p60 243

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2011

Current Population Reports
By Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica C. Smith
Issued September 2012
1.4
2 63,6
P60-243
26
6,160 64
1.6
17.1
0.6
12.6
0.7
9.2
1.2
7.5
1.1
1.0
0 1
7.6
1.3 * 1.1
1 11.8
6.7
1.9 * 1.5
5
,530 26
6,691
0.9
49
9 41,259 26
6,89
59,,925
5 40
0,898 27
7,0
0.7
7 10.0
1.5
1.2
2 12.7
.4
18,979 57,,555
5 40
0,207 2
9.2 0.7
1.2
2
,4
421 19,890 57,,783
3 38
8,789
1.0 10
0.1
1.2 11.4
9.0 1.0
35,3
316 20,538 58,,155
5 39
9,79
1.3
37,3
335 21,977 58,,865
5 39
9,8
9.2
1.1
6 * 1.2
2 13.2
1.3 12
2.7
1.4
37,7
773 22,4
425 59,,369
9 39
0.7
7 15.2
0.8 15
5.4
0.9
37,9
913 22,561 59,,506
6
0.9
9
8.0 1.0
6.7
1.0
0.9
9
9.8 1.1
9.8
1.2
8.0 1.0
8.1
1.1
10.4
1.1 10
0.2
1.2
39,7
750 23,355 58
5.6
1.3 15
5.2
1.4
39,4
479 23,221
39,9
923 23,100 57,,861
41,19
95 23,330 56,,6
9 27,779 71,6
61
1.2
1.0 18.8
1.7
792 27,798 69,8

85
1.7
1.3 14.1
0.7 1
9,843 28,203 70,7

78
39,143 27,995 71,5
52
6 38,900 27,995 71,9
96
861 38,768 27,691 71,4
42
6,6
633 38,531 28,421 73,7
76
58,754 39,521 29,309 74,1
16
1 58,8
818 40,906 29,931 73 17
702
2 60,193 41,249 29,829
3,7
708
8 58,9
922 40,861
24,6
661
1 59,4
441 40
24,4
474
4 59 66
12 24,3
312
2
0,21
13 2
39
U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
census.gov
1.9 * 1.4 12.9
1.0 13
0.7 * 0.6 12.4
1.2 11.7
7
1.2
0.9 10.8
0.8 11.0
0
1.1
1.0 14.3
1.3 13.9
9
1.3 * 1.1 11.8
1.2 11.7
7
1.9 * 1.5
0.9
9.2 0.7
1.
9.0
0
0.7
0.7 10.0
1.0 10.1
1.2
1.2 12.7
1.2 11.4
4
1.3
9.0 1.0
2
13
9.2
2
1.1
9.6
1.3 12.7
7
1.4
13.8
8 15.4
4
0.9
15.2
1.0
9.1
1.3
9.9
1.3
81
1.2
1.4
1..
Acknowledgments
Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Jessica L. Semega and
Melissa A. Stringfellow, prepared the income section of this report
under the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the Income
Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section
under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty Statistics
Branch. Jessica C. Smith prepared the health insurance coverage
section under the direction of Brett OHara, Chief of the Health and
Disability Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief
for Economic Characteristics, and Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Assistant
Division Chief for Employment Characteristics, both of the Social,
Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
David E. Adams, Vonda M. Ashton, Susan S. Gajewski, Tim J.
Marshall, and Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division,
processed the Current Population Survey 2012 Annual Social and
Economic Supplement file. Christopher J. Boniface, Kirk E. Davis,
Matthew Davis, Van P. Duong, and Thy K. Le programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables under the direction of Hung X.
Pham, Chief of the Survey Processing Branch.
Kelly Baker, Matthew Herbstritt, and Rebecca A. Hoop, under the
supervision of David V. Hornick and Kimball T. Jonas, all of the
Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review.
Lisa Clement, Tim J. Marshall, and Lisa Paska, Demographic
Surveys Division, and Roberto Picha and Agatha Jung, Technologies
Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted
interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic
Supplement.
Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant
contributions to the preparation of this report. Matthew Brault,
Kayla R. Fontenot, Marjorie Hanson, Misty L. Heggeness, John
Hisnanick, Kevin McGee, Laryssa Mykyta, Len Norry, Joseph
Waggle, and Bruce H. Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected
the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any
report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.
Linda Chen, Donna Gillis, and Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrative
and Customer Services Division, Francis Grailand Hall, Chief,
provided publications and printing management, graphics design and
composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. General
direction and production management were provided by Claudette E.
Bennett, Assistant Division Chief.
Income, Poverty, and Health

Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2011
Issued September 2012

P60-243
U.S. Department of Commerce

Rebecca M. Blank,
Acting Secretary
Rebecca M. Blank,
Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration
Vacant,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Acting Director
Suggested Citation
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D.
Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith,
U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-243,
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2011,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC,
2012.
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
Economics and Statistics

Administration
Vacant,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Acting Director
Nancy A. Potok,
Deputy Director
Vacant,
Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David S. Johnson,
Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
Contents
TEXT
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage
in the United States: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supplemental Poverty Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and
Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disability in the Current Population Survey . . . . . . . .
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income in the United States . . . . . . . . .
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disability Status of Householder . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality.
Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
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Poverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shared Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures . . . . . . . . . .
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures .
Research Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CPS Table Creator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Health Insurance Coverage in the United States .

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Health Insurance Coverage?. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Childrens Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 iii
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional Data and Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
28
TEXT TABLES
1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics:
2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by

Selected Characteristics: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:

2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
7. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics:

2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
8. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
FIGURES
1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . .
2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round

Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . .
12
4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
6. Poverty Rates by Age by Gender: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2011 . . . . . . . . .
19
8. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
9. Uninsured Rate by Real Household Income: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
10. Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, Age, Race and Hispanic
Origin, and Nativity: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
iv Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Estimates of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How Income Is Measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods
All Items: 1947 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost-of-Living Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poverty Threshold Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
29
29
Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How Poverty Is Calculated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poverty Thresholds for 2011 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children
Under 18 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2011 by Size of Family . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
.......
49
49
.......
.......
49
49
Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
National surveys and health insurance coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reporting of coverage through major federal health insurance programs .
Enhancements in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Appendix D. Replicate Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Appendix E. Introduction of Census

Effects on Money Income Data . . . .
Effects on Poverty Data . . . . . . . . . .
Effects on Health Insurance Data. . .
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77
77
77
77
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Householder: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
A-2.
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
A-3.
Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . .
44
A-4.
Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round
Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:

1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . .
56
B-3.
Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
C-1.
Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
C-2.
Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
C-3.
Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
E-1.
Comparison of 2010 Income Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls and

Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Comparison of 2010 Estimates of People and Families in Poverty Using

Census 2000-Based Population Controls and Census 2010-Based Population Controls
by Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
2010-Based Population Controls

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APPENDIX TABLES
A-1.
B-1.
E-2.
E-3.
Comparison of 2010 Uninsured Estimates Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls

and Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . .
80
U.S. Census Bureau
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 v
Income, Poverty, and

Health Insurance Coverage in
the United States: 2011
INTRODUCTION
Source of Estimates
This report presents data on income,

poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based on
information collected in the 2012
and earlier Current Population
Survey Annual Social and Economic
Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by
the U.S. Census Bureau.
The data in this report are from the 2012 Current Population Survey
Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and were collected
in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data do not represent
residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. Island Areas.* The data are based on
a sample of about 100,000 addresses. The estimates in this report are
controlled to independent national population estimates by age, sex, race,
and Hispanic origin for March 2011. The estimates for 2010 and 2011 use
population controls based on the 2010 Census. Earlier reports presenting data for calendar years 1999 through 2010 used population controls
based on the results from Census 2000, updated annually using administrative records for such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration. Appendix E presents more detail on the introduction of the new
population controls based on the 2010 Census.
Summary of findings:

Real median household income

declined between 2010 and 2011,
a second consecutive annual
decline.1
The poverty rate in 2011 was not

statistically different from 2010.
Both the percentage and number

of people without health insurance decreased between 2010
and 2011.
1
Real refers to income after adjusting
for inflation. All income values are adjusted to
reflect 2011 dollars. The adjustment is based on
percentage changes in prices between 2011 and
earlier years and is computed by dividing the
annual average Consumer Price Index Research
Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2011 by the annual average
for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947
to 2011 are available in Appendix A and on
the Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/
income/data/incpovhlth/2011/CPI-U
-RS-Index-2011.pdf>. Consumer prices between
2010 and 2011 increased by 3.2 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau
The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data.

The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian
noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are
not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories
are included in the estimates only if information about them is reported in
an interview at their parents home. Since the CPS is a household survey,
persons who are homeless and not living in shelters are not included in
the sample. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than
that of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in a
household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they
live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further
documentation about the CPS ASEC, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc
/cps/cpsmar12.pdf>.
*U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 1
These changes were not uniform

across groups. For example, between
2010 and 2011, real median household income declined for nonHispanic-White households and Black
households, while the changes for
Asian and Hispanic households were
not statistically significant.2 The
poverty rate decreased for Hispanics,
while the changes for non-Hispanic
2
Federal surveys now give respondents the
option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are
possible. A group such as Asian may be defined
as those who reported Asian and no other race
(the race-alone or single-race concept) or as
those who reported Asian regardless of whether
they also reported another race (the race-aloneor-in-combination concept). The body of this
report (text, figures, and tables) shows data
using the first approach (race alone). The appendix tables show data using both approaches.
Use of the single-race population does not imply
that it is the preferred method of presenting or
analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety
of approaches.
In this report, the term non-Hispanic White
refers to people who are not Hispanic and who
reported White and no other race. The Census
Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the comparison group for other race groups and Hispanics.
Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this
report for Hispanics overlap with data for race
groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 13.8
percent of White householders who reported only
one race, 4.5 percent of Black householders who
reported only one race, and 3.5 percent of Asian
householders who reported only one race.
The small sample size of the Asian population
and the fact that the CPS does not use separate
population controls for weighting the Asian
sample to national totals contribute to the large
variances surrounding estimates for this group.
This means that for some estimates for the Asian
population, we are unable to detect statistically
significant changes from the previous year. The
American Community Survey (ACS), based on
a much larger sample size of the population, is
a better source for estimating and identifying
changes for small subgroups of the population.
The householder is the person (or one of the
people) in whose name the home is owned or
rented and the person to whom the relationship
of other household members is recorded. If a
married couple owns the home jointly, either the
husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household
is designated as the householder, the number of
householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the
householder to describe the household.
Data users should exercise caution when
interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic
population or for race groups because these
populations consist of many distinct groups that
differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture,
and recent immigration status. Data were first
collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians
and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see <www.census.gov/cps>.
Statistical Accuracy
Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some
data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which
may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from a
sample of the population and may differ from actual values because of
sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences
between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically
significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing
and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise
noted. In this report, the variances of estimates were calculated using both
the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method and the Generalized
Variance Function (GVF) approach. (See Appendix D for a more extensive
discussion of these methods.) Further information about the source and
accuracy of the estimates is available at <www.census.gov/hhes/www
/p60_243sa.pdf>.
Supplemental Poverty Measure

In 2010, an interagency technical working group (which included representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], the Census Bureau,
the Economics and Statistics Administration, the Council of Economic
Advisers, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the
Office of Management and Budget) issued a series of suggestions to the
Census Bureau and BLS on how to develop the Supplemental Poverty
Measure (SPM). Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 1995
National Academy of Science report and the extensive research on poverty
measurement conducted over the past 15 years.
The new measure based on these suggestions serves as an additional
indicator of economic well-being and provides a deeper understanding of
economic conditions and policy effects. The new measure creates a more
complex statistical picture incorporating additional items such as tax
payments and work expenses in its family resource estimates. Thresholds
used in the new measure are derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey
expenditure data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and utilities) and are adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing.
The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government
programs.
The Census Bureaus statistical experts, with assistance from the BLS and
in consultation with other appropriate agencies and outside experts, are
responsible for the measures technical design. Both the Census Bureau
and the interagency technical working group consider the Supplemental
Poverty Measure a work in progress and expect that there will be improvements to the statistic over time.
The Census Bureau published preliminary poverty estimates using the new
approach last November. They can be found at: <www.census.gov/hhes
/povmeas/methodology/supplemental/research/Short_ResearchSPM2010
.pdf>. SPM estimates for 2011 will be published in November 2012.
2 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011
U.S. Census Bureau
State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health

Insurance
The U.S. Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household
income, poverty, and health insurance coverage by state and other smaller
geographic units based on data collected in the American Community
Survey (ACS). Single-year estimates are available for geographic units with
populations of 65,000 or more. The ACS produces estimates of income
and poverty for counties and places with populations of 20,000 or more
by pooling 3 years of data. Five-year income and poverty estimates are
available for all geographic units, including census tracts and block
groups. (Since questions on health insurance coverage were added to the
ACS in 2008, five-year health insurance coverage estimates for the smallest geographic units will be available in 2013.)
The Census Bureaus Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE)and
Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) programs also produce
single-year estimates of health insurance, median household income,
and poverty for states and all counties, as well as population and poverty
estimates for school districts. These estimates are based on models using
data from a variety of sources, including current surveys, administrative records, intercensal population estimates, and personal income data
published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In general, SAIPE and SAHIE
estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later
because they incorporate ACS data in the models. Income and poverty estimates for 2010 are available at <www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/index
.html>. Estimates for 2011 will be available later this year.
The Census Bureaus Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) program produces model-based estimates of health insurance coverage rates
for states and counties. The SAHIE estimates for 2010 are available at
<www.census.gov/did/www/sahie/index.html>.
Disability in the Current Population Survey

In June 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began asking CPS respondents about their disability status in order to produce monthly employment statistics in accordance with Executive Order 13078.* Six questions
were added to the survey that asked whether there were any civilians aged
15 and older in the household who had difficulty: (1) hearing; (2) seeing;
(3) remembering, concentrating, or making decisions; (4) walking or climbing stairs; (5) dressing or bathing; and/or (6) doing errands alone, such as
shopping or going to a doctors visit. Respondents who reported having
any one of the six difficulty types were considered to have a disability. The
six questions and their combination as a collective disability measure are
consistent with definitions of disability used in the American Community
Survey (ACS), the American Housing Survey (AHS), and other national
household surveys.
*See <www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-03-18/pdf/98-7139.pdf> for details.
U.S. Census Bureau
Whites, Blacks, and Asians were not

statistically significant. For health
insurance, the rate and number of
uninsured decreased for non-Hispanic
Whites and for Blacks, while the
changes for Hispanics were not statistically significant. For Asians, the
uninsured rate decreased, while the
change in the number of uninsured
was not statistically significant. These
results are discussed in more detail
in the three main sections of this
reportincome, poverty, and health
insurance coverage. Each section
presents estimates by characteristics
such as race, Hispanic origin, nativity,
and region. Other topics covered are
earnings, family poverty rates, and
health insurance coverage of children.
The income and poverty estimates
shown in this report are based solely
on money income before taxes and
do not include the value of noncash
benefits, such as those provided by
the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program (SNAP), Medicare, Medicaid,
public housing, and employer-
provided fringe benefits.
Since the publication of the first official U.S. poverty estimates in 1964,
there has been a continuing debate
about the best approach to measuring income and poverty in the United
States.
Recognizing that alternative estimates
of income and poverty can provide
useful information to the public as well
as to the federal government, the U.S.
Office of Management and Budgets
(OMB) Chief Statistician formed the
Interagency Technical Working Group
on Developing a Supplemental Poverty
Measure. This group asked the Census
Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), to
develop a new measure that will
allow for an improved understanding of the economic well-being of
American families and how federal
policies affect those living in poverty.
In November 2011, the Census Bureau
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being

The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
provides monthly data about labor force participation,
income sources and amounts, and health insurance coverage of individuals, families, and households during the
time span covered by each of its panels. The data yield
insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences
and the economic mobility of U.S. residents.* For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame
to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a
lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented
in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g.,
2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific
findings from the 2004 and 2008 panels include:
During the 2-year period from 2009 to 2010,

approximately 28.0 percent of the population had at
least one spell of poverty lasting 2 or more months.
Chronic poverty over the 2-year period from 2009 to

2010 was relatively uncommon, with 4.8 percent of
the population living in poverty all 24 months.
In 2010, 25.6 percent of all people experienced at

least 1 month without health insurance coverage.
The proportion of households in the bottom quintile

in 2004 that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007
(30.9 percent) was not statistically different from
the proportion of households in the top quintile
in 2004 that moved to a lower quintile in 2007
(32.2 percent).
The U.S. Census Bureau is in the process of reengineering the SIPP. The redesigned survey is expected to
reduce respondent burden and attrition and deliver data
on a timely basis while addressing the same topic areas
of the earlier SIPP panels. For more information, see
<www.census.gov/sipp>.
Households with householders who had lower levels

of education were more likely to remain in or move
into a lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.
released the first set of estimates for

the Supplemental Poverty Measure.3
The text box Supplemental Poverty
Measure provides more information
about this initiative.
The CPS is the longest-running survey
conducted by the Census Bureau.
The CPS ASEC asks detailed questions categorizing income into over
50 sources. The key purpose of the
CPS ASEC is to provide timely and
detailed estimates of income, poverty,
and health insurance coverage and
to measure change in these nationallevel estimates. The CPS ASEC is the
official source of the national poverty
estimates calculated in accordance
with the OMBs Statistical Policy
Directive 14 (Appendix B).
The Census Bureau also reports
income, poverty, and health insurance coverage estimates based on
3
See <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas
/methodology/supplemental/research
/Short_ResearchSPM2010.pdf>.
More information based on these data is available in a

series of reports titled the Dynamics of Economic WellBeing, as well as in table packages and working papers.
*The 2004 SIPP panel collected data from February 2004 through
January 2008. The 2008 SIPP panel has collected data from May 2008 to
the present. Data are currently available to download. See the SIPP Web
site for details <www.census.gov/sipp>.
data from the American Community

Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the
2010 Census program and eliminates
the need for a long-form census
questionnaire. The ACS offers broad,
comprehensive information on social,
economic, and housing topics and
provides this information at many
levels of geography.
Since the CPS ASEC produces more
complete and thorough estimates
of income and poverty, the Census
Bureau recommends that people use
it as the data source for national
estimates. Estimates for income, poverty, health insurance coverage, and
other economic characteristics at the
state level can be found in American
FactFinder and in forthcoming briefs
based on the 2011 ACS data. For
more information on state and local
estimates, see the text box State and
Local Estimates of Income, Poverty,
and Health Insurance.
The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one
year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics of

the population, such as income and
earnings, but it does not show how
those characteristics change for the
same person, family, or household.
Longitudinal measures of income,
poverty, and health insurance coverage that are based on following the
same people over time are available from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates
derived from SIPP data answer questions such as:
What percentage of households
move up or down the income
distribution over time?
How many people remain in poverty over time?
How long do people without
health insurance tend to remain
uninsured?
The text box Dynamics of Economic
Well-Being provides more information
about the SIPP.
U.S. Census Bureau
INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES

Highlights
Median household income was

$50,054 in 2011, a 1.5 percent decline in real terms from
2010 (Figure 1 and Table 1).
This was the second consecutive annual decline in household
income.
In 2011, real median household
income was 8.1 percent lower
than in 2007, the year before the
most recent recession, and was
8.9 percent lower than the median
household income peak that
occurred in 1999 (Figure 1 and
Table A-1).4
4
The difference between the 2007 to 2011 and
1999 to 2011 percentage changes was not statistically significant. Business cycle peaks and troughs
used to delineate the beginning and end of recessions are determined by the National Bureau of
Economic Research, a private research organization. See Appendix A for more information.
Median family household income

declined by 1.7 percent in real
terms between 2010 and 2011
to $62,273. The change in the
median income of nonfamily
households was not statistically
significant (Table 1).
Real median income declined
for non-Hispanic-White households and Black households
between 2010 and 2011, while
the changes for Asian households
and Hispanic households were not
statistically significant (Table 1).
Real median household incomes
for each race and Hispanic-origin
group have not yet recovered to
their pre-2001 recession all-time
highs (Table A-1).
The real median incomes of households with a native-born householder and households maintained
by a foreign-born naturalized
citizen declined between 2010 and
2011. The change in the median
income of households maintained
by a noncitizen was not statistically significant (Table 1).5
The West experienced a decline
in real median household income
between 2010 and 2011, while
the changes for the remaining
regions were not statistically significant (Table 1).
5
Native-born households are those in which
the householder was born in the United States,
Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas of Guam,
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands
of the United States or was born in a foreign
country but had at least one parent who was a
U.S. citizen. All other households are considered
foreign born regardless of the householders date
of entry into the United States or citizenship
status. The CPS does not interview households
in Puerto Rico. Of all householders, 85.9 percent
were native born; 7.3 percent were foreignborn, naturalized citizens; and 6.8 percent were
noncitizens.
Figure 1.
Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2011
80,000
Recession
2011 dollars
70,000
$65,129
Asian
60,000
$55,412
50,000
$50,054
White, not Hispanic

All races
40,000
$38,624
Hispanic (any race)
$32,229
30,000
Black
20,000
10,000
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. Implementation of 2010 Census population controls
beginning in 2010. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011
(Income in 2011 dollars Households and people as of March of the following year For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,
nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Percentage change
2011
in real median income
20101
(2011 less 2010)
Median income
(dollars)
Characteristic
Median income
(dollars)
90 percent
90 percent
90 percent
Number
confidence
Number
confidence
confidence
(thousands) Estimate interval2 () (thousands) Estimate interval2 () Estimate interval2 ()
HOUSEHOLDS
All households
119,927
50,831
552
121,084
50,054
413
*15
10
Type of Household
Family households
Marriedcouple
Female householder, no husband present
Male householder, no wife present
Nonfamily households
Female householder
Male householder
79,539
58,656
15,235
5,648
40,388
21,420
18,968
63,331
74,782
32,978
51,384
30,511
26,165
36,605
451
739
615
1,557
597
641
814
80,506
58,949
15,669
5,888
40,578
21,383
19,195
62,273
74,130
33,637
49,567
30,221
25,492
35,482
448
945
813
2,144
420
517
797
*17
09
20
35
09
26
*31
08
13
26
50
19
27
27
White
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
96,306
83,314
15,265
5,212
14,435
53,340
56,178
33,137
66,286
38,818
430
757
846
2,673
988
96,964
83,573
15,583
5,374
14,939
52,214
55,412
32,229
65,129
38,624
370
539
837
2,577
900
*21
*14
*27
17
05
07
12
26
45
31
Age of Householder
Under 65 years
15 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and older
94,190
6,231
19,487
21,458
24,767
22,246
25,737
56,850
29,114
51,450
63,355
64,307
58,256
32,454
589
1,462
934
842
979
1,133
580
94,241
6,180
19,846
21,241
24,195
22,779
26,843
55,640
30,460
50,774
61,916
63,861
55,937
33,118
476
949
694
693
1,845
1,162
583
*21
46
13
*23
07
*40
20
10
51
18
15
28
21
22
Nativity of Householder
Native born
Foreign born
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
103,232
16,695
8,568
8,127
51,736
45,354
54,616
37,561
460
1,781
1,649
949
103,965
17,119
8,874
8,246
50,801
44,431
51,926
37,894
393
1,244
1,159
1,261
*18
20
*49
09
08
40
32
38
Households with householder aged 18 to 64

