the basic carrier. Why is it less than 2dB? It is selected according to the Shenzhen university test and the Dual-carrier situation. There are still places to be optimized, which need to consider the actual environment. Under normal circumstances no hard handover will happen in the central cells, unless the basic carrier or the second carrier is overloaded. On condition that the central cell and the adjacent cell are normal, no hard handover will happen, but there is idle over-frequency handover from the central cell to the adjacent cell. The parameters of the basic carrier in the critical cells that are related to the hard handover have no meaning. At the data configuration, do not configure the basic carrier as the critical cell and the second carrier as the non-critical cell. At the data configuration, do not mistakenly delete the control channel. After the control channel of the second carrier is changed, the CHMs of both carriers must be reset. If only the CHM of the second carrier is reset and the CHM of the basic carrier is not reset, calls cannot be made over the basic carrier.
5.2.2 Antenna Feeder Planning

Provided that the coverage is ensured: 1. The azimuth and tilt angle of the donor antenna must be the same as that of the
diversity antenna. 2. The donor antenna cannot be installed where the diversity antenna is supposed to
be installed. 3. The antenna of each sector must be installed in its correct position.
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5.2.3 Dual-carrier Region Planning

The Dual-carrier networking is divided into Point mode and Area mode, preferably Area mode. Under the Area mode networking, it is very important to set critical cells and plan bordering areas. The technicians need to analyze the background performance data, including call data, handoff data, release data, traffic, and overload information. The critical cells should be the regions where the traffic is small and where there is no handoff r between BSCs. By analyzing the background data, one knows that regions satisfy the requirements for upgrade to the Dual-carrier system. After the critical cells and central cells are allocated, the overall Dual-carrier planning is almost finished.
5.2.4 RF Extension and Repeater Planning

Before upgrading to the Dual-carrier system, the technicians must understand whether the base station has any RF extension or repeaters. If yes, the second carrier should also have RF extension or repeater in the same place (If the repeater of the basic carrier is broadband and includes the second carrier, only connect the second carrier to that repeater); Otherwise the sectors that have RF extension or repeater cannot be upgraded to Dual-carrier system. The working bandwidth of the repeater must include the basic carrier and the second carrier. Broadband repeaters can meet this requirement, but the filtering repeater must be changed. Poorly made filtering repeater may cause significant interference. Therefore the repeaters must be taken into full account at the upgrade to the Dual-carrier system. This needs cooperation from the repeater manufacturer, operator, and main equipment manufacturer.
5.3 Network Optimizing the Dual-carrier System

The optimization of the Dual-carrier system includes RF optimization, maintenance optimization after the deployment, and the network operating analysis during the running. This section describes the RF optimization and maintenance optimization.
5.3.1 Demand Analysis

Purpose: obtain the project detailed information and the clients request for the Dual-carrier network effect.
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1.
Understand the acceptance standards of the project. At the Demand Analysis stage, mostly perform the confirmation operation;
2.
Understand the clients specific requirements for the project, such as time scheduling, selection criteria of the test point and route in the test, and call mode setting; understand the clients requirements for the acceptance of the project;
3.
Make sure the division interface with the client, and the work to be born and the resources to be provided by the client.
5.3.2 Dual-carrier Performance Test

1. Testing MSs compatibility In the upgrade to the Dual-carrier system, the mobile phone compatibility test is a very important content. This section describes the mobile phone compatibility test to be performed before upgrade to the bicarrier system to make sure that the mobile phone is usable after the upgrade. Test conditions: The base station to be tested has opened the second carrier whose frequency point must be the one used by the commercial office. Preferably the MS of the second carrier is covered by the second carrier. Test content: The second carrier should be configured with the pilot channel only, not with synchronous and paging channel. Test procedure: (1) Test the mobile phones ability to search the signals: Turn on the MS to see whether the mobile phone can search the signals and lock the basic carrier. Record the time from the turn-on to the time it locks the signals (use a stopwatch to record the time from turn-on to the time it locks the signals for five times and calculates the average time). (2) The mobile phone powers on and has the register test: record the time of the mobile phone from locking the signal to sending out the power-on register message (from the signaling tracing). In normal case, the duration is within 20 seconds (test it for five times and calculates the average).
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(3)
Mobile phone stable locked signal test: hold the mobile phone in idle state for 5 minutes, and record if the phone has the phenomenon of uncertain signal.
(4)
Mobile phone terminating call test: take the tested MS as the one being called, and record whether the call succeeds (test 10 times).
(5)
Mobile phone originating call test: take the tested MS as the terminating one, and record whether the call succeeds (test 10 times).
(6)
Mobile phone transceiving short message test: the MS transfers and receives the short message, and record whether the transceiving short message succeeds;
(7)
Mobile phone powering-off register test: the MS powers off and record whether the powering-off register succeeds. The second carrier is configured with pilot, synchronous and paging channels. Test procedure:
(1)
Mobile phone turn-on locking signal test: Mobile phone turns on, and test whether the MS can search the signal and lock it. Record the time from the turn-on to the time it locks the signals.
(2)
Mobile phone turn-on register test: record the time of mobile phone from locking the signal to sending the turn-on register message.
(3)
Collect stable locking signal test: hold the mobile phone in idle state for 5 minutes, and record whether there is uncertain signal.
(4)
Test the mobile phones ability to be called: Open Service Observation--call Observation and call the mobile phone to see if the call is allocated to the carrier that the mobile phone locks and record whether the call succeeds.
(5)
Test the mobile phones ability to call: Open Service Observation--Call Observation and initiate a call from the mobile phone to see whether the call is allocated to the carrier that the mobile phone locks and record whether the call succeeds.
(6)
Mobile phone transceiving short message test: the mobile phone receives and transfers short message. Record whether the transceiving short message can succeed.
(7)
Mobile phone turn-off register test: the mobile phone turns off, and record
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whether the turn-off register can succeed. 2. Testing MSs idle handoff Test whether the mobile phone that prefers the second carrier (more accurately IMSI) performs idle handover in the Dual-carrier region. Pay attention to the mobile phones holding state when the mobile phone moves from the single-carrier to the Dual-carrier transit cells and to the Dual-carrier central cells, or moves from the Dual-carrier central cells to the Dual-carrier transit cells and to the single-carrier. In the Dual-carrier central cells, the idle handover from the second carrier of the central cells to the second carrier of the central cells will have no problem. But the handoff from the second carrier of the central cell to the critical cell can have some problem because the second carrier of the critical cell is not configured with the paging channel, idle hard handoff will inevitably happen from the central cell to the critical cell. This test can be carried out when the whole network test is performed. 3. Testing MSs hard handoff Test conditions: Test the mobile phones preferred second carrier point and the wireless network adaptors preferred second carrier point (subject to IMSI) Test contents: hard handoff of voice service and data service. The following is simplified testing proposal. Voice service test: (1) Hold a long time talk between the two testing 133 mobile phones that use the second carrier point. During the test, the mobile phone moves from the Dual-carrier sector to the single-carrier sector. Record how the hard handover is performed. (2) Open Service Observation and Signaling Tracing to record the information at the background. (3) Use the testing software to record all the signaling information. Save the foreground testing data. Visualize any problems, record the time of occurrence, and describe the problem.
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(4)
Repeat the test in each hard handoff area for 5 times. Data service test:
(1)
The wireless network card is connected to COM port of the notebook. Use FTP software to have the download test of the data service, and the download IP: 211.97.96.217. The subscriber name and the password are CDMA, CDMA, and the port number is 22. Download the 15M file, and repeat the process again and again, until the test completes.
(2)
Open Service Observation and Signaling Tracing to record the information at the background.
(3)
Using testing software, make sure that the network adaptor uses the second carrier. During the test, the MS moves from the Dual-carrier sector to the single-carrier sector. Record how the hard handoff is performed, in particular whether SCH is released at the hard handoff r. Record all the signaling information and save the foreground testing data. Visualize any problems, record the time of occurrence, and describe the problem.
(4)
Repeat the test in each hard handover area for 5 times.
5.3.3 Single-station Inspecting Optimization

Before upgrading Dual-carrier system, the antenna feeder system must be tested, in particular: 1. Check whether the antenna feeder is connected in the wrong direction; whether
the diversity reception is connected wrongfully. 2. Check whether the azimuth and tilt angle of the donor antenna is the same as those
of the diversity antenna; Check whether the polarized antenna also has such problem. 3. Test whether call can be originated and terminated at the second carrier. Move around the base station and call the MS (or let the MS be called) to see if the operations succeed.
5.3.4 RF Optimization
1. Test the whole network before the upgrade The purpose is to evaluate the coverage and network performance before the
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upgrade to provide basis for evaluating the Dual-carrier system. It includes voice and data service tests. As required by the operator, the test can be divided into no-load or loaded test. 2. Test the whole network after the upgrade The purpose is to evaluate the coverage and the data service of the two carriers after the upgrade, and compare the data to the data obtained at the loaded test before the upgrade to evaluate the network performance before and after the upgrade. It includes voice and data service tests. The test is divided into non-carrier and carrier test. The voice test is divided into first frequency point and second frequency point. 3. Analyze and compare the whole network foreground/background data before/after the upgrade. Compare those data, prepare an evaluation report, and present an optimization proposal. 4. (1) Optimization proposal Parameter optimization Part of the parameter optimization is executed during the test procedure and part is subject to the result of the data analysis. (2) Antenna feeder optimization The proposal is presented after the data test and the background data analysis. (3) System software optimization Test the data, analyze the background data, feed back the system analysis, and submit to the R&D department for solution. 4. Verify the optimization proposal The implemented optimization proposal must be verified and analyzed.
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5.3.5 Maintaining the Dual-carrier System

1. If the basic carrier of the critical cell is faulty, the second carrier will also be unavailable. This problem must be solved by the foreground/background processing. 2. If the basic carrier of the central cell is faulty, the second carriers Carrier--Carrier parameters--Basic carrier indication must be changed from non-basic carrier [0] to basic carrier [1]. The previous basic channel can be used again after it would be configured properly.
5.4 Hard handoff based on Pilot Beacon

