Physics 6B, Assignment 1

18-Karat Gold vs. 14-Karat Gold (Density)

Fluid Pressure in a U-Tube (Force and Pressure)
Problem 15.27 (Density and Pressure)
A Water Tank on Mars (Force and Pressure)
Problem 15.47 (Force and Pressure)
A Submerged Ball (Archimedes Principle)
Problem 15.50 (Archimedes Principle)
Submerged Sphere in a Beaker (Archimedes Principle)
Flow Velocity of Blood (Bernoullis Equation)
Water Flowing from a Tank (Bernoullis Equation)
Problem 15.56 (Bernoullis Equation)
1 18-Karat Gold vs. 14-Karat Gold
The composition of a gold alloy is calculated by mass, using the karat (kt) as
a unit of measure. A karat represents a proportion by mass of one part in
twenty-four. The higher the karat value, the higher the proportion of gold in
relation to the total metal content. Pure gold is therefore 24 karat, while an
18-karat gold alloy contains 18 parts (by mass) of gold out of 24 parts total.
1.1 18-karat Gold
In a sample of 18-karat gold, 75% of the total mass is pure gold, while the
rest is typically 16% silver and 9% copper. If the density of pure gold is

gold
= 19.3 g/cm
3
, the density of silver is
silver
= 10.5 g/cm
3
and the density of
copper is
copper
= 8.90 g/cm
3
, what is the overall density
alloy
of this alloy of
18-karat gold?
Density is dened to be mass per unit volume,
1
=
m
V
So the density
alloy
of a volume V
alloy
of 18-karat gold is

alloy
=
m
alloy
V
alloy
The volume of the 18-karat gold is the sum of the volumes of the pure metals,
V
alloy
= V
gold
+V
silver
+V
copper
So our equation for the density of the 18-karat gold alloy becomes

alloy
=
m
alloy
V
alloy
=
m
alloy
(V
gold
+V
silver
+V
copper
)
We need to calculate the volume of each pure metal used in the alloy.
The density of a metal is
=
m
V
The mass of a given volume of metal is therefore
m = V
The mass of each of the pure metals in terms of the density and the volume is
m
gold
=
gold
V
gold
m
silver
=
silver
V
silver
m
copper
=
copper
V
copper
In a sample of 18-karat gold, 75% of the total mass is pure gold, while the
rest of the mass is typically 16% silver and 9% copper.
The mass of the pure gold in the alloy is 75% of the total mass of the alloy,
m
gold
= 0.75 m
alloy
The mass of the silver is 16% of the total mass of the alloy,
m
silver
= 0.16 m
alloy
and the mass of the copper is 9% of the mass of the alloy,
2
m
copper
= 0.09 m
alloy
We now have two equations for the mass of each metal,
m
gold
=
gold
V
gold
= 0.75 m
alloy
m
silver
=
silver
V
silver
= 0.16 m
alloy
m
copper
=
copper
V
copper
= 0.09 m
alloy
We can use these two equations to obtain the volume of each metal. The mass of the
pure gold in the alloy is
m
gold
=
gold
V
gold
= 0.75 m
alloy
so the volume of the pure gold is
V
gold
=
_
0.75

gold
_
m
alloy
V
gold
=
_
0.75
19.3 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.03886 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
The mass of the silver is
m
silver
=
silver
V
silver
= 0.16 m
alloy
so the volume of the silver is
V
silver
=
_
0.16

silver
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.16
10.5 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.01524 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
The mass of the copper is
m
copper
=
copper
V
copper
= 0.09 m
alloy
so the volume of the copper is
V
copper
=
_
0.09

copper
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.09
8.90 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.01011 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
Now that we know the volumes of the pure metals, the equation for the density of the
18-karat gold alloy becomes

alloy
=
m
alloy
(V
gold
+V
silver
+V
copper
)
3

alloy
=
m
alloy
(0.03886 m
alloy
+ 0.01524 m
alloy
+ 0.01011 m
alloy
)
_
cm
3
g
_
The total mass of the gold alloy cancels out. (The density of the alloy should not
depend on how many grams of the material you have.)

alloy
=
1
_
0.03886 + 0.01524 + 0.01011)
_
cm
3
g
__

alloy
=
1
0.06421
_
g
cm
3
_
So the density of the 18-karat gold alloy is

alloy
= 15.6
g
cm
3
1.2 14-karat Gold
The percentage composition by mass of the less expensive 14-karat gold is
typically 58.5% gold, 4.0% silver, 31.2% copper, and 6.3% zinc. The density
of zinc is
zinc
= 7.14 g/cm
3
. Find the percentage composition by volume of
14-karat gold.
The total volume of the alloy is the sum of the volumes of the pure metals,
V
alloy
= V
gold
+V
silver
+V
copper
+V
zinc
We need to determine what fraction F by volume is attributed to each of the four
pure metals,
F
gold
=
V
gold
V
alloy
F
silver
=
V
silver
V
alloy
F
copper
=
V
copper
V
alloy
F
zinc
=
V
zinc
V
alloy
The percentage composition by mass of 14-karat gold is 58.5% gold, 4.0%
silver, 31.2% copper, and 6.3% zinc.
4
58.5% of the total mass of the alloy is pure gold, so the mass of the pure gold is 58.5% of
the total mass of the alloy.
m
gold
= 0.585 m
alloy
The mass of the silver is 4.0% of the total mass of the alloy,
m
silver
= 0.040 m
alloy
The mass of the copper is 31.2% of the mass of the alloy,
m
copper
= 0.312 m
alloy
and the mass of the zinc is 6.3% of the mass of the alloy,
m
zinc
= 0.063 m
alloy
Density is mass per unit volume
=
m
V
so the masses of the metals are
m
gold
=
gold
V
gold
= 0.585 m
alloy
m
silver
=
silver
V
silver
= 0.040 m
alloy
m
copper
=
copper
V
copper
= 0.312 m
alloy
m
zinc
=
zinc
V
zinc
= 0.063 m
alloy
The volumes of the metals are thus
V
gold
=
_
0.585

gold
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.585
19.3 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.03031 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
V
silver
=
_
0.040

silver
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.040
10.5 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.00381 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
V
copper
=
_
0.312

copper
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.312
8.90 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.03506 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
V
zinc
=
_
0.063