With disability
Without disability
93,997
8,951
84,632
56,916
26,300
60,378
572
1,176
743
94,050
8,793
84,787
55,683
25,420
59,411
477
1,128
734
*22
33
*16
10
51
13
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
21,721
26,772
44,912
26,522
54,667
49,762
46,875
54,630
1,739
913
891
1,307
21,774
26,865
45,604
26,840
53,864
48,722
46,899
52,376
1,467
1,138
737
987
15
21
01
*41
33
22
17
21
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical areas
Inside principal cities
Outside principal cities
Outside metropolitan statistical areas5
100,343
39,956
60,387
19,584
52,736
45,258
57,763
41,440
439
1,261
704
1,053
101,526
40,616
60,910
19,558
51,574
43,571
57,277
40,527
432
1,087
756
945
*22
*37
08
22
08
24
12
23
Race3 and Hispanic Origin of Householder
Disability Status of Householder4
See footnotes at end of table
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011Con .
(Income in 2011 dollars Households and people as of March of the following year For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,
nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Median income
(dollars)
Characteristic
Percentage change
in real median income
(2011 less 2010)
2011
20101
Median income
(dollars)
90 percent
90 percent
90 percent
Number
confidence
Number
confidence
confidence
(thousands) Estimate interval2 () (thousands) Estimate interval2 () Estimate interval2 ()
EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND
WORKERS
Men with earnings
Women with earnings
56,283
43,179
49,463
38,052
830
247
57,993
43,683
48,202
37,118
779
254
*25
*25
19
08
53,948
41,869
49,798
38,152
864
243
55,655
42,462
48,493
37,174
777
258
*26
*26
20
08
1,655
1,229
42,868
32,873
1,062
996
1,622
1,152
42,211
34,168
2,700
2,635
15
39
66
88
Disability Status
Workers without disability, age 15 and over4
Men with earnings
Women with earnings
Workers with disability, age 15 and over4
Men with earnings
Women with earnings
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level

1
Consistent with 2011 data through implementation of Census 2010-based population controls
2
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate's variability The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the
estimate Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past
For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/p60_243sapdf>
3
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible A group such as
Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also
reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept) This table shows data using the first approach (race alone) The use of the single-race population does not
imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more than one
race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder About
29 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010 Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those
reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table
4
The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces
5
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas
For more information, see About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <wwwcensusgov/population/metro>
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements
Income inequality between 2010

and 2011 increased as measured by changes in the shares
of aggregate household income
by quintiles, the Gini index, the
Theil index, and the Atkinson
measures. The Gini index showed
a 1.6 percent increase from
2010. This is the first time the
Gini index has shown an annual
increase since 1993, the earliest
year available for comparable
measures of income inequality
(Tables 2 and A-2).
The number of men working full
time, year round with earnings
increased by 1.7 million, and the
number of women in that category
increased by 0.5 million, between
2010 and 2011.
U.S. Census Bureau
Real median earnings of both

men and women who worked full
time, year round declined by 2.5
percent between 2010 and 2011.6
The 2011 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.77, not statistically different from the 2010 ratio
(Table 1 and Figure 2).
Household Income
Median household income was
$50,054 in 2011, 1.5 percent lower
in real terms than the 2010 median,
8.1 percent lower than the 2007 (the
year before the most recent recession)
median ($54,489), and 8.9 percent
lower than the median household
6
The difference between the declines in the
earnings of men and women was not statistically
significant.
income peak ($54,932) that occurred

in 1999 (Figure 1 and Table A-1).7
Type of Household
Real median income declined for
family households between 2010
and 2011, by 1.7 percent to $62,273
(Table 1). This was the fourth consecutive annual decline. The change
between 2010 and 2011 in the
median income of nonfamily households was not statistically significant. (Nonfamily household income
declined between 2009 and 2010,
increased between 2008 and 2009,
and declined as well between 2007
7
The difference between the 2007 to 2011
and 1999 to 2011 percentage changes was not
statistically significant. The difference between
the 1999 and 2007 median household incomes
was not statistically significant.
Table 2.
Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

2010 and 2011
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
20101
Money
income
Measure
Shares of Aggregate
Income by Percentile
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Middle quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Top 5 percent
Summary Measures
Gini index of income
inequality
Mean logarithmic deviation
of income
Theil
Atkinson:
e=0.25
e=0.50
e=0.75
2011
Equivalenceadjusted income3
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.14
0.30
0.38
3.4
9.2
15.0
23.1
49.2
21.0
0.470
0.0031
0.574
0.400
0.097
0.191
0.293
Money
income
Equivalenceadjusted income
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.29
0.36
3.2
8.4
14.3
23.0
51.1
22.3
0.456
0.0031
0.0108
0.0081
0.617
0.382
0.0016
0.0026
0.0035
0.093
0.185
0.290
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
3.3
8.5
14.6
23.4
50.3
21.3
Percentage change2
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.14
0.28
0.38
3.4
9.0
14.8
22.8
50.0
22.1
0.477
0.0029
0.0132
0.0080
0.585
0.422
0.0016
0.0026
0.0038
0.101
0.198
0.300
Money
income
Equivalenceadjusted income
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
Estimate
90
percent
confidence
interval4
()
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.14
0.30
0.38
1.2
1.0
* 1.9
* 1.8
*1.6
*4.9
1.79
1.06
0.84
0.77
0.73
2.28
0.1
* 1.6
* 1.9
* 1.6
*1.6
*5.3
2.04
1.03
0.77
0.74
0.71
2.28
0.463
0.0031
*1.6
0.80
*1.7
0.81
0.0110
0.0083
0.626
0.404
0.0120
0.0087
1.9
*5.5
2.40
2.64
1.5
*5.8
2.63
2.79
0.0016
0.0026
0.0035
0.097
0.191
0.297
0.0017
0.0027
0.0037
*4.4
*3.4
*2.5
2.11
1.71
1.50
*4.5
*3.4
*2.3
2.20
1.76
1.56
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

1
Consistent with 2011 data through implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.
2
Calculated estimate may be different due to rounded components.
3
May differ from published 2010 estimates due to a program correction.
4
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the
estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past.
For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_243sa.pdf>.
Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
and 2008.) Among the specific types

of family households, the changes
in income were not statistically
significant. However, for nonfamily
households, the median income of
those maintained by men declined by
3.1 percent.8
Race and Hispanic Origin
Real median income declined for
non-Hispanic-White households (by
1.4 percent) and Black households
(by 2.7 percent) between 2010 and
8
The difference between the percentage
declines for family households and nonfamily
households maintained by men was not statistically significant.
2011.9 The changes for Asian and

Hispanic-origin households were not
statistically significant (Table 1 and
Figure 1).
Real median household incomes for
each of these groups have not yet
recovered to their pre-2001 recession
median household income peaks.
Household income in 2011 was 7.0
percent lower for non-Hispanic Whites
(from $59,604 in 1999), 16.8 percent lower for Blacks (from $38,747
in 2000), 10.6 percent lower for
Asians (from $72,821 in 2000), and
9
declines for non-Hispanic-White and Black households was not statistically significant.
10.8 percent lower for Hispanics

(from $43,319 in 2000) (Table A-1).10
Among the race groups, Asian
households had the highest median
income in 2011 ($65,129). The
median income was $55,412 for
non-Hispanic-White households and
$32,229 for Black households. For
10
The differences between the declines for
Asian households and non-Hispanic-White and
Hispanic households were not statistically significant. For non-Hispanic-White households, the
$59,604 income peak in 1999 was not statistically different from their median of $59,586 in
2000. For Blacks, the $38,747 income peak in
2000 was not statistically different from their
median of $37,673 in 1999. For Hispanics, the
$43,319 income peak in 2000 was not statistically different from their median of $42,640 in
2001.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 2.
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers

15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2011
Earnings in thousands (2011 dollars), ratio in percent
Recession
90
80
77 percent
70
Female-to-male
earnings ratio
60
50
$48,202
Earnings of men
40
$37,118
30
Earnings of women
20
10
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. Implementation of 2010 Census
population controls beginning in 2010. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Hispanic households it was $38,624.

Comparing the 2011 income of nonHispanic-White households to that of
other households shows that the ratio
of Asian to non-Hispanic-White income
was 1.18, the ratio of Black to nonHispanic-White income was 0.58, and
the ratio of Hispanic to non-HispanicWhite income was 0.70. Between
1972 and 2011, the change in the
Black-to-non-Hispanic-White income
ratio was not statistically significant.11
Over the same period, the Hispanicto-non-Hispanic-White income ratio
declined from 0.74 to 0.70. Income
data for the Asian population was first
available in 1987. The 2011 Asianto-non-Hispanic-White income ratio
was not statistically different from the
1987 ratio.
11
The year 1972 was the first that income
data for the Hispanic and non-Hispanic-White
populations were collected in the CPS ASEC.
U.S. Census Bureau
Age of Householder
The real median income of households with householders under age 65
declined between 2010 and 2011 (2.1
percent), while the change in income
of households with householders aged
65 and older was not statistically significant. Declines in income were also
evident for households with householders aged 35 to 44 (a 2.3 percent
decline) and those aged 55 to 64 (a 4.0
percent decline).12 Changes in income
for the remaining age groups were not
statistically significant (Table 1).
Nativity
The real median income of nativeborn households declined 1.8 percent between 2010 and 2011the
12
The differences between the percentage
declines for households maintained by householders of the following age groups were not
statistically significant: those under age 65 compared with those aged 35 to 44, and those aged
35 to 44 compared with those aged 55 to 64.
fourth consecutive annual decline.

The annual changes in income of
foreign-born households over the past
3 years have not been statistically significant, however, these households
experienced a statistically significant
decline in income between 2007 and
2008. In 2011, the income of households maintained by a naturalized
citizen declined by 4.9 percent. The
change in the income of noncitizen
households was not statistically
significant.13 In 2011, households
maintained by a naturalized citizen
($51,926) or a native-born person
($50,801) had higher median incomes
than households maintained by a noncitizen ($37,894) (Table 1).14
13
declines for native-born households and households maintained by a naturalized citizen was
not statistically significant.
14
The difference between the median incomes
of households maintained by a naturalized citizen
and households maintained by a native-born
person was not statistically significant.
Disability Status of Householder

In 2011, 9.3 percent of householders aged 18 to 64 reported having a
disability (8.8 million) (Table 1). The
median income of these households
was $25,420 in 2011, compared
with a median income of $59,411 for
households with a householder who
did not report a disability. Between
2010 and 2011, real median income
declined for households maintained
by a householder without a disability
(a 1.6 percent decline). The change
for households maintained by a
householder with a disability was not
statistically significant.
Region15
Between 2010 and 2011, the real
median income of households in the
West declined by 4.1 percent (Table
1). The changes in the incomes of
households in the Northeast, Midwest,
and South were not statistically significant. This was the fourth consecutive
annual decline in real median income
for the West. The Northeast experienced 4 consecutive years of annual
changes that were not statistically
significant. Prior to 2011, the Midwest
experienced 3 consecutive years
of annual declines. For the South,
median household income declined
between 2009 and 2010 and between
2007 and 2008; the change between
2008 and 2009 was not statistically
significant.
In 2011, households with the highest median household incomes were
in the Northeast ($53,864) and West
The Northeast region includes Connecticut,

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
and Vermont. The Midwest region includes
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South
region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state
equivalent. The West region includes Alaska,
Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
15
($52,376), followed by the Midwest

($48,722) and South ($46,899).16
Residence
Between 2010 and 2011, households
residing inside metropolitan areas
experienced a 2.2 percent decline in
real median income (Table 1), while
the change in the income of households outside of metropolitan areas
was not statistically significant. For
households inside principal cities,
income declined by 3.7 percent, while
the change in income for households outside principal cities was not
statistically significant.17 In 2011,
households within metropolitan areas
but outside principal cities had the
highest median income ($57,277),
while households outside metropolitan areas had the lowest ($40,527).
Income Inequality
The Census Bureau traditionally
reports two measures of income
inequality: (1) the shares of aggregate
household income received by quintiles and (2) the Gini index. In addition
to these measures, the Census Bureau
also produces estimates of the ratio
of income percentiles; the Theil index,
which is similar to the Gini index in
that it is a single statistic that summarizes the dispersion of income across
the entire income distribution; the
mean logarithmic deviation of income
(MLD), which measures the gap
between median and average income;
and the Atkinson measure, which is
useful in determining which end of
the distribution contributed most to
inequality.18
Income inequality between 2010
and 2011 increased as measured by
changes in the shares of aggregate
16
The difference between the median household incomes for the Northeast and West was not
17
declines for households inside metropolitan
areas and households inside principal cities was
not statistically significant.
18
An article by Paul Allison, Measures of
Inequality, American Sociological Review, 43,
December 1977, pp. 865880, provides an
explanation of inequality measures.
household income by quintiles, the

Gini index, the Theil index, and the
Atkinson measures (Tables 2 and
A-2). The change in the MLD between
2010 and 2011 was not statistically
significant. By shares, aggregate
income declined for the middle and
fourth quintiles. The share of aggregate income increased 1.6 percent
for the highest quintile (from 50.3
percent to 51.1 percent) and within
the highest quintile, the share of
aggregate income for the top 5 percent increased 4.9 percent (from 21.3
percent to 22.3 percent). The changes
in the shares of aggregate income for
the first and second quintile were not
statistically significant. Households
in the lowest quintile had incomes of
$20,262 or less in 2011. Households
in the second quintile had incomes
between $20,263 and $38,520, those
in the third quintile had incomes
between $38,521 and $62,434,
and those in the fourth quintile
had incomes between $62,435 and
$101,582. Households in the highest
quintile had incomes of $101,583 or
more. The top 5 percent had incomes
of $186,000 or more.
The Gini index was 0.477 in 2011,
a 1.6 percent increase from 2010
(0.470).19 This is the first time the
Gini index has shown an annual
increase since 1993, the earliest year
available for comparable measures of
income inequality.20 Since 1993, the
Gini index is up 5.2 percent.21 (Table
A-2 lists historical money income
inequality measures.)
19
The calculated percent increase of the Gini
index may be different due to rounding.
20
Exercise caution when making direct comparisons with years earlier than 1993 because
of substantial methodological changes in the
1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census Bureau
introduced computer-assisted interviewing and
increased income reporting limits.
21
For further discussion of how high incomes
reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribution measures, see Semega, Jessica and Ed
Welniak, Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted
Income Values on Income Distribution Measures
Using the Current Population Surveys Annual
Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), April
2007, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income
/publications/unrestrict-tables/index.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Comparing changes in household

income at selected percentiles also
shows that income inequality has
increased (see Table A-2). Between
1999 (the year that household income
peaked before the 2001 recession)
and 2011, income at the 50th and
10th percentiles declined by 8.9
percent and 14.1 percent, respectively, while the decline in income at
the 90th percentile was 1.3 percent.
Between 2010 and 2011, the 90th- to
10th-percentile income ratio increased
from 11.70 to 11.97. Since 1999, the
90th- to 10th-percentile income ratio
increased 14.9 percent, from 10.42 to
11.97.
Equivalence-Adjusted Income
Inequality
Another way to measure income
inequality is to use an equivalenceadjusted income estimate, which
takes into consideration the number
of people living in the household and
how these people share resources and
take advantage of economies of scale.
For example, the money-incomebased distribution treats an income of
$30,000 for a single-person household and a family household similarly, while the equivalence-adjusted
income of $30,000 for a single-person
household would be more than twice
the equivalence-adjusted income of
$30,000 for a family household with
two adults and two children. The
equivalence adjustment used here is
based on a three-parameter scale that
reflects:22
1. On average, children consume
less than adults.
22
The three-parameter scale used here is the
same as the one used in the report The Effect
of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty
in the United States: 2005, Current Population
Reports, P60-232, U.S. Census Bureau, March
2007, <www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs
/p60-232.pdf>. The three-parameter scale was
applied to the incomes of families and unrelated individuals and assigned to each family
member or unrelated individual living within
the household. For details on the derivation of
the three-parameter scale, see Short, Kathleen,
Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, Current
Population Reports, P60-216, U.S. Census
Bureau, October 2001, <www.census.gov
/prod/2001pubs/p60-216.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
2. As family size increases,

expenses do not increase at the
same rate.
3. The increase in expenses is
larger for a first child of a singleparent family than for the first
child of a two-adult family.
Table 2 shows several income inequality measures, including aggregate
income shares and the Gini index,
using both money income and equivalence-adjusted income for 2010 and
2011. For both 2010 and 2011, the
Gini index was lower when based on
an equivalence-adjusted income estimate than on the traditional moneyincome estimate, suggesting a more
equal income distribution. Generally,
the shares of aggregate household
income received by quintiles show
higher shares of income in the lower
quintiles and lower shares in the
higher quintiles for equivalenceadjusted income when compared with
money income. This redistribution
would be expected because the lower
end of the income distribution has a
higher concentration of single-person
households and smaller family sizes
in relation to those at the upper end
of the distribution. Thus, equivalence adjusting increases the relative
income of people living in lowerincome groups.
Based on equivalence-adjusted
income, the Gini index increased
1.7 percent (from 0.456 to 0.463)
between 2010 and 2011, suggesting
(as the money income Gini index also
shows) an increase in income inequality.23 There was a redistribution of
aggregate income shares, specifically,
declines in the second, middle, and
fourth quintiles (1.6 percent, 1.9 percent, and 1.6 percent, respectively). 24
The aggregate share of income of the
23
The difference between the percent change
in the equivalence-adjusted Gini index and the
money income Gini index was not statistically
significant.
24
The differences between the percent
increases in the shares of aggregate income in
the second, middle, and fourth quintiles were not
statistically different from each other.
highest quintile increased by 1.6 percent.25 The aggregate share of the top
5 percent increased 5.3 percent (from
21.0 to 22.1). The change between
2010 and 2011 in the aggregate
shares for the lowest quintile was not
The mean logarithmic deviation
(MLD) was 0.626, showing no statistical difference between 2010 and
2011. The Theil index was 0.404
(a 5.8 percent increase); the Atkinson
measure, calculated with e=0.25
was 0.097 and with e=0.75 was
0.297 (a 4.5 percent and 2.3 percent
increase, respectively). Table A-3
shows equivalence-adjusted measures
of income distribution as well as the
Gini index, MLD, Theil index, and
Atkinson measure for income years
1967 to 2011. Since 1993, by shares,
equivalence-adjusted aggregate
income declined in the lowest, second, and third quintiles (12.1 percent,
7.7 percent, and 5.4 percent,
respectively).26 The share of equivalence adjusted aggregate income in
the highest quintile increased 4.9 percent. Between 1993 and 2011, the
Gini index was up 6.1 percent.27
Work Experience and Earnings
The real median earnings of men
and women who worked full time,
year round declined by 2.5 percent
between 2010 and 2011 (Table 1
and Figure 2).28 The median earnings of men declined from $49,463
to $48,202, and those of women
25
increases in the Gini index and the share of
aggregate income in the highest quintile were
not statistically different from each other.
26
declines in the second and third shares of aggregate income were not statistically different from
each other.
27
The change in the money income Gini index
between 1993 and 2011 (5.2 percent) was not
statistically different from the change in the
equivalence-adjusted Gini index during the same
period (6.2 percent). The percentage changes for
the Gini index and the highest quintile were not
statistically different from each other.
28
declines in earnings of men and women who
worked full time, year round was not statistically
significant.
Figure 3.
Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2011
90
Numbers in millions
Recession
81.4 million
80
73.1 million
70
60
58.0 million
Male workers
50
43.7 million
Male full-time,
40 year-round workers
Female workers
30
20
10
Female full-time,
year-round workers
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Note: Data on number of workers are not readily available before 1967. People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people
14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. Implementation of
2010 Census population controls beginning in 2010. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
declined from $38,052 to $37,118.

In 2011, the female-to-male earnings
ratio was 0.77, not statistically different from the 2010 ratio.
The number of men and women
working full time, year round with
earnings increased between 2010 and
2011 by 1.7 million and 0.5 million,
respectively (Figure 3 and Table A-4).29
However, the changes in the number
of working men and women with
earnings regardless of work experience were not statistically significant,
29
A full-time, year-round worker is a person
who worked 35 or more hours per week (full
time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous
calendar year (year round). For school personnel,
summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if
they are scheduled to return to their jobs in the
fall. For detailed information on work experience, see Table PINC-05, Work Experience in
2011People 15 Years Old and Over by Total
Money Earnings in 2011, Age, Race, Hispanic
Origin, and Sex at <www.census.gov/hhes
/www/cpstables/032012/perinc/toc.htm>.
suggesting a shift from part-time and/

or part-year work status to full-time,
year-round work status. An estimated
71.3 percent of working men with
earnings and 59.8 percent of working women with earnings worked full
time, year round in 2011.
The number of men working full time,
year round with earnings was 5.0
million less in 2011 than in 2007 (the
year before the most recent recession), and the number of women
working full time, year round with
earnings was 1.9 million less (Figure 3
and Table A-4). The real median earnings of women workers was 2.5 percent lower in 2011 than in 2007 (from
$38,076 to $37,118), the change in
the median earnings of men was not
In 2011, earnings of full-time, yearround workers aged 15 and older with
a disability were generally lower than

earnings of those without a disability
(Table 1). Men with a disability had
median earnings of $42,211 in 2011,
compared with $48,493 for men without a disability. Women with a disability had median earnings of $34,168,
compared with $37,174 for women
without a disability. Between 2010
and 2011, the changes in the median
earnings of men and women with a
disability were not statistically significant. For those without a disability,
earnings declined by 2.6 percent for
both men and women.30
30
declines in earnings of men and women without
a disability was not statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau
POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES31

Highlights

In 2011, the official poverty rate

was 15.0 percent. There were
46.2 million people in poverty
(Figure 4 and Table 3).
After 3 consecutive years of

increases, neither the official
poverty rate nor the number of
people in poverty were statistically different from the 2010 estimates (Figure 4 and Table 3).32
The 2011 poverty rates for most

demographic groups examined
were not statistically different
from their 2010 rates. Poverty
31
The Office of Management and Budget
determined the official definition of poverty
in Statistical Poverty Directive 14. Appendix B
provides a more detailed description of how the
Census Bureau calculates poverty.
32
The number of people in poverty rose for
4 consecutive years.
rates were lower in 2011 than in

2010 for six groups: Hispanics,
males, the foreign-born, noncitizens, people living in the South,
and people living inside metropolitan statistical areas but outside
principal cities. Poverty rates
went up between 2010 and 2011
for naturalized citizens.