5.4.1 Principle and Background
In busy area, the system adopts multi carriers mode to improve the capacity; in non-busy area, the system adopts single carrier since few subscribers. When MS moves from busy area to non-busy area, hard handoff will occur. For an IS-95 terminal, its database-based auxiliary frequency-switch handoffs are a kind of blind handoffs. During one frequency-switch handoff, the IS-95 terminal can only search for the pilot signals on the carrier frequency that it locks. The BTS demands the terminal to report the pilot strength measurement message in real time, and when the BTS finds that the strength of the pilots in the active set are very weak, it will order the terminal to hand off to its preferred neighbor. The preferred neighbors are configured as RF parameters. And now neither the terminal nor the BTS knows the pilot strength of the preferred neighbor, instead, the terminal hands off to the target pilot fully under the instruction of the database. Once the terminal receives weak pilot signals, call drops will occur and the frequency-switch handoffs fail. Such frequency-switch handoffs therefore are blind in most cases, and the handoff success rate largely depends upon the rationality of handoff parameter setting and handoff area planning. The introduction of the pilot beacon can solve this problem to a great extent. Figure 5.4-1 shows the dual-carrier system networking.
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F1, F2(beacon) F1, F2(beacon) F1, F2(beacon)
F1,F2
F1, F2(beacon) F1, F2(beacon) F1 F1, F2(beacon)
F1
F1
Note:F1, F2 mean two carriers; Red: multi carriers cell; Orange: multi carriers cell, one of carrier is Pilot Beacon; Yeloow: single carrier cell
Figure 5.4-1 the sketch map of pilot beacon networking
The pilot beacon is usually configured in the transition cell from the multi-carrier cell to the single-carrier cell. In such transition cell, all subscribers working at frequency F2 will hand off to F1, and no call will be originated at frequency F2 (because no access/paging channels are configured). Thus when the terminal moves from the transition cell to the single-carrier cell, it can conduct the frequency-switch handoff with lower call drop rate. When an IS-95 terminal that is working at the frequency F2 moves from a multi-carrier cell to a transition cell, it can search out the pilots of its local cell (i.e. the multi-carrier cell) and the target cell (with F2 as beacon), and report them to the BTS. If pilot of the target cell is very strong, the BTS orders the terminal to make soft handoff to the target cell. However, the frequency F2 of the target cell is a pilot beacon and cannot establish traffic channels. Hence the BTS side builds traffic channels at the frequency F1 and the frequency-switch handoff is performed. Compared with the handoff that is made directly from the cell with frequencies F1 and F2 to the target cell only with frequency F1, the handoff using pilot beacon has higher success rate. Main equipments change when pilot beacon helps to hard handoff:
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1.
Hardwares change Add Pilot Beacon BTS, add a set of RF (RFIM, TRX, HPA, RFE), a CHM with the lowest configuration, RF cables.
2.
Softwares change Upgrade to the software vesion which can supports Pilot Beacon, and complete the data configuration in OMC.
5.4.2 Precautions for Radio Parameters Setting

1. Field IsBeacon is added into carrier parameters table in carrier node, as well as BSS adjacent carrier parameters table. IsBeacon = 0 IsBeacon = 1 2. is not pilot beacon is pilot beacon
In transition cell from multi-carrier to basic carrier, non-basic carrier is configured as pilot beacon, only pilot channel and synchronization channel are configured, page channel and access channel are not configured;Service channel can not established in the carrier configured as pilot beacon.
3. 4.
Basic carrier can not be configured as pilot beacon. To avoid influencing on the hard handoff assistanted by database, configuring pilot beacon is not included in neighbor cell frequency table.
5.4.3 Precautions for Pilot Becon Planning

1. Pilot becon mode can only be applied in non-busy area. If the basic carrier gets overloaded at the frequency switch, it is advisable to expand the scope of pilot becon base stations, so that the pilot becon area covers both the boundary and the boundarys boundary, and even covers the suburbs. 2. The pilot becon carrier specified in the radio parameter settings shall be non-basic carrier and belong to critical cells. 3. The two carriers of a pilot becon base station must have the same coverage, or the basic carrier slighter larger than the non-basic carrier. Because pilot becon mode does not support accessing and paging operations, the output power of
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basic carrier is 2dB higher than that of non-basic carrier. 4. Do not configure access channel or paging channel in pilot becon mode. But
it is recommended to configure the synchronization channel, which is beneficial to the adjustment of forwarding coverage. 5. Never block the basic carrier of pilot becon. Otherwise, there may be a large amount of call drops and signal floating incidents. Besides, if the basic carrier is blocked, even a strong pilot becon would fail to induce the frequency switch, in which case the pilot becon becomes a negative and powerful disturbing signal. 6. For the same reason mentioned in point 5, never block the physical resources correpondant to the pilot becon, such as CE, Walsh code. 7. It is best to set the cell with pilot becon as critical cell, so to promptly bring about the frequency switch (as soon as the signal is strong enough). 8. In the dynamic data management, a pilot becon carrier cannot have the OCSN channel configured.
5.4.4 Comparision of two Hard Handoff Mode

There are homology and difference hard handoff based on database and hard handoff based on pilot beacon: 1. (1) (2) Homology Used to assistant MS to do hard handoff. For MS, two handoff modes both are blind handoff, MS initiate hard handoff passively. (3) Basic carrier cannot be guaranteed the same as the second carrier in handoff cell, which will influence on handoff and result in handoff failed. 2. (1) Difference Trigger condition of hard handoff is different For the hard handoff based on database, the condition is rigor, only when many conditions are met with at the same time, hard hanoff can be done. For the hard handoff based on pilot beacon, the condition is simple, only when
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pilot signal is enough strong in candidate set, hard handoff can be done. (2) The number of cells that support frequency switch is different in the neighbor list. The maximum number of targe cells that support frequency switch is 4 in the database mode. If a cell fails to perform the switch, the priorities of the neighbor cells are adjusted to solve the problem; however, the adjustment may bring about new problematic cell. The target cells that support frequency switch are determined by their geographical locations in the pilot becon mode. All pilot becon cells neighboring to dual-carrier base stations can be added to the neighbor list, and the number is only restricted by the number of actual neighboring cells. (3) The switch success rate is different. The frequency switch that is based on database mode relies much on the priority list of neighbor cells configured in the wireless settings. When the base station detects that the pilot frequency from the mobile phone is weak, it leads the mobile phone to perform frequency switch according to the priority list of neighbor cell. However, the priority list is pre-configured in the database; the base station has no idea about the actual intensity of the frequency the cells would send to the mobile phone. It is possible that a high-priority cell transmits weak pilot frequency to the mobile phone, and then the mobile phone experiences call drop and failure of frequency switch. In conclusion, such frequency switch is quite blind. To get it working well, the choice of the priority list is very important and shall be based on abundant tests. Relatively speaking, the switch success rate is higher with the pilot becon mode. When the indensity of the pilot frequency is high in the target cell, the base station leads the mobile phone to perform soft switch to the targe cell. If the current carrier of the target cell is pilot becon, the cell cannot set up service channel, then the base station sets up a service channel in the basic carrier, thus frequency switch. Although the intensity of the basic carrier is unknown, it is comparable to the intensity of the pilot becon, therefore, the intensity is better guaranteed than in the database mode. As long as the coverage of the pilot becon is identical to that of the basic carrier, the success rate can be ensured.
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6 Repeater Optimization
& Key points l Repeater optimization and parameters setting in planning
In CDMA network, to guarantee networks quality and meet with coverage requirement, except for base station, maybe repeater is needed. In application the base station in a cell where repeater is in is called donor base station, the radio link between donor base station and repeater is called host link, the antenna of repeater used to receving signal from donor base station is called donor antenna, the antenna of repeater faced on the users is called transfer antenna. Introducing repeater into CDMA network will bring changes of network topo structure, link budget, noise, delay, multi-path information, these changes will influence on the coverage scope, handoff relation, uplink/downlink power budget, user capacity in cell and system parameters of the cell.
6.1 Repeater Parameters Setting

The forward and reverse link gains are the main parameters of the repeater. Under the condition that the original network performance is guaranteed, it is feasible by adjusting forward/reverse link gains of the repeater to realize the expected coverage effect and try to balance the forward and reverse links of traffic channels in the repeater coverage.
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Repeater server antenna
Repeater donor antenna
BS antenna
Repeater
Spectrum analyzer
Signal generator
BS
Figure 6.1-1 Measuring Repeaters Uplink Net Path Loss
In the earlier noise analysis, an optimal setting method on the repeater uplink gain has been presented. It may not be suitable for all cases, and the specific setting should depend upon the hybrid networking planning parameters of each repeater. The following example describes how to set the repeater gain during the engineering installation. First, measure the net path loss from the donor antenna end of the repeater to the BTS receiver end: connect the measuring devices as shown in Figure 6.1-1. The signal generator transmits the signal with a certain output power. The spectrum analyzer measures and gets the strength of the received signal. The difference between the output power of the signal generator and the strength of the received signal read by the spectrum analyzer is the net path loss PLnet. Secondly, based on the noise analysis, calculate the uplink gain of the repeater. Suppose that: 1. 2. 3. 4. The maximum allowable noise margin of the donor BTS is M. The noise figure of the donor BTS is NFbts. The noise figure of the repeater is Nfrepeater. The path loss from the repeater to the BTS is PL.
Then, the reverse link gain of the repeater is: G reverse = PL + NFbts - Nfrepeater M.
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Finally, adjust the uplink gain of the repeater to G rep_reverse, meanwhile set the downlink gain to Grep_reverse. Properly increase the downlink gain as required, but never exceed the maximum downlink power. Thus the gain setting of the repeater is completed. Besides this accurate method adjusting repeater gain, there is another adjustment way that uses the receiver noise level measured by the BTS OMC. The program of the CDMA BSS NMS can make statistics on the BTS receivers noise level, which contains all signals entering the BTS receiver. The variation of subscriber quantity of local cell and adjacent cells can also result in large changes of the noise level. Therefore, it should make a long-term statistics on the BTS noise level A1 in case of none subscribers when there is no repeater. After the repeater is installed, constantly adjust the uplink gain Grep_reverse of the repeater and continue making statistics on the BTS noise level A2 in case of no subscribers. The required uplink gain can be determined when A2 is 3 dB larger than A1. And then determine the downlink gain of the repeater based on the uplink gain. In general, the difference between uplink gain and downlink gain is required not to be more than 5 dB for the outdoor repeater, and not to be 10 dB for the indoor repeater.
6.2 System Parameters Optimization

The introduction of a repeater to the network can change the coverage radius of the donor BTS, change its adjacent cells, add multi-paths, lead to PN alias and pilot pollution, and so on. These possible changes require repetitive adjustment on relevant BTS parameters and test for network status, so as to the system performance can reach the optimal state.
6.2.1 PN Alias and Pilot Pollution

PN alias and pilot pollution are mainly caused by improper repeater planning. During the planning stage, it is necessary to calculate the PN variation based on distance of all BTSs in the coverage area, and calculate the signal strength using the free space propagation formula, to judge whether the PN alias or pilot confusion will occur. The following are the solutions when PN alias exists: 1. Adjust the antenna of the cell that has PN alias to make the strength of those undesired pilot signals in PN alias areas decrease so that they are too lower to be demodulated. 2. Modify the pilot configuration of the cell and change the PN with alias into other
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values. But before performing this, it needs to analyze the consequence of such modification. And solutions to the pilot pollution mainly include: 1. Adjust the sector antenna to eliminate undesired pilots 2. Increase the transmit power of the BTS whose objective area is most expected to be covered.
6.2.2 Neighbor List