zinc
_
m
alloy
=
_
0.063
7.14 g/cm
3
_
m
alloy
= 0.00882 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
5
The total volume of the alloy is
V
alloy
= V
gold
+V
silver
+V
copper
+V
zinc
V
alloy
= (0.03031 + 0.00381 + 0.03506 + 0.00882) m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
V
alloy
= 0.078 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
(Since the mass of the alloy will be expressed in grams, the volume will be in cubic
centimeters, cm
3
.)
We can now calculate what fraction by volume of the alloy is attributed to each of
the four pure metals. We will start by calculating what fraction of the alloy is pure gold,
F
gold
=
V
gold
V
alloy
We just calculated V
alloy
. Recall from above that V
gold
is
V
gold
= 0.03031 m
alloy
_
cm
3
g
_
Thus
F
gold
=
V
gold
V
alloy
=
0.03031 m
alloy
0.078 m
alloy
= 0.388
The total mass of the alloy cancels. (The total mass is irrelevant. The fraction of
pure gold in the alloy is the same whether we have 2 grams of alloy or 200 grams.)
Similarly for silver,
F
silver
=
V
silver
V
alloy
=
0.00381
0.078
= 0.049
for copper
F
copper
=
V
copper
V
alloy
=
0.03506
0.078
= 0.449
and for zinc
F
zinc
=
V
zinc
V
alloy
=
0.00882
0.078
= 0.113
38.8% by volume of 14-karat gold is pure gold, 4.9% is silver, 44.9% is
copper, and 11.3% is zinc.
6
2 Fluid Pressure in a U-tube
A u-tube is lled with water and its two arms are capped. The tube is
cylindrical and the right arm has twice the radius of the left arm. The caps
have negligible mass, are watertight, and can freely slide up and down the
tube.
2.1 Sand
Figure 1: Fluid in a u-tube.
A one-inch depth of sand is poured onto the cap on each arm of the u-tube.
After the caps have moved if necessary to establish equilibrium, is the right
cap higher, lower, or the same height as the left cap? Refer to gure 1.
The right arm has twice the radius of the left arm,
R
right
= 2 R
left
The surface areas of the two caps are
A
left
= R
2
left
A
right
= R
2
right
The right cap has four times the surface area of the left arm,
A
right
= (2 R
left
)
2
= 4 R
2
left
= 4 A
left
Sand is poured to a depth h
sand
= 1 in. The volume of sand on the left cap is
V
left
= A
left
h
sand
7
The volume of sand on the right cap is
V
right
= A
right
h
sand
The volume of sand on the right cap is four times greater than the volume of sand on
the left cap,
V
right
= A
right
h
sand
= 4 A
left
h
sand
= 4 V
left
The density of the sand is

sand
=
m
sand
V
sand
The mass of the sand on the left cap is
m
left
=
sand
V
left
The mass of the sand on the right cap is
m
right
=
sand
V
right
= 4
sand
V
left
= 4 m
left
The mass of the sand on the right cap is four times as great as the mass of the sand
on the left cap. The weight of the sand is equal to the force due to gravity,
F
g
= w
sand
= m
sand
g
The force due to the sand on the left cap is
F
left
= m
left
g
The force due to the sand on the right cap is
F
right
= m
right
g = 4 m
left
g = 4 F
left
The force due to the sand on the right cap is four times greater than the force due to
the sand on the left cap. Pressure is force per unit area,
P =
F
A
The excess pressure due to the sand on the left cap is
P
left
=
F
left
A
left
The excess pressure due to the sand on the right cap is
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
=
4 F
left
4 A
left
=
F
left
A
left
= P
left
The sand added to the left cap creates the same amount of excess pressure in the left
arm as the sand added to the right cap creates in the right arm. The pressure remains
consistent throughout the u-tube. Since the system is already in equilibrium, the heights
of the caps will not change.
8
2.2 Equal Masses
The sand is removed and a block of mass M
block
= 1.0 kg is placed on each cap
(gure 2). After the caps have moved (if necessary) to reestablish equilib-
rium, is the right cap higher, lower, or the same height as the left cap?
Figure 2: Fluid in a u-tube.
The forces on the left and right caps due to the respective blocks are equal,
F
left
= F
right
= w
block
= M
block
g
The excess pressure on the left cap due to the addition of the block is
P
left
=
F
left
A
left
The excess pressure on the right cap is
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
=
F
left
(4 A
left
)
=
1
4
_
F
left
A
left
_
=
1
4
P
left
The block placed on the left cap is the same weight as the block placed on the right
cap. However, the area of the right cap is four times as large as the area of the left cap.
On the right side the force is thus distributed over a much larger area. The excess pressure
created in the right arm due to the presence of the block is therefore less than the excess
pressure created in the left arm. The dierence in pressures is P = (P
left
P
right
),
P = P
left
P
right
= P
left

1
4
P
left
=
3
4
P
left
Before the system reaches equilibrium the pressure in the left arm is higher than the
pressure in the right arm. The force per unit area pushing downwards on the left cap is
greater than the force per unit area pushing downwards on the right cap. This means
that the left cap is pushed downwards, while the right cap rises slightly.
9
The dierence in the two pressures causes a dierence h in the heights of the two
caps,
P =
water
g h
If we assume that the radius of the left arm is R
left
= 1.0 m, what is the dierence
h in the heights of the two caps?
h =
P