For most groups, the number of

people in poverty either decreased
or did not show a statistically
significant change. The number of
people in poverty decreased for
noncitizens, people living in the
South, and people living inside
metropolitan statistical areas but
outside principal cities between
2010 and 2011. The number of
naturalized citizens in poverty
increased (Tables 3 and 4).
The poverty rate in 2011 for children under age 18 was 21.9 percent. The poverty rate for people
aged 18 to 64 was 13.7 percent,
while the rate for people aged 65
and older was 8.7 percent. None
of the rates for these age groups
were statistically different from
their 2010 estimates (Table 3 and
Figure 5).33

The poverty rate for non-Hispanic
Whites was 9.8 percent in 2011,
lower than the poverty rates for other
racial groups. Non-Hispanic Whites
accounted for 63.2 percent of the
total population but 41.5 percent
33
Since unrelated individuals under 15 are
excluded from the poverty universe, there are
371,000 fewer children in the poverty universe
than in the total civilian noninstitutional population.
Figure 4.
Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2011

50
Recession
Numbers in millions
46.2 million
45
Number in poverty
40
35
30
25
20
25
Percent
20
Poverty rate
15
15.0 percent
10
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 3.
People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality
protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
2011
20101
Below poverty
Characteristic
Change in poverty
(2011 less 2010)3
Below poverty
Total
Number
90
ercent
p
C.I.2 ()
Percent
90
ercent
p
C.I.2 ()
PEOPLE
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
306,130
46,343
842
15.1
0.3
308,456
46,247
761
15.0
0.2
96
0.1
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under 18. . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under 6 . . . . . . . . . . .
In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250,200
79,559
72,581
23,892
1,680
654
933
54,250
33,120
9,400
15,598
6,037
774
283
469
12,449
728
218
364
197
115
42
73
369
13.2
11.8
21.5
25.3
46.1
43.2
50.2
22.9
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.8
4.8
4.7
4.9
0.6
252,316
80,529
72,568
23,860
1,623
671
846
54,517
33,126
9,497
15,539
5,844
705
272
409
12,416
729
218
377
191
109
41
70
347
13.1
11.8
21.4
24.5
43.4
40.6
48.4
22.8
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.8
4.5
4.4
5.1
0.5
6
96
59
193
69
10
60
33
0.1
0.1
0.8
2.6
2.6
1.9
0.2
Race4 and Hispanic Origin

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239,982
194,783
39,283
15,611
50,971
31,083
19,251
10,746
1,899
13,522
675
550
410
175
427
13.0
9.9
27.4
12.2
26.5
0.3
0.3
1.0
1.1
0.8
241,334
194,960
39,609
16,086
52,279
30,849
19,171
10,929
1,973
13,244
646
548
404
194
433
12.8
9.8
27.6
12.3
25.3
0.3
0.3
1.0
1.2
0.8
234
80
183
74
278
0.2
0.2
0.1
* 1.2
Sex
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149,737
156,394
20,893
25,451
469
473
14.0
16.3
0.3
0.3
150,990
157,466
20,501
25,746
369
492
13.6
16.3
0.2
0.3
391
295
* 0.4
0.1
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,873
192,481
39,777
16,286
26,499
3,558
366
557
162
22.0
13.8
8.9
0.5
0.3
0.4
73,737
193,213
41,507
16,134
26,492
3,620
376
472
167
21.9
13.7
8.7
0.5
0.2
0.4
152
6
62
0.2
0.1
0.2
Nativity
Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
266,723
39,407
17,344
22,063
38,485
7,858
1,954
5,904
796
297
120
271
14.4
19.9
11.3
26.8
0.3
0.7
0.7
1.1
268,490
39,966
17,934
22,032
38,661
7,586
2,233
5,353
681
311
152
274
14.4
19.0
12.5
24.3
0.3
0.7
0.8
1.1
176
272
*279
* 551
* 1.0
*1.2
* 2.5
Region
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54,710
66,038
113,681
71,701
7,038
9,216
19,123
10,966
325
404
573
451
12.9
14.0
16.8
15.3
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
54,977
66,023
114,936
72,520
7,208
9,221
18,380
11,437
319
403
576
425
13.1
14.0
16.0
15.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
170
5
* 743
471
0.2
* 0.8
0.5
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . .
Inside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical areas5 . . . .
258,366
98,816
159,550
47,764
38,466
19,532
18,933
7,877
925
584
741
542
14.9
19.8
11.9
16.5
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.7
261,155
100,183
160,973
47,301
38,202
20,007
18,195
8,045
848
659
625
596
14.6
20.0
11.3
17.0
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.8
264
475
* 739
168
0.3
0.2
* 0.6
0.5
Work Experience
Total, 18 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Worked full-time, year-round . . . . . . . . .
Less than full-time, year-round. . . . . . . .
Did not work at least 1 week. . . . . . . . . . .
192,481
143,687
95,697
47,991
48,793
26,499
10,462
2,600
7,862
16,037
557
280
119
245
432
13.8
7.3
2.7
16.4
32.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.7
193,213
144,163
97,443
46,720
49,049
26,492
10,345
2,732
7,614
16,147
472
257
122
230
379
13.7
7.2
2.8
16.3
32.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.7
6
117
132
248
110
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Disability Status6
Total, 18 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
With a disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
With no disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
192,481
14,974
176,592
26,499
4,196
22,227
557
194
494
13.8
28.0
12.6
0.3
1.0
0.3
193,213
14,968
177,309
26,492
4,313
22,105
472
175
459
13.7
28.8
12.5
0.2
1.0
0.3
6
117
122
0.1
0.8
0.1
Number
90
percent
C.I.2 ()
Percent
90
ercent
p
C.I.2 ()
Number
Percent
Represents or rounds to zero.

1
2
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals
shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past. For more information see Standard Errors and Their Use
at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_243sa.pdf>.
3
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
4
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination
concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census
Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available
from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other
Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
5
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see
About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <www.census.gov/population/metro>.
6
The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 5.
Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2011

50
Recession
Percent
45
40
35
65 years and older
30
25
Under 18 years
21.9 percent
20
15
13.7 percent
8.7 percent
10
18 to 64 years
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965.
Figure 6.
Poverty Rates by Age by Gender: 2011

Percent
65 years
and older
Female
10.7
Male
6.2
18 to 64
years old
Under 18
years old
15.5
11.8
22.2
21.6
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
of the people in poverty. For non-

Hispanic Whites, neither the poverty
rate nor the number of people in
poverty experienced a statistically
significant change between 2010 and
2011.
For Blacks, the 2011 poverty rate was
27.6 percent, which represents 10.9
U.S. Census Bureau
million people in poverty. Neither

estimate was statistically different from
its 2010 estimate. For Asians, the 2011
poverty rate was 12.3 percent, which
represents 2.0 million people in poverty, not statistically different from the
2010 estimates. Among Hispanics, the
poverty rate declined from 26.5 percent
in 2010 to 25.3 percent in 2011. The

number of Hispanics in poverty in 2011
was 13.2 million, not statistically different from the 2010 estimate.
Sex
In 2011, 13.6 percent of males and
16.3 percent of females were in
poverty. Between 2010 and 2011, the
male poverty rate decreased from 14.0
percent to 13.6 percent. The female
poverty rate did not show a statistically significant change (Table 3).
Gender differences in poverty rates
were more pronounced for the
older age group. The poverty rate
for women aged 65 and older was
10.7 percent, while the poverty rate
for men aged 65 and older was 6.2
percent. The poverty rate for women
aged 18 to 64 was 15.5 percent, while
the poverty rate for men aged 18 to
64 was 11.8 percent. For children
under 18, the poverty rates for girls
(22.2 percent) and boys (21.6 percent)
were not statistically different from
each other (Figure 6).
Age
In 2011, 13.7 percent of people
aged 18 to 64 (26.5 million) were in
poverty compared with 8.7 percent of
people aged 65 and older (3.6 million)
and 21.9 percent of children under
18 (16.1 million). None of these age
groups experienced a statistically significant change in the number or rates
of people in poverty between 2010
and 2011 (Table 3 and Figure 5).
Related children are people under
age 18 related to the householder
by birth, marriage, or adoption who
are not themselves householders or
spouses of householders.34 The poverty rate and the number in poverty
for related children under age 18
were 21.4 percent and 15.5 million in
2011, not statistically different from
the 2010 estimates. For related children in families with a female householder, 47.6 percent were in poverty,
compared with 10.9 percent of related
children in married-couple families.35
percent and 38.7 million, not statistically different from the 2010 estimates. Among the foreign-born population, the poverty rate decreased
from 19.9 percent in 2010 to 19.0
percent in 2011. About 7.6 million
foreign-born people lived in poverty
in 2011, not statistically different
from the 2010 estimate (Table 3).
Within the foreign-born population,
44.9 percent were naturalized U.S.
citizens. For naturalized U.S. citizens,
the 2011 poverty rate rose from 11.3
percent in 2010 to 12.5 percent in
2011, and the number of naturalized
citizens in poverty increased from 2.0
million to 2.2 million. On the other
hand, the poverty rate for those who
were not U.S. citizens decreased from
26.8 percent in 2010 to 24.3 percent
in 2011, and the number of noncitizens in poverty fell from 5.9 million
to 5.4 million.
Region
The poverty rate and the number in

poverty for related children under age
6 were 24.5 percent and 5.8 million
in 2011, not statistically different
from the 2010 estimate. About 1 in 4
of these children were in poverty in
2011. More than half (57.2 percent) of
related children under age 6 in families with a female householder were
in poverty. This was more than four
and a half times the rate of their counterparts in married-couple families
(12.1 percent).
The South was the only region to

show changes in both the poverty rate
and the number in poverty between
2010 and 2011. The poverty rate fell
from 16.8 percent to 16.0 percent,
while the number in poverty fell from
19.1 million to 18.4 million. In 2011,
the poverty rates and the number
in poverty for the Northeast (13.1
percent and 7.2 million), the Midwest
(14.0 percent and 9.2 million), and the
West (15.8 percent and 11.4 million)
the 2010 estimates (Table 3).36
Nativity
Residence
The 2011 estimates of the poverty

rate and the number in poverty for
the native-born population were 14.4
Inside metropolitan statistical areas,

the poverty rate and the number of
people in poverty were 14.6 percent
and 38.2 million in 2011, not statistically different from 2010. Among
those living outside metropolitan
areas, the poverty rate and the number in poverty were 17.0 percent and
Official poverty estimates for children are

compiled in two waysestimates for all children
and estimates for related children. In 2011,
estimates for all children included an additional
1.2 million children. About 846,000 of these
1.2 million children are members of unrelated
subfamilies.
35
In the text of this report, families with a
female householder with no husband present will
be referred to as families with a female householder. Families with a male householder with no
wife present will be referred to as families with a
male householder.
34
36
The poverty rate in the South was not
statistically different from the poverty rate in the
West. The poverty rate in the Northeast was not
statistically different from the poverty rate in the
Midwest.
8.0 million in 2011, not statistically

different from 2010.
Between 2010 and 2011, for those
living inside metropolitan areas but
not in principal cities, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty
decreased from 11.9 percent and
18.9 million to 11.3 percent and 18.2
million. The 2011 poverty rate and
the number of people in poverty for
people in principal cities were 20.0
percent and 20.0 million, not statistically different from 2010.
Within metropolitan areas, people in
poverty were more likely to live in
principal cities in 2011. While 38.4
percent of all people living in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities,
52.4 percent of poor people in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities
(Table 3).
Work Experience
In 2011, 7.2 percent of workers aged
18 to 64 were in poverty. The poverty
rate for those who worked full time,
year round was 2.8 percent, while the
poverty rate for those working less
than full time, year round was 16.3
percent. None of these rates were
statistically different from the 2010
poverty rates (Table 3).
Among those who did not work at
least 1 week last year, the poverty rate
and the number in poverty were 32.9
percent and 16.1 million in 2011, not
estimates (Table 3). Those who did
not work in 2011 represented 61.0
percent of people aged 18 to 64 in
poverty, compared with 25.4 percent
of all people aged 18 to 64.
Disability Status
In 2011, for people aged 18 to 64
with a disability, the poverty rate and
number in poverty were 28.8 percent
and 4.3 million. For people aged 18
to 64 without a disability, the poverty rate and number in poverty were
12.5 percent and 22.1 million. None
of these estimates were statistically
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 4.
Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2010 and 2011

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. Families as of March of the following year. For
information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Characteristic
20101
Below poverty
90
90
percent
percent
Total Number C.I.2 () Percent C.I.2 ()
FAMILIES
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,559
Type of Family
Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,667
Female householder, no husband
present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,243
Male householder, no wife present. . . 5,649
2011
Change in poverty
(2011 less 2010)3
Below poverty
90
90
percent
percent
Total Number C.I.2 () Percent C.I.2 () Number Percent
9,400
218
11.8
0.3
80,529
9,497
218
11.8
0.3
96
3,681
152
6.3
0.3
58,963
3,652
148
6.2
0.2
29
0.1
4,827
892
152
68
31.7
15.8
0.9
1.1
15,678
5,888
4,894
950
164
70
31.2
16.1
0.9
1.0
67
58
0.4
0.3

1
2
estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the
past. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_243sa.pdf>.
3
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
different from the 2010 estimates.

Among people aged 18 to 64, those
with a disability represented 16.3 percent of people in poverty, compared
with 7.7 percent of all people in this
age group (Table 3).
Families
In 2011, the poverty rate and the
number of families in poverty were
11.8 percent and 9.5 million, both not
estimates (Table 4).
In 2011, 6.2 percent of marriedcouple families, 31.2 percent of families with a female householder, and
16.1 percent of families with a male
householder lived in poverty. Neither
the poverty rates nor the estimates
of the number of families in poverty
for these three family types showed
any statistically significant change
between 2010 and 2011.
Depth of Poverty
Categorizing a person as in poverty
or not in poverty is one way to
describe his or her economic situation. The income-to-poverty ratio and
the income deficit or surplus describe
additional aspects of economic
well-being. While the poverty rate
shows the proportion of people with
U.S. Census Bureau
income below the appropriate poverty threshold, the income-to-poverty

ratio gauges the depth of poverty and
shows how close a familys income is
to its poverty threshold. The incometo-poverty ratio is reported as a
percentage that compares a familys
or an unrelated persons income with
the appropriate poverty threshold.
For example, a family with an incometo-poverty ratio of 110 percent has
income that is 10 percent above its
poverty threshold.
The income deficit or surplus shows
how many dollars a familys or an
unrelated persons income is below
(or above) their poverty threshold.
For those with an income deficit, the
measure is an estimate of the dollar
amount necessary to raise a familys
or a persons income to their poverty
threshold.
Ratio of Income to Poverty
Table 5 presents the number and the
percentage of people within specified income-to-poverty ratiosthose
below 50 percent of poverty (Under
0.50), those below 125 percent of
poverty (Under 1.25), those below
150 percent of poverty (Under 1.50),
and those below 200 percent of poverty (Under 2.00).
In 2011, 20.4 million people had

income below one-half of their poverty threshold. They represented 6.6
percent of all people and 44.0 percent
of those in poverty. One in 5 people
(19.8 percent) had income below
125 percent of their threshold, 1 in
4 people (24.8 percent) had income
below 150 percent of their poverty
threshold, while approximately 1 in 3
(34.4 percent) had income below 200
percent of their threshold (Table 5).
Of the 20.4 million people with
income below one-half of their poverty threshold, 7.3 million were children under age 18, 12.2 million were
aged 18 to 64, and 940,000 were
aged 65 years and older. The percentage of people aged 65 and older with
income below 50 percent of their poverty threshold was 2.3 percent, less
than one-half the percentage of the
total population at this poverty level
(6.6 percent) (Table 5).
The demographic makeup of the population differs at varying degrees of
poverty. In 2011, children represented
23.9 percent of the overall population; 35.6 percent of the people with
income below 50 percent of their
poverty threshold; 27.7 percent of
the people with income between
Table 5.
People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected
Characteristics: 2011
(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection,
sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Income-to-poverty ratio1
Under 0.50
Characteristic
90
percent
C.I.2
Total Number
()
Under 1.25
90
90
percent
percent
PerC.I.2
C.I.2
()
cent
() Number
Under 1.50
90
percent
PerC.I.2
cent
() Number
90
percent
C.I.2
()
Under 2.00
90
percent
PerC.I.2
cent
()
90
percent
C.I.2
()
Number
90
percent
PerC.I.2
cent
()
All people. . . . . . . . . . . . 308,456
20,356
576
6.6
0.2
60,949
854
19.8
0.3
76,636
908
24.8
0.3
106,011
1,096
34.4
0.4
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,737
18 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,213
65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 41,507
7,252
12,164
940
293
348
86
9.8
6.3
2.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
20,611
34,312
6,025
414
537
229
28.0
17.8
14.5
0.6
0.3
0.5
25,039
42,872
8,725
422
572
265
34.0
22.2
21.0
0.6
0.3
0.6
32,678
59,369
13,965
457
715
321
44.3
30.7
33.6
0.6
0.4
0.8
Sex
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,990
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,466
8,948
11,408
293
360
5.9
7.2
0.2
0.2
27,150
33,798
433
526
18.0
21.5
0.3
0.3
34,443
42,193
465
559
22.8
26.8
0.3
0.4
48,587
57,424
590
604
32.2
36.5
0.4
0.4

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,334
White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . 194,960
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,609
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,086
13,311
8,523
5,055
880
428
364
331
130
5.5
4.4
12.8
5.5
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
41,626
26,209
13,448
2,618
727
631
417
217
17.2
13.4
34.0
16.3
0.3
0.3
1.1
1.3
53,355
34,149
16,006
3,271
785
715
434
232
22.1
17.5
40.4
20.3
0.3
0.4
1.1
1.4
75,669
50,180
20,307
4,686
949
835
440
250
31.4
25.7
51.3
29.1
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.5
52,279
5,466
279
10.5
0.5
17,415
504
33.3
1.0
21,677
467
41.5
0.9
28,740
475
55.0
0.9
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252,316
Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,529
Related children under 18. . . 72,568
Related children under 6. . . . . 23,860
In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . .
1,623
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . 54,517
13,763
4,092
6,845
2,822
442
6,151
520
159
286
137
87
233
5.5
5.1
9.4
11.8
27.2
11.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
4.2
0.4
43,865
12,500
19,950
7,393
786
16,297
803
239
416
205
117
390
17.4
15.5
27.5
31.0
48.4
29.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
4.6
0.5
55,965
16,069
24,298
8,820
916
19,755
873
258
424
210
125
442
22.2
20.0
33.5
37.0
56.4
36.2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
4.5
0.6
79,133
23,194
31,803
11,318
1,147
25,730
1,038
318
451
224
130
506
31.4
28.8
43.8
47.4
70.7
47.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.9
4.0
0.6
Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . .
The estimates for people with income below 100 percent of their poverty thresholds (under 1.00) can be found in Table 3.
2
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals
shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past. For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use
at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_243sa.pdf>.
3
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination
concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census
Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available
from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
1
100 percent and 200 percent of their

poverty threshold; and 20.3 percent
of the people with income above 200
percent of their poverty threshold.
By comparison, people aged 65 and
older represented 13.5 percent of the
overall population; 4.6 percent of the
people with income below 50 percent of their poverty threshold; 17.3
percent of the people with income
between 100 percent and 200 percent
of their poverty threshold; and 13.6
of the people with income above 200
percent of their poverty threshold
(Figure 7).
Income Deficit
The income deficit for families in
poverty (the difference in dollars
between a familys income and its
poverty threshold) averaged $9,576

in 2011, which was not statistically
different from the inflation-adjusted
2010 estimate. The average income
deficit was larger for families with a
female householder ($10,317) than
for married-couple families ($8,887)
(Table 6).
smaller average family size as well as

their lower average family income.
The average income deficit per capita

for families with a female householder ($3,069) was higher than for
married-couple families ($2,334). The
income deficit per capita is computed
by dividing the average deficit by the
average number of people in that type
of family. Since families with a female
householder were smaller on average than married-couple families, the
larger per capita deficit for femalehouseholder families reflects their
Shared Households37
For unrelated individuals in poverty, the average income deficit was

$6,401 in 2011. The $6,169 deficit
for women was lower than the $6,697
deficit for men.
While poverty estimates are based on

income in the previous calendar year,
estimates of shared households reflect
household composition at the time of
the survey, which is conducted during
the months of February, March, and
37
Shared households are defined as households that include at least one additional adult,
a person aged 18 years or older who is not
enrolled in school and is not the householder,
spouse, or cohabiting partner of the householder.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 7.
Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees

of Poverty: 2011
(In percent)
Total
23.9
62.6
13.5
Population with
income-to-poverty ratios
200% and above
Between 100% and 199%
20.3
66.1
27.7
Between 50% and 99%
34.3
Below 50%
35.6
Children under
18 years old
13.6
17.3
55.0
55.3
59.8
People 18 to 64
years old
10.4
4.6
People 65 years
and older
April of each year. The number and

percentage of shared households and
additional adults was higher in 2012
than in 2007, prior to the recession.
In 2007, there were 19.7 million
shared households, representing 17.0
percent of all households; by 2012,
there were 22.3 million shared households, representing 18.4 percent of
all households. The number of adults
in shared households grew from 61.7
million (27.7 percent) in 2007 to 69.5
million (29.6 percent) in 2012.
There was no change in household
sharing between 2011 and 2012.
Although the total number of households increased by 1.2 million (2.5
percent), the changes in the number
and percentage of total households
that were shared were not statistically
significant.
In 2012, an estimated 9.7 million
adults aged 25 to 34 (23.6 percent)
were additional adults in someone
elses household. Between 2011 and
2012, the changes in the number and
percentage of additional adults in this
age group residing in someone elses
household were not statistically significant. The number and percent of
young adults in the same age group
U.S. Census Bureau
residing with their parents did not

change between 2011 and 2012.
It is difficult to assess the precise
impact of household sharing on overall
poverty rates. In 2012, adults aged
25 to 34 living with their parents had
an official poverty rate of 9.0 percent
(when the entire familys income was
compared with the threshold which
includes the young adult as a member
of the family). However, if poverty
status were determined using only the
additional adults own income, 43.7
percent of those aged 25 to 34 would
have been below the poverty level for a
single person under age 65 ($11,702).
Alternative/Experimental
Poverty Measures
The poverty estimates in this report
compare the official poverty thresholds to money income before taxes,
not including the value of noncash
benefits. The money income measure does not completely capture
the economic well-being of individuals and families, and there are many
questions about the adequacy of the
official poverty thresholds. Families
and individuals also derive economic
well-being from noncash benefits,
such as food and housing subsidies,

and their disposable income is determined by both taxes paid and tax
credits received. The official poverty
thresholds developed more than 40
years ago do not take into account rising standards of living or such things
as childcare expenses, other workrelated expenses, variations in medical costs across population groups,
or geographic differences in the cost
of living. Poverty estimates using the
Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)
address many of these concerns. SPM
estimates for 2010 were published in
November 2011 (www.census.gov
/hhes/povmeas/methodology
/supplemental/research/Short_
ResearchSPM2010.pdf). SPM estimates
for 2011 will be released in November
2012. For more details, see the text
box Supplemental Poverty Measure
on page 2.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)Based Measures
The Census Bureau currently computes alternative poverty measures
based on the 1995 recommendations of the National Academy of
Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family
Assistance. The NAS-based measures,
which use both alternative poverty
thresholds and an expanded income
definition, provide a consistent
time series available from 1999
to the present (www.census.gov
/prod/2001pubs/p60-216.pdf).38 The
Census Bureau will release estimates
for these alternative measures for
2011 in November 2012. Estimates
for 2010 for the NAS-based measures
can be found at <www.census.gov
/hhes/www/povmeas/tables.html>.
Research Files
The Census Bureau makes available
microdata research files which provide
the variables used to construct SPM
estimates and NAS-based alternative
measures at <www.census.gov/hhes
/povmeas/data/public-use.html>. An
38
However, many of the elements of these
measures are no longer being updated.
Table 6.
Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2011
(Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals [C.I.] in dollars. For information on
confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Deficit or
Average deficit
surplus per
or surplus
capita (dollars)
(dollars)
90
90
perpercent
$1,000 $2,500 $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 $12,500
cent
to $15,000
Estito
to
to
to
to
Under
C.I.1
Esti- C.I.1
mate
()
mate
()
Total $1,000 $2,499 $4,999 $7,499 $9,999 $12,499 $14,999 or more
Size of deficit or surplus
Characteristic
Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit

All families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,497
Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,652
Families with a female householder,
no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,894
Families with a male householder,
no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
950
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,416
659
298
925
402
1,497
622
1,215
486
1,040
402
957
346
914
377
2,289
718
9,576
8,887
175
309
2,745
2,334
55
80
270
417
692
614
538
539
467
1,355 10,317
218
3,069
74
91
1,095
106
2,137
183
2,508
114
1,363
99
1,212
72
4,101
69
493
109
2,887
6,401
173
109
71,033
55,311
543
263
1,061
493
1,769
966
1,975
1,163
2,002
1,151
2,037
1,173
2,025
1,280
763 23,240
923 25,624
272
308
10,783
216
439
604
624
632
654
533
7,081 37,611 1,293 12,814
475
4,938
42,101
64
1,439
129
2,073
198
3,081
189
2,829
219
2,700
210
2,268
213
2,377
3,716 48,806 2,645 17,250

25,335 32,440
757 32,440
994
757
216
8,409
6,401
Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus

All families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a female householder,
no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a male householder,
no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59,620 71,714
48,824 80,408

1
estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past.
For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_243sa.pdf>.
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
expanded version of the CPS ASEC

public use file includes estimates of
the value of taxes and noncash benefits <http://thedataweb.rm.census
.gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html>. Microdata files
are currently available for 2010. Data
for 2011 will be released later this
year.
CPS Table Creator
CPS Table Creator is a Web-based tool
designed to help researchers explore
alternative income and poverty measures. The tool is available from a link
on the Census Bureaus poverty Web
site <www.census.gov/cps/data
/cpstablecreator.html>. Table Creator
allows researchers to produce poverty and income estimates using their
own combinations of threshold and
resource definitions and to see the
incremental impact of the addition
or subtraction of a single resource

element. For example:

In 2011, the number of people

aged 65 and older in poverty
would be higher by almost 14.5
million if social security payments were excluded from money
income, quintupling the number
of elderly people in poverty.
If unemployment insurance benefits were excluded from money

income, 2.3 million more people
would be counted as in poverty in
2011.
Taking account of the value of the

federal earned income tax credit
would reduce the number of
children classified as in poverty in
2010 by 3.0 million.39
At this time, Table Creator can calculate

these estimates for 2010. Data for 2011 from the
2012 CPS ASEC will be added to the Table Creator
later this year, when the enhanced CPS ASEC file
with estimates of noncash benefits, tax credits,
and tax liabilities is released to the public.
39
Researchers can also estimate poverty rates using alternative poverty

thresholds. Many other countries use
relative poverty measures with thresholds that are based on a percentage of
median or mean income.40 The Table
Creator allows researchers to estimate
poverty rates using a relative poverty
threshold calculated as any percentage of mean or median equivalenceadjusted income. For example, using
poverty thresholds based on 50
percent of median income rather than
the official poverty thresholds would
increase the overall poverty rate from
15.1 percent to 22.6 percent in 2010.
40
For example, the Organization of Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) uses a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median income.
The European Union defines poverty as an income
below 60 percent of the national median equalized disposable income after social transfers.
U.S. Census Bureau
HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IN THE UNITED STATES

Highlights
In 2011, the percentage of

people without health insurance
decreased to 15.7 percent from
16.3 percent in 2010. The number
of uninsured people decreased
to 48.6 million, down from 50.0
million in 2010 (Table 7 and
Figure 8).41
Both the percentage and number
of people with health insurance
increased in 2011, to 84.3 percent
and 260.2 million, up from 83.7
percent and 256.6 million in 2010
(Table C-1).
41
For a brief description of how the Census
Bureau collects and reports on health insurance
data, see the text box What Is Health Insurance
Coverage? For a discussion of the quality of
ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see
Appendix C.
The percentage of people covered

by private health insurance in
2011 was not statistically different from 2010, at 63.9 percent.
This is the first time in the last
10 years that the rate of private insurance coverage has not
decreased. The number of people
covered by private health insurance in 2011 was not statistically
different from 2010, at 197.3 million (Tables 8 and C-1).
was not statistically different from

2010, at 55.1 percent and 170.1
million (Tables 8 and C-1).
The percentage and number of

people covered by government
health insurance increased to 32.2
from 31.2 percent and 95.5 million in 2010 (Tables 8 and C-1).

people covered by Medicaid in
2011 increased to 16.5 percent
and 50.8 million, up from 15.8
(Tables 8 and C-1). The percentage
and number of people covered
by Medicare increased in 2011
to 15.2 percent and 46.9 million,
from 14.6 percent and 44.9 million in 2010 (Tables 8 and C-1).42
In 2011, 9.4 percent of children

under age 18 (7.0 million) were

people covered by employmentbased health insurance in 2011
42
The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2011, 16.5 percent and 50.8
million, were higher than the percentage and
number of people covered by Medicare in 2011,
15.2 percent and 46.9 million.
What Is Health Insurance Coverage?

The Current Population Survey Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) asks about health
insurance coverage in the previous calendar year.
Specifically, the survey asks separate questions about
the major types of health insurance. People who answer
no to each of the coverage questions are then asked
to verify that they were, in fact, not covered by any type
of health insurance. For reporting purposes, the Census
Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as
private coverage or government coverage. Private health
insurance is a plan provided through an employer or a
union or purchased by an individual from a private company. Government health insurance includes such federal programs as Medicare, Medicaid, and military health
care; the Childrens Health Insurance Program (CHIP);
and individual state health plans.* People were considered insured if they were covered by any type of health
insurance for part or all of the previous calendar year.
They were considered uninsured if, for the entire year,
they were not covered by any type of health insurance.
Research shows health insurance coverage is under
reported in the CPS ASEC for a variety of reasons. Annual
retrospective questions appear to cause few problems
when collecting income data (possibly because the interview period is close to when people pay their taxes).
However, because health insurance coverage status can
U.S. Census Bureau
change over the course of a year, answering questions

about this long reference period may lead to response
errors. For example, some people may report their
insurance coverage status at the time of their interview
rather than their coverage status during the previous
calendar year. Compared with other national surveys,
the CPS ASECs estimate of the number of people without
health insurance more closely approximates the number
of people who were uninsured at a specific point in time
during the year than the number of people uninsured for
the entire year. There are several ongoing projects aimed
at improving the quality of health coverage data from
the CPS ASEC, including cognitive research and field
testing to improve the wording of the CPS ASEC health
coverage questions.
For more information on the quality of CPS ASEC health
insurance estimates, see Appendix C, Estimates of
Health Insurance Coverage. For a comparison between
health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see Changes to the Imputation Routine
for Health Insurance in the CPS ASEC: Description and
Evaluation at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins
/data/revhlth/SHADAC.pdf>.
* Types of insurance are not mutually exclusive; people may be covered by more than one during the year.
Table 7.
People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011
(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [CI] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate People as of March of the following year
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
2011
20101
Uninsured
Characteristic
Total
90
percent
Total Number CI2 () Percent
306,553 49,951
749
163
Change in
uninsured3
Uninsured
90
90
90
percent
percent
percent
CI2 ()
Total Number CI2 () Percent CI2 () Number
02 308,827 48,613
626
157
02 *1,337
Percent
*06
Family Status
In families
Householder
Related children under 18
In unrelated subfamilies
Unrelated individuals
250,200
79,559
72,581
23,892
1,680
54,673
37,732
12,031
6,950
2,109
441
11,777
708
241
278
123
68
312
151
151
96
88
262
215
03 252,316
03 80,529
04 72,568
05 23,860
32
1,623
05 54,888
36,749
11,870
6,647
1,969
462
11,402
582
215
271
122
71
321
146
147
92
83
285
208
02
03
04
05
34
05
*984
162
303
140
21
375
*05
*04
04
06
22
*08

White
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
240,281
194,996
39,350
15,619
51,074
36,688
22,542
8,202
2,881
15,667
598
482
271
203
384
153
116
208
184
307
02 241,586
02 195,148
07 39,696
13 16,094
08 52,358
35,991
21,681
7,722
2,696
15,776
595
460
242
194
369
149
111
195
168
301
02
02
06
12
07
697
*861
*480
185
110
*04
*05
*14
*17
05
Age
Under 65 years
Under 18 years
Under 19 years5
19 to 25 years5
26 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and older
266,776
74,296
78,791
29,547
36,527
40,153
81,759
39,777
49,159
7,270
7,935
8,811
10,231
8,806
13,376
791
740
285
294
245
250
236
305
83
184
98
101
298
280
219
164
20
03 267,320
04 74,108
04 78,384
08 29,909
07 37,174
06 39,927
04 81,926
02 41,507
47,923
6,964
7,634
8,272
10,237
8,399
13,382
690
620
278
284
230
249
212
304
66
179
94
97
277
275
210
163
17
02 *1,236
04
306
04
301
07
*540
07
6
05
*407
04
6
02
101
*05
04
03
*22
05
*09
*03
Nativity
Native born
Foreign born
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
267,121
39,432
17,348
22,084
36,583
13,367
3,461
9,907
660
395
170
354
137
339
200
449
02 268,851
08 39,976
09 17,934
12 22,042
35,436
13,177
3,431
9,746
533
392
162
354
132
330
191
442
02 *1,147
08
190
08
30
12
160
*05
*09
08
06
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
54,774
66,140
113,819
71,821
6,811
8,577
21,728
12,834
311
331
527
357
124
130
191
179
06 55,035
05 66,115
05 115,068
05 72,610
6,061
8,425
21,059
13,067
251
305
450
335
110
127
183
180
05
05
04
05
*750
152
*668
233
*14
02
*08
01
258,691
98,938
159,752
42,201
19,173
23,028
800
543
719
163
194
144
03 261,455
05 100,302
04 161,153
41,299
19,045
22,255
730
585
669
158
190
138
02
05
03
902
129
773
*05
04
*06
47,863
7,749
509
162
06
7,314
497
154
06
*435
08
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical
areas
Outside metropolitan statistical
areas6
47,372
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 7.
People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011Con .
2011
20101
Uninsured
Characteristic
90
percent
Change in
uninsured3
Uninsured
90
percent
CI2 ()
90
90
percent
percent
Total Number CI2 () Percent CI2 () Number
Percent
Work Experience
Total, 18 to 64 years old
All workers
Worked full-time, year-round
Less than full-time, year-round
Did not work at least one week
192,481
143,687
95,697
47,991
48,793
41,889
28,010
14,342
13,667
13,879
604
461
335
303
343
218
195
150
285
284
03 193,213
03 144,163
03 97,443
05 46,720
06 49,049
40,959
27,863
14,926
12,937
13,096
501
442
314
303
286
212
193
153
277
267
03
03
03
06
05
*930
146
*584
*730
*784
*06
02
03
*08
*17
Disability Status7
With a disability
With no disability
192,481
14,974
176,592
41,889
2,567
39,322
604
144
582
218
171
223
03 193,213
09 14,968
03 177,309
40,959
2,484
38,473
501
131
480
212
166
217
03
08
03
*930
83
*849
*06
05
*06
Represents or rounds to zero

1
Consistent with 2011 data through implementation of Census 2010-based population controls
2
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding
3
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the
estimate Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past
For more information see Standard Errors and Their Use at <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/p60_243sapdf>
4
reporting two or more races are not shown separately
5
These age groups are of special interest because of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 Children under the age of 19 are eligible for Medicaid/CHIP and individuals aged 19
to 25 may be a dependent on a parents health plan
6
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas For
more information, see About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <wwwcensusgov/population/metro>
7
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements
without health insurance, not statistically different from the 2010

estimate (Table 7). The uninsured
rate for children in poverty, 13.8
percent, was higher than the
uninsured rate for all children, 9.4
percent (Figure 10).
The rate and number of uninsured
for non-Hispanic Whites decreased
in 2011 to 11.1 percent and
21.7 million, from 11.6 percent
and 22.5 million in 2010. The
uninsured rate and the number
of uninsured for Blacks also
decreased in 2011 to 19.5 percent
and 7.7 million, from 20.8 percent
and 8.2 million in 2010 (Table 7).
uninsured Hispanics in 2011 were
not statistically different from
2010, at 30.1 percent and 15.8
million (Table 7).
U.S. Census Bureau
Type of Coverage
In 2011, the rate and number of those
with private health insurance coverage were not statistically different
from 2010, at 63.9 percent and 197.3
million (Tables 8 and C-1). Both the
rate and number of people covered by
employment-based coverage in 2011,
55.1 percent and 170.1 million, were
not statistically different from 2010.
The rate (9.8 percent) and the number
of people covered by direct-purchase
insurance (30.2 million) in 2011 were
The percentage of people covered
by government health programs
increased to 32.2 percent in 2011
from 31.2 percent in 2010 (Tables 8
and C-1). The number of people covered by government health programs
also increased, to 99.5 million in 2011
from 95.5 million in 2010 (Table C-1).
The percentage and number of people

with Medicaid coverage increased in
2011 to 16.5 percent and 50.8 million
from 15.8 percent and 48.5 million
in 2010. In 2011, the percentage and
number of people with Medicare coverage also increased, to 15.2 percent
and 46.9 million from 14.6 percent
and 44.9 million.43
In 2011, the percentage of people
with only employment-based coverage throughout the year decreased
to 45.1 percent from 45.7 percent
in 2010 (Table 8). The percentage of
those covered only by direct-purchase
insurance in 2011, 3.6 percent,
2010. The rate for those covered
43
The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2011, 16.5 percent and 50.8
million, were higher than the percentage and
number of people covered by Medicare in 2011,
15.2 percent and 46.9 million.
Figure 8.
Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2011

60
Numbers in millions
Recession
50
48.6 million
40
Number uninsured
30
20
10
0
20
Rates in percent
16
15.7 percent
Uninsured rate
12
8
4
0
1987
1990
1993
19961
19992,3
2002
2005
2008
20104 2011
The data for 1996 through 1999 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and
2005 estimates.
2
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also
reflect the results of follow-up verification questions, which were asked of people who responded no to all questions about specific types of
health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of
people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys.
3
The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process.
4
Implementation of 2010 Census population controls.
Note: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS.
The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
only by government health programs

from 19.7 percent in 2010. The rate
for those covered only by Medicare
increased in 2011, to 4.9 percent, up
from 4.7 percent in 2010. The percent
of people covered only by Medicaid
from 11.1 percent in 2010.
down from 18.4 percent in 2010,

while the number of uninsured for
Asians in 2011, 2.7 million, was not
statistically different from 2010.44
Among Hispanics, the uninsured rate
and the number of uninsured in 2011,
30.1 percent and 15.8 million, were
Age

In 2011, the uninsured rate (11.1
percent) and the number of uninsured
for non-Hispanic Whites (21.7 million) decreased from 2010 estimates
(Tables 7 and C-2). Similarly, the
uninsured rate (19.5 percent) and the
number of uninsured for Blacks (7.7
million) decreased from 2010 estimates. The uninsured rate for Asians
decreased in 2011 to 16.8 percent,
The percentage of people under age

65 who were uninsured in 2011
decreased to 17.9 percent from 18.4
percent in 2010 (Tables 7 and C-3).
The percentage of children in 2011
without health insurance, 9.4 percent,
the percentage uninsured in 2010.
44
Due to the small sample size, the changes
in uninsured rates for Asians are better interpreted when viewed over a longer time period.
Among those aged 19 to 25, the uninsured rate decreased in 2011 to 27.7
percent from 29.8 percent in 2010.
The uninsured rate for those aged 65
and older decreased to 1.7 percent
in 2011 from 2.0 percent in 2010.
Among those aged 26 to 34, the
uninsured rate in 2011 (27.5 percent)
rate in 2010. For those aged 35 to 44,
the rate decreased in 2011 to 21.0
percent from 21.9 percent. For those
aged 45 to 64, the rate (16.3 percent)
rate in 2010.
Nativity
The rate (13.2 percent) and number of
uninsured in 2011 (35.4 million) for
the native-born population decreased
from the 2010 estimates (Table 7).
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 8.
Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2010 and 2011

(People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling
error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Coverage type
20101
2011
Any private plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Any private plan alone3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.0
52.5
63.9
*52.0
Employment-based2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-based alone3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55.3
45.7
55.1
*45.1
Direct-purchase2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Direct-purchase alone3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.9
3.7
9.8
3.6
Any government plan2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Any government plan alone3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.2
19.7
*32.2
*20.4
Medicare2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medicare alone3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.6
4.7
*15.2
*4.9
Medicaid2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medicaid alone3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.8
11.1
*16.5
*11.5
Military health care2,4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Military health care alone3,4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
1.3
*4.4
1.3
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3
*15.7
* Change between the 2010 and 2011 estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent
confidence level.
1
Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.
2
The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type
of health insurance during the year.
3
The estimates by type of coverage are mutually exclusive; people did not have any other type of health
insurance during the year.
4
Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department
of Veteran Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 and 2012 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements.
The rate (33.0 percent) of uninsured

in 2011 for the foreign-born population decreased, while the number of
uninsured was not statistically different from the 2010 estimate. Among
the foreign-born population, the rate
and number of uninsured in 2011
for naturalized citizens, 19.1 percent
and 3.4 million, were not statistically
different from 2010 estimates. Both
the rate (44.2 percent) and number of
uninsured (9.7 million) for noncitizens
in 2011 were not statistically different
from 2010 estimates. The proportion of the foreign-born population
without health insurance in 2011 was
about two and one-half times that of
the native-born population in 2011.
U.S. Census Bureau
Economic Status
The uninsured rate was higher among
people with lower incomes and lower
among people with higher incomes
(Figure 9). In 2011, 25.4 percent of
people in households with annual
income less than $25,000 had no
health insurance coverage. In 2011,
the uninsured rates decreased as
household income increased21.5
percent of people in households with
income ranging from $25,000 to
$49,999 were uninsured; 15.4 percent
of people in households with income
ranging from $50,000 to $74,999
were uninsured; and 7.8 percent of
people in households with income of
$75,000 or more were uninsured.
Among the four household income

groups, the uninsured rate in 2011
decreased for people in households
with real income less than $25,000
to 25.4 percent from 27.1 percent in
2010. In 2011, the uninsured rate was
not statistically different from 2010
for households with real income ranging from $25,000 to $49,999, income
ranging from $50,000 to $74,999,
and income of $75,000 or more.
Between 1999 and 2011, the uninsured rate for people in households
with real income less than $25,000
increased by 1.2 percentage points
to 25.4 percent, while the uninsured
rate for people in households with
real income ranging from $25,000 to
$49,999 increased by 1.6 percentage
points to 21.5 percent. From 1999 to
2011, the uninsured rate for people in
households with real income ranging
from $50,000 to $74,999 increased
by 3.0 percentage points to 15.4 percent, and the uninsured rate for people in households with real income
of $75,000 or more increased by 1.0
percentage point to 7.8 percent.
Work Experience
For people aged 18 to 64 who
worked at some time during the year,
19.3 percent and 27.9 million were
uninsured in 2011, which were not
estimates (Table 7). In 2011, fulltime, year-round workers were more
likely to be covered by health insurance (84.7 percent) than those who
worked less than full time, year round
(72.3 percent) or nonworkers (73.3
percent).45 Among full-time, yearround workers, the percent uninsured
in 2011 was not statistically different
45
A full-time, year-round worker is a person
who worked 35 or more hours per week (fulltime) and 50 or more weeks during the previous
calendar year (year-round). For school personnel,
summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if
they are scheduled to return to their job in the
fall.
Figure 9.
Uninsured Rate by Real Household Income: 1999 to 2011

Rates in percent
Recession
30
25.4 percent
25
Less than $25,000
20
21.5 percent
$25,000 to $49,999
15.4 percent
15
$50,000 to $74,999
10
7.8 percent
$75,000 and over
5
0
19991,2
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
20103
2011
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates
also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions, which were asked of people who responded no to all questions about specific types
of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of
people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys.
The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process.
Implementation of 2010 Census population controls.
Notes: Income in 2011 dollars. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS.
The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
from the 2010 estimates. The number

of uninsured among full-time, yearround workers increased in 2011 to
14.9 million. Among less-than-fulltime, year-round workers, the percent
and number of uninsured decreased
in 2011 to 27.7 percent and 12.9
million, from 28.5 percent and 13.7
million in 2010. For nonworkers,
the uninsured rate and number of
uninsured decreased in 2011 to 26.7
percent and 13.1 million, from 28.4
percent and 13.9 million in 2010.46
Disability Status
Among those aged 18 to 64 with a
disability, both the rate and number
of uninsured in 2011 were not statistically different from 2010 estimates, at
16.6 percent and 2.5 million (Table 7).
46
The number of uninsured less-than-fulltime, full-year workers (12.9 million) was not statistically different from the number of uninsured
nonworkers (13.1 million) in 2011.
For those aged 18 to 64 without a

disability, the rate and number of
uninsured decreased in 2011 to 21.7
percent and 38.5 million.
Childrens Health Insurance
Coverage
In 2011, the rate (9.4 percent) and
number (7.0 million) of children without health insurance were not statistically different from 2010 estimates
(Table 7). Uninsured rates for children
varied by poverty status, age, race,
and Hispanic origin. Figure 10 shows
that children aged 12 to 17 had a
higher uninsured rate (10.6 percent)
than those under age 6 (8.5 percent) and those aged 6 to 11 (9.1
percent).47 Children in poverty were
47
The uninsured rate for children under the
age of 6 (8.5 percent) was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for children aged 6
to 11 (9.1 percent).
more likely to be uninsured (13.8 percent) than all children (9.4 percent).
In 2011, the uninsured rates were
6.8 percent for non-Hispanic White
children, 10.2 percent for Black children, 9.1 percent for Asian children,
and 15.1 percent for Hispanic children.48 With the exception of Hispanic
children, the 2011 uninsured rates
the respective rates in 2010. The
uninsured rate for Hispanic children
decreased in 2011.
Region
The Northeast had the lowest uninsured rate in 2011, at 11.0 percent.
The uninsured rate for the Midwest
48
In 2011, the uninsured rate for Black children was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for Asian children and White children.
In 2011, the uninsured rate for Asian children
was not statistically different from the uninsured
rate for White children.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 10.
Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income,