This may bring variation of the handoff adjacent cells of the donor BTS and the repeater. Under such situation, it needs to modify the neighbor lists of adjacent cells around the donor BTS and the repeater one by one, in order to make neighbor lists of these cells accord with the actual neighbor relationship.
6.2.3 Parameters of Search Windows

The influence that a repeater brings on the system search window parameters can be analyzed from two aspects: repeaters delay and the caused multi-paths. It needs to adjust these parameters carefully according to the actual conditions. For the Cell Site Modem (CSM), the following windows will be influenced: 1. Access Channel Search Windows 2. Reverse Link Traffic Channel Multipath For the Mobile Station Modem (MSM), the following windows will be influenced: 1. Active Set Search Window 2. Neighbor Set Search window. 6.2.3.1 Access Channel Search Window of the Donor BTS The influence of the repeater delay on the system is equivalent to path delay. Having delay function on both uplink and downlink signals, the repeater delay is normally not more than 6 s and equivalent to a path delay of 1.8 km. The repeater delay has a little effect on the overall coverage, so in general it only needs to be considered among the Access Channel Search Window parameters. When the BTS calls the mobile, there is a TA delay; and when the mobile answers,
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there is another TA delay. Thus, the Access Channel Search Window must be larger than 2TA. After the repeater is introduced into the system, the coverage radius is lengthened. In addition, since the repeater brings delay on both uplink and downlink (6 s for either link and be equivalent to 1.8 km path delay). So it is necessary to increase the size of the Access Channel Search Window properly according to the coverage distance, so as to make the window can search the farthest subscriber. If the window size is set small, subscribers in the far coverage area of the repeater can not access the BS even though these subscribers have good uplink and downlink signals. Contrarily, if the window size is set too large, the system will waste much processing capability on useless search, thus reducing the system performance and indirectly leading to access failures or other faults. For the sake of convenience, in the following discussion we take the CDMA chip as the unit of time and distance, and perform the following premises: 1. The maximum coverage radius of the donor BTS is Rdonor; 2. The maximum coverage radius of the repeater is Rrepeater; 3. The distance between the BTS and the repeater is D; 4. The repeaters total forward and reverse group delay is. Then, the size of the Access Channel Search Window is: MAX [2Rdonor, 2Rrepeater+2D+] Here MAX [ ] indicates the function getting the maximum value (applicable hereinafter). 6.2.3.2 Reverse Link Traffic Channel Multipath Window of the Donor BTS The size setting of the Reverse Link Traffic Channel Multipath Window needs to take into account additional multipath signals occurring after the repeater is introduced. Suppose that: 1. In the multipath mode of the donor BTSs reverse traffic channel, the maximum delay is 0; 2. The coverage radius of the repeater is Rrepeater; 3. The total forward and reverse group delay of the repeater is 1.
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4. In the multipath mode of the repeaters reverse traffic channel, the maximum delay is 2. Then, the size of the Reverse Link Traffic Channel Multipath Window is: 2MAX [0, 2Rrepeater+1+2] 6.2.3.3 Active Set Search Window When the repeater is introduced into the network, the coverage scope is extended and the multi-path interference is brought. So it is necessary to adjust the size of the Active Set Search Window of the donor BTS according to the practical application, otherwise, the poor quality calls or call drops will occur.
Pilot phase Earliest pilot multipath component
Figure 6.2-1 Illustration of SRCH_WIN_A
The parameter SRCH_WIN_A of the Active Set Search Window is sent by the BTS to the mobile. As the Figure 6.2-1 shows, the mobile takes the earliest pilot multipath component as the time reference, and takes SRCH_WIN_A/2 as the search radius to search possible multipath signals. If one multipath signal with enough strength is not identified by the BTS due to too small search window, the signal may cause strong interference on the system and decrease Eb/Nt of the desired signals, thus leading to poor voice quality and even call drops. Contrarily, if the window is set too large, the system will waste much processing capability on useless search instead of multipath signals that may be generated at any time, thus weakening the system performance (useful multipath can bring diversity gain) or even resulting to poor voice quality or call drops.
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Figure 6.2-2 Repeater enlarges the coverage scope and add multi path interference
After the repeater is introduced, it is necessary to enlarge properly the Reverse Link Traffic Channel Multipath Window. As shown in Figure 6.2-2, there are two downlink paths arriving at the mobile: one path is from the BTS to the mobile directly with the delay of R1; another path is retransmitted by the repeater with the delay of R1+2R2 +. The signals of these two paths have similar strength when arriving at the mobile, with their maximum time difference being 2R2+. So the size of the SRCH_WIN_A should be set larger than 2(2R2+). Suppose that: 1. In the multipath mode of the donor BTSs reverse traffic channel, the maximum delay is 0; 2. The coverage radius of the repeater is Rrepeater; 3. The total forward and reverse group delay of the repeater is 1; 4. In the multipath mode of the repeaters reverse traffic channel, the maximum delay is 2. Then, the size of the Active Set Search Window is: 2MAX [0, 2Rrepeater +1+2] 6.2.3.4 Neighbor Set Search Window The Neighbor Set Search Window is used to discover the neighbor BTSs. Based on the location of the earliest reference pilot, the mobile will find the pilot signals in the neighbor set by adding a certain number of chips. As shown in Fig. 4-13,
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the mobile can get the reference location of the neighbor pilot 2 by only adding [(Pilot 2-Pilot 1) 64] to its time reference. While becaused by different distances from the mobile to the two BSs, the pilots of two BSs have different delays when reaching the mobile, respectively being t1 and t2, as shown in Figure 6.2-3. Thus, the real time from cell 2 to the mobile has some difference with the reference location deduced from the mobile. In the CDMA system, this is compensated using SRCH_WIN_N parameters.
Cell 1 transmits pilot 40 Mobile searches for an active set pilot Pilot 40 Propagation delay t1
Earliest pilot multipath component
MS searches for a neighbor set pilot
Cell 2 transmits pilot 88
Figure 6.2-3
Illustration of SRCH_WIN_N
For the mobile in the repeater coverage area, the coverage scope expansion makes the distance between the mobile and the neighbor BSs shorten, inducing that the originally set size of the Neighbor Set Search Window becomes improper. If one multipath signal with enough strength is not identified by the BTS due to too small search window, the signal may cause strong interference on the system and decrease Eb/Nt of the desired signals, thus leading to poor voice quality and even call drops. In addition, the mobile can not identify the adjacent PN and hence can not make handoff, which will also lead to call drops and strong interference to the neighbor BTSs. In engineering, it needs to modify the neighbor set search parameters of all adjacent cells around the repeater coverage area, so as to ensure that the pilot signals from the BS and its adjacent BS can fall into each others search windows. Suppose that: 1. The coverage radius of the donor BS is Rdonor. 2. The coverage radius of the repeater is Rrepeater . 3. The distance between the BTS and the repeater is D. 4. The total forward and reverse group delay of the repeater is.
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5. The coverage radius of the neighbor BTS is Rneighbor. Then, the size of the Neighbor Set Search Window is: 2MAX [| Rdonor/2- Rneighbor|, |(Rdrepeater +D + )/2 - Rneighbor| ]
6.2.4 Handoff Parameters

To achieve good Handoffeffect, the IS-95 system has defined 4 handoff threshold parameters. T_ADD, pilot signal add threshold: used for the mobile station to trigger the sending of the pilot signal strength measuring message to start the switchover. The base station sets this field as the pilot signal adding threshold. It is indicated by a binary figure without characters: [-210log10Ec/Io]; its range is -31.5-0dB and the recommended value is -13dB. T_DROP, pilot signal drop threshold: used by the mobile station for start the Handofftimer for the pilot signals of the active pilot signal set and standby pilot signal set. The base station sets this field as the pilot signals add threshold. It is indicated by a binary figure without characters: [-210log10Ec/Io]. Its range is -31.5-0dB and the recommended value is -15dB. T_COMP, comparison threshold between the active and standby pilot signal sets: when the difference between the pilot signal strength in the standby pilot signal set and that in the active pilot signal set exceeds this threshold, the mobile station will transmit a pilot signal strength measuring message. The base station sets this field the comparison threshold between the standby and active pilot signal sets with the unit being 0.5dB. Its range is 0-7.5dB and the recommended value is 2.5dB. T_TDROP, pilot signal timer drop value: When this timer value is exceeded, the mobile station performs an action to a pilot signal which is in the active or standby pilot signal set and the strength of which is no greater than T_TDROP. If the pilot signal belongs to the active pilot signal set, the mobile station will send a pilot signal strength measuring message. If the pilot signal belongs to the standby pilot signal set, it will be moved to a neighboring pilot signal set. The range of this field is 0-15s and the recommended value is 2s.
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Pilot strength
T_ADD T_DROP

Candidate Neighbor set set

Active set
Figure 6.2-4 HandoffProcess
Time
Neighbor set
The implementation of soft handoff includes 7 procedures: 1. When the pilot signal strength exceeds T_ADD, the mobile station sends a pilot strength measuring message to the base station and moves the pilot into the candidate set. 2. 3. The base station sends to the mobile station the pilot Handoff message. The mobile station switches the pilot to the active set and sends a Handoff completion message. 4. When the pilot strength becomes lower than T_DROP, the mobile station starts the T_TDROP timer. 5. The T_TDROP timer stops and the mobile station send to the base station a pilot strength measuring message. 6. 7. The base station sends to the mobile station a Handoff message. The mobile station switches the pilot from the active set to the neighbor set and sends a Handoff completion message. Generally the handoff parameters of the whole system are set to the same value or similar values. In the network planning, it is expected that the pilot can be added into the active set before the pilot signal strength becomes so great that the pilot will interfere other pilot signals.
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Usually the T_ADD threshold is expected to be set to a relatively small value, which can enable the pilot to join the active set as early as possible. The T_ADD threshold value is related to the spread spectrum gain and the minimum EB/IO required by the system. However, too small a T_ADD value may cause soft switchover, require a greater system capacity and cause waste. Repeaters applied in tunnels have special requirement for switchover.
Figure 6.2-5 Handoff for a Repeater Applied in a Tunnel
In the case of tunnel application, trunk signals must be introduced into the tunnel from both ends so that smooth Handoff of the mobile station moving the tunnel can be ensured. If trunk signals are only introduced from one end of the tunnel, at the other end of the tunnel the mobile station will meet strong neighboring pilot signals and add them into the active set before identifying them. Thus, it will be severely interfered and call drop will occur. Besides, as the mobile station cannot identify the neighboring cell and still send strong signals to keep contact with the original cell, the neighboring cell will be severely interfered. This interference should better be avoided at the planning and designing stage. In complicated cases, the network can be optimized through the reduction of the value of the T_ADD threshold or increase of the value of the T_TDROP timer.
6.3 Typical Case