water
g
h =
P
left
P
right

water
g
=
3
4
P
left

water
g
h =
1

water
g
_
3
4
P
left
_
=
1

water
g
_
3
4
F
left
A
left
_
h =
_
1

water
g
_ _
3 M
block
g
4 R
2
left
_
=
3 M
block
4 R
2
left

water
h =
3 M
block
4 R
2
left

water
Inserting values for the variables,
h =
3 (1.00 kg)
4 (1.00 m)
2
_
1000
kg
m
3
_
= 0.239 10
3
m
If the radius of the left arm is R
left
= 1.0 meters, the right cap will rise to a height of
h = 0.239 mm
above the left cap. (In other words, the dierence in the heights of the two caps is
much smaller than the radius of the left arm.)
2.3 Dierent Masses
If a 1.0 kilogram block is placed on the left cap, how much total mass must be
placed on the right cap so that the caps are at equal height when the system
is in equilibrium?
The mass placed on the left cap is
M
left
= 1.0 kg
10
The mass placed on the right block is unknown. The forces on the left and right caps
due to the respective blocks are no longer equal, because the masses are dierent.
F
left
= w
left
= M
left
g
F
right
= w
right
= M
right
g
The excess pressure on the left cap due to the block is
P
left
=
F
left
A
left
=
M
left
g
A
left
The excess pressure on the right cap is
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
=
M
right
g
A
right
=
M
right
g
4 A
left
If the caps are to remain at equal height, the two pressures must be equal,
P
right
= P
left
P
right
=
M
right
g
4 A
left
= P
left
=
M
left
g
A
left
Simplifying this expression by removing A
left
and g gives
M
right
4
= M
left
M
right
= 4 M
left
If a mass M
left
= 1.0 kg is placed on the left cap, then a mass
M
right
= 4 M
left
= 4.0 kg
must be placed on the right cap in order for the two caps to remain at equal heights.
2.4 Dierent Heights
The locations of the two caps at equilibrium are now as shown in gure 2.
The dashed line represents the level of the water in the left arm. What is the
mass of the water in the right arm between the dashed line and the right cap?
The density of water is

water
=
m
water
V
water
11
so the mass of the water in the small volume shown is
m
water
=
water
V
The volume V is the surface area of the right cap multiplied by the dierence h in
the heights of the left and right caps,
V = A
right
h = (4 A
left
) h
So the mass of the water is
m
water
=
water
V =
water
4 A
left
h
In order to evaluate this expression we need to nd the dierence in heights h.
The excess pressure on the left arm is equal to the pressure exerted by the block,
P
left
=
F
left
A
left
=
M
block
g
A
left
The excess pressure on the right arm is equal to the pressure exerted by the block
plus the pressure dierence P due to the height h of the column of water.
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
+ P
We know the equation for a pressure dierence due to the height of a column of uid,
P =
water
g h
So the excess pressure on the right arm is
P
right
=
F
right
A
right
+ P =
M
block
g
4 A
left
+
water
g h
Since the system is in equilibrium, the pressures on the right and left arms must be
equal,
P
left
= P
right
P
left
=
M
block
g
A
left
= P
right
=
M
block
g
4 A
left
+
water
g h
Simplifying this expression,

water
g h =
M
block
g
A
left

M
block
g
4 A
left
=
3 M
block
g
4 A
left
h =
3 M
block
4 A
left

water
12
So the mass of the water is
m
water
=
water
4 A
left
h = (
water
4 A
left
)
_
3 M
block
4 A
left

water
_
= 3 M
block
If the mass of the block placed on the cap is M
block
= 1.0 kg, the mass of the water
in the volume depicted is
M
water
= 3 M
block
= 3.0 kg
This makes sense. The total mass which must be supported on the left side is
M
block
= 1 kg. The total mass which must be supported on the right side is
(M
block
+m
water
) = 4 M
block
The area of the cap on the right side is four times the area of the cap on the left side,
A
right
= 4 A
left
. One can see that the pressures at the dotted line in Figure 2 must be
equal,
P
left
=
F
left
A
left
=
M
block
g
A
left
=
4 M
block
g
4 A
left
=
F
right
A
right
= P
right
Equal pressures on the left and right sides of the u-tube is the condition for equilib-
rium.
3 Problem 15.27
A vertical tube is open at the top. The tube contains oil of density
oil
= 0.82 g/cm
3
oating on top of water. The height of the oil is h
oil
= 6.4 cm; the height of
the water is h
water
= 6.4 cm. Find the gauge pressure at the bottom of the tube.
The total pressure at the top of the oil is P
1
. This is equal to atmospheric pressure
because the tube is open to the atmosphere.
The total pressure at the interface between the oil and the water is P
2
. The dier-
ence P = P
2
P
1
between the pressure at the top of the oil and the pressure at the
bottom of the oil is
P = P
2
P
1
=
oil
g h
oil
So the total pressure P
2
at the interface between the oil and the water is
P
2
= P
1
+
oil
g h
oil
The total pressure at the interface just above the column of water is P
2
. The total
pressure at the bottom of the column of water is P
3
. The dierence P

between the
pressure at the top of the water and the pressure at the bottom of the water is
P