Age, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: 2011
(In percent)
COMMENTS
9.4
All children
The Census Bureau welcomes the

comments and advice of data and
report users. If you have suggestions
or comments on the income and poverty data, please write to:
13.8
Children in poverty
Household Income
13.6
Less than $25,000
13.0
$25,000 to $49,999
10.2
$50,000 to $74,999
4.7
$75,000 or more
Charles T. Nelson
Assistant Division Chief, Economic
Characteristics
Social, Economic, and Housing
Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Washington, D.C. 20233-8500
Age
8.5
Under 6 years
9.1
6 to 11 years
10.6
12 to 17 years
6.8
White, not Hispanic
10.2
Black
or send e-mail to
<charles.t.nelson@census.gov>
9.1
Asian
15.1
Hispanic (any race)
If you have suggestions or comments

on the health insurance coverage
data, please write to:
Nativity
Native-born citizen
8.8
Naturalized citizen
12.5
29.2
Noncitizen
1
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This figure
shows data using the race-alone concept. For example, Asian refers to people who reported
Asian and no other race.
was 12.7 percent; for the West, 18.0

percent; and for the South, 18.3
percent (Table 7).49 Between 2010 and
2011, the uninsured rate decreased
for the Northeast and the South, while
there was no statistical difference for
the remaining two regions. Between
2010 and 2011, the number of
uninsured decreased in the Northeast
and the South to 6.1 million and 21.1
million, respectively; there was no
statistical difference in the number of
uninsured for the other two regions.
49
The 2011 uninsured rate for the West, 18.0
percent, was not statistically different from the
2011 uninsured rate for the South, 18.3 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau
ent from 2010, at 15.4 percent;51 the

number of uninsured living outside
of metropolitan statistical areas
decreased in 2011 to 7.3 million,
down from 7.7 million in 2010.
Residence
The uninsured rate in 2011 for people
living inside metropolitan statistical
areas decreased to 15.8 percent from
16.3 percent in 2010 (Table 7). In
2011, the uninsured rate was higher
among people living in principal cities
(19.0 percent) than among people living inside metropolitan areas but outside principal cities (13.8 percent).50
In 2011, the uninsured rate for people
living outside of metropolitan statistical areas was not statistically differ50
The 2011 uninsured rate for people living
in principal cities (19.0 percent) was not statistically different from the 2010 uninsured rate. In
2011, the uninsured rate for people living inside
metropolitan areas but outside principal cities
decreased to 13.8 percent from 14.4 percent in
2010.
Jennifer Cheeseman Day

Assistant Division Chief, Employment
Characteristics
Social, Economic, and Housing
Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Washington, D.C. 20233-8500
or send e-mail to
<jennifer.cheeseman.day@census
.gov>
51
The 2010 uninsured rate for people living
in metropolitan statistical areas (16.3 percent)
was not statistically different from the 2010
uninsured rate for people living outside metropolitan statistical areas (16.2 percent). The 2011
uninsured rate for people living inside metropolitan statistical areas (15.8 percent) was not statistically different from the 2011 uninsured rate
for people living outside metropolitan statistical
areas (15.4 percent).
Additional Data and Contacts

Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases, and
briefings are available electronically on the Census
Bureaus Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Web
sites. The Web sites may be accessed through the
Census Bureaus home page at <www.census.gov> or
directly at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/> for
income data, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/>
for poverty data, and <www.census.gov/hhes/www
/hlthins/> for health insurance data.
The CPS Table Creator <www.census.gov/cps/data
/cpstablecreator.html> gives you the ability to create
customized tables from the CPS ASEC.
Microdata are available for download by clicking on

Data Tools on the Census Bureaus home page and then
clicking the DataFerrett link. Technical methods have
been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the
identities of individuals from whom data were collected.
For assistance with income, poverty, or health insurance
data or questions about them, contact the U.S. Census
Bureau Customer Services Center at 1-800-923-8282
(toll free) or search your topic of interest using the
Census Bureaus Question and Answer Center found at
<ask.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX A.
ESTIMATES OF INCOME
How Income Is Measured
For each person 15 years and older
in the sample, the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks
questions on the amount of money
income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following
sources:
1. Earnings
2. Unemployment compensation
3. Workers compensation
4. Social security
5. Supplemental security income
6. Public assistance
7. Veterans payments
8. Survivor benefits
9. Disability benefits
Recessions
Peak month
Year
Trough month
Year
November
1948
October
1949
July
1953
May
1954
August
1957
April
1958
April
1960
February
1961
December
1969
November
1970
November
1973
March
1975
January
1980
July
1980
July
1981
November
1982
July
1990
March
1991
March
2001
November
2001
December
2007
June
2009
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research

Cambridge, MA 02138
<www.nber.org>
10. Pension or retirement income

11. Interest
12. Dividends
13. Rents, royalties, and estates and
trusts
14. Educational assistance
15. Alimony
16. Child support
17. Financial assistance from outside
of the household
18. Other income
It should be noted that although the
income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the
demographic characteristics, such as
age, labor force status, and household
composition, are as of the survey
date. The income of the household
does not include amounts received
by people who were members during all or part of the previous year if
these people no longer resided in the
household at the time of the interview. The Current Population Survey
(CPS) collects income data for people
U.S. Census Bureau
who are current residents but did not

reside in the household during the
previous year.
Data on income collected in the ASEC
by the U.S. Census Bureau cover
money income received (exclusive
of certain money receipts such as
capital gains) before payments for
personal income taxes, social security,
union dues, Medicare deductions,
etc. Therefore, money income does
not reflect the fact that some families
receive noncash benefits, such as
food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and goods produced
and consumed on the farm. In addition, money income does not reflect
the fact that noncash benefits are also
received by some nonfarm residents,
which often take the form of the use
of business transportation and facilities, full or partial payments by business for retirement programs, medical
and educational expenses, etc. Data
users should consider these elements when comparing income levels.
Moreover, readers should be aware

that for many different reasons there
is a tendency in household surveys
for respondents to underreport their
income. Based on an analysis of independently derived income estimates,
the Census Bureau determined that
respondents report income earned
from wages or salaries more accurately than other sources of income,
and that the reported wage and salary
income is nearly equal to independent
estimates of aggregate income.
Recessions
Business cycle peaks and troughs
used to delineate the beginning and
end of recessions, as shown in the
text box above, are determined by
the National Bureau of Economic
Research, a private research organization. The data points in the time
series charts in this report use July as
a reference.
Cost-of-Living Adjustment
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series

(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2011
Year
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
CPI-U-RS1 index
(December 1977
= 100)
37.5
40.5
40.0
40.5
43.7
44.5
44.8
45.2
45.0
45.7
47.2
48.5
48.9
49.7
50.2
50.7
51.4
52.1
52.9
54.4
56.1
58.3
60.9
63.9
66.7
68.7
73.0
80.3
86.9
91.9
97.7
104.4
114.4
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
CPI-U-RS1 index
(December 1977
= 100)
127.1
139.2
147.6
153.9
160.2
165.7
168.7
174.4
180.8
188.6
198.0
205.1
210.3
215.5
220.1
225.4
231.4
236.4
239.7
244.7
252.9
260.0
264.2
270.1
277.4
286.7
296.1
304.5
316.2
315.0
320.2
330.3
1
The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index Research Series
(CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2011. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by
applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U.
Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years data and
2011 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2011 by the annual average for the earlier
year(s).
For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm>.
In order to accurately assess changes

in income and earnings over time,
an adjustment for changes in the
cost of living is required. The Census
Bureau uses the research series of
the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS),
provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1977 through 2011,
to adjust for changes in the cost of
living. The indexes used to make the
constant dollar conversions are shown
in the text box Annual Average
Consumer Price Index Research Series
(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All
Items: 1947 to 2011.
Poverty Threshold Adjustment
The Office of Management and
Budgets (OMB) Statistical Policy
Directive 14 directs the Census
Bureau to use the CPI-U to update
the poverty thresholds each year for
changes in the cost of living. These
thresholds are compared to current
year (unadjusted for inflation) money
income. If alternatively, the CPI-U-RS
index were used to inflation-adjust
money income in previous years and
this income were compared to the
current year thresholds, poverty rates
would be higher in earlier years. This
is because the CPI-U-RS results in a
smaller cost of living adjustment over
time than the CPI-U used to adjust the
thresholds. For example, the official poverty rate for 1978 was 11.4
percent. Using the CPI-U-RS to adjust
1978 income to 2011 dollars and the
2011 thresholds, the poverty rate for
1978 would be 12.8 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
ALL RACES
121,084
2011
119,927
20101
2
2009
117,538
2008
117,181
2007
116,783
2006
116,011
2005
114,384
3
2004
113,343
2003
112,000
2002
111,278
2001
109,297
4
2000
108,209
5
1999
106,434
1998
103,874
1997
102,528
1996
101,018
6
1995
99,627
7
1994
98,990
8
1993
97,107
9
1992
96,426
1991
95,669
1990
94,312
1989
93,347
1988
92,830
10
1987
91,124
1986
89,479
11
1985
88,458
12
1984
86,789
1983
85,407
1982
83,918
1981
83,527
1980
82,368
13
1979
80,776
1978
77,330
1977
76,030
14
1976
74,142
15
1975
72,867
15,16
1974
71,163
1973
69,859
17
1972
68,251
18
1971
66,676
1970
64,778
1969
63,401
1968
62,214
19
1967
60,813
Race and Hispanic

origin of householder
and year
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
135
134
124
124
119
119
123
124
124
119
115
111
112
118
124
129
129
135
140
140
137
131
130
137
139
142
146
145
148
152
149
144
141
138
143
145
147
141
141
148
156
153
152
155
170
Under
$15,000
115
118
113
111
110
107
110
111
112
108
109
106
109
110
112
116
118
124
122
121
118
112
112
111
113
112
117
123
126
125
125
121
116
120
125
122
128
121
120
115
119
112
111
115
117
$15,000
to $24,999
109
106
110
108
104
107
106
105
100
106
104
102
102
102
109
106
104
108
108
109
108
108
104
109
106
110
112
113
119
117
120
118
117
116
116
116
119
115
105
112
115
115
113
122
118
$25,000
to $34,999
139
137
138
137
136
136
136
139
141
138
139
141
140
142
141
146
150
149
152
148
155
149
150
147
150
150
156
158
158
162
159
158
153
153
157
161
168
174
167
167
178
180
185
191
204
$35,000
to $49,999
176
176
180
177
175
181
182
179
177
180
181
183
182
184
186
187
192
182
184
191
194
203
199
201
197
202
203
202
203
207
209
215
216
219
222
226
221
221
226
230
231
235
238
239
228
$50,000
to $74,999
Percentage distribution
115
115
119
123
125
119
121
124
123
129
128
130
127
130
128
127
124
126
125
127
124
128
130
128
129
128
121
123
120
116
120
125
130
130
124
124
120
122
126
122
113
114
115
104
93
119
125
125
127
134
133
129
128
132
132
132
132
136
129
122
117
115
110
109
107
109
111
115
111
111
105
102
95
88
87
88
88
91
89
82
78
72
79
84
78
67
67
65
56
51
49
47
49
49
51
52
48
50
49
48
48
52
47
44
42
40
36
37
35
32
33
33
35
34
32
31
26
25
24
21
19
20
22
22
18
17
17
16
18
18
13
14
13
11
11
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
42
42
43
42
45
46
45
41
43
42
44
43
45
39
36
31
30
29
27
23
22
25
26
23
21
20
17
16
14
13
12
12
13
13
12
10
09
11
14
11
09
09
09
07
09
$200,000
and over
50,054
50,831
52,195
52,546
54,489
53,768
53,371
52,788
52,973
53,019
53,646
54,841
54,932
53,582
51,704
50,661
49,935
48,418
47,884
48,117
48,516
49,950
50,624
49,737
49,358
48,746
47,079
46,215
44,823
45,139
45,260
46,024
47,527
47,659
45,884
45,595
44,851
46,057
47,563
46,622
44,707
45,146
45,499
43,868
42,056
Value
251
335
223
143
152
231
179
233
230
174
164
172
256
317
239
256
289
221
224
228
234
255
278
243
233
253
255
210
204
204
237
236
225
193
172
169
182
177
181
178
173
165
168
159
153
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
69,677
69,518
71,278
71,475
73,337
74,259
72,977
71,997
72,232
72,326
73,947
74,621
73,885
71,455
69,430
67,263
65,852
64,729
63,497
61,003
61,071
62,395
63,958
62,145
61,382
60,223
57,939
56,625
54,516
54,399
54,070
54,737
56,457
56,094
54,430
53,632
52,373
53,860
55,006
54,262
51,417
51,695
51,763
49,630
47,037
Value
368
371
255
253
256
287
275
271
264
271
295
294
383
386
388
377
360
348
343
256
251
264
278
278
252
245
229
208
204
201
197
200
214
215
166
165
163
169
167
168
163
165
163
159
153
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
(Income in 2011 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars Households as of March of the following year Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights For information on confidentiality protection,
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2011
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE20
2011
96,964
20101
96,306
2
2009
95,489
2008
95,297
2007
95,112
2006
94,705
2005
93,588
3
2004
92,880
2003
91,962
2002
91,645
21
WHITE
2001
90,682
20004
90,030
5
1999
88,893
1998
87,212
1997
86,106
1996
85,059
6
1995
84,511
7
1994
83,737
8
1993
82,387
9
1992
81,795
1991
81,675
1990
80,968
1989
80,163
1988
79,734
10
1987
78,519
1986
77,284
11
1985
76,576
12
1984
75,328
1983
74,376
1982
73,182
1981
72,845
1980
71,872
13
1979
70,766
1978
68,028
1977
66,934
14
1976
65,353
15
1975
64,392
15, 16
1974
62,984
1973
61,965
17
1972
60,618
18
1971
59,463
1970
57,575
1969
56,248
1968
55,394
19
1967
54,188
Race and Hispanic

and year
116
115
107
108
103
103
107
108
108
104
100
99
96
102
108
111
112
117
120
119
117
112
111
117
119
124
129
127
128
134
130
127
124
123
128
129
132
126
127
133
142
140
138
142
155
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Under
$15,000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
106
102
106
106
109
113
114
118
117
117
114
108
108
105
108
107
111
117
120
118
119
115
110
115
118
116
122
115
113
108
112
106
103
107
109
111
115
110
109
107
104
106
107
108
104
$15,000
to $24,999
101
99
101
100
106
105
103
108
107
108
107
106
103
107
105
108
110
111
117
116
118
116
114
114
114
114
117
111
101
109
112
111
108
118
114
108
104
106
105
102
104
104
103
99
103
$25,000
to $34,999
138
141
140
142
141
146
151
150
153
150
156
151
151
149
151
150
157
160
162
164
161
160
155
154
158
162
169
175
167
168
180
182
186
195
209
141
138
139
136
135
136
136
137
140
135
$35,000
to $49,999
184
184
185
189
189
192
196
187
191
197
200
208
205
208
205
209
210
210
211
214
217
223
224
226
230
234
228
230
234
239
240
245
249
250
238
180
180
184
181
179
185
185
183
180
184
$50,000
to $74,999
132
135
132
136
133
132
130
132
132
135
130
134
136
134
136
134
127
130
126
122
127
131
137
136
132
131
126
128
134
129
119
120
123
110
99
120
121
123
129
130
124
128
128
127
135
139
138
143
136
129
124
122
116
115
114
116
118
122
118
119
112
108
101
94
94
95
94
97
94
88
83
77
84
90
84
72
71
69
59
55
125
132
133
134
141
140
136
136
139
140
51
54
49
47
45
43
39
40
37
34
35
35
37
36
34
33
28
27
26
23
20
21
24
24
20
19
18
18
19
19
14
15
14
11
11
53
50
52
52
54
54
51
53
52
50
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
48
47
48
43
39
34
32
32
29
26
24
27
28
25
23
22
19
18
16
15
13
13
15
14
13
11
10
12
15
12
10
10
10
08
09
45
45
45
46
49
50
48
45
46
45
$200,000
and over
56,554
57,356
57,131
56,376
54,452
53,044
52,411
51,065
50,518
50,588
50,840
52,099
53,251
52,579
52,003
51,248
49,651
48,755
47,006
47,256
47,820
48,555
49,831
49,545
48,250
47,762
46,903
48,167
49,848
48,910
46,762
47,023
47,484
45,675
43,857
52,214
53,340
54,380
54,645
56,531
56,526
55,938
55,556
55,801
56,366
Value
266
253
289
282
345
274
274
287
294
245
246
239
259
311
261
249
265
245
212
215
221
249
237
218
203
198
171
181
190
188
178
181
174
170
159
225
261
161
159
167
164
244
218
219
229
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
76,874
77,389
76,570
74,696
72,518
69,934
68,476
67,582
66,344
63,757
63,649
64,912
66,622
64,796
64,005
62,732
60,317
58,961
56,778
56,641
56,336
56,946
58,683
58,173
56,557
55,695
54,308
55,855
57,133
56,372
53,279
53,504
53,683
51,415
48,756
72,812
72,633
73,970
74,366
76,290
77,089
75,993
74,906
75,314
75,219
Value
330
332
433
440
442
414
397
393
383
284
277
290
308
305
277
268
253
229
221
222
214
218
234
234
183
180
179
181
181
183
173
176
179
170
165
422
418
285
286
291
321
315
308
302
306
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2011Con .
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE,
NOT HISPANIC20
2011
83,573
20101
83,314
2
2009
83,158
2008
82,884
2007
82,765
2006
82,675
2005
82,003
3
2004
81,628
2003
81,148
2002
81,166
WHITE, NOT
21
HISPANIC
2001
80,818
20004
80,527
5
1999
79,819
1998
78,577
1997
77,936
1996
77,240
6
1995
76,932
7
1994
77,004
8
1993
75,697
9
1992
75,107
1991
75,625
1990
75,035
1989
74,495
1988
74,067
10
1987
73,120
1986
72,067
11
1985
71,540
12
1984
70,586
1983
69,648
1982
69,214
1981
68,996
1980
68,106
13
1979
67,203
1978
64,836
1977
63,721
14
1976
62,365
15
1975
61,533
15, 16
1974
60,164
1973
59,236
17
1972
58,005
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2011
16,165
20101
15,909
2
2009
15,212
2008
15,056
2007
14,976
2006
14,709
2005
14,399
3
2004
14,151
2003
13,969
2002
13,778
Race and Hispanic

and year
97
96
91
95
100
103
103
110
113
113
111
107
105
111
113
119
123
121
123
130
127
124
122
120
125
126
129
125
126
132
254
250
224
223
222
222
228
231
223
216
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
109
107
100
101
98
97
101
103
103
100
Under
$15,000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
149
147
146
135
139
141
150
138
145
141
101
97
101
101
105
107
108
114
113
113
111
104
105
102
104
103
107
114
118
115
117
112
108
113
116
114
120
112
111
105
105
110
105
104
102
98
100
103
103
99
$15,000
to $24,999
121
125
138
133
123
128
122
123
121
127
98
96
97
96
102
101
100
106
104
106
105
104
101
105
103
106
108
109
116
115
117
114
112
112
111
113
115
110
99
106
103
99
101
100
97
100
100
99
95
98
$25,000
to $34,999
135
143
142
154
146
146
142
156
150
158
135
137
136
138
139
145
149
149
151
148
155
150
150
147
150
150
156
160
161
164
160
159
154
153
157
161
168
174
166
166
137
134
137
131
131
132
132
133
135
131
$35,000
to $49,999
153
149
155
160
158
162
164
154
160
153
184
183
185
191
191
194
200
189
194
199
202
210
206
211
208
211
213
212
214
216
218
226
225
227
232
236
230
231
234
241
182
181
185
183
178
184
184
182
181
184
$50,000
to $74,999
80
82
91
85
93
85
83
95
89
92
135
138
136
140
138
137
134
136
136
139
134
137
139
138
139
138
130
132
129
124
129
134
139
139
135
133
129
131
137
131
124
125
127
134
133
128
132
132
131
138
69
69
68
75
81
76
74
70
78
74
146
145
150
143
136
130
128
121
120
119
121
122
126
122
123
115
112
104
97
97
97
97
99
96
90
86
79
87
92
86
133
141
140
142
149
147
143
143
146
147
21
20
21
23
23
23
24
21
21
23
54
58
52
50
48
46
42
42
39
36
37
37
39
37
35
35
29
28
27
24
21
22
25
25
20
20
19
19
20
20
57
53
56
56
59
58
55
57
56
54
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
16
14
14
13
14
17
13
13
13
17
52
50
52
46
42
36
35
34
31
27
25
28
29
26
24
23
20
19
17
15
13
13
15
15
14
12
10
12
16
13
50
50
49
50
53
54
52
48
50
48
$200,000
and over
32,366
33,170
34,341
35,877
36,979
35,843
35,661
36,001
36,306
36,477
58,825
59,586
59,604
58,480
56,695
55,365
54,480
52,713
52,377
52,286
52,054
53,290
54,396
54,028
53,433
52,413
50,767
49,768
48,214
48,048
48,510
49,415
50,532
50,478
49,207
48,736
47,257
48,578
50,287
49,608
55,412
56,178
57,106
58,006
59,573
58,478
58,507
58,237
58,426
58,634
Value
553
485
438
459
504
265
340
330
456
480
244
239
377
336
296
380
284
279
307
324
256
249
266
318
297
270
259
276
243
242
247
108
280
266
277
284
251
239
235
236
328
460
293
235
268
210
198
267
282
230
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
47,506
46,934
48,528
48,761
50,799
50,748
49,225
48,532
49,302
50,425
79,328
79,743
79,080
77,088
74,841
72,049
70,710
69,303
68,092
65,377
65,015
66,350
67,957
66,118
65,257
63,977
61,491
59,986
58,269
57,474
57,046
57,695
59,362
58,859
57,257
56,410
54,973
56,484
57,771
57,026
76,063
75,646
76,797
77,406
79,383
80,032
79,036
77,703
78,126
77,656
Value
773
647
541
510
555
622
536
516
522
588
360
358
468
471
(NA)
(NA)
423
411
406
302
290
300
333
311
303
294
279
268
249
246
237
260
260
253
270
252
266
247
244
255
478
475
314
317
320
354
349
338
331
330
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
BLACK ALONE22
2011
15,583
15,265
20101
2
14,730
2009
2008
14,595
2007
14,551
2006
14,354
2005
14,002
3
13,809
2004
2003
13,629
2002
13,465
BLACK21
2001
13,315
13,174
20004
5
12,838
1999
1998
12,579
1997
12,474
1996
12,109
6
11,577
1995
7
11,655
1994
8
11,281
1993
9
11,269
1992
1991
11,083
1990
10,671
1989
10,486
1988
10,561
10
10,192
1987
1986
9,922
9,797
198511
12
9,480
1984
1983
9,236
1982
8,916
1981
8,961
1980
8,847
13
8,586
1979
1978
8,066
1977
7,977
7,776
197614
15
7,489
1975
15, 16
7,263
1974
1973
7,040
6,809
197217
18
6,578
1971
1970
6,180
1969
6,053
1968
5,870
19
5,728
1967
Race and Hispanic