6.3.1 Introduction to Drop Rates in NanChong Service Area
From December 25th. To 27th, the total BSC release time is 1687210, abnormal release time is 20647, drop call rate is 1.22%. Call Drop Rates in NanChong Service Area (gray circles mean repeaters)
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Sector Drop Rates Districtionn from 5 to 27
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Graph 6.3-1 Call Drop Rates in the Sectors of NanChong City
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Repeater Name (Doner Specified in Brackets) Banzhen Optic Repeater (Bailu 1) Luxi Optic Repeater (Lijia ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA 8) Sier Factory Optic Repeater (Gaoping CCB 9) Longchang Broadcasting Station Optic Repeater (Changle 11) Xichong Grain Station Optic Repeater (Xichong Broadcasting Station 18) Peiya Optic Repeater (Pengcheng 30) Shuiguan Optic Repeater (Jinya 31) Hexi Optic Repeater (Xili Vacational School 32) Rixing Optic Repeater (Yilong Broadcasting Station 33) Yilong Guangzi Optic Repeater (Yilong Broadcasting Station 33) Erdao Optic Repeater (Yilong Broadcasting Station 33) Pengan Mozi Street Optic Repeater (Peng An China Bank 37) Jingping Town Optic Repeater (Peng An China Bank 37) Lixi Optic Repeater (Heshu Broadcasting Station 38) Yangjia Optic Repeater (Luojia Broadcasting Station 39) Huilong Optic Repeater (Xujia 42) Capan Optic Repeater (Luosi 43) South Town Gate Optic Repeater (South Happy Street 48) Pengan Railway Station Optic Repeater (Pengan Chengxing 51) Jialing Seed Company Optic Repeater (Jialing Armed Police 59) Yixing Optic Repeater (Zhongling 61) Huaishu Optic Repeater (Zhongling 61) Qianfu Optic Repeater (Laoguan 71) Erlong Optic Repeater (Laoguan 71) Jinghe Optic Repeater (205 Huaqiao Broadcasting Station 1) Yuzhoucheng Wireless Repeater (207 Huaxing Broadcasting Station) Mineral Bureau Wireless Repeater (207 Huaxing Broadcasting Station 1) Lu City Optic Repeater (207 Huaxing Broadcasting Station 0) Youzhagou Optic Repeater (209 Huaxing Nantian Hotel 1) Yanghe Optic Repeater (209 Huaxing Nantian Hotel 0) Lingshui Construction Bank Optic Repeater (LingShui Broadcasting Station 210-1)
PN 45 408 222 300 288 174 177 15 273 105 90 27 363 252 204 207 459 234 153 402 15 351 36 204 222 273 105 105 312 144 258 98
Total Release Times 13913 1096 9196 2080 17519 6622 4507 8324 7973 6316 2322 25542 13535 2095 4255 4066 1019 20654 3273 7028 1752 2908 2654 1052 855 34161 18441 18441 5240 22130 43032
Abnormal Release Times 96 27 99 21 77 190 199 114 162 172 59 364 170 136 191 69 13 210 63 56 68 157 70 20 27 339 167 167 39 210 484
Sector Rate (%) 0.69 2.46 1.08 1.01 0.44 2.87 4.42 1.37 2.03 2.72 2.54 1.43 1.26 6.49 4.49 1.7 1.28 1.02 1.92 0.8 3.88 5.4 2.64 1.9 3.16 0.99 0.91 0.91 0.74 0.95 1.12
Drop
Graph 6.3-2 Call Drop Rates in the Sectors of GuangAn City
According to the records from December 25 to December 27, the average drop rate of the 16 based stations in Nanchong city is 0.51%, and the average of the 6 stations in GuangAn city is 0.52%. The base stations in the city areas all have a drop rate less than 0.9%, averaged at 0.51%, which shall be normal rating. Regarding the statistics of release, the total release times in all sectors are 3454839, and the abnormal release times are 31467. Amongst, the total release times of Guangan city and Nanchong city are 1393997, 40.35% of the global total (the release times of the whole area under study). However, the release times of the city area shall be less than 40% of the release times of the global total, since the city area has more dense base station allocations, and the soft switch rate in city area is higher than non-city area. (Note: BSC drop rate is the ratio of the total abnormal releases to the total releases; sector drop rate is the ratio of the total abnormal releases in the sector to the total releases in the sector. In case of a abnormal release that involves three parties, the release is counted in in all the three sectores that the three parties belong to. Therefore, the analysis based on sector release rate is limited, and cannot accurately reflect the distribution of abnormal releases between sectors. Anyway, it shows the rough distribution of the abnormal releases in the whole system.)
6.3.2 Impact of Repeaters to Call Drop Rates

Nancong and Guangan shares a BSC. Nancong has 88 base stations, and Guangan has 49 base stations, the base stations together having a total of 497 sectors. Nancong has 24 repeaters, and Guangan has 22 repeaters. As shown in Graph 1, different from other areas which install repeaters indoor or in the city area, Nancong installs its repeaters in the rual area. Therefore, the repeaters in Nancong have a huge coverage, the forwarding and backwarding powers of the repeaters are not well balanced, and the fiber used between repeaters is too long. All these have large impact to the drop rate.
Table 6.3-1 Drop Rates in the Sectors of Repeater Doner Base Station
As shown in table 6.3-1, the sectors with repeaters all have relatively high drop rate. The total release times of donor base station with repeater are 824877, counting for 24% of all the BSC sectors; the total abnormal release times of door base station with
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repeater are 10937, 35% of the global total, 11% higher than the ratio with total release times. If removing the impacts of repeaters on base stations, that is, the total abnormal release is reduced to 24%, the number of sector drops will be reduced by 3385, which means that the total drop number be reduced by 10%.
The base stations with relatively long fiber include:
Table 6.3-2 Repeaters with Relatively Long Delay
Repeater Name BaiMiao WaDian LuShi JinHe YangJia
Type
PN(Donor base Station)
Delay Station 74 78 73 84 81
at
the
Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber
426(222 - 2 Yuechi Qiuxi) 438(234 - 2 Huaxing Tianchi) 105(207 0 Huaxing Broadcasting Station) 222(205 - 1 Guangan Huaqiao Broadcasting Station) 204(39-1 Pengan Luojia Broadcasting Station)
Calls directly under the repeaters work no problem. If calls are made 2 kilometers away from the repeaters, due to 100-chip delay, there may be drop during the switch; if calls are made 4 kilometers away from the repeaters, the mobile phone cannot get the correct PN value, so the drop rates of neighboring base stations increase. 1. Drop rates of base stations near to Yangjia and Jinghe repeaters (Each gray circle indicates a repeater)
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Graph 6.3-3 Drop Rates of the Base Stations Near to Yangjia and Jinghe Repeaters
The graph shows that the drop rates of the Pengan Heshu Broadcasting Station and Pengan Luojia Broadcasting Station which are near to Yangjia Repeater are both 4%; the drop rates of Guangan Huaqiao Broadcasting Station and Yuechi Guxian Water-Supply Station near to Jinghe Repeater are averaged 3%. 2. Drop Rates of the base stations near to Wadian and Lushi repeaters (Each gray circle indicates a repeater)
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Graph 6.3-4 Drop Rates of Base Stations Near to Wadian and Lushi Repeaters
The graph shows that the drop rates of Huaxing Tianchi, Huaxing Shilin, Lingsui Chengnan, Guangan Daishi base stations near to Wadian and Lushi repeaters are all quite high. Specifically, Linghui Chengnan is the base station with the most daily abnormal releases: more than 400 each day.
3. Drop rates of the base stations near to Bai Temple repeater (Each gray circle indicates a repeater)
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Graph 6.3-5 Drop Rate of the Base Stations Near to Bai Temple Repeater
The Graph 6.3-6 shows that the drop rates of Lingshui Qifu and Wusheng Changan base stations near to Bai Temple repeater are both relatively high.
The statistics of the impacts of long-fiber repeaters on drop rates are as shown in table 6.3-3.
Table 6.3-3 Drop Rates of Long-fiber Repeaters Number Releases 3884 11607 5445 53824 15749 3621 13255 5470 3415 8027 of Number of
# 38 39 93 100 103 120 122 125 127 129
Geographical Location Pengan Heshu Broadcasting Station 0-38 Pengan Luojia Broadcasting Station 0-39 Guangan Huaqiao Broadcasting Station 0-205 Lingsui Chengnan 0-212 Guangan Daishi 0-215 Yuechi Qifu 0-232 Huaxing Tianchi 0-234 Guangan Guixing 0-237 Wusheng Changan 0-239 Yuechi Guxian Water-Supply Station 0-241 103
Abnormal Releases 176 340 117 1127 337 140 266 66 101 161
Drop Rate (%) 4.53 2.93 2.15 2.09 2.14 3.87 2.01 1.21 2.96 2.01
ACDMA-312-C1 CDMA
132
Huaxing Shilin 0-244 Total
7543 131840
256 3087
3.39 2.35
Table 6.3-3 shows that if the drop rates of the above base stations can be reduced to 1.2%, the total drops will reduce by 1580, and the drop rates of sectors will reduce by 5%. When the repeaters in Nanchong area were double examined, because the VIPER receiver was used in some other service area, the repeaters in Nanchong had not gone through delay testing. Because we have found abnormal PN in the server switch statistics for Yangjia Repeater in Nanchong area, we can conclude that there exist some repeaters in Nanchong area with > 70-chip delay.
6.3.3 Summary
The above analysis shows that the drop rates in Nancong area are increased by 15% because of the impacts of repeaters. If the impacts are ignored, the total drop rate can go down by 15%.
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7 Radio Network Optimization Cases

& Keypoints l Many optimization cases
This chapter gives many optimization cases from three aspects: equipment layer, network layer and resource utility layer.
7.1 Cases in Equipment Layer

7.1.1 Drop Call Caused by Antenna Feeder System Fault
1. Phenomena Different sectors single polarization antennas in the same base station are installed incorrectly, it will leads to poor quality voice. Test data shows forward receiving power is good, but reverse transeiving power is higher, it maybe produces drop call. 2. Problem description After a base station is commissioned in YunNan, ther operator responses drop call is very frequency, in actual test, drop call appears two times per hour. 3. Analysis Through analyzing test data find out: in the base station coverage area, forward coverage is stronger, receiving power is about -75dBm, but MS transmitting power is always high, simultaneously, FER hoiks before drop call. It indicates that there is very large unbanlance in the systems forward/reverse channel. This base station has directional threr sectors, it uses single polarization antenna. Check data setting in OMC, forward/reverse parameters are ok. So the problem should be in base station antenna feeder system. 4. Solution 105 , 159
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(1) (2)
At first check antenna feeder system and diversity antenna installation; And then check feeder cables, find that feeder cables between sectors are connected incorrectly. After correctting them, system runs normally.
5.
Summary After a base station is commissioned, checking single base station must be done.
7.1.2 Discontinuous Voice and Drop Call Caused by Transmiting Fault