= P
3
P
2
=
water
g h
water
13
So the total pressure at the bottom of the column of water is
P
3
= P
2
+
water
g h
water
We can insert the expression for the pressure P
2
at the interface between water and
oil to obtain an expression for the total pressure in terms of known quantities,
P
3
= P
1
+
oil
g h
oil
+
water
g h
water
The gauge pressure at the bottom of the column of water is the dierence between
the total pressure P
3
and atmospheric pressure,
P
gauge
= P
total
P
atm
Since the tube is open at the top and P
1
is equal to atmospheric pressure, the gauge
pressure at the bottom of the column of water is
P
gauge
= P
3
P
atm
= P
3
P
1
so our expression for the gauge pressure is
P
gauge
=
oil
g h
oil
+
water
g h
water
Notice that h
oil
= h
water
= 6.4 cm, so
P
gauge
= (
oil
+
water
) g h
Inserting values for the variables,
P
gauge
=
_
(0.82 + 1.00)
g
cm
3
_ _
9.8
m
s
2
_
(6.4 cm)
Converting from cubic centimeters to cubic meters,
(1 cm)
3
= (10
2
m)
3
= 10
6
m
3
P
gauge
=
_
1.82
10
3
kg
10
6
m
3
_
_
9.8
m
s
2
_
(6.4 10
2
m)
P
gauge
= 114
_
10
5
10
6
_ _
kg m
s
2
_
_
1
m
2
_
Finally, the gauge pressure at the bottom of the column of water is
P
gauge
= 1140
N
m
2
= 1140 Pa
14
4 A Water Tank on Mars
You are assigned the design of a cylindrical pressurized water tank for a future
colony on Mars. The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is g
mars
= 3.71 m/s
2
.
The pressure at the surface of the water will be P
surface
= 130 kPa, and the
depth of the water will be h
water
= 14.1 m. The pressure of the air in the
building outside the tank will be P
air
= 91.0 kPa. The area of the bottom of
the tank is A = 2.05 m
2
. Find the net downward force on the bottom of the
tank due to the water inside the tank, the air inside the tank, and the air
outside the tank.
The pressure at the surface of the water in the tank is P
surface
. What is the dierence in
pressure P = P
bottom
P
surface
between the surface of the water and the bottom of the
tank?
P =
water
g
Mars
h
water
The dierence in the two pressures is thus
P = P
bottom
P
surface
=
water
g
mars
h
water
The total pressure P
bottom
at the bottom of the tank due to the water and vapor in
the tank is
P
bottom
= P
surface
+ P = P
surface
+
water
g
mars
h
water
Pressure is equal to force per unit area,
P =
F
A
This means that the force on the bottom of the tank due to the water and vapor in
the tank is
F
bottom
= P
bottom
A
F
bottom
= P
bottom
A = (P
surface
+
water
g
mars
h
water
) A
This force is directed from the inside of the tank toward the outside. However, the
air outside the tank exerts a pressure P
air
on the bottom of the tank. The force which
results from the external air pressure is directed from the outside of the tank towards the
inside.
F
air
= P
air
A
The net force on the bottom of the tank is
F
net
= F
bottom
F
air
15
F
net
= (P
surface
+
water
g
mars
h
water
) A P
air
A
F
net
= (P
surface
P
air
+
water
g
mars
h
water
) A
Inserting values for the variables,
F
net
=
_
130 kPa 91.0 kPa +
_
1000
kg
m
3
_
_
3.71
m
s
2
_
(14.1 m)
_
_
2.05 m
2
_
F
net
=
_
39 kPa + 52311
kg m
s
2
1
m
2
_
_
2.05 m
2
_
F
net
=
_
39000 Pa + 52311
N
m
2
_
_
2.05 m
2
_
F
net
=
_
39000
N
m
2
+ 52311
N
m
2
_
_
2.05 m
2
_
F
net
=
_
91311
N
m
2
_
_
2.05 m
2
_
So the net force on the bottom of the water tank is
F
net
= 187187 N 187 kN
5 Problem 15.47
A garage lift has a piston with diameter D = 48 cm supporting the load. Com-
pressed air with a maximum pressure of P
max
= 500 kPa is applied to a small
piston at the other end of the hydraulic system. What is the maximum mass
the lift can support?
Pressure is force per unit area,
P =
F
A
The maximum force which the hydraulic system can support is then
F
max
= P
max
A
The area A of the piston of diameter D and circular cross section is
16
A = r
2
=
_
D
2
_
2
=
D
2
4
So the maximum force is
F
max
= P
max
A = P
max

D
2
4
This maximal force can support a maximum weight w
max
= m
max
g,
F
max
= w
max
= m
max
g
So the maximum mass m
max
which the lift can support is
m
max
=
F
max
g
=
_
P
max
D
2
4
_
g
=
D
2
P
max
4 g
Inserting numeric values,
m
max
=
(48 cm)
2
(500 kPa)
4
_
9.8
m
s
2
_
and rearranging units
m
max
=
(0.48 m)
2
(500 10
3
Pa)
4
_
9.8
m
s
2
_
= 9.23 10
3
_
m
2
Pa
s
2
m
_
m
max
= 9.23 10
3
_
m
2
N
m
2
s
2
m
_
= 9.23 10
3
_
m
2
m
2
kg m
s
2
s
2
m
_
The maximum mass which the hydraulic lift can support is
m
max
= 9230 kg
6 A Submerged Ball
A ball of mass m
ball
and volume V
ball
is lowered on a string into a uid of
density
fluid
. Assume that the object would sink to the bottom if it were
not supported by the string. What is the tension T in the string when the
ball is fully submerged but not touching the bottom, as shown in the gure 3?
Three forces act on the ball. The tension in the string acts in the upwards direction.
The buoyant force exerted on the ball by the uid also acts in the upwards direction.
The weight of the ball acts downwards. Since the ball is in static equilibrium, the sum
of these forces is zero.
17
Figure 3: Submerged ball
T +F
B
w
ball
= 0
The tension in the string is thus
T = w
ball
F
B
The weight w
ball
of the ball is
w
ball
= m
ball
g
The density of the uid is

fluid
=
m
fluid
V
fluid
A volume of uid V
fluid
= V
ball
is displaced by the ball. The mass of the uid displaced
by the ball is then
m
fluid
=
fluid
V
fluid
=
fluid
V
ball
The weight of the uid displaced by the ball is
w
fluid
= m
fluid
g =
fluid
V
ball
g
Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant force F
B
exerted on the ball by the
uid is equal to the weight of the uid displaced by the ball,
F
B
= w
fluid
=
fluid
V
ball
g
So the tension T in the string is
T = w
ball
F
B
= m
ball
g
fluid
V
ball
g
T = (m
ball

fluid
V
ball
) g
18
7 Problem 15.50
A glass beaker measures 10 cm high by 4.0 cm in diameter. Empty, it oats
in water with one-third of its height submerged. (a) How many 15 gram rocks
can be placed in the beaker before it sinks?
7.0.1 Volume of beaker
What is the volume V
beaker
of the beaker?
V
beaker
= Ah
where h is the height of th beaker and A is the area of its base. We know the height
is h = 10 cm. The diameter of the beaker is D = 4.0 cm, so the radius r is
r = D/2 = 2.0 cm
The cross sectional area is then
A = r
2
= 12.6 cm
2
The volume is
V
beaker
= Ah = (12.6 cm
2
) (10 cm) = 126 cm
3
V
beaker
= Ah = 126 cm
3
7.0.2 Volume of water
What volume of water is displaced by the beaker when it oats in water with one third
of its height submerged?
V
water
=
1
3
V
beaker
What volume of water can be displaced by the oating beaker and the added rocks
before the beaker sinks?
V

water
=
2
3
V
beaker
= 83.8 cm
3
7.0.3 Mass of water
The density of water is
= 1000
kg
m
3
= 1
g
cm
3
What is the mass of the water which can be displaced by the beaker and the added
rocks before the beaker sinks?
19
Density is mass per unit volume,
=
m
V
So the mass m of the displaced water is
m = V