and year
256
252
225
225
223
224
229
232
224
217
210
197
211
234
234
249
249
263
283
292
293
277
274
289
293
291
284
292
302
301
302
286
275
273
266
272
279
267
259
278
285
275
269
278
309
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Under
$15,000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
137
138
137
147
141
148
155
161
158
157
146
147
146
153
152
148
160
173
168
176
175
173
168
164
189
176
182
174
180
175
179
169
181
193
190
150
146
146
135
139
141
150
139
145
141
$15,000
to $24,999
126
129
121
125
133
121
118
117
122
119
115
122
118
120
120
125
131
128
137
126
135
138
140
135
140
135
132
150
134
141
145
155
156
159
155
122
124
138
133
124
129
123
123
120
127
$25,000
to $34,999
151
148
145
146
145
148
150
142
148
141
145
139
145
140
152
146
145
147
141
147
141
142
143
148
147
154
164
164
166
158
163
161
173
162
159
135
144
143
154
146
145
143
156
151
158
$35,000
to $49,999
166
177
164
155
167
155
166
146
139
149
159
161
158
144
141
151
149
137
141
152
145
148
155
157
155
164
151
149
164
152
147
151
146
138
127
153
151
155
159
159
161
163
153
159
152
$50,000
to $74,999
99
94
93
89
93
95
80
84
75
76
74
82
79
78
78
76
74
71
67
63
64
71
75
74
63
64
63
67
58
64
53
59
50
46
35
80
82
92
85
93
85
83
94
88
92
79
80
85
72
62
62
61
62
55
50
51
55
63
58
47
49
46
42
39
29
35
35
39
43
35
31
27
26
31
26
25
25
22
21
20
68
69
68
74
80
75
73
69
78
73
19
24
31
20
16
14
12
17
13
11
14
12
13
13
12
09
08
08
05
05
03
05
04
06
04
03
04
02
05
04
02
04
02
02
03
21
20
20
22
23
22
24
20
20
23
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
13
13
13
11
09
09
08
09
07
06
04
06
04
05
06
04
03
02
01
02
01
01
02
01
03
01
00
01
02
03
01
02
01
00
02
15
13
13
13
14
17
13
14
13
16
$200,000
and over
37,438
38,747
37,673
34,933
35,000
33,518
32,815
31,555
29,939
29,457
30,287
31,155
31,669
29,974
29,682
29,525
29,540
27,774
26,675
26,782
26,835
27,973
29,256
29,774
28,473
28,401
28,157
28,645
29,342
28,549
27,622
28,621
28,702
26,934
25,464
32,229
33,137
34,167
35,744
36,790
35,661
35,551
35,834
36,252
36,288
Value
441
513
702
547
602
659
560
587
592
602
636
711
644
625
568
580
574
534
500
430
451
528
534
630
382
352
414
346
457
428
411
393
423
391
424
509
515
413
461
515
269
347
373
472
489
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
49,860
51,168
51,917
47,043
46,056
46,333
44,548
43,908
41,734
39,972
40,330
41,394
42,023
41,063
40,077
39,613
38,542
37,042
35,479
35,239
35,251
36,304
37,540
38,051
36,482
36,286
35,147
35,626
36,437
36,064
34,228
34,948
34,169
32,803
30,598
47,255
46,375
48,283
48,608
50,582
50,339
48,910
48,382
49,075
50,021
Value
526
519
745
628
661
905
762
630
693
542
527
559
571
599
551
538
500
456
438
441
427
447
462
497
325
323
312
317
362
385
352
377
363
346
341
803
646
551
520
564
622
531
524
526
578
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
ASIAN ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2011
5,705
5,550
20101
2
4,940
2009
4,805
2008
4,715
2007
4,664
2006
4,500
2005
3
4,346
2004
4,235
2003
4,079
2002
ASIAN ALONE23
5,374
2011
5,212
20101
2
4,687
2009
4,573
2008
4,494
2007
4,454
2006
4,273
2005
3
4,123
2004
4,040
2003
3,917
2002
ASIAN AND
PACIFIC
ISLANDER19
2001
4,071
3,963
20004
5
3,742
1999
3,308
1998
3,125
1997
2,998
1996
6
2,777
1995
7
2,040
1994
8
2,233
1993
9
2,262
1992
2,094
1991
1,958
1990
1,988
1989
1,913
1988
10
(NA)
1987
Race and Hispanic

and year
106
106
113
112
97
95
108
98
126
94
96
87
107
102
109
118
122
110
135
114
111
98
93
99
112
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
107
103
113
110
97
94
107
98
126
96
Under
$15,000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
74
71
69
83
81
79
94
102
96
101
88
84
86
110
114
88
94
72
82
79
72
76
79
93
79
89
95
73
82
78
71
75
78
92
78
$15,000
to $24,999
84
75
74
83
81
86
66
81
91
85
97
89
79
84
90
83
71
86
78
75
80
71
74
51
83
82
73
86
78
75
79
70
74
53
84
$25,000
to $34,999
121
112
124
131
119
121
131
134
131
120
134
115
131
122
111
113
108
101
111
108
101
95
112
113
124
112
112
104
113
110
103
99
112
112
123
$35,000
to $49,999
171
171
166
178
188
190
203
168
145
200
178
199
203
199
183
174
179
171
156
160
177
185
179
168
172
173
179
168
156
160
178
183
181
170
175
$50,000
to $74,999
133
149
132
127
142
123
138
149
142
128
144
139
147
131
136
128
113
119
124
135
121
125
134
137
130
128
115
119
125
137
123
126
136
137
130
168
168
157
175
166
170
142
146
168
159
144
170
158
159
165
174
167
168
176
182
176
179
169
165
175
173
165
167
176
178
176
179
169
165
175
78
93
86
65
65
72
57
58
55
53
63
62
48
62
59
66
87
82
85
89
99
74
82
83
75
65
84
82
83
90
98
74
82
83
74
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
75
75
86
56
48
40
47
52
38
37
40
43
54
34
30
68
75
88
76
76
80
88
73
64
68
71
74
87
76
75
78
87
70
63
66
$200,000
and over
68,137
72,821
68,787
64,265
63,222
61,772
59,516
60,751
58,775
59,371
58,699
64,142
63,226
58,948
61,034
65,129
66,286
68,649
68,564
71,704
71,658
70,385
68,470
68,113
65,792
64,995
65,531
68,234
68,491
71,458
71,281
70,332
68,404
67,579
65,366
Value
1,626
1,242
2,424
1,789
1,758
2,214
1,493
2,302
2,891
1,714
1,894
1,900
1,709
2,422
2,269
1,567
1,625
1,329
1,448
1,502
1,867
820
1,455
1,338
1,151
1,564
1,511
1,505
1,476
1,503
1,804
840
1,379
1,507
989
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
92,940
95,077
90,960
82,965
82,282
80,715
80,931
78,879
77,010
73,583
74,528
77,424
78,599
73,698
(NA)
85,644
87,252
95,222
90,028
92,221
98,491
92,277
91,109
85,569
87,572
85,785
86,354
94,487
90,172
91,726
97,638
92,163
90,649
84,883
86,858
Value
2,194
1,973
2,305
2,396
2,550
2,895
3,265
2,811
3,101
2,023
2,197
2,192
2,287
2,201
(NA)
2,073
1,749
1,935
1,570
1,627
2,119
1,628
1,762
1,515
1,708
2,053
1,659
1,856
1,553
1,569
2,044
1,608
1,711
1,460
1,651
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Total
165
171
158
160
146
147
149
150
150
138
135
133
143
171
190
188
210
205
198
199
189
183
185
199
201
195
208
209
213
208
185
185
171
169
174
196
188
160
150
155
Under
$15,000
147
147
144
140
142
139
145
142
146
138
145
142
145
151
145
167
169
164
165
160
159
158
140
144
153
162
168
155
161
172
161
165
148
151
160
166
181
178
163
169
$15,000
to $24,999
140
135
144
144
137
131
134
139
132
142
131
125
135
130
141
140
138
129
134
136
132
130
131
132
128
135
128
138
140
141
139
145
151
153
157
151
152
146
160
157
$25,000
to $34,999
168
155
152
165
163
163
163
167
177
169
166
173
172
174
161
161
165
160
178
170
170
166
164
168
169
158
167
162
177
170
182
176
174
180
186
180
187
195
192
219
$35,000
to $49,999
170
174
178
169
180
189
189
187
174
181
185
192
182
168
177
166
153
165
158
168
175
191
182
180
169
179
172
180
169
174
187
184
197
205
199
192
188
204
218
189
$50,000
to $74,999
92
98
97
96
108
96
96
95
98
106
110
111
100
97
84
85
85
85
85
86
89
86
104
92
95
88
85
90
81
79
85
86
90
86
72
77
66
71
74
68
75
80
84
83
82
89
81
79
81
84
85
83
84
74
69
63
57
63
58
59
60
61
66
59
58
65
58
50
47
43
48
46
52
45
43
32
29
37
37
33
26
25
25
29
25
29
24
25
23
25
27
23
22
19
19
17
13
18
14
14
18
15
18
17
15
13
10
11
09
09
08
09
11
09
07
04
05
05
04
04
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to

to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
16
16
19
16
17
17
19
17
18
18
16
20
16
15
15
12
09
10
11
08
09
09
10
10
11
05
04
04
02
05
04
05
05
02
03
02
04
04
03
05
$200,000
and over
38,624
38,818
39,887
39,604
41,956
42,145
41,437
40,806
40,351
41,385
42,640
43,319
41,501
39,038
37,205
35,551
33,499
35,147
35,078
35,491
36,542
37,251
38,391
37,193
36,621
35,932
34,814
35,034
34,137
33,965
36,305
35,475
37,655
37,342
35,995
34,392
33,695
36,633
36,849
36,910
Value
52,352
53,015
54,766
53,872
55,135
56,416
54,307
54,626
54,379
56,117
56,383
57,437
54,519
52,749
50,136
48,539
45,722
47,395
46,427
45,268
46,496
46,662
49,023
47,486
46,943
45,371
43,501
43,564
41,570
41,919
43,596
43,331
45,561
44,110
42,479
40,642
40,001
42,437
42,812
42,425
Value
594
681
601
558
580
647
546
668
602
750
713
827
968
1,122
1,012
1,123
1,026
1,183
976
711
744
769
842
1,007
869
746
708
849
798
850
833
863
915
892
656
661
711
691
697
721
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
(Income in 2011 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection,
547
600
526
508
564
563
411
572
561
603
541
624
603
752
664
689
730
653
705
733
760
764
744
943
795
936
813
878
865
897
994
962
1,086
905
632
733
745
802
837
721
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
HISPANIC
(ANY RACE)24
2011
14,939
14,435
20101
2
13,298
2009
2008
13,425
2007
13,339
2006
12,973
2005
12,519
3
12,178
2004
2003
11,693
2002
11,339
2001
10,499
4
10,034
2000
5
9,579
1999
1998
9,060
1997
8,590
1996
8,225
6
7,939
1995
7
7,735
1994
8
7,362
1993
9
7,153
1992
1991
6,379
1990
6,220
1989
5,933
1988
5,910
10
5,642
1987
1986
5,418
5,213
198511
12
4,883
1984
1983
4,326
1982
4,085
1981
3,980
1980
3,906
13
3,684
1979
1978
3,291
1977
3,304
3,081
197614
15
2,948
1975
15, 16
2,897
1974
1973
2,722
2,655
197217
Race and Hispanic

and year
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Number
(thousands)
Total
Under
$15,000
$15,000
to $24,999
$25,000
to $34,999
$35,000
to $49,999
$50,000
to $74,999
$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to
to $99,999
$149,999
$199,999
$200,000
and over
Value
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Value
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
(NA) Not available

1
Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls
2
Median income is calculated using $2,500 income intervals Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are
plugged with $250,000 Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of $100,000 was used
3
Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC
4
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion
5
6
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race
7
Introduction of 1990 census sample design
8
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items Limits either increased or decreased
in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and
alimony limits decreased to $49,999
9
Implementation of 1990 census population controls
10
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system
11
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design
12
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design
13
Implementation of 1980 census population controls Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income
14
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation
15
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation
16
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions
17
Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design
18
Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls
19
Implementation of new CPS ASEC processing system
20
Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the
preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American,
is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder About 29 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010
21
For the year 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group
22
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category
23
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category
24
Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups Being Hispanic was reported by 132 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 31 percent of Black householders who reported
only one race, and 19 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct
groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements
Race and Hispanic

and year
Table A-2.
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011

(Income in 2011 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights For further explanation of income inequality
measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nations Income Distribution: 19471998 For information on confidentiality protection,
Measures of income
dispersion
MEASURE
Household Income at
Selected Percentiles
10th percentile limit
50th (median)
Household Income Ratios
of Selected Percentiles
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Mean Household Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Shares of Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality
Mean logarithmic deviation of income
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median)
Household Income Ratios
of Selected Percentiles
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
2011
20101
20092
2008
2007
2006
2005
20043
2003
12,000
20,262
50,054
101,582
143,611
186,000
12,235
20,631
50,831
103,184
143,154
186,178
12,709
21,446
52,195
104,857
144,317
188,744
12,703
21,636
52,546
104,710
144,467
188,027
13,192
22,010
54,489
108,473
147,523
191,997
13,386
22,349
53,768
108,239
148,362
194,111
13,005
22,095
53,371
105,651
145,265
191,245
12,986
22,011
52,788
104,784
143,915
187,121
12,884
21,992
52,973
106,228
144,544
188,470
1197
918
372
203
501
040
1170
902
366
203
500
041
1136
880
362
201
489
041
1137
869
358
199
484
041
1118
872
352
199
493
040
1108
869
361
201
484
042
1117
866
358
198
478
041
1108
850
354
198
476
042
1122
857
356
201
483
042
11,239
29,204
49,842
80,080
178,020
11,341
29,432
50,718
81,365
174,734
12,113
30,678
51,940
82,516
179,142
12,176
30,833
52,367
83,316
178,685
12,530
31,936
54,202
85,814
182,203
12,663
32,101
53,792
85,145
187,594
12,275
31,518
53,342
83,900
183,851
12,198
31,211
52,880
83,380
180,317
12,224
31,401
53,303
84,372
179,859
32
84
143
230
511
33
85
146
234
503
34
86
146
232
503
34
86
147
233
500
34
87
148
234
497
34
86
145
229
505
34
86
146
230
504
34
87
147
232
501
34
87
148
234
498
0477
0585
0422
0470
0574
0400
0468
0550
0403
0466
0541
0398
0463
0532
0391
0470
0543
0417
0469
0545
0411
0466
0543
0406
0464
0530
0397
0101
0198
0300
0097
0191
0293
0097
0190
0288
0096
0188
0285
0095
0185
0281
0099
0192
0289
0098
0192
0289
0097
0190
0286
0095
0187
0283
16
177
251
567
960
1,477
135
122
335
172
913
1,165
89
112
223
326
669
922
87
112
143
320
609
963
88
121
152
325
640
930
92
122
231
409
630
1,118
89
123
179
371
618
1,287
88
124
233
371
585
1,091
88
122
230
390
619
871
0082
0094
0030
0012
0042
0003
0130
0076
0026
0010
0031
0003
0095
0063
0022
0010
0030
0003
0091
0063
0023
0010
0029
0003
0089
0064
0021
0009
0031
0003
0090
0069
0025
0011
0032
0003
0090
0076
0028
0010
0031
0003
0088
0069
0025
0011
0032
0003
0091
0062
0021
0011
0032
0003
116
181
256
387
1,324
105
203
283
418
1,306
44
38
49
79
882
43
38
50
79
864
44
40
51
82
874
45
39
50
82
1,053
45
40
50
79
986
45
39
51
78
975
45
40
51
80
925
003
004
006
008
017
003
005
006
009
018
002
006
010
015
033
002
006
010
016
033
002
006
010
016
033
002
006
010
015
034
002
006
010
015
034
002
006
010
016
034
002
006
010
016
034
00018
00067
00050
00019
00066
00049
00028
00064
00001
00027
00063
00001
00027
00062
00001
00028
00063
00002
00029
00063
00001
00029
00063
00001
00028
00054
00001
00010
00016
00021
00010
00016
00021
00011
00018
00024
00011
00017
00023
00011
00018
00024
00014
00021
00027
00013
00020
00026
00013
00020
00026
00012
00018
00024
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011Con .

Measures of income
dispersion
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median)
Household Income Ratios of
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
U.S. Census Bureau
2002
2001
20004
19995
1998
1997
1996
19956
19947
13,277
22,398
53,019
105,036
142,662
187,531
13,575
22,829
53,646
106,077
144,351
191,192
13,821
23,404
54,841
106,790
146,278
189,665
13,965
23,130
54,932
106,949
145,480
191,674
13,366
22,207
53,582
103,348
139,589
182,167
12,875
21,517
51,704
99,900
136,454
176,817
12,718
21,080
50,661
97,085
131,392
170,631
12,714
21,102
49,935
95,432
128,514
165,590
12,047
20,148
48,418
94,304
127,382
164,806
1075
837
354
198
469
042
1063
838
356
198
465
043
1058
810
346
195
456
043
1042
829
349
195
462
042
1044
820
340
193
465
041
1060
822
342
193
464
042
1033
810
337
192
461
042
1011
785
332
191
452
042
1057
818
340
195
468
042
12,490
31,755
53,510
84,171
179,706
12,876
32,354
54,155
84,911
185,439
13,265
33,122
55,158
85,746
185,811
13,383
32,862
55,005
85,609
182,562
12,709
32,090
53,696
83,044
175,732
12,350
30,875
51,944
80,454
171,527
12,269
30,114
50,653
78,396
164,884
12,229
29,890
49,978
76,829
160,330
11,576
28,849
48,600
75,627
158,990
35
88
148
233
497
35
87
146
230
501
36
89
148
230
498
36
89
149
232
494
36
90
150
232
492
36
89
150
232
494
36
90
151
233
490
37
91
152
233
487
36
89
150
234
491
0462
0514
0398
0466
0515
0413
0462
0490
0404
0458
0476
0386
0456
0488
0389
0459
0484
0396
0455
0464
0389
0450
0452
0378
0456
0471
0387
0095
0186
0279
0098
0189
0282
0096
0185
0275
0092
0180
0268
0093
0181
0271
0094
0183
0272
0093
0179
0266
0090
0175
0261
0092
0180
0268
89
128
174
286
562
892
93
126
164
307
547
960
94
134
172
314
634
1,216
94
128
256
334
611
1,067
92
135
317
322
529
1,056
96
127
239
443
564
924
90
128
256
338
608
840
91
118
289
358
557
984
84
117
221
307
563
934
0083
0062
0022
0009
0030
0003
0083
0063
0023
0010
0029
0003
0085
0070
0026
0009
0029
0003
0083
0065
0024
0010
0029
0003
0082
0069
0024
0010
0032
0003
0091
0065
0022
0011
0034
0003
0087
0063
0022
0011
0032
0003
0084
0064
0023
0010
0031
0003
0087
0066
0024
0010
0031
0003
45
40
51
78
971
46
41
52
80
1,095
46
41
52
80
1,084
46
42
53
81
954
46
42
53
78
995
44
41
50
76
1,021
42
40
51
73
994
42
40
48
73
935
42
39
49
75
939
002
006
010
016
034
003
006
010
016
035
003
006
010
016
035
003
006
010
016
035
003
006
011
017
035
003
006
011
017
035
003
007
011
017
035
003
007
011
017
035
003
007
011
017
036
00029
00052
00001
00030
00051
00002
00030
00049
00002
00041
00059
00001
00042
00069
00002
00043
00067
00002
00043
00064
00002
00043
00063
00002
00042
00061
00002
00012
00020
00025
00014
00022
00027
00013
00021
00026
00013
00021
00027
00015
00023
00029
00016
00025
00030
00016
00024
00030
00015
00024
00029
00015
00023
00028
Table A-2.

Measures of income
dispersion
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
19938
19929
1991
1990
1989
1988
198710
1986
198511
11,780
19,875
47,884
92,423
125,286
160,382
11,780
19,790
48,117
91,107
121,801
155,522
11,953
20,277
48,516
91,407
122,205
155,246
12,211
20,852
49,950
92,092
123,612
158,057
12,610
21,184
50,624
94,064
126,015
160,684
11,992
20,794
49,737
92,427
122,401
156,454
11,812
20,454
49,358
91,596
120,840
153,271
11,712
20,063
48,746
90,029
118,160
150,967
11,755
19,816
47,079
86,867
113,937
143,530
1064
807
335
193
465
042
1034
786
323
189
460
041
1022
766
320
188
451
042
1012
758
316
184
442
042
999
759
317
186
444
042
1021
752
315
186
445
042
1023
749
311
186
448
041
1009
753
310
185
449
041
969
724
305
185
438
042
11,279
28,594
47,931
74,488
155,192
11,397
28,555
48,109
73,852
143,098
11,638
29,230
48,551
74,011
141,923
11,954
30,077
49,680
74,903
145,360
12,248
30,475
50,658
76,625
149,789
11,810
29,810
49,858
75,367
143,883
11,613
29,516
49,346
74,589
141,848
11,306
29,080
48,663
73,310
138,759
11,191
28,359
47,073
70,808
132,266
36
90
151
235
489
38
94
158
242
469
38
96
159
242
465
38
96
159
240
466
38
95
158
240
468
38
96
160
242
463
38
96
161
243
462
38
97
162
243
461
39
98
162
244
456
0454
0467
0385
0433
0416
0323
0428
0411
0313
0428
0402
0317
0431
0406
0324
0426
0401
0314
0426
0414
0311
0425
0416
0310
0419
0403
0300
0092
0178
0266
0080
0160
0242
0078
0156
0237
0078
0156
0236
0080
0158
0239
0078
0155
0236
0077
0155
0238
0077
0155
0237
0075
0151
0231
84
119
224
347
438
797
84
119
228
301
402
786
86
124
234
331
439
794
93
128
255
354
474
893
93
132
278
292
760
857
93
131
243
324
497
971
93
132
233
314
438
714
94
133
253
350
539
630
90
130
255
285
485
1,197
0085
0063
0022
0011
0033
0003
0081
0062
0021
0010
0032
0003
0082
0061
0021
0011
0032
0003
0087
0063
0022
0010
0032
0003
0095
0062
0021
0009
0031
0003
0089
0066
0023
0010
0032
0003
0088
0060
0020
0010
0033
0003
0093
0059
0018
0011
0034
0003
0085
0077
0028
0010
0032
0003
42
40
48
73
938
41
40
48
70
520
42
41
47
70
495
43
42
47
71
548
44
42
49
72
605
43
42
49
70
548
43
42
50
70
538
44
42
49
69
508
43
41
47
67
462
003
007
011
017
036
003
007
012
018
035
003
007
012
018
034
003
007
012
018
035
003
007
012
018
035
003
007
012
018
035
003
007
012
019
035
003
008
013
019
035
003
008
013
019
035
00042
00061
00002
00038
00055
00001
00038
00056
00001
00039
00053
00001
00040
00053
00001
00041
00055
00001
00038
00055
00001
00038
00057
00001
00037
00056
00001
00015
00024
00029
00007
00013
00019
00007
00012
00018
00007
00013
00018
00008
00014
00019
00008
00014
00020
00007
00013
00018
00007
00012
00018
00006
00011
00017
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.