1. Phenomena In transmiting aspect, different faults lead to different phenomena. Occasionally tiny transmiting error codes (10E-6) will lead to missing words phenomena, if the problem is serious, it will produce instable signal, discontinuous voice and drop call. 2. Problem description On 1/30/2002, one business office responsed that the signal is good, but there are swallowing words, discontinuous voice and drop call in the call. 3. Analysis There is a base station A near the business office, the base stations third sector is faced on the business office, there are no phenomena such as weak signal and multiway handoff, maybe the third sector of the base station has problem. 4. (1) (2) Solution Check CHM, TRX of the base station A, all boards are ok. No handoff is in the business office, there is no handoff problem caused by isolated island in the business office. (3) Through checking OMC find out: the base stations transmitting has 10E-6 warning, even has 10E-3 warning and transimitting out of steps, so it is doubt that the problem is caused by transimitting. (4) Through call test in foreground/background find out: once swallowing words occur in the business office, at the same time 10E-6 warning will happen, so the problem is located.
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(5)
Change the transmittion of the base station with other one, after long time observation, no same fault occurs.
5.
Summary Transimiting problem is one of the main causes leading to swallowing words and drop call.
7.1.3 Handoff Problem Caused by GPS Fault

1. Phenomena In the coverage scope of the BTS with GPS fault, all calls are normal, but handoff cannot be done between the BTS and other BTSs. In the area where handoff happens, it is hard to initiate call. Even if initiating call is successful, there are serious swallowing words and drop call. 2. Problem description One BTS A, after commissioned, its GPS is often out of lock. When other BTSs switch to BTS A, drop call occurs; BTS A switches to other BTSs, also drop call occurs. 3. Analysis Calls in the coverage scope of BTS A are normal, but BTS A cannot switches with other BTSs. For BTS A, it is GPS isolated island, the time benchmark between two BTSs is not consistent, which leads to then cannot identify with each other, so handoff can not be done. 4. Solution After GPS of the BTS A works normally, handoff can be done normally and drop call disappears. 5. Summary GPS boards and antenna problem is one of the main causes leading to handoff.
7.1.4 Call Failure Caused by Improper Radio Parameters Configuration

1. Phenomena The parameters design related cell coverge radius is not good, this will lead to
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call failed; forward/reverse gain parameters of the radio repeater are set improperly, this will lead to call failed. 2. Problem description In one subterranean shopping centre, MS receiving signal is about -65dBm, it cannot initiate call, and Quacomm test mobile phone always shows Calling. 3. Analysis The signal in the subterranean shopping centre reaches about -65dBm, indoor distribution system must be installed there, or else the signal is not so strong. So it should be that indoor distribution system has problems. 4. (1) Solution By testing, it is found that reverse lower noise of the first sector near BTS A reaches -70dBm above. (2) Through confirming, there is a radio repeater in the first sector near BTS A, the indoor distribution system in subterranean shopping centre is introduced as signal source by the radio repeater. (3) Reduce the uplink/downlink gain of the repeater, and guarantee the signal strength in the subterranean shopping centre, the problem is solved. 5. Summary The uplink/downlink gain of the radio repeater is adjusted improperly, and produce self-excitation, which is one caused by that call cannot be done though there is signal.
7.1.5 Poor Quality Call Caused by Mismatching Version

1. Phenomena Macro BTSs and Micro BTSs versions are mismatching, it leads to blur voice. 2. Problem description When checking single base station (MBTS), it is found that if making a call near the building where the MBTS is located, the call quality is very poor. During test with drive test software on site, it is found that Rx Power and Tx Power are normal, but FER is high, the call quality is very poor, there are discontinuous
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voice and echo. In the foreground everything is ok; there is no any warning in OMC. 3. Analysis After long time observation, it is found that when only macro BTS signal exists or only micro BTS signal exists, FER is very low, if they both exist, FER will leap. After analyzing, maybe it is caused by software version mismatching between macro BTS and micro BTS. Later confirm that in macro BTS CCM version is x.4.3, CHM960 version is y.4.3, CHM8260 version is y.4.3, all are the latest version, but BDM version is z.4.2 in micro BTS, it is not the latest version. 4. Solution Upgrade BDMs version to z4.3 in OMC, the problem is solved.
7.2 Cases in Network Layer

7.2.1 Drop Call
1. Problem description In a drive test near SiFangHe road and XiangJiang road of a city, drop call occurs two times, and forward FER of the road is high, as shown in Figure 7.2-1.
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Figure 7.2-1
Forward FER
2.
Analysis As shown in Figure 7.2-2 , the repeater in SiFangHe is omni, donor sector is the second Omni-repeater of No.25 middle school in XiaoHe. Red circles in the diagram mean problem areas.
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Figure 7.2-2 The distributing diagram of sites in proplem areas
Through analyzing the signals in problema areas, there are the below phenomena: (1) Phenomena 1: MS can not inspect multi-path signal As shown in Figure 7.2-3, PN Scanner can search strong multi-path signal whose PN is 276, but MS cannot inspect it.
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Figure 7.2-3 MS cannot inspect multi-path signal
(2)
Phenomena 2: MS cannot search the strong signal in neighbor cell As shown in Figure 7.2-4, PN Scanner can search the strong signal in neighbor cell whose PN is 280, but MS cannot inspect it.
Figure 7.2-4 MS cannot search the strong signal in neighbor cell
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(3)
Phenomena 3: Neighbor cell is missing in configuration
Figure 7.2-5 Neighbor cell is missing in configuration
Through analyzing the drive test data in the road and 3 typical phenomena, it is basically ensured that the cause of drop call is that the parameters of the search window are smaller and neighbor cell is missing in configuration. 3. (1) Solution Based on PN chip delay of the repeater, caculate SRCH_WIN_A, SRCH_WIN_N, and SRCH_WIN_R. (2) Modify SRCH_WIN_A, SRCH_WIN_N and SRCH_WIN_R of the sector which has handoff relation with the repeater. (3) Consummate neighbor cell configuration. After the solution is implemented, the problem is solved, and forward FER is normal, as shown in Figure 7.2-6.
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Figure 7.2-6 Forward FER after the problem is solved
4. (1)
Summary After the repeater is introduced into network, it is required to test signal delay in its coverage scope;
(2) (3)
Calculate related parameters of the donor sector based on delay; Modify related parameters of the sector which has handoff relation with the repeater;
(4)
Modify neighbor list of the BTS based on the coverage situation of the repeater.
7.2.2 Low Call Completetion Ratio

1. Problem description Analyze with performance analysis tool, it is found that call completetion ratio in the first sector of a BTS is below 80%, as shown in Figure 7.2-7 .
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Figure 7.2-7 call completetion ratio is lower
2.
Analysis By call service observation, it is found that faild calls are basically distributed on the same CHM, as shown in Figure 7.2-8.
Figure 7.2-8 call service observation
3.
Solution
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Relace the problem CHM, the call completetion ratio reaches 95% of the sector, as shown in Figure 7.2-9.
Figure 7.2-9 call completetion ratio is improved
7.2.3 Small Coverage

1. Problem description As shown in Figure 7.2-10, the coverage of three sectors of the BTS A is limit, especially the first sector which is shown in red.
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Figure 7.2-10 BTS A coverage problem
2. (1) (2) (3)
Solution Check software version and parameters configuration, all are normal. Check all boards running status, all boards are normal. Check antenna feeder system, it is found that pole of the antenna is tilt, down tilt angle added the antenna downtilt angle is 15 degree.
(4)
Adjust the pole to make the antennar downtilt angle is 6 degree, the problem is solved.
3.
Analysis Figure 7.2-11 and degree
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Figure 7.2-12 show the directional diagram when downtilt angles are 0 degree and 15 degree, when downtilt angle is 15 degreewhich is too large, the waveform is aberrant, horizontal lobe is distortion seriously, and in many areas blind areas appear.
Figure 7.2-11 the directional diagram when downtilt angles is 0 degree
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Figure 7.2-12 the directional diagram when downtilt angles is 0 degree
As shown in Figure 7.2-13, the coverage of the sectors is improved, the problem is solved.
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Figure 7.2-13 the coverage of BTS A after the problem is solved
4.
Summary Adjusting the antenna downtilt can change the coverage of the BTS, but pay attention that the antenna waveform changes with downtilt, when the downtilt angle reached to about 15 degree, the waveform will be distortion.
7.3 Cases in Resource Utility Layer