water
=
_
1
g
cm
3
_
(83.8 cm
3
) = 83.8 g
m
water
= 83.8 g
7.0.4 Mass II
Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight
of the uid displaced by the object. The buoyant force supporting the rocks is thus
F
B
= w
water
= m
water
g
Each rock has mass m
1
= 15 g. Each rock has weight
w
1
= m
1
g
How many rocks of weight w
1
can be supported by the buoyant force F
B
? In other
words,
F
B
= N w
1
where N is the appropriate number of rocks, and we need to nd N.
F
B
= w
water
= m
water
g = N w
1
= N m
1
g
m
water
g = N m
1
g
The acceleration g due to gravity cancels out.
m
water
= N m
1
N =
m
water
m
1
=
83.8 g
15 g
= 5.5
N = 5.5
The beaker can support 5 rocks before it sinks.
20
Figure 4: Submerged sphere in a beaker
8 Submerged Sphere in a Beaker
A cylindrical beaker of height h = 0.100 m and negligible weight is lled to the
brim with a uid of density
fluid
= 890 kg/m
3
. When the beaker is placed on
a scale, its weight is measured to be W
1
= 1.00 N. (See gure 4). A ball of
density
ball
= 5000 kg/m
3
and volume V
ball
= 60.0 cm
3
is then submerged in the
uid, so that some of the uid spills over the side of the beaker. The ball is
held in place by a sti rod of negligible volume and weight. Throughout the
problem, assume the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.81 m/s
2
.
8.1 Weight
What is the mass m
ball
of the ball?
Density is mass per unit volume,
=
m
V
So the mass m
ball
is
m
ball
=
ball
V
ball
m
ball
=
_
5000
kg
m
3
_
(60.0 cm
3
)
Changing cubic centimeters into cubic meters,
1 cm
3
= 10
6
m
3
m
ball
= 5
_
10
3
kg
m
3
_
60.0 (10
6
m
3
)
21
m
ball
= (5 60.0)
_
10
3
10
6
_
kg = 300 10
3
kg = 0.3 kg
m
ball
= 0.3 kg
What is the weight w
ball
of the ball?
w
ball
= m
ball
g
w
ball
= (0.3 kg)
_
9.8
m
s
2
_
w
ball
= 2.94
kg m
s
2
= 2.94 N
8.2 Buoyant Force
What is the buoyant force which acts on the ball?
What volume of uid is displaced by the ball?
V
displaced
= V
ball
= 60.0 cm
3
= 60 10
6
m
3
The density of the uid is the mass per unit volume,