Measures of income
dispersion
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
1984
198312
1982
1981
1980
197913
1978
1977
197614
11,746
19,587
46,215
85,317
112,224
141,233
11,283
19,206
44,823
82,835
108,415
136,284
11,326
18,798
45,139
81,456
107,421
134,461
11,532
19,040
45,260
81,389
106,315
130,981
11,694
19,433
46,024
81,808
106,296
131,655
11,852
20,211
47,527
83,730
108,384
135,296
12,083
19,989
47,659
83,170
107,569
133,053
11,839
19,385
45,884
81,138
103,485
128,469
11,695
19,426
45,595
79,322
101,714
125,794
955
721
306
185
436
042
961
710
304
185
431
043
949
715
298
180
433
042
922
688
289
180
428
042
909
678
286
178
421
042
915
669
285
176
414
043
890
666
279
175
416
042
874
663
280
177
419
042
870
648
276
174
408
043
11,208
27,916
46,262
69,657
128,080
10,845
27,243
45,040
67,587
124,092
10,718
27,125
44,899
66,777
122,473
10,920
27,202
45,063
67,172
119,990
11,201
27,877
46,001
67,771
120,833
11,567
28,769
47,432
69,605
124,917
11,659
28,633
47,277
69,254
123,644
11,275
27,751
45,909
67,264
119,948
11,330
27,737
45,614
66,241
117,235
40
99
163
246
452
40
99
164
246
451
40
100
165
245
450
41
101
167
248
443
42
102
168
247
441
41
102
168
246
442
42
102
168
247
441
42
102
169
247
440
43
103
170
247
437
0415
0391
0290
0414
0397
0288
0412
0401
0287
0406
0387
0277
0403
0375
0274
0404
0369
0279
0402
0363
0275
0402
0364
0276
0398
0361
0271
0073
0147
0225
0072
0147
0226
0072
0146
0226
0070
0141
0220
0069
0140
0216
0070
0141
0216
0069
0139
0213
0069
0139
0213
0068
0137
0211
89
118
210
303
386
706
91
121
204
274
478
651
90
120
204
303
412
775
136
123
237
242
398
729
133
128
236
286
451
698
132
137
225
241
435
747
133
138
193
308
356
727
127
135
172
238
490
629
126
138
169
275
357
724
0079
0056
0020
0010
0030
0003
0088
0056
0019
0010
0031
0003
0084
0062
0021
0010
0032
0003
0114
0059
0020
0009
0030
0003
0110
0057
0019
0010
0031
0003
0108
0059
0020
0009
0031
0003
0102
0059
0020
0010
0033
0003
0102
0056
0018
0009
0032
0003
0099
0059
0020
0010
0032
0004
43
40
47
67
407
43
39
46
65
393
44
40
45
64
394
45
38
47
62
370
44
41
47
62
400
45
42
49
63
446
46
43
49
63
444
48
43
48
63
454
47
43
48
60
451
003
008
013
019
035
003
008
013
019
036
003
008
013
020
036
003
008
013
020
035
003
008
014
020
036
004
008
014
020
036
004
009
014
021
037
004
009
014
021
037
004
009
015
021
037
00037
00055
00001
00037
00056
00001
00038
00057
00001
00038
00056
00001
00036
00051
00001
00038
00050
00001
00039
00054
00001
00039
00054
00001
00041
00054
00001
00006
00011
00016
00006
00011
00016
00006
00011
00017
00006
00011
00017
00006
00010
00016
00006
00011
00017
00006
00011
00016
00006
00011
00017
00006
00011
00017
U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.

Measures of income
dispersion
MEASURE
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
STANDARD ERROR
Household Income at
50th (median)
90th/10th
95th/20th
95th/50th
80th/50th
80th/20th
20th/50th
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
197515
197415,16
1973
197217
197118
1970
1969
1968
196719
11,631
19,005
44,851
77,387
99,204
122,120
11,957
19,991
46,057
79,523
102,541
125,868
11,877
19,895
47,563
81,498
105,198
130,989
11,342
19,472
46,622
79,330
101,927
127,673
10,637
18,818
44,707
75,271
96,564
119,532
10,472
19,063
45,146
75,783
96,531
119,792
10,717
19,390
45,499
75,389
95,657
118,235
10,447
18,827
43,868
71,884
90,648
112,461
9,597
17,663
42,056
69,710
88,551
111,866
853
643
272
173
407
042
858
630
273
173
398
043
886
658
275
171
410
042
899
656
274
170
407
042
908
635
267
168
400
042
922
628
265
168
398
042
893
610
260
166
389
043
868
597
256
164
382
043
923
633
266
166
395
042
11,058
27,161
44,563
64,751
114,323
11,446
28,450
45,853
66,220
117,326
11,488
28,885
47,379
68,157
121,952
10,977
28,353
46,272
66,429
119,260
10,360
27,381
44,392
63,113
111,830
10,296
27,892
44,914
63,309
112,081
10,478
28,290
45,206
63,319
111,294
10,230
27,435
43,510
60,696
105,468
9,419
26,098
41,670
58,301
104,920
43
104
170
247
436
43
106
170
246
435
42
104
170
245
439
41
104
170
245
439
41
106
173
245
435
41
108
174
245
433
41
109
175
245
430
42
111
176
245
426
40
108
173
242
436
0397
0361
0270
0395
0352
0267
0400
0355
0270
0401
0370
0279
0396
0370
0273
0394
0370
0271
0391
0357
0268
0386
0356
0273
0397
0380
0287
0067
0136
0210
0067
0134
0207
0068
0136
0210
0070
0140
0216
0068
0138
0214
0068
0138
0214
0067
0135
0209
0067
0135
0208
0071
0143
0220
121
140
182
328
449
658
127
170
177
225
370
831
126
168
181
261
380
596
125
167
178
310
513
804
122
162
173
366
275
481
127
169
165
196
311
595
129
172
168
209
368
732
127
169
159
234
486
505
123
164
153
275
654
475
0097
0059
0019
0010
0035
0004
0096
0068
0022
0009
0036
0004
0100
0063
0018
0010
0037
0004
0109
0070
0021
0010
0038
0004
0107
0060
0016
0011
0040
0004
0115
0064
0017
0008
0037
0004
0113
0066
0020
0008
0036
0004
0115
0060
0016
0009
0036
0004
0136
0065
0016
0010
0040
0004
47
43
46
60
451
50
45
45
63
456
48
48
48
64
494
49
47
47
62
517
49
46
45
60
491
51
48
45
60
504
51
49
45
59
515
51
47
43
56
483
49
47
42
55
524
004
009
015
021
038
004
009
015
021
038
004
009
015
022
039
004
009
015
022
039
004
010
016
022
039
004
010
016
023
040
004
010
016
023
040
004
011
017
023
040
004
010
017
023
041
00056
00059
00001
00066
00058
00001
00040
00057
00001
00069
00060
00001
00063
00061
00001
00078
00060
00001
00066
00058
00001
00042
00057
00001
00044
00060
00001
00007
00012
00018
00006
00011
00017
00007
00012
00017
00007
00013
00018
00007
00013
00019
00007
00013
00019
00008
00014
00020
00007
00012
00018
00008
00014
00020
See footnotes on next page
U.S. Census Bureau

Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate
medians to $250,000 or more Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with $250,000 Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a
plug of $100,000 was used
3
4
5
6
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race
7
8
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different
income amounts on selected questionnaire items Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security
limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and
alimony limits decreased to $49,999
9
10
11
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design
12
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design
13
Implementation of 1980 census population controls Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income
14
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation
15
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation
16
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions
17
18
19
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements
1
2
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
00019
00037
00001
00009
00014
00017
00019
00039
00001
00009
00014
00018
00019
00039
00001
00008
00013
00016
00018
00041
00001
00008
00012
00016
00009
00014
00017
00009
00013
00017
00009
00014
00017
00008
00012
00016
00007
00012
00015
00011
00017
00023
00010
00016
00023
00010
00016
00022
004
010
015
022
049
00018
00042
00001
004
010
015
022
049
00018
00043
00001
004
010
015
023
048
00018
00042
00001
004
010
015
023
049
00018
00042
00001
004
010
015
023
049
00018
00043
00001
004
009
015
023
049
00021
00069
00053
004
009
015
023
049
00019
00080
00048
004
010
015
023
048
00019
00073
00053
004
009
015
023
049
003
004
006
009
018
STANDARD ERRORS
Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
003
005
007
009
021
0090
0174
0263
0091
0177
0270
0089
0174
0267
0090
0176
0272
0091
0179
0276
0092
0181
0280
0093
0182
0278
0089
0175
0271
0091
0180
0278
0094
0186
0289
0093
0185
0290
0097
0191
0297
003
005
006
008
018
0442
0501
0380
41
98
152
223
486
20003
0446
0527
0386
40
96
152
224
488
2001
0443
0523
0373
40
96
152
227
484
2002
0445
0548
0373
39
95
152
228
486
2003
0447
0559
0380
38
96
152
227
487
20042
0450
0571
0386
38
95
151
226
491
2005
0452
0557
0393
38
94
149
225
493
2006
0444
0548
0368
38
95
153
229
485
2007
0450
0568
0377
37
94
151
228
489
2008
0456
0605
0390
36
93
150
229
494
2009
0456
0617
0382
34
92
150
231
492
20101
0463
0626
0404
34
90
148
228
500
2011
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
MEASURES
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Measures of income dispersion
(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204,
The Changing Shape of the Nations Income Distribution: 19471998 For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
00026
00036
00001
00006
00010
00013
00025
00035
00001
00005
00009
00013
00025
00035
00001
00005
00009
00012
00024
00037
00001
00004
00008
00012
00005
00008
00012
00009
00015
00018
00010
00015
00019
00010
00015
00019
00010
00016
00020
00010
00016
00020
00010
00015
00019
00009
00014
00018
004
011
017
024
045
00024
00038
00001
004
011
016
023
045
00027
00041
00001
004
011
016
024
045
00027
00042
00001
004
011
016
024
045
00027
00044
00001
004
010
016
024
045
00028
00045
00001
004
010
016
023
048
00027
00047
00001
004
010
016
023
048
00027
00048
00001
004
010
016
023
048
00026
00046
00001
004
010
015
023
048
004
010
015
023
048
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
004
010
015
023
048
0070
0141
0216
0073
0145
0222
0072
0144
0220
0072
0144
0223
0074
0149
0230
0087
0169
0256
0087
0169
0256
0085
0166
0251
0088
0170
0256
0089
0173
0263
0088
0172
0262
0088
0171
0260
004
010
015
023
048
0402
0380
0285
44
107
165
237
447
1988
0408
0393
0298
44
105
163
234
454
1989
0406
0388
0293
44
106
163
235
451
1990
0406
0402
0289
43
106
165
237
450
1991
0413
0419
0299
41
103
163
237
455
19928
0436
0472
0363
39
98
156
230
477
19937
0436
0474
0363
40
98
156
228
478
19946
0433
0463
0356
41
99
156
228
476
19955
0437
0474
0370
40
98
155
227
479
1996
0440
0500
0374
40
98
154
226
483
1997
0439
0506
0369
40
98
154
227
481
1998
0441
0492
0366
40
97
153
226
484
19994
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
MEASURES
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011Con .
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
00023
00032
00001
00004
00007
00011
00023
00032
00001
00004
00007
00010
00023
00030
00001
00004
00007
00010
00022
00031
00001
00003
00006
00010
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00008
00011
00005
00008
00012
005
012
017
024
042
00023
00035
00001
005
012
017
024
042
00023
00036
00001
005
012
017
024
042
00023
00035
00001
005
012
017
024
042
00023
00035
00001
005
011
017
024
042
00024
00035
00001
005
011
017
024
043
00024
00035
00001
005
011
017
024
044
00024
00035
00001
005
011
017
024
044
004
011
017
024
044
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
005
011
017
024
044
0057
0116
0180
0057
0116
0180
0058
0118
0184
0058
0119
0186
0060
0123
0194
0064
0129
0203
0065
0132
0207
0065
0132
0205
0067
0135
0208
0068
0137
0212
0069
0139
0215
005
011
017
024
044
0362
0315
0231
55
117
173
237
417
1977
0363
0315
0231
54
118
173
237
418
1978
0366
0322
0234
53
117
172
238
419
197912
0367
0330
0234
52
116
173
240
419
1980
0373
0352
0241
50
114
172
240
424
1981
0384
0370
0255
47
111
170
239
432
1982
0389
0373
0260
46
110
169
240
435
198311
0389
0366
0261
46
110
168
240
436
1984
0394
0369
0269
46
109
167
237
441
198510
0397
0375
0276
45
108
166
238
443
1986
0399
0381
0281
44
108
167
238
444
19879
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
MEASURES
Incomes of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
00005
00008
00011
00004
00007
00010
00004
00008
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00010
00004
00007
00011
00004
00007
00010
11
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based
sample design
12
Implementation of 1980 census population controls Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of
up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income
13
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation Before this year, all
medians were derived using linear interpolation
14
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data
which were derived using linear interpolation
15
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income
questions
16
17
18
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2012 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements
00025
00031
00001
00070
00030
00001
00062
00030
00001
00035
00031
00001
006
012
017
023
042
00028
00032
00001
006
012
017
023
041
00029
00033
00001
006
012
017
023
041
00027
00032
00001
006
012
017
023
042
00026
00033
00001
006
012
017
023
042
00024
00034
00001
006
012
017
023
042
00024
00032
00001

4
5
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000
household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race
6
7
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing In addition,
the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire
items Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to
$999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance
limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits
decreased to $49,999
8
9
10
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 Full implementation of
1980 census-based sample design
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
006
012
017
023
042
006
012
017
024
041
STANDARD ERRORS
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
006
012
017
024
041
0058
0116
0179
0054
0109
0169
0055
0110
0169
0056
0113
0175
0057
0113
0175
0057
0115
0177
0057
0114
0176
0055
0110
0171
0056
0114
0176
0056
0113
0177
006
012
017
024
042
0362
0303
0238
56
120
171
232
421
196718
0351
0285
0220
58
123
174
234
411
1968
0353
0283
0224
58
122
173
234
413
1969
0357
0299
0228
57
121
173
234
415
1970
0359
0300
0229
57
120
172
234
417
197117
0362
0302
0233
56
119
172
234
419
197216
0360
0298
0230
56
120
172
235
417
1973
0354
0295
0221
58
121
173
236
412
197414, 15
0359
0306
0227
56
119
173
236
416
197514
0359
0311
0227
56
118
174
238
415
197613
Summary Measures
Theil
Atkinson:
e=025
e=050
e=075
MEASURES
Incomes of Quintiles
Lowest quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
Table A-3.
Table A-4.
Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex
and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2011
(People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years Before 1989 earnings are for civilian workers
only Earnings in 2011 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights Before 2010, standard errors were calculated
using generalized variance functions See Appendix D for more detail For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
Total workers
Male
Year
2011
20101
20092
2008
2007
2006
2005
20043
2003
2002
2001
20004
19995
1998
1997
1996
19956
19947
19938
19929
1991
1990
1989
1988
198710
1986
198511
198412
1983
1982
1981
1980
197913
1978
1977
197614
197515
197415, 16
1973
197217
197118
1970
1969
1968
196719
196620
196521
1964
1963
196222
196123
1960
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Female
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Median
earnings
(dollars)
Male
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Median
earnings
(dollars)
Total
81,418
80,893
81,979
84,088
84,532
83,980
82,987
81,503
80,554
80,548
80,300
With
earnings
81,366
80,856
81,934
84,039
84,482
83,928
82,934
81,448
80,508
80,500
80,209
Value
37,341
37,944
38,096
38,199
39,739
40,023
39,573
38,677
39,191
39,565
39,844
Standard
error
166
164
124
112
115
119
324
192
97
103
100
Total
73,178
72,789
73,063
74,600
74,382
73,761
72,544
72,016
71,446
71,500
71,308
With
earnings
73,094
72,716
72,972
74,538
74,295
73,683
72,476
71,930
71,372
71,411
71,232
Value
26,550
27,339
27,294
26,794
28,071
27,292
26,583
26,500
26,908
26,790
26,489
Standard
error
132
135
98
101
99
171
165
94
99
94
100
80,572
79,360
77,323
76,731
76,165
74,681
74,326
73,287
73,142
72,064
80,494
79,322
77,295
76,694
76,121
74,619
74,264
73,198
73,120
72,040
40,424
40,601
39,624
37,505
36,805
36,661
35,500
34,399
34,401
35,199
102
196
321
170
176
232
278
201
181
177
71,758
71,153
68,950
67,851
66,744
65,657
64,803
63,808
62,535
61,959
71,657
71,053
68,846
67,736
66,661
65,557
64,706
63,660
62,408
61,796
26,470
24,891
24,412
23,356
22,878
22,453
21,494
21,299
21,246
20,749
101
219
222
151
156
149
197
208
210
201
72,380
72,093
70,496
69,624
68,783
67,852
66,513
65,216
64,827
65,362
64,861
64,769
63,101
61,959
60,703
59,509
60,102
59,816
58,194
57,303
56,265
55,700
55,095
54,412
53,016
(NA)
51,978
51,039
50,639
49,854
50,033
72,348
72,045
70,467
69,545
68,728
67,809
66,454
65,138
64,730
65,233
64,730
64,648
62,903
61,704
60,450
59,268
59,866
59,438
57,774
56,886
55,821
55,273
54,026
53,222
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
35,903
37,436
37,656
37,534
36,774
35,440
35,104
34,494
34,402
35,737
36,411
37,384
38,386
37,313
37,023
36,770
37,518
39,283
38,420
36,586
36,969
37,418
36,497
35,444
35,841
33,742
33,417
35,549
32,014
31,030
29,906
170
182
206
275
272
269
196
189
195
204
252
251
187
193
169
198
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
61,946
61,586
60,873
59,557
57,932
56,592
55,596
53,413
52,299
52,504
51,988
51,462
49,214
47,333
45,659
43,725
43,694
42,835
40,723
39,910
39,682
39,060
38,279
36,971
35,295
(NA)
33,146
32,188
31,418
30,433
30,585
61,732
61,338
60,658
59,359
57,686
56,296
55,226
53,108
51,820
51,940
51,448
50,897
48,398
46,194
44,565
42,926
42,854
41,583
39,470
38,485
38,273
37,737
35,695
34,391
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
20,435
20,554
20,271
20,113
19,610
18,594
17,886
17,663
17,200
17,137
17,214
17,257
16,607
15,802
15,440
15,025
14,656
14,787
15,299
14,787
14,111
13,906
14,232
13,842
14,353
14,480
13,567
13,064
12,782
12,311
12,155
133
137
144
133
163
187
173
129
125
123
140
147
152
139
144
160
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA) Not available

1
2
Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals Beginning with 2009 income data,
the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000
or more Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with $250,000 Before
2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of $100,000 was used
3
The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC
4
5
6
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000
household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race
7
8
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing
In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on
selected questionnaire items Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories:
earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental
security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans benefits limits
increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999
9
10
11
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999 Full
implementation of 1980 census-based sample design
Full-time, year-round workers

Female
Median
Number of
Median
earnings
workers
earnings
(dollars)
(thousands)
(dollars)
Total
58,014
56,294
56,072
59,875
63,000
63,070
61,515
60,103
58,784
58,774
58,728
With
earnings
57,993
56,283
56,053
59,861
62,984
63,055
61,500
60,088
58,772
58,761
58,712
Value
48,202
49,464
49,416
48,435
48,935
47,142
47,680
48,576
49,732
49,294
48,624
Standard
error
474
504
154
151
163
98
104
107
110
305
328
Total
43,702
43,184
43,253
44,163
45,640
44,682
43,369
42,414
41,922
41,900
41,651
With
earnings
43,683
43,179
43,217
44,156
45,613
44,663
43,351
42,380
41,908
41,876
41,639
Value
37,118
38,052
38,040
37,339
38,076
36,271
36,703
37,197
37,572
37,759
37,114
Standard
error
154
151
110
111
111
206
93
94
101
100
210
Femaletomale
earnings
ratio
0770
0769
0770
0771
0778
0769
0770
0766
0755
0766
0763
59,619
58,318
56,957
54,933
53,801
52,675
51,597
49,838
48,554
47,987
49,181
49,698
48,303
47,048
45,912
44,952
43,836
41,548
40,135
41,811
41,923
42,469
41,078
39,325
38,214
37,316
(NA)
39,643
38,234
36,868
36,193
37,055
37,099
36,695
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
59,602
58,299
56,951
54,909
53,787
52,667
51,580
49,818
48,551
47,888
49,171
49,678
48,285
47,013
45,912
44,943
43,808
41,528
40,105
41,773
41,881
42,437
41,036
39,263
38,184
37,267
37,916
39,581
38,184
36,819
36,132
37,008
37,068
36,645
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
48,653
49,121
48,704
47,050
45,882
46,154
46,302
46,605
47,428
47,381
46,172
47,865
48,697
49,140
49,449
48,229
47,871
46,961
47,166
48,074
48,368
49,123
49,766
49,447
48,359
48,492
48,796
50,613
49,050
46,544
46,345
45,857
43,421
42,285
41,628
39,886
39,325
38,428
37,486
36,813
35,675
132
184
183
449
164
169
186
179
179
356
345
196
214
205
211
281
245
215
199
168
244
193
171
233
190
190
210
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
41,744
40,890
38,819
37,715
36,457
35,502
34,182
33,552
33,296
32,491
31,758
31,428
31,334
29,982
28,493
27,470
26,587
25,288
23,845
23,488
23,025
22,248
21,131
19,544
18,372
17,738
(NA)
17,547
16,976
16,353
15,805
15,678
15,336
15,141
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
41,719
40,871
38,785
37,683
36,430
35,482
34,155
33,524
33,241
32,436
31,682
31,340
31,237
29,912
28,420
27,383
26,466
25,166
23,702
23,329
22,859
22,082
20,914
19,238
18,073
17,452
16,945
17,195
16,675
16,002
15,476
15,374
15,013
14,846
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
35,867
35,522
35,637
34,892
33,844
32,967
33,323
33,332
33,572
33,099
33,067
32,871
32,164
32,028
31,781
31,144
30,473
29,864
29,123
28,477
29,098
29,308
29,581
29,135
29,109
28,522
28,670
28,664
28,381
27,697
27,515
26,993
25,251
24,434
23,959
23,901
23,260
22,652
22,228
21,812
21,646
133
153
163
217
237
201
165
147
160
158
212
221
230
150
166
163
179
182
197
119
127
150
165
132
144
144
140
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
0737
0723
0732
0742
0738
0714
0720
0715
0708
0699
0716
0687
0660
0652
0643
0646
0637
0636
0617
0592
0602
0597
0594
0589
0602
0588
0588
0566
0579
0595
0594
0589
0582
0578
0576
0599
0591
0589
0593
0592
0607
12
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 censusbased sample design
13
Implementation of 1980 census population controls Questionnaire expanded to allow the
recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income
14
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation Before this
year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation
15
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from
published data, which were derived using linear interpolation
16
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system Questionnaire expanded to ask
11 income questions
17
18
19
20
Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions
21
Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only
22
Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls
23
Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design Implementation of first hotdeck
procedure to impute missing income entries
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2012 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX B.
ESTIMATES OF POVERTY
How Poverty Is Calculated
Following the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of
dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).
Poverty Thresholds for 2011 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years
(Dollars)
Related children under 18 years
Size of family unit
None
One
One person (unrelated individual):