1, Phenomena From September 2002, it is hard to call in urban area of C city, even if the call is complete; it is easy to drop call. 2. The existing network equipments Before optimization, in the urban there are 11 BTSs: DianZiDalou, YuLongDaSha, DangXiao, QiMaoGongSi, SuLiangChang, GongYingZhan, HongShanJiaXiao, WuWeiHui, LinYanSuo, SongShanNongHang, and
HuoCheZhan. Among of them, HuoCheZhan BTS is directional two-sectors BTS, Other BTSs are all directional three-sectors BTSs. DianZiDalou, YuLongDaSha, DangXiao, QiMaoGongSi are distributed in the urban areas with heavy traffic. Figure 7.3-1 shows the sites distribution diagram before optimization.
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Figure 7.3-1 Sites distribution diagram before optimization
3.
Problem description There are more than 11000 subscribers in C city, most of them centralize in the urban, especially DianZiDaLou, YuLongDaSha, DangXiao, QiMaoGongSi. As shown in OMC statistic data, the sectors with serious block are: the second sector and the third sector of DianZiDaLou BTS, the first sector and the third sector of YuLongDaSha BTS, the second sector of the QiMaoGongSi BTS, the first sector of the WuWeiHui BTS and three sectors of the
SongShanNongHang BTS. Increasing traffic not only leads to many BTSs in urban block and hard to call, but also leads to quality of the call descends, this phenomena is especially serious near LianTong building. The traffic near the building is very large and the block is very serious. 4. (1) Data collection The strongest pilot Ec/Io
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Figure 7.3-2 the strongest pilot Ec/Io in null load test
Figure 7.3-3 the strongest pilot Ec/Io in load test 122
(2)
Busy hour average traffic The statistics of the busy-hour average traffic from 2002.12.15 to 2002.12.17 are as shown in Figure 7.3-4. The figure shows that the several sectors in the central area of C city (the red sectors) have traffic far beyong the original design. To ensure the network performance and quality of service of these several base stations, we need to take traffic adjustment solution for the sectors.
Figure 7.3-4 Distribution of Busy-hour Average Traffic Before Optimation
(3)
Sector congestion analysis The statistics of the sector congestion data on 2002.12.17 shows the busy-hour sector congestion distribution situation. The figure shows that the several sectors of the base station near to the center of C City are seriously congested, with one or two sectores congested by 10%. Without traffic adjustments to the congested sectors, the network performance is greatly injured, and the confidence of the users in C City will be much affected.
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Figure 7.3-5 Distribution of Busy-hour Congestion before Optimization
5.
Analysis Figure 7.3-2 and Figure 7.3-3 compares the test data when the city is busy or not busy. The strongest pilor frequency Ec/Io at busy hour is much much lower than the strongest at non-busy hour, especially in areas with high traffic. The lowering of strongest pilot frequency Ec/Io will result in lower voice quality, difficulty to access, and increase of drop rate. Therefore, the network problem at C City is mainly caused by high traffic, and shall be resolved by traffic adjustment.
6. (1)
Solution Add BTS This solution can effective handle the busy traffic haunting C City at present, as well as expand the coverage and boost network performance. scheme is shown in Table 7.3-1. The detailed
Table 7.3-1 Add BTS Optimization Method Implementation Goals
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Optimization Method
Implementation Unicom
nd
Goals To share the traffice of the 2 sector at Qimao and the 3rd sector at Yulong, improve the coverage around Unicom building. To share the traffic of the 2nd and 3rd sector at the Electronic Building, and the 1st sector at Yulong Building. Share the traffic of Songshan Agriculture Bank, which is the only station in Songshan district at present. Recently the traffic of the station increased rapidly. On 17, the three sectors in the station have up to 36.5 Erl traffic at the busy hour. This station is at least 1 kilometer away from neighboring stations. It is pooly covered and cannot satisfy the indoor coverage requirement. In order to improve its coverage, at the first phase we have heighten the antenna of the 2nd sector of the Electronic Building. However, at present, the 2nd sector of
Stations being set up
Building Station Auditing Bureau Station Songsan Government Station City
Stations needed
Eleventh School Station
the Electronic Building is seriously congested, the busy-hour traffic on 17 reaching 35Erl. Besides, the 1st sector at Yulong Building is also seriously congested, the busy-hou traffic on 17 reaching 31Erl. Therefore, by adding this station can effiective improve the coverage at this area, as well as adjust the traffic of 2nd sector at the Electronic Building and the 1st sector at Yulong Building. To effectively share the traffic of the 2nd sector of Yulong Building and 1st
Commerical School Station Repair Stations to be set up at next phase Station Zhongmeng Hospital Station League
sector of Wuweihui, which are increated significantly in recent days. improve the coverage of this area.
The
congestion at busy-hour is serious. Besides, adding this station can also To share the 2nd sector of Songshan Agriculture Bank, and improve the coverage at the west distict of Qiaoxi Street. To share the traffic of the 1st sector of the Electronic Building and improve the coverage of the area.
(2)
Adjust antenna feeder system parameters and replace antenna This solution is to solve possible problems caused by cross-area coverage after more base stations are added in. The detailed scheme is as shown in figure 7.3-2.
Table 7.3-2 Adjust antenna feeder system parameters and replace antenna Optmization Method Reason Implementation
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Optmization Method
Reason
Implementation Adjust the directional angles and downtilt angles of Electronic Building station, Qimao Company Station, Wuweihui Station, Baima Unicom
Adjust feeder and parameters.
antenna parameters server
More stations in C city may bring pilot frequency pollution and cross-area coverage issue. By adjusting antenna feeder parameter and server parameters the network can be further optimized.
Station and Auditing Bureau Station. Considering the traffic at Dangxiao base station is relatively high, change the forwarding power of the 2nd sector of the station from 20W to 15W, avoidiing cross-area coverage caused by the station and reducing the traffic allocated to 2nd sector. Change the antennas of the following base stations to electrically-adjusting antenna: Qimao Company Station, Yulong Building Station, Electronic Building Station, Dangxiao Station and Songshan Agriculture Bank Station. Apply electronically-adjusting antenna for the following new base station: Uncom Building Station and Auditing Bureau Station.
The stations built in the first phase at the C city all use mechanically- adjusting antennas, which can handle the coverage in the scenario with relatively fewer base stations. As the Change anenna traffic and the station density increases, these antennas cannot satisfy the current network requirements. It is necessary to change a portion of mechanically adjusting antennas to electrically-adjusting antennas.
7.
First-stage Optimization Implementation and Results
After discussion with the operator, we decided not to take all the above-mentioned schemes. The main reason is the operator lacks antennas and equipment. Therefore, the first-stage optimization focuses on the following measures. (1) (2) (3) Setting up the 1st and 3rd sectors in the base station of Unicom Building. Setting up the 1st and 3rd sectors in the base station of Auditing Bureau. Changing the antenna in Qimao Company station to electrically-adjusting antenna. (4) To implement other base station optimization or antenna update in the future. The results of the first-stage optimization: Figure 7.3-6 shows the traffic statistics after the first-state optimization was implemented. We can tell that the following sectors with relatively high traffic
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before the optimization have seen an obvious traffic cut-down after the optimization: the 2nd and 3rd sectors of the Electronic Building, the 2nd sector of the Qimao Company base station, the 2nd sector of the Dangxiao base station, the 3rd sector of Yulong Building, and the 1st sector of Songshan Agriculture Bank. Because not all optimization plans are implemented, some sectors still remain with high traffic, which will be tackled in the second-stage optimization.
Figure 7.3-1
Traffic Distribution after the First-Stage Optimization
8. Second-stage Optimization Implementation and Results
We took the following measures in the second stage of optimization: (1) Setting up the 2nd sector of Auditing Bureau base station and 2nd sector of Baima Unicom base station, so that the 1st and 3rd sectors of Yulong Building can be off-loaded to a substantial degree. (2) Setting up the Eleventh School station, which can effectively share the traffic with the 1st sector of Yulong Building and 2nd sector of Electronic Building, and also solve the coverage issue of the area? (3) Setting up Tiedong Yuzhi station to share the traffic with Songshan Bank Agriculture Bank station.
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(4)
Changing the antennas of urban-area stations with high traffic, including the Electronic Building, Dangxiao station, Yulong station and Songshan Agriculture Bank station. After the changes, the coverages of the stations are in better control, the ratio of soft switches is reduced and the effective load of the systems is increased. Traffic statistics after the second-stage optimization: There are about 17 thousand users in C city according to the statistics in March, 2003, which locate mainly in urban area, especially in the coverages of the Electronic Building, Yulong station, Dangxiao station, Qimao Company station and Unicom Building station. Figure 7.3-7 is the statistics of the traffic before the second-stage optimization. It shows that although some new base stations were set up to share traffic, the following sectors were still over-loaded: the 1st and 2nd sectors of the Electronic base station, the 1st and 2nd sectors of Yulong Buildin, the 2nd and 3rd sectors of Unicom Building, and the 3rd sector of Dangxiao Station.
Figure 7.3-2
Traffic Distribution after Second-stage Optimization
The statistics of the cell congestion rates after second-stage optimization:
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As shown in figure 7.3-8, after the second-stage optimization, before further optimizations are implemented, there are still some traffic congestions in the 3rd sector of the Auditing Bureau station.
Figure 7.3-3 Traffic Congestion Distribution after Second-stage Optimization
9. Third-stage Optimization Implementation and Results
Although the network performance was much improved after the second-stage optimization, a few stations still suffer from high traffic and traffic congestion. So we performed the third-stage optimization. The main measures taken include the adjustment to antenna feeders, to power settings, and to overload parameters. (1) Adjustment to antenna feeders: we made some appropriate changes to the directional angles and downtilt angles of the 15 base stations in the urban area. (2) Adjustment to power settings: The power of the Unicom Building station is changed from 20W to 15W, the power of the Tiedong Yuzhi statioin is changed from 20W to 12.5W, and the power of the 3rd sector of the Yulong Building station is changed from 10W to 12.5W. (3) Adjustment to overload parameters: To further reduce the overload and
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congestion of the forwarding transmit power, we adjusted the overload parameters for some sectors in the following stations: Electronic Building, Yulong Building, Dangxiao, Qimao Company, Linyanshuo, Songshan Agriculture Bank, Railway Station, Auditing Bureau, Unicom Building, Eleventh School, and Tiedong Yuzhi. Changes are made to rated power, cell power, pilot frequency gain, synchronization gain, and paging gain. The traffic statistics after the third-stage optimization: The figure below is the traffic statistics after the third-stage optimization. It shows that the traffic of the previously-problematic sectores is off-loaded to a reasonable degree, including: 1st and 2nd sectors of the Electronic Building, the 2nd and 3rd sectors of Yulong Building, 2nd and 3rd sectors of Unicom Building, and the 3rd sector of Dangxiao. Some sectors in Dongmeng Hospital and Shangxiao stations still have relatively-high traffic, which will be improved later on.
Figure 7.3-4
Traffic Distribution after Third-stage Optimization
The congestion rates after the third-stage optimization:
Figure below shows that the traffic congestion in the urban area is improved a lot, and the network starts to work in normal way.
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Figure 7.3-5
Traffic Congestion Distribution after Third-stage Optimization
10. Further Optimization to be made:
Although not all optimization plans are implemented, the traffic congestion and overload issues in the urban area of C City are effectively mitigated. However, to ensure the whole system can meet the future increase of traffic, and to enhance the coverage, further optimization is still necessary. Otherwise, the network condition in the dense area may still fail to meet the network requirements growing together with the growth of user numbers. Further optimization to be made includes: (1) To set up the Songshan City Government Station for sharing the traffic of Songshan Agriculture Bank Station. (2) To set up the Dongmeng Hospital Station, so to improve the coverage of the eastern area of the city, and share traffic with the 1st sector of the Electronic Building, and the 1st traffic of the Eleventh School. (3) To set up the Shangxiao Statin, so to improve the coverage of the area (the can receive simultaneously the coverage of Yulong Building station, Wuweihui station, Linyanshuo station and Railway Station), and also to share the traffic with Linyanshuo station.
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8 Packet Data Service Optimization

& Keypoints l Packet Data Service Optimization
This chapter introduces 1x packet data service, methodology for data service optimization and testing, methodology for analyzing the front-end test data and server performance data, as well as the handling of some basic data service related issues,
8.1 Introduction to 1x Packet Data Service