fluid
=
m
displaced
V
displaced
So the mass of the volume V
displaced
of uid is
m
displaced
=
fluid
V
displaced
m
displaced
=
_
890
kg
m
3
_
_
60.0 10
6
m
3
_
m
displaced
= 0.0534 kg
What is the weight of this volume of uid?
w
displaced
= m
displaced
g = 0.524 N
What is the buoyant force which the uid exerts on the ball?
Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant force on the ball is equal to the weight
of the uid displaced by the ball,
F
B
= w
displaced
= 0.524 N
22
8.3 Apparent Weight
What is the reading W
2
of the scale when the ball is held in this submerged
position? Assume that none of the water which spills over stays on the scale.
The weight of the system is equal to the weight of the uid remaining in the beaker
plus the buoyant force which the uid exerts on the ball.
W
2
= w
remaining
+F
B
What is the weight of the uid which remains in the beaker?
w
remaining
= w
fluid
w
displaced
We are told that the initial weight of the uid is
W
1
= 1 N
so
w
remaining
= 1.00 N 0.524 N = 0.476 N
So
W
2
= w
remaining
+F
B
= 0.476 N + 0.524 N
W
2
= 1.00 N
The initial weight of the beaker full of uid was W
1
= 1.00 N. A volume V
ball
of uid
was removed, so the weight of the uid remaining in the beaker decreased. However, the
uid remaining in the beaker exerted a buoyant force on the submerged sphere equal to
the weight of the displaced uid. This means that the apparent weight W
2
of the uid
plus the submerged sphere is equal to the original weight of the uid.
8.4
What is the force F
rod
applied to the ball by the rod? Take upward forces to
be positive (e.g., if the force on the ball is downward, your answer should be
negative).
The weight w
ball
of the ball is directed downwards. The buoyant force F
B
is directed
upwards. We will assume that the force applied by the rod is also directed upwards.
Since the ball is stationary, the sum of these forces must be zero.
F
rod
+F
B
w
ball
= 0
F
rod
= w
ball
F
B
= 2.94 N 0.524 N = 2.42 N
F
rod
= 2.42 N
The rod applies a force in the upward direction.
23
8.5 Apparent Weight
The rod is now shortened and attached to the bottom of the beaker. The
beaker is again lled with uid, the ball is submerged and attached to the
rod, and the beaker with uid and submerged ball is placed on the scale.
What weight W
3
does the scale now show?
Figure 5: Sphere attached to base of beaker.
Just as before, the weight of the uid which remains in the beaker is
w
remaining
= 0.476 N
Just as before, the buoyant force on the ball is equal to the weight of the uid displaced
by the ball,
F
B
= w
displaced
=
fluid
V
displaced
g = 0.524 N
Just as before, sum of the force exerted by the rod, the buoyant force, and the weight
of the ball is zero.
F
rod
+F
B
w
ball
= 0
Neither the buoyant force nor the weight of the submerged ball have changed, so
F
rod
= w
ball
F
B
= 2.94 N 0.524 N = 2.42 N
The rod still exerts an upward force on the ball.
F
rod
= 2.42 N
The weight of the uid in the beaker acts downwards on the scale. The uid in the
beaker exerts an upwards buoyant force on the ball, and the ball exerts a downwards force
of equal magnitude on the uid in the beaker. This downwards force is transferred to
the scale. Finally, the rod exerts an upwards force on the ball, which exerts a downwards
24
force of equal magnitude on the rod. This force is also transferred to the scale. So the
apparent weight W
3
is
W
3
= w
remaining
+F
B
+F
rod
W
3
= 0.476 N + 0.524 N + 2.42 N = 3.42 N
The net downwards force on the scale is the apparent weight W
3
,
W
3
= 3.42 N
9 Flow Velocity of Blood
Arteriosclerotic plaques forming on the inner walls of arteries can decrease
the eective cross-sectional area of an artery. Even small changes in the ef-
fective area of an artery can lead to very large changes in the blood pressure
in the artery and possibly to the collapse of the blood vessel.
A healthy artery has cross sectional area A
0
. In such an artery the blood ows with
velocity v
0
= 0.14 m/s. The density of the blood is = 1050 kg/m
3
.
9.1 Continuity Equation
Plaque has narrowed an artery to one-fth of its normal cross-sectional area.
(This represents an 80% blockage). Compared to normal blood ow velocity
v
0
, what is the velocity of blood as it passes through this blockage?
The healthy artery has cross sectional area A
0
. The cross sectional area A
1
of the blocked
artery is one fth of the area of the healthy artery,
A
1
=
1
5
A
0
So the cross sectional area of the healthy artery is ve times that of the blocked artery,
A
0
= 5 A
1
We will assume that the density of the blood remains constant. The continuity equa-
tion states that the product of the cross sectional area of the artery and the velocity of
the blood ow is constant,
A
0
v
0
= A
1
v
1
The velocity of the blood ow in the blocked artery is then
v
1
=
A
0
A
1
v
0
=
5 A
1
A
1
v
0
= 5 v
0
The cross sectional area of the blocked artery is much smaller than the cross sectional
area of the healthy artery; the blood ows much more quickly through the blocked artery
than it does through the healthy artery.
25
9.2 Energy per Unit Volume
The familiar formula for kinetic energy of an object of mass m is
E =
1
2
mv
2
The kinetic energy per unit volume of a quantity of blood of mass m is
E =
E
V
We can write this expression in terms of mass, volume, and velocity,
E =
E
V
=
1
2
mv
2
0
V
The density of the blood is the mass per unit volume,
=
m
V
We can thus rewrite the expression for the kinetic energy per unit volume in terms of
density and velocity,
E =
E
V
=
1
2
_
m
V
_
v
2
0
=
1
2
v
2
0
If we insert the numeric values for a healthy artery, we obtain
E =
1
2
v
2
0
=
1
2
_
1050
kg
m
3
_
_
0.14
m
s
_
2
E = 10.29
_
kg m
s
2
_
_
1
m
2
_
= 10.29
N
m
2
= 10.29 Pa
By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit volume of blood change
as the blood passes through the blocked artery?
The blood in the healthy artery is the same as the blood in the blocked artery. We
will therefore assume that the blood in the healthy artery and the blood in the blocked
artery have the same density .
The speed of the blood in the healthy artery is v
0
. The speed of the blood in the
blocked artery is v
1
.
The kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the healthy artery is E
0
,
E
0
=
1
2
v
2
0
The kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the blocked artery is E
1
,
26
E
1
=
1
2
v
2
1
Since v
1
= 5 v
0
, we can rewrite the expression for E
1
,
E
1
=
1
2
v
2
1
=
1
2
(5 v
0
)
2
= 25
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
= 25 E
0
The ratio R of the kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the blocked artery
to the kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the healthy artery is
R =
E
1
E
0
This ratio is
R =
E
1
E
0
=
25 E
0
E
0
= 25
9.3 Bernoullis Equation
As the blood passes through this blockage, what happens to the blood pres-
sure?
We are looking for the change P in the blood pressure when it ows from the healthy
artery into the blocked artery,
P = P
1
P
0
Bernoullis equation will give us the relationship between the pressure, the density,
and the velocity. Bernoullis equation can be used to relate the ow of the blood in the
healthy artery to the ow of the blood in the blocked artery,
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
+ g h
0
= P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+ g h
1
We can assume that the blocked and healthy arteries are at the same vertical position,
h
0
= h
1
so Bernoullis equation simplies,