8.1.1 What is 1x Packet Data Service
From the subscribers point of view, the biggest difference between the 1x system and the 95 system is that the 1x system can provide high-speed packet data service. The so-called 1x packet data service means that the subscriber can access the packet data core network through 1x system. It means that the subscriber can be on line through the mobile phone. The fastest packet data service that the 1x system can provide the subscribers with is 153.6Kb/s This speed far exceeds the speed provided when a modem is used to access the packet data network in a wired access network, it even exceeds the speed provided when the 2B+D method is used to access the packet data network in the wired access network (The highest speed provided when 2B+D binds 2 B channels is 128kb/s). In terms of radio access, the packet data service of 1x system provides is the highspeed packet data service. Figure 8.1-1 shows the reference model of 1x packet data service network. Here the equipment can be divided into 4 parts: terminals, radio access network equipment, circuit core network equipment, and the packet core network equipment. 1. Terminals: Means the mobile stations (MS) illustrated in the figure, it should only provide 1x service. 2. Radio access network equipment: Means RN (RadioNode) illustrated in the
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figure, its core function is to provide the air interface of 1x service for the mobile station. 3. Circuit core network equipment: Means the VLR/HLR illustrated in the figure. In the 1x packet data service, its function is to authenticate the access of a mobile station (that is, to see whether the mobile station has been allocated a number). 4. Packet core network equipment: Means the PDSN/AAA illustrated in the figure. Its function is to provide service for the mobile station to access the packet switched network and to provide packet domain authentication (to see whether the account and password are correct), authorization, and accounting.
Figure 8.1-1 Reference Model of 1x Packet Data Service Network
8.1.2 Understanding 1x Packet Data Service

Understanding the 1x Packet Data Network from the Access Perspective: 1. A PPP connection is established between the MS and PDSN and PDSN allocates an IP address to the MS. 2. It is similar to DHCP in the LAN or the dial-up connection in the wired network. As shown in Figure 8.1-2:
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DHCP Server
PC
PC
Router
PC
PSTN
NAS
PC/ MS
CDMARAN
PDSN
Router
Figure 8.1-1
Figure 8.1-2 Comparison of the Data Access Network
3.
The only difference with the actual network is that each cable is a PPP connection. While this PPP connection is born by multiple protocol stacks (including air interface, Abis interface, A8 interface, and A10 interface).
CDMA1X 1 2 ...... N
Figure 8.1-3 1X Packet Data Access Network
4.
What the 1x Packet Data Access Network needs to do is to provide this complex network cable to the terminals (1x MS) that use the data service, that is, to build a PPP connection between the MS and the PDSN.
5.
The data that this special network cable bears actually has variable speeds, ranging from 9.6kb/s (only a basic channel is used) to 163.2kb/s (16X supplementary channel is used).
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6.
When 1x terminal is accessed into the packet network, its identity in the packet network should be its IP address. As for the other network nodes which need to communicate with it, they only see one IP address.
1x data service includes three states: null state, active state and dormant state. The switching relationship between the three states is shown in Figure 8.1-4:
Figure 8.1-4
Switching Relationship between the three States of 1x Data Service
1. 2. 3.
Null state means the MS has not originated a data service. Active state means the MS is performing a session of the data service. Dormant state is a special state when the air connection between the MS and the base station has been disconnected but the PPP connection between the MS and PDSN is still maintained. That is, the MS still has an IP address that PDSN allocated and such IP address is the ID of the MS in the packet switched network. Why is the Dormant state introduced in? In order that the nodes in the packet network can page this MS, without occupying the air resources.
8.1.3 Protocol Reference Model of 1x Packet Data Service

1. Protocol reference model based on SimpleIP
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Figure 8.1-5 Simple IP Protocol Reference Model
Note: (1) As can be seen in the above Figure 8.1-5, the PPP connection exists between MS and PDSN. For the upper layer IP data, the PPP connection is a channel that bears it (that is, the link layer). (2) Physically, the PPP connection has two segments of bearing, that is, the air interface between MS and RN and the RP interface between RN and PDSN. (3) As for RN, PPP connection is transparent to it. RN is like a gateway between an air interface and RP interface. (4) 2. Viewed from the upper layer IP, PDSN is like an IP-layer router. Protocol reference model based on MobileIP
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Figure 8.1-6 Protocol Reference Model of Network Control Platform on MobileIP
Figure 8.1-7 Protocol Reference Model of Network Data Platform on Mobile IP
(1) (2)
In contrast to Simple IP, Mobile IP ensures the mobility of the terminals. In Mobile IP model, no matter which PDSN is the terminal accessed from, its IP address is always allocated by HA. Thus it ensures that the terminal has one IP in moving (such as moving across one PDSN), without allocating a new one; while simpleIP cannot manage it.
(3)
In Mobile IP model, the terminal IP address is got through Mobile IP protocol. In SimpleIP model, it is got through IPCP negotiation of PPP connection.
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(4)
Compared with Simple IP, Mobile IP has its disavantages, the main of which is that there are too many packet core network nodes. When there is data sent from the network node to the MS, it should be sent via HA route. This increases the delay of the data service at the network side significantly.
8.1.4 1x System Networking
Figure 8.1-8
1x System Networking Diagram
As illustrated in Figure 8.1-8, compared with the network based on 95, the 1x network has some additional equipment: 1. BTS supporting 1x air protocol is added in the wireless access network (as for ZTE system, only the channel board supporting 1x air protocol should be added); 2. 3. PCF is added in the wireless access network; Whole set of packet core network, including PDSN/AAA, is introduced.
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8.1.5 Network Interfaces of the 1x System
Figure 8.1-9 Network Interfaces of 1x System
As shown in the above Figure 8.1-9, the following interfaces are defined between 1x system equipment: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A1/A2 interface between BSC and MSC A3/A7 interface between BSCs Abis Interface between BSC and BTS A8/A9 interface between BSC and PCF A10/A11 interface between PCF and PDSN.
8.2 Data Service Optimization 8.3 Consideration over Data Service Optimization
Let us first look at the differences between data service users and voice service users before discussing about the actual data service optimization: 1. Voice first priority In the current CDMA 1X network, the priority with voice determines that the network coverage first satisfies the requirements of voice service. If only both the voice coverage and voice quality are ensured, the data service can be optimized.
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2.
Limitation of traditional RF optimization= 1X network is upgraded from 95 and takes voice optimization as the first priority in its first phase. RF optimization is the main optimization method for voice optimization, and can solve a series of issues related with coverage, control over the switch zones, and pollution of pilot frequency. For a large-scale network that has gone through several times of RF optimization, the network structure is quite stable. If we further perform RF optimization for the network for the purpose of optimizing data service, some unexpected problems about coverage or switch may be introduced in again.
3.
Different RF optimization scope RF optimization for voice service would focus on the whole network; RF optimization for data service, if focusing on the whole network, would impact the voice coverage. Therefore, it would be the best to perform RF optimization for data service in some key portions, without affecting the voice coverage or only bringing the least impact to the voice coverage. Generally, the RF optimization for voice service shall be performed together the RF optimization for digital service.
4.
Different resource occupancy The high transfer speed of data service determines that the data service takes more resources than voice service. The affected resources include CE, Walsh code, frame offset and power. To merely drive for high-speed data service, the transmit power may increase by times, especially in coverage boundary areas. Considering that the wireless environment is quite poor, and the re-transfer rate is high, this will be a huge waste to the system resources. Thereore, the increase of speed for data services must count in the efficient use of the overall system resources.
5.
Different requirements on timely response For the sake of voice quality, voice service requires that the forwarding and backwarding voice code be promptly bugged and debugged. Comparatively speaking, data service has lower requirement on timely response. The users can well accept that the transfer and receive of web pages take some time. The main requirement of data service on the response time is that the data receiving and
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sending be conducted smoothly. 6. Different service models Call drops in voice service is a main issue with the service quality, therefore, voice service requires that the network is seamless. The service model of data service determines that the data transfer rates are not fixed: the farther the serviced location is away from the base station, the lower the transfer speed. As shown in figure 8.2-1.
>153.6 kbps >76.8 kbps >38.4 kbps
>19.2 kbps >9.6 kbps
Figure 8.3-1 Data Service Coverage and Transfer Rates
7.
Different user experience Voice service requires that a call can be made as long as there is some signal. Data service cannot guarantee high-speed data service in all conditions, and the service quality varies with the changes of the distance from the cell.
8.
Different impact on the system from the number of users The system resources taken up by voice service always increase linearly with the increasing of the user number. Because data service has applied certain dispatch algorithm, the system resources taken by the service reach the maximum value at certain user number. The resources do not change linearly with the change of the user number.
According to the above analysis, we may tell that the aims of data service and voice service optimization are different: the aim of voice service optimization is to ensure the service quality over the whole network; because the data service follows the different transfer rate for different location principle, the aim of data service optimization is to
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provide high-speed coverage for key area with high traffic, so to make the best use of the system resources. Besides, the optimization methods of the two services shall be different as well. The tradition RF optimization can only solve some data service issues but not all. Therefore, the data service optimization shall focus on adjustment to the existing system settings so to achieve the best utilization of system resources. The issues that cannot be resolved by adjusting the current network resources shall be postponed till later (the upgrade of the network). The optimization of data service also includes the handling of service issues. For such issues the important strategy is to emphasize on data service testing and testing data analysis. The following sections will also discuss about the methodology of data service testing and analysis, and introduce the analysis methods for solving common issues.
8.3.1 Data Service Optimization Steps

Data service optimization steps are as follows: 1. Check the server parameters, especially the data service related parameters; 2. Check the warnings at the server, making sure that PCF and PDSN work normally. 3. Perform pointed tests, making sure that both the forwarding and backwarding can set up supplementary channels with different speeds 4. Perform forwarding and backwarding data service coverage testing in the whole system. 5. 6. 7. 8. Analyze key issues and design the solutions. Modify, test and verify the forwarding parameters. Modify, test and verify the backwarding parameters. Output data service optimization report.
All the above optimization steps do not mention RF optimization, so are still limited. However, the application of RF optimization for data service still needs further study and research.
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8.4 Data Service Analysis Methodology

The common software for data service analysis is ZXPOS CNA1.
8.4.1 Delay Analysis

Open the test data with ZXPOS CNA1, the Delay Analysis tab in the MessageAnalysiswindow shows the analysis over service delays, as shown in figure 8.3-1.
Figure 8.4-1 Message analysis window-Delay Analysis
Currently four delay statistics methods are supported. The definition of each method is given below. The first three methods directly perform statistics over the data in the message layer, and the link delay metods performs statistics over the independent PPP link delays (the ppp.log obtained from the previous testing): 1. Air Interface Setup Delay: It is the delay of the air interface setup, and can include the origination setup time. The delay is the time differenc of the access channel origination message and the service connect completion message in the reverse traffic channel. If an origination contains several origination messages, the delay is the time difference between the first origination message and the service connect completion message. 2. Network Initiated Dormant Mode Re-activation Delay: It is the delay of the activation from the network side, and can include the origination setup time. The delay is the time difference between the page response message in the
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access channel and the completion message in the reverse traffice channel. If an origination contains several page response messages, the delay is the time difference between the first page response message and the service connect completion message. 3. Mobile Initiated Dormant Mode Re-activation Delay: It is the delay of the activivation at the mobile side, which shall be the same as the air interface setup delay. 4. PPP Link Setup Delay: It is the delay of the PPP link setup, the time difference between LCP Configure Request and the relevant item in the IPCP Configure Ack Exchanged in each successful link setup.
8.4.2 Probability PDF Curve Chart