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
= P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
We know that v
1
= 5 v
0
, so
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
= P
1
+
1
2
(5 v
0
)
2
= P
1
+ 25
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
Rearranging this expression,
27
P
1
P
0
=
1
2
v
2
0
25
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
(P
1
P
0
) is just the change P in the pressure, which is the quantity we need to
nd.
P = (P
1
P
0
) =
1
2
v
2
0
25
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
= 24
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
so our nal equation for the change in the blood pressure when the blood ows into
the blocked artery is
P = 12 v
2
0
Inserting numeric quantities,
P = 12
_
1050
kg
m
3
_
_
0.14
m
s
_
2
= 247
_
kg m
s
2
_
_
1
m
2
_
= 247
N
m
2
= 247 Pa
P = 247 Pa
When the blood ows from the healthy artery into the blocked artery, the blood pres-
sure decreases by 247 Pascals.
As the blood velocity increases through a blockage, the blood pressure in that section of
the artery can drop to a dangerously low level. In extreme cases, the blood vessel can
collapse due to lack of sucient internal pressure.
9.4
9.4.1 Velocity
The arterial plaque now blocks 90% of the artery. By what factor does the
velocity of blood increase as the blood passes through this blockage? Com-
pare the blocked artery to the initial, healthy artery.
The healthy artery has cross sectional area A
0
. The blocked artery has cross sectional
area A
2
. We are told that 90% of the cross section is blocked, so
A
2
=
1
10
A
0
and A
0
= 10 A
2
. We found an expression previously for the velocity as a function of
the cross sectional area,
v
2
=
A
0
A
2
v
0
=
10 A
2
A
2
v
0
= 10 v
0
The velocity of the blood increases by a factor of ten as it passes through the blocked
portion of the artery,
v
2
= 10 v
0
28
9.4.2 Kinetic Energy
By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit volume of blood change as
the blood passes through the blocked artery?
The kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the healthy artery is E
0
,
E
0
=
1
2
v
2
0
The kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the blocked artery is E
2
,
E
2
=
1
2
v
2
2
Since v
2
= 10 v
0
, we can rewrite the expression for E
2
,
E
2
=
1
2
v
2
2
=
1
2
(10 v
0
)
2
= 100
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
= 100 E
0
The ratio R of the kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the blocked artery
to the kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood in the healthy artery is
R =
E
2
E
0
= 100
9.4.3 Pressure
What is the magnitude of the drop in blood pressure P as the blood passes
through the blocked artery?
We are looking for the change P in the blood pressure when it ows from the healthy
artery into the blocked artery,
P = P
2
P
0
Bernoullis equation will give us the relationship between the pressure, the density,
and the velocity,
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
+ g h
0
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+ g h
2
Because h
0
= h
2
Bernoullis equation simplies,
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
We know that v
2
= 10 v
0
, so
P
0
+
1
2
v
2
0
= P
2
+
1
2
(10 v
0
)
2
= P
2
+ 100
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
Rearranging this expression,
29
P = P
2
P
0
=
1
2
v
2
0
100
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
P = 99
_
1
2
v
2
0
_
so our nal equation for the change in the blood pressure when the blood ows into
the blocked artery is
P =
99
2
v
2
0
Inserting numeric quantities,
P =
99
2
_
1050
kg
m
3
_
_
0.14
m
s
_
2
= 1019
kg m
s
2
1
m
2
= 1019
N
m
2
= 1019 Pa
P = 1019 Pa
It is easy to imagine that such a drastic drop in pressure could catastrophically aect
the functionality of an artery.
10 Water Flowing from a Tank
Water ows steadily from an open tank as shown in gure 6. The elevation of point 1
is 10.0 meters, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is 2.00 meters. The cross-sectional
area at point 2 is 0.0480 square meters; at point 3, where the water is discharged, it is
0.0160 square meters. The cross-sectional area of the tank is very large compared with
the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
10.1 Discharge Rate
Find the discharge rate of water owing from an open tank through a pipe of
variable cross section.
The rst question is, what quantity do we need to nd?
The discharge rate R is the volume of water per unit time which ows out of the
tank,
R =
dV
dt
Consider a pipe of constant cross sectional area A and length x. The volume of water
in the pipe is the area times the length,
30
Figure 6: Water Flowing from a Tank
V = Ax
If the cross section A is constant, then the volume of water which ows per unit time
is
dV
dt
= A
dx
dt
But dx/dt is just the speed v with which the water ows,
dx
dt
= v
So the discharge rate R is
R =
dV
dt
= A
dx
dt
= Av
To calculate the discharge rate at point 3 where the water ows out of the pipe, we
need to know the cross sectional area A
3
and we need to calculate the speed of the water
v
3
when it exits the pipe.
10.1.1 Continuity Equation
For a liquid with a constant density the continuity equation is
v
1
A
1
= v
3
A
3
This equation relates the speed with which the water level is falling at point 1, the
cross sectional area A
1
of the tank, the speed with which the water ows out of the tank
at point 3, and the cross sectional area A
3
of the pipe at point 3.
31
We know that the cross sectional area at point 3 is
A
3
= 0.0160 m
2
However, we need this information yet. All we need to know is that the cross-sectional
area of the tank is very large compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe, or
A
1
>> A
3
We will rewrite the continuity equation,
v
1
= v
3
A
3
A
1
Since A
1
>> A
3
we see that
v
1
0
In other words, if you were watching the water ow out of the tank you would not
notice very much change in the water level at point 1. Although water is gushing out of
the pipe at point 3, the water level at point 1 is not dropping very fast. This makes sense
because it is a big tank, and only a very small fraction of the water in the tank is owing
out through the pipe.
10.1.2 Bernoullis Equation
Bernoullis equation relates the pressure, the speed, and the height of the water at
point 1 to the pressure, the speed and the height at point 3.
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gy
1
= P
3
+
1
2
v
2
3
+gy
3
We can simplify this expression. First, recall that v
1
0.
P
1
+gy
1
= P
3
+
1
2
v
2
3
+gy
3
Next, recall that the tank is open. What does this imply about the pressure P
1
? If
the tank is open to the atmosphere, then the pressure P
1
must be equal to atmospheric
pressure.
What about the pressure at point 3? The pipe is open and the water is owing out.
This means that the pressure at point 3 is also equal to atmospheric pressure. (This
would not be true if we were discussing point 2! Point 2 is not open to the atmosphere.)
So
P
1
= P
3
and the two pressures cancel,
32
gy
1
=
1
2
v
2
3
+gy
3
Recall that in order to solve for the volume ow rate dV/dt we need to nd the
speed v
3
with which the water ows out of the pipe. We can now solve for v
3
,
1
2
v
2
3
= gy
1
gy
3
= g (y
1
y
3
)
v
2
3
= 2 g (y
1
y
3
)
The density of the water cancels,
v
2
3
= 2g (y
1
y
3
)
So the speed v
3
with which the water ows out of the pipe is
v
3
=
_
2g (y
1
y
3
)
We were told that y
1
= 10.0 m and y
3
= 2.0 m. If we use g = 9.8 m/s
2
we get
v
3
=