PDF Curve Chart presents the probability analysis. Click the Analyzer menu in the ZXPOS CNA1 main program [AnalysisPDF Curve Analysis], the PDF Curve window opens as shown in figure 8.3-2. It gives the curve probability analaysis for RX Power, TxPower, and FER.
Figure 8.4-1
PDF Curve
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8.4.3 Integral Analysis of Data Rates

Choose [AnalysisData Rate Integrate Analysis] in the Analyzer main menu, and
open the following window (figure 8.3-3):
Figure 8.4-2 Integral Data Rate Analysis=
There are three curves in the window: 1. SCH: The SCH rate distribution over the time. The y-axis shows the SCH (unit: 9.6Kbps), and the x-axis shows the time. The SCH rates are retrieved from the ESCAM message in the message layer data. 2. RLP Rate: The RLP rate distribution over the time. The y-axis shows the RLF layer (unit: Kbps), and the x-axis shows the time. 3. Iperf Rate: The rate distribute over the time at the application layer. The y-axis shows the application layer (unit: Kbps), and the x-axis shows the time. You just need to open the data recorded in the Iperf software and then perform the analysis.
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8.5 Handling of Data Service Common Issues

8.5.1 The Mobile Station Cannot Log into the Network
There are several causes for the login failure. You may handle the problem according to the symptom. 1. A message the dial-up network cannot set up the connection immediately displays at the click of the dial-up button. There is no Validating user name and password message yet. This symptom means that the mobile station terminal does not work right. Please first check whether the driver program is installed correctly, and then check in the device management tool whether the initialization command for the modem is correct, and whether different mobile station is configured with different initialization command, etc. 2. At the click of the dial-up, the status box shows Dial, but does not go into the next state (Validating user name and password) for a long time. This shows that the authentication is problematic, maybe caused by the fact that the mobile station has not allocated with number yet, or IMSI is not set correctly (not consistent with the IMSI at HLR). 3. The data service calling is successful; however, the wireless connection at the mobile phone is not set up. This is because when mobile station is allocated with number, the station has not applied for high-speed packet data service. 4. During the dialing process, the status box shows Invalid user name or password. It indicates that the user name and password specified do not exist. Please contact PSDN maintainenance engineer for correct user name and password. 5. If the base station that the mobile station belongs to has no 1X channel board, the station does not support data service, and the mobile station cannot log in. 6. Some error at the network side may also cause the problem. In this case, check with the PDSN maintenance engineer.
8.5.2 The Rate at the Forwarding Application Layer is Relatively Low

1. First check the operating system used by by the laptop. If the system is Windows 98, it may happen that after the dial-up, the transfer rate is so low that
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data can hardly get through, or that the system constantly pings an IP address, but cannot ping through in several minutes, and the services watched at the server are at a standstill. In this case, please switch to Windows 2000. 2. If the forwarding rate is still low in Windows 2000, go to a location with nice wireless network condition (best with a single pilot frequency, >-5dB Ec/Io, >-70dBm forwarding receive power, and not many users), and then test again. This is to avoid some unnecessary disturbing factors such as: the receiving signal is poor, or the cell is overloaded, so that you can find the cause more quickly. 3. Examine the performance statistics data and warning management history. Check the calls, switchs, and drops in the cell, and get a direct understanding of the cell performance; Check the recent BSC system performance, and get a direct understanding of the system performance; check the recent warnings and notices of BSC and base station in the warning management system especially, pay attention to the PCF frame of BSC and the channel board of the base station. If any warning, find out whether the warning is cleared. 4. Check the server parameters, including all the BSC parameters, especially, forwarding power controlling parameter list, 1X forwarding power controlling parameter list, and data service related wireless parameters. 5. After confirming that the server parameters are no problem, use some software tools and server signals to track and analyze. Perform an FTP download operation in a server at the PDSN sub network. If that is not possible (no PDSN sub network or no server), you can use a server at the public network, just making sure to check the rate limit at the server port. 6. Download a file from the FTP server, and check the forewarding link. Use ZXPOS CNT1 software or some other software to watch the messages, especially, watch TX Power, Rx Power, Tx_Adj, FCH/SCH Forward Frame Rate and the power controlling curve. 7. If the unsatisfactory rate at the forwarding application layer is caused by F-SCH, it would have some of the following symptoms: (1) F-SCH cannot be set up.
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The test software does not show that F-SCH is set up correctly. In this case, use the server signal to track whether there has ever been a request for setting up F-SCH. If there is no request in the signals for setting up the forwarding supplementarychannel, it means that the setting whether to arrange SCH parameter in the service channel parameters is incorrect. (2) Forward frame error rate is high. Even if the forwarding supplementary chancel can be set up properly, the forwarding rate may still be affected by high forward frame error rate (because with high frame error rate, the re-transfer rate will be substantially increased). High forward frame error rate indicates that the forward link from PDSN to the mobile station is problematic, and the link shall be checked section by section. The link between the mobile station and PDSN can be divided into three sections: (1) Air interface section Checking the sector transmit power based on the base station information, and ZXPOS CNT1. If the transmit power is unstable, or the mobile station receive power is floating, you need to check whether there is any error with the antenna feeder system of the base station, and check whether there is any recent warning message at the channel board. In addition to the above, make sure that the option whether to arrange forwarding supplementary channel in the service channel parameters is set to false, so that only the forwarding basic channels are used for data transfer. If the frame error rate remains high, there is high probability that the problem is not caused by air interface. (2) A8/A9 interface section Check whether there is any warning at the E1 interface of the BTS and BSC side. If E1 DS0 is problematic, there are large chances that the frame error rate will be high. (3) A10/A11 interface section
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Obtain the IP address and mask code of PCFIM, and the PDSN IP address, and set your laptop to use an IP address in the same segment. Connect to the HUB in the computer room, and ping to the PDSN IP address. Check whether the connection between PDSN and HUB is ok. Note that some router has
pre-configured IP list and restricts the pinging from other IP addresses. To avoid confusion, you may check with the router provider first. l Perform a detailed check over the hardware interfaces, such as the PCF board, the network cable connection order, and the HUB. If possible, you may change the connection cable between PCF and HUB, HUB to router, to find out whether the frame error rate is affected. l Set the computer to the same network segment as PCF, use the sniffer software to catch data, and analyze the data.
8.5.3 The Rate at the Backwarding Application Layer is Unsatisfactory

If the rate at the backwarding application layer is unsatisfactory, you may take the same approaches that are mentioined for solving the rate at the forwarding application layer is relatively low problem, such as, testing under Windows 2000; ensuring a healthy wireless network environment; paying special attention to the switch status and the number of current users. At present backwarding supplementary channels use soft switch mode, and the backwarding rates are tightly related with the number of users in the sectors. Therefore, for handling the problem, you also need to check the cell performance, system performance and warning messages. 1. Check server parameters. All BSC parameters must be checked, especially, the data service related wireless parameters such as the backwarding power controlling parameter list, gain parameter list, and RLP layer parameter list. 2. After checking the server parameters, analyze the rates at the backwarding application layer with the help of server software and test software. 3. If the rates at the backwarding application layer are mainly affected by you may find the following symptoms: (1) The basic backwarding channel can hardly be set up. Watch the setup process of R-SCH using test software. If there is no curve for the supplementary backwarding channel, it is recommended you use
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signal-tracking to locate the problem. (2) The supplementary backwarding channel releases very frequently. If the test software shows that the supplementary backwarding channel can be set up properly, can obtain the appropriate rates, but releases quickly, this indicates that there are too many DTX frames. The releases from supplementary backwarding channels are not only the releases based on the requests from the mobile station, but also dormancy DTX frames. Too many DTX frames mean that there is some error with the backwarding interface between the mobile station and PDSN. You can check the interface section by section: l Air interface section First, get the BTS warnings. If any abnormalty, clear the abnormalty or find another testing environment to examine the backwarding data service related parameters in the wireless parameter list. l A8/A9 interface section and A10/A11 interface section The method is the same as that for checking the supplementary forwarding cannel described above.
8.5.4 Summary
1. Before any data service test, make sure to check the server parameters, warnings and the working status of the base station. This can greatly save the efforts. 2. Record the data service problem-solving process in detail. Such record may be used for future comparison, and will also be helpful for the engineers who debug the problem remotely. 3. Pay special attention to the physical connection of A8/A9 and A10/A11 interfaces. 4. Try to get information about the earliest time the same problem occurred. Talk with the maintenance people or read from the work log to get useful information.
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CDMA Network Planning and Optimization Training Guide For Postsales Engineers - Primary Optimization

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CDMA Network Planning and Optimization Training Guide For Postsales Engineers - Primary Optimization

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CDMA Network Optimization

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.1 Introduction to Basic Processes in Network Optimization

Available sites survey

Procedure Simplify & Project Plan

Planned Sites Survey

Network Topology Design

Wireless Environment Test

Design Result Report

PN Design &Neighbor List Configure

Design Report Submitted

Figure 1.1-1 U Note:

Position of network optimization in overall network building

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

Wireless parameter check

Single site check

Network assessment before optimization

Base station cluster optimization

Whole network optimization and assessment

Report providing & data archiving

Network optimization process

Netw ork optimization engineer

Sim ulation engineer

Sites survey engineer

Local technical team

Assistant Database Expert team

T echnical supporting team in background

Organization structure of network optimization project

1.2 Requirement Analysis

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.3 Spectrum Scanning

1.4 Single Station Sampling Check

1.4.1 Work to be Done in this Stage

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.4.2 Case Study

1.5 Calibration Test

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.6 Network Evaluation before Optimization

1.7 Optimization of Base Station Cluster

1.7.1 Work to be Done in this Stage

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.7.2 Case Study

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

Figure 1.7-1 Strongest pilot Ec/Io before optimization

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

1.8 Optimization on Whole Network and Network Evaluation after Optimization

1.8.1 Work to be Done in this Stage

1.8.2 Case Study

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

Cell sites distribution in phase one project in S city

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

4. Analyze test result

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

forward mobile station

reverse mobile station

1 Radio Network Optimization Overview and Flow

and meanwhile add base station in the north suburb of S city.

1.9 Project Acceptance and Report Submitting

2 Evaluation and Test of Voice Service

2.1 Network Evaluation Process

CQT data collection

OMC data collection