2
_
9.8
m
s
2
_
(10.0 m2.0 m) =

_
156.8
_
m
2
s
2
_
v
3
= 12.5 m/s
10.1.3 Discharge Rate
We are not quite done. We need to calculate the discharge rate R, or the volume of water
which ows out of the pipe at point 3 per unit time. We noted previously that
R =
dV
dt
= A
3
v
3
So
R =
dV
dt
= (0.0160 m
2
)
_
12.5
m
s
_
and our nal answer is
R =
dV
dt
= 0.20
m
3
s
10.2 Gauge Pressure
What is the gauge pressure at point 2?
The gauge pressure at point 2 is just the dierence between the total pressure P
2
and atmospheric pressure,
P
gauge
= P
2
P
atm
33
10.2.1 Bernoullis Equation
Find the gauge pressure at point 2 in terms of v
2
, , and the acceleration g
due to gravity.
Let us use Bernoullis equation to relate quantities at point 1 to quantities at point 2.
Bernoullis equation is
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gy
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gy
2
We know that v
1
0, so
P
1
+gy
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gy
2
We can rearange this expression to solve for P
2
,
P
2
= P
1
+gy
1

1
2
v
2
2
gy
2
P
2
= P
1
+g(y
1
y
2
)
1
2
v
2
2
Since y
1
= 10.0 m and y
2
= 2.00 m,
y
1
y
2
= 10.0 m2.00 m = 8.0 m
So the total pressure P
2
at point 2 is
P
2
= P
1
+ 8 g
1
2
v
2
2
To get the gauge pressure we simply subtract the atmospheric pressure
P
gauge
= P
2
P
atm
Since the tank is open, the pressure at point 1 is equal to atmospheric pressure,
P
1
= P
atm
So we can simply subtract P
1
. The gauge pressure in terms of v
2
, , and the acceler-
ation due to gravity g is thus
P
gauge
= 8 g
1
2
v
2
2
(Remember that the constant 8 in this equation has units of meters.)
34
10.2.2 Continuity Equation
Find the uid speed at point 2.
We will use the continuity equation to relate the cross sectional area A and the speed v
at points 2 and 3.
v
2
A
2
= v
3
A
3
We know the cross sectional areas A
2
= 0.0480 m
2
and A
3
= 0.0160 m
2
. We have
already calculated the speed v
3
with which the water ows out at point 3. So we can
solve for the speed v
2
of the water when it is owing through the pipe at point 2,
v
2
= v
3
A
3
A
2
v
2
=
_
12.5
m
s
_
_
0.0160 m
2
0.0480 m
2
_
The speed of the water at point 2 is
v
2
= 4.17
m
s
10.2.3 Gauge Pressure
We calculated that the gauge pressure in terms of v
2
, , and the acceleration due to
gravity g is
P
gauge
= 8 g
1
2
v
2
2
The density of water is
= 1000
kg
m
3
We now have all of the quantities which we need to solve for the gauge pressure at
point 2.
P
gauge
= (8 m)
_
1000
kg
m
3
_
_
9.8
m
s
2
_

1
2
_
1000
kg
m
3
_
_
4.17
m
s
_
2
P
gauge
= 69705
kg
ms
2
= 69705 Pa = 69.7 kPa
11 Problem 15.56
In gure 7 a horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area A is joined to a lower pipe of cross-
sectional area A/2. The entire pipe is full of liquid with density , and the left end is at
atmospheric pressure P
atm
. A small open tube extends upward from the lower pipe.
35
Figure 7: Water owing in a pipe
11.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Find the height h
2
of liquid in the small tube when the right end of the lower
pipe is closed, so the liquid is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Express your answer
in terms of h
1
, v, g.
Let us call the left end of the pipe point 1 and the top of the vertical tube point 2.
Bernoullis equation states that
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gh
2
How can we simplify this? First note that the left end of the pipe is at atmospheric
pressure, P
1
= P
atm
. The small vertical tube is also open, so P
2
= P
atm
. Since
P
1
= P
2
the pressure cancels, and Bernoullis equation becomes
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
=
1
2
v
2
2
+gh
2
This system is in hydrostatic equilibrium - the uid is not owing. In other words,
the speed v of the uid is zero,
v
1
= v
2
= 0
Bernoullis equation is now
gy
1
= gy
2
The density of the uid and the acceleration g due to gravity cancel, and we have
36
h
1
= h
2
When the system is in hydrostatic equilibrium the height of the uid in the small
vertical pipe is equal to the height of the uid in the large pipe. (You might have been
able to guess this without referring to Bernoullis equation at all.)
11.2
Find the height h
2
of liquid in the small tube when the liquid ows with speed
v
1
in the upper pipe. Express your answer in terms of h
1
, v, g.
Let us call the point at the base of the slim vertical pipe point 3. We will also call
a point close to the right-hand exit of the horizontal pipe point 4. The right hand side
of the horizontal pipe is no longer closed, so uid will ow out of the pipe with speed v
4
.
11.2.1 Continuity Equation
First we will use the continuity equation to calculate an expression for the speed v
4
of
the uid at point 4.
v
1
A
1
= v
4
A
4
v
4
= v
1
A
1
A
4
We have been told that A
4
= A
1
/2, so
v
4
= v
1
A
1
_
A
1
2
_
= 2 v
1
v
4
= 2 v
1
The cross sectional area of the small pipe is half of the cross sectional area of the
large pipe; the speed of the uid in the small pipe is twice the speed of the uid in the
large pipe.
11.2.2 Bernoullis Equation I
Let us use Bernoullis equation to relate the various quantities at the top and the bottom
of the slim vertical pipe (point 2 and point 3).
P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gh
2
= P
3
+
1
2
v
2
3
+gh
3
We can simplify this. First we should note that no uid is owing at point 2 or
point 3, so v
2
= v
3
= 0.
37
P
2
+gh
2
= P
3
+gh
3
We will dene the height h
4
of the narrow horizontal pipe to be zero. Then we will
make the approximation that h
3
h
4
. In other words, the diameter of the horizontal
pipe is relatively narrow, and point 3 is just inside the vertical pipe.
P
2
+gh
2
= P
3
The approximation h
3
h
4
is a statement that there is not enough height dierence
between point 3 and point 4 to cause a change in pressure. This means that the pressures
at point 3 and point 4 are also very similar,
P
3
P
4
I will thus rewrite the equation in terms of the presure at point 4 rather than the
pressure at point 3.
P
2
+gh
2
= P
4
We now solve this equation for the height h
2
,
gh
2
= (P
4
P
2
)
h
2
=
(P
4
P
2
)
g
Since the large pipe and the small vertical pipe are both open to the atmosphere, we
know that P
1
= P
2
= P
atm
. So nally
h
2
=
(P
4
P
1
)
g
11.2.3 Bernoullis Equation II
The problem with this expression for the height h
2
of the uid in the tube is that it is
not in terms of h
1
, v, g. We need to use Bernoullis equation one last time in order to
nd the pressure P
4
in terms of these desired variables.
We will use Bernoullis equation to relate the various quantities at point 1 and point 4,
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= P
4
+
1
2
v
2
4
+gh
4
Recall that h
4
= 0 and v
4
= 2v
1
.
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= P
4
+
1
2
(2v
4
)
2
38
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= P
4
+
1
2
(4v
2
1
)
P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= P
4
+
4
2
v
2
1
Now we solve for the pressure P
4
,
P
4
= P
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1

4
2
v
2
1
P
4
= P
1
+gh
1

3
2
v
2
1
Now we take this expression for P
4
and plug it into the equation for h
2
,
h
2
=
(P
4
P
1
)
g
h
2
=
_
P
1
+gh
1

3
2
v
2
1
P
1
_
g
The pressure P
1
cancels,
h
2
=
_
gh
1

3
2
v
2
1
_
g
The density of the uid cancels out and we can absorb the denominator g into the
numerator,
h
2
= h
1

3
2g
v
2
1
We have thus found the height h
2
of the uid in the tube in terms of h
1
, v, and g.
h
2
= h
1

3 v
2
1
2g
39