Under 65 years
65 years and older
11,702
10,788
Two people:
Householder under 65 years
Householder 65 years and older
15,063
13,596
15,504
15,446
Three people
Four people
Five people
Six people
Seven people
Eight people
Nine people or more
17,595
23,201
27,979
32,181
37,029
41,414
49,818
18,106
23,581
28,386
32,309
37,260
41,779
50,059
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight or
more
18,123
22,811
27,517
31,643
36,463
41,027
49,393
22,891
26,844
31,005
35,907
40,368
48,835
26,434
30,056
34,872
39,433
47,917
29,494
33,665
38,247
46,654
32,340
37,011
45,512
36,697
45,229
43,487
Source: US Census Bureau
If a familys total money income is

less than the applicable threshold,
then that family and every individual in it are considered in poverty.
The official poverty thresholds are
updated annually for inflation using
the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The
official poverty definition uses money
income before taxes and tax credits
and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program benefits
and housing assistance). The thresholds do not vary geographically.
Example: Suppose Family A consists
of five people: two children, their
mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family As poverty threshold in
2011 was $27,517. Each member of
Family A had the following income in
2011:
Mother
Father
Great-aunt
First child
Second child
Total:
U.S. Census Bureau
$11,000
7,000
10,000
0
0
$28,000
Since their total family income,

$28,000, was higher than their
threshold ($27,517), Family A would
not be considered in poverty.
While the thresholds, in some sense,
represent the needs of families, they
should be interpreted as a statistical
yardstick rather than as a complete
description of what people and families need to live. Many government
assistance programs use different
income eligibility cutoffs. While
official poverty rates and the number
of people or families in poverty are
important, other poverty indicators
are considered in the section, Depth
of Poverty Measures, and other
approaches to setting thresholds
and defining resources are discussed
in the section, Alternative Poverty
Measures.
For a history of the official poverty
measure, see The Development of
the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds
and Their Subsequent History as the
Official U.S. Poverty Measure by
Gordon M. Fisher, available at
<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas
/publications/orshansky.html>.
Weighted average thresholds: Since

some data users want a summary of
the 48 thresholds to get a general
sense of the poverty line, the following table provides the weighted
average thresholds for 2011. The
weighted average thresholds are
based on the relative number of families of each size and composition and
are not used in computing poverty
estimates.
Weighted Average Poverty

Thresholds in 2011 by Size
of Family
(Dollars)
One person
Two people
Three people
Four people
Five people
Six people
Seven people
Eight people
Nine people or more
11,484
14,657
17,916
23,021
27,251
30,847
35,085
39,064
46,572
Source: US Census Bureau
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011
(Numbers in thousands People as of March of the following year For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions,
see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
All people
People in families
Below poverty
Race, Hispanic origin, and

year
Families with female

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
ALL RACES
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
308,456
306,130
303,820
301,041
298,699
46,247
46,343
43,569
39,829
37,276
150
151
143
132
125
252,316
250,200
249,384
248,301
245,443
33,126
33,120
31,197
28,564
26,509
131
132
125
115
108
48,103
46,454
45,315
44,027
43,961
16,451
15,911
14,746
13,812
13,478
342
343
325
314
307
54,517
54,250
53,079
51,534
51,740
12,416
12,449
11,678
10,710
10,189
228
229
220
208
197
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
296,450
293,135
290,617
287,699
285,317
36,460
36,950
37,040
35,861
34,570
123
126
127
125
121
245,199
242,389
240,754
238,903
236,921
25,915
26,068
26,544
25,684
24,534
106
108
110
108
104
43,223
42,244
42,053
41,311
40,529
13,199
13,153
12,832
12,413
11,657
305
311
305
300
288
49,884
49,526
48,609
47,594
47,156
9,977
10,425
9,926
9,713
9,618
200
211
204
204
204
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
281,475
278,944
276,208
271,059
268,480
32,907
31,581
32,791
34,476
35,574
117
113
119
127
133
233,911
231,909
230,789
227,229
225,369
23,215
22,347
23,830
25,370
26,217
99
96
103
112
116
39,261
38,375
38,580
39,000
38,412
11,223
10,926
11,764
12,907
13,494
286
285
305
331
351
46,392
45,624
43,977
42,539
41,672
9,226
8,653
8,400
8,478
8,687
199
190
191
199
208
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
266,218
263,733
261,616
259,278
256,549
36,529
36,425
38,059
39,265
38,014
137
138
145
151
148
223,955
222,792
221,430
219,489
217,936
27,376
27,501
28,985
29,927
28,961
122
123
131
136
133
38,584
38,908
37,253
37,861
36,446
13,796
14,205
14,380
14,636
14,205
358
365
386
387
390
40,727
39,484
38,538
38,038
36,842
8,452
8,247
8,287
8,388
8,075
208
209
215
221
219
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
251,192
248,644
245,992
243,530
240,982
35,708
33,585
31,528
31,745
32,221
142
135
128
130
134
212,723
210,967
209,515
208,056
206,877
27,143
25,232
24,066
24,048
24,725
128
120
115
116
120
34,795
33,795
32,525
32,164
31,893
13,824
12,578
11,668
11,972
12,148
397
372
359
372
381
36,845
36,056
35,185
34,340
32,992
7,773
7,446
6,760
7,070
6,857
211
207
192
206
208
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
238,554
236,594
233,816
231,700
229,412
32,370
33,064
33,700
35,303
34,398
136
140
144
152
150
205,459
203,963
202,288
201,338
200,385
24,754
25,729
26,458
27,933
27,349
120
126
131
139
136
31,152
30,878
30,844
30,049
28,834
11,944
11,600
11,831
12,072
11,701
383
376
384
402
406
31,679
31,351
30,268
29,158
27,908
6,846
6,725
6,609
6,740
6,458
216
215
218
231
231
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
227,157
225,027
222,903
215,656
213,867
31,822
29,272
26,072
24,497
24,720
140
130
117
114
116
198,541
196,963
195,860
191,071
190,757
24,850
22,601
19,964
19,062
19,505
125
115
102
100
102
28,587
27,565
26,927
26,032
25,404
11,051
10,120
9,400
9,269
9,205
387
367
349
356
362
27,714
27,133
26,170
24,585
23,110
6,490
6,227
5,743
5,435
5,216
234
229
219
221
226
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
212,303
210,864
209,362
207,621
206,004
24,975
25,877
23,370
22,973
24,460
118
123
112
111
119
190,844
190,630
190,436
189,361
189,193
19,632
20,789
18,817
18,299
19,577
103
109
99
97
103
24,204
23,580
23,165
21,823
21,264
9,029
8,846
8,462
8,178
8,114
373
375
365
375
382
21,459
20,234
18,926
18,260
16,811
5,344
5,088
4,553
4,674
4,883
249
251
241
256
290
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
204,554
202,183
199,517
197,628
195,672
25,559
25,420
24,147
25,389
27,769
125
126
121
128
142
188,242
186,692
184,891
183,825
182,558
20,405
20,330
19,175
20,695
22,771
108
109
104
113
125
20,153
19,673
17,995
18,048
17,788
7,797
7,503
6,879
6,990
6,898
387
381
382
387
388
16,311
15,491
14,626
13,803
13,114
5,154
5,090
4,972
4,694
4,998
316
329
340
340
381
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
193,388
191,413
189,710
187,258
184,276
28,510
33,185
36,055
36,436
38,625
147
173
190
195
210
181,117
179,281
177,653
176,076
173,263
23,809
28,358
30,912
31,498
33,623
131
158
174
179
194
17,240
16,371
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
6,861
7,524
7,297
7,646
7,781
398
460
444
477
503
12,271
12,132
12,057
11,182
11,013
4,701
4,827
5,143
4,938
5,002
383
398
427
442
454
1961
1960
1959
181,277
179,503
176,557
39,628
39,851
39,490
219
222
224
170,131
168,615
165,858
34,509
34,925
34,562
203
207
208
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
7,252
7,247
7,014
481
489
494
11,146
10,888
10,699
5,119
4,926
4,928
459
452
461
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011Con .
All people
People in families
Below poverty

year

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE8
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
241,334
239,982
242,047
240,548
239,133
30,849
31,083
29,830
26,990
25,120
128
130
123
112
105
196,709
195,441
197,938
197,763
195,944
21,456
21,543
20,701
18,558
17,141
109
110
105
94
87
29,636
28,032
28,163
27,010
27,159
8,999
8,721
8,283
7,340
7,188
304
311
294
272
265
43,295
43,324
43,010
41,810
41,931
8,809
8,971
8,580
7,982
7,505
203
207
199
191
179
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
237,619
235,430
233,741
231,866
230,376
24,416
24,872
25,327
24,272
23,466
103
106
108
105
102
196,061
194,277
193,024
192,074
190,823
16,644
16,782
17,445
16,740
16,043
85
86
90
87
84
27,057
25,943
26,139
25,536
24,903
7,160
7,021
6,892
6,530
5,992
265
271
264
256
241
40,461
40,164
39,712
38,913
38,575
7,334
7,718
7,416
7,225
7,105
181
192
187
186
184
WHITE9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
229,675
227,846
225,361
222,837
221,200
22,739
21,645
22,169
23,454
24,396
99
95
98
105
110
190,413
188,966
187,833
186,184
185,147
15,369
14,692
15,353
16,549
17,258
81
78
82
89
93
24,619
24,166
23,913
24,211
23,773
5,972
5,609
5,947
6,674
7,296
243
232
249
276
307
38,294
37,699
36,441
35,563
34,858
6,996
6,454
6,411
6,386
6,593
183
171
176
180
189
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
219,656
218,028
216,460
214,899
213,060
24,650
24,423
25,379
26,226
25,259
112
112
117
122
119
184,119
183,450
182,546
181,330
180,409
17,621
17,593
18,474
18,968
18,294
96
96
101
105
101
23,744
23,732
22,713
23,224
22,453
7,073
7,047
7,228
7,199
6,907
298
297
318
310
308
34,247
33,399
32,569
32,112
31,170
6,463
6,336
6,292
6,443
6,147
189
190
193
201
197
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
210,133
208,611
206,853
205,235
203,605
23,747
22,326
20,785
20,715
21,195
113
107
100
101
104
177,619
176,504
175,857
175,111
174,488
17,268
15,916
15,179
15,001
15,593
97
90
86
86
89
21,608
20,845
20,362
20,396
20,244
6,806
6,210
5,723
5,950
5,989
315
298
281
292
296
31,207
30,833
29,993
29,315
28,290
5,872
5,739
5,063
5,314
5,174
188
186
169
181
183
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
202,282
200,918
198,941
197,496
195,919
22,183
22,860
22,955
23,984
23,517
110
114
115
121
120
174,024
172,863
171,839
171,407
170,748
16,393
17,125
17,299
18,377
18,015
94
99
101
107
106
20,163
20,105
19,727
19,256
18,374
6,171
5,990
5,866
6,017
5,686
306
298
297
312
309
27,143
27,067
26,094
25,206
24,300
5,198
5,299
5,181
5,189
5,041
192
196
199
206
207
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
194,504
192,912
191,742
186,450
185,254
21,553
19,699
17,214
16,259
16,416
111
102
90
87
89
169,868
168,756
168,461
165,193
165,385
16,127
14,587
12,495
12,050
12,364
95
86
74
73
75
18,795
17,642
17,349
16,877
16,721
5,600
4,940
4,375
4,371
4,474
298
280
252
259
268
23,913
23,370
22,587
21,257
19,869
5,061
4,760
4,452
4,209
4,051
212
204
197
198
204
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
184,165
183,164
182,376
181,185
180,125
16,713
17,770
15,736
15,142
16,203
91
97
86
84
90
165,571
165,661
166,081
165,424
165,630
12,500
13,799
12,181
11,412
12,268
75
83
73
69
74
15,941
15,577
15,433
14,303
13,739
4,463
4,577
4,278
4,003
3,770
280
294
277
280
274
18,594
17,503
16,295
15,761
14,495
4,213
3,972
3,555
3,730
3,935
227
227
218
237
271
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
179,398
177,376
175,349
173,732
172,038
17,780
17,484
16,659
17,395
18,983
99
99
95
100
110
165,184
163,875
162,779
161,777
160,720
13,566
13,323
12,623
13,546
14,851
82
81
78
84
92
13,502
13,226
12,285
12,190
12,131
4,099
3,761
3,577
3,551
3,453
304
284
291
291
285
14,214
13,500
12,570
11,955
11,318
4,214
4,161
4,036
3,849
4,132
296
308
321
322
365
1966
1965
1964
1963
170,247
168,732
167,313
165,309
19,290
22,496
24,957
25,238
113
133
149
153
159,561
158,255
156,898
155,584
15,430
18,508
20,716
21,149
97
117
132
136
12,261
11,573
(NA)
(NA)
3,646
4,092
3,911
4,051
297
354
334
356
10,686
10,477
10,415
9,725
3,860
3,988
4,241
4,089
361
381
407
420
1962
1961
1960
1959
162,842
160,306
158,863
156,956
26,672
27,890
28,309
28,484
164
174
178
181
153,348
150,717
149,458
147,802
22,613
23,747
24,262
24,443
147
158
162
165
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,089
4,062
4,296
4,232
379
376
390
402
9,494
9,589
9,405
9,154
4,059
4,143
4,047
4,041
427
432
430
441
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty

year

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE,
NOT HISPANIC8
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
194,960
194,783
197,164
196,940
196,583
19,171
19,251
18,530
17,024
16,032
98
99
94
86
82
155,982
155,723
158,646
159,344
158,703
11,562
11,509
11,211
10,138
9,553
74
74
71
64
60
19,909
18,914
19,033
18,799
19,179
4,746
4,689
4,532
4,046
4,099
238
248
238
215
214
38,003
38,211
37,757
36,848
36,909
7,222
7,351
6,946
6,539
6,155
190
192
184
177
167
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
196,049
195,553
195,098
194,595
194,144
16,013
16,227
16,908
15,902
15,567
82
83
87
82
80
159,572
159,204
159,221
159,215
158,764
9,676
9,604
10,323
9,658
9,389
61
60
65
61
59
19,349
18,899
19,009
18,792
18,664
4,353
4,278
4,116
3,959
3,733
225
226
217
211
200
35,642
35,626
35,141
34,683
34,614
6,021
6,393
6,237
6,015
5,947
169
179
177
173
172
WHITE, NOT
HISPANIC9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
194,538
193,691
192,565
192,754
191,859
15,271
14,366
14,735
15,799
16,491
78
74
77
82
86
159,178
158,838
158,550
159,301
158,796
9,122
8,664
9,013
10,061
10,401
57
55
57
63
65
18,365
18,196
17,892
18,547
18,474
3,661
3,412
3,545
4,074
4,604
199
188
198
220
249
34,603
33,943
33,189
32,573
32,049
5,882
5,356
5,412
5,352
5,632
170
158
163
164
176
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
191,459
190,951
192,543
190,843
189,001
16,462
16,267
18,110
18,882
18,202
86
85
94
99
96
159,044
159,402
161,254
160,062
159,102
10,553
10,599
12,118
12,756
12,277
66
66
75
80
77
18,597
18,340
18,186
18,508
18,016
4,339
4,183
4,743
4,724
4,640
233
228
261
255
258
31,410
30,586
30,157
29,681
28,775
5,455
5,303
5,500
5,570
5,350
174
173
182
188
186
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
189,116
188,129
186,979
185,961
184,936
17,741
16,622
15,599
15,565
16,029
94
88
83
84
87
158,850
158,394
158,127
157,687
157,785
11,998
11,086
10,723
10,467
11,051
76
70
68
66
70
17,609
17,160
16,827
16,828
16,787
4,710
4,284
3,922
3,988
4,075
267
250
233
237
243
29,215
28,688
28,055
27,552
26,439
5,261
5,002
4,466
4,746
4,613
180
174
159
172
174
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
184,119
183,455
182,469
181,393
181,903
17,244
17,839
18,300
19,538
19,362
94
97
100
108
106
157,665
157,106
156,930
156,719
157,818
12,078
12,706
13,234
14,437
14,271
77
81
84
92
90
16,739
16,749
16,742
16,369
15,830
4,350
4,136
4,193
4,448
4,161
260
247
250
272
263
25,525
25,544
24,671
23,894
23,329
4,668
4,789
4,659
4,746
4,701
183
187
189
199
202
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
180,909
179,798
178,814
174,731
173,563
17,987
16,365
14,419
13,755
13,802
99
91
81
79
80
157,330
156,633
156,567
154,321
154,449
12,903
11,568
10,009
9,798
9,977
82
74
64
63
65
16,323
15,358
15,410
15,132
14,888
4,222
3,699
3,371
3,390
3,429
259
241
219
224
230
22,950
22,455
21,638
20,410
19,114
4,769
4,474
4,179
3,957
3,825
208
199
193
194
200
1976
1975
1974
1973
173,235
172,417
171,463
170,488
14,025
14,883
13,217
12,864
81
86
77
75
155,324
155,539
155,764
155,330
10,066
11,137
9,854
9,262
65
72
63
60
14,261
13,809
13,763
12,731
3,516
3,570
3,379
3,185
247
259
246
250
17,912
16,879
15,699
15,158
3,959
3,746
3,364
3,602
221
222
214
238
BLACK ALONE
OR IN COMBINATION
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
42,648
42,385
40,876
40,097
39,564
11,730
11,597
10,575
9,882
9,668
275
274
259
246
244
34,495
34,347
33,330
32,818
32,427
9,012
8,891
8,184
7,768
7,668
261
259
246
237
236
15,282
15,362
14,463
14,332
14,396
6,500
6,269
5,755
5,782
5,702
425
408
398
403
396
7,986
7,730
7,368
7,123
7,036
2,635
2,587
2,285
2,042
1,968
330
335
310
287
280
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
39,013
38,551
38,037
37,503
37,207
9,447
9,517
9,411
9,108
8,884
242
247
247
243
239
32,130
31,663
31,468
31,059
31,008
7,411
7,459
7,495
7,162
6,985
231
236
238
231
225
13,848
14,080
13,830
13,664
13,551
5,422
5,524
5,484
5,312
5,145
392
392
397
389
380
6,715
6,754
6,418
6,194
6,034
1,935
2,003
1,840
1,814
1,851
288
297
287
293
307
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty

year

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
BLACK ALONE10
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
39,609
39,283
38,556
37,966
37,665
10,929
10,746
9,944
9,379
9,237
276
274
258
247
245
31,800
31,596
31,306
30,986
30,778
8,334
8,181
7,642
7,339
7,312
262
259
244
237
238
14,145
14,236
13,680
13,648
13,741
5,980
5,831
5,427
5,533
5,459
423
410
397
405
397
7,659
7,419
7,102
6,835
6,807
2,524
2,479
2,209
1,970
1,898
330
334
311
288
279
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
37,306
36,802
36,426
35,989
35,678
9,048
9,168
9,014
8,781
8,602
243
249
247
244
241
30,621
30,154
30,065
29,727
29,671
7,072
7,164
7,153
6,870
6,761
231
238
238
231
228
13,244
13,481
13,244
13,118
13,030
5,180
5,303
5,247
5,115
4,980
391
393
396
390
382
6,545
6,521
6,217
6,034
5,858
1,897
1,949
1,792
1,781
1,800
290
299
288
295
307
BLACK9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
35,871
35,425
35,756
34,877
34,458
8,136
7,982
8,441
9,091
9,116
227
225
236
261
265
29,869
29,378
29,819
29,333
28,962
6,389
6,221
6,758
7,259
7,386
214
212
227
247
255
12,550
12,383
12,823
13,156
13,218
4,694
4,774
5,232
5,629
5,654
374
386
408
428
428
5,873
5,885
5,668
5,390
5,316
1,692
1,702
1,562
1,752
1,645
288
289
275
325
310
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
34,110
33,740
33,353
32,910
32,411
9,694
9,872
10,196
10,877
10,827
284
293
306
331
334
28,933
28,777
28,499
28,106
27,790
7,993
8,189
8,447
9,242
9,134
276
285
296
329
329
13,193
13,604
12,926
13,132
12,591
6,123
6,553
6,489
6,955
6,799
464
482
502
530
540
4,989
4,756
4,649
4,608
4,410
1,606
1,551
1,617
1,541
1,569
322
326
348
334
356
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
31,313
30,806
30,332
29,849
29,362
10,242
9,837
9,302
9,356
9,520
327
319
307
313
324
26,565
26,296
25,931
25,484
25,128
8,504
8,160
7,704
7,650
7,848
320
310
297
300
312
11,960
11,866
11,190
10,794
10,701
6,557
6,005
5,530
5,601
5,789
548
506
494
519
541
4,505
4,244
4,180
4,095
3,977
1,590
1,491
1,471
1,509
1,471
353
351
352
368
370
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
28,871
28,485
28,087
27,678
27,216
8,983
8,926
9,490
9,882
9,697
311
313
338
357
356
24,910
24,620
24,387
24,138
23,948
7,410
7,504
8,104
8,376
8,355
297
305
332
347
349
10,175
10,041
10,384
10,059
9,699
5,473
5,342
5,666
5,736
5,698
538
532
546
570
588
3,714
3,641
3,501
3,287
3,051
1,431
1,264
1,255
1,338
1,229
385
347
358
407
403
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
26,834
26,408
25,944
24,956
24,710
9,173
8,579
8,050
7,625
7,726
342
325
310
306
313
23,423
23,084
22,666
22,027
21,850
7,780
7,190
6,800
6,493
6,667
332
311
300
295
305
9,214
9,338
9,065
8,689
8,315
5,222
4,984
4,816
4,712
4,595
567
534
531
542
553
3,277
3,208
3,127
2,929
2,860
1,296
1,314
1,168
1,132
1,059
396
410
373
386
370
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
24,399
24,089
23,699
23,512
23,144
7,595
7,545
7,182
7,388
7,710
311
313
303
314
333
21,840
21,687
21,341
21,328
21,116
6,576
6,533
6,255
6,560
6,841
301
301
293
308
324
7,926
7,679
7,483
7,188
7,125
4,415
4,168
4,116
4,064
4,139
557
543
550
565
581
2,559
2,402
2,359
2,183
2,028
1,019
1,011
927
828
870
398
421
393
379
429
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1959
22,784
22,515
22,011
21,944
21,590
21,206
18,013
7,396
7,548
7,095
7,616
8,486
8,867
9,927
325
335
322
347
393
418
551
20,900
20,724
20,192
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
6,530
6,683
6,245
6,839
7,677
8,090
9,112
312
322
309
337
384
409
549
6,398
6,225
5,537
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
3,587
3,656
3,225
3,312
3,362
3,160
2,416
561
587
582
589
616
653
706
1,884
1,791
1,819
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,430
866
865
850
777
809
777
815
460
483
467
463
493
544
570
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty

year

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
ASIAN ALONE
OR IN COMBINATION
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
17,813
17,237
15,272
14,543
14,430
2,189
2,064
1,901
1,686
1,467
123
120
124
116
102
15,591
14,950
13,403
12,817
12,527
1,550
1,463
1,361
1,270
1,012
99
98
102
99
81
1,847
1,804
1,539
1,471
1,421
411
386
290
228
250
222
214
189
155
176
2,133
2,208
1,826
1,707
1,837
614
578
527
410
426
288
262
288
240
232
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
14,331
13,731
13,291
12,891
12,487
1,447
1,501
1,295
1,527
1,243
101
109
97
118
100
12,463
11,931
11,661
11,266
10,742
984
1,039
876
1,116
816
79
87
75
99
76
1,210
1,223
1,190
1,184
1,146
220
220
170
294
175
181
180
143
248
153
1,801
1,771
1,599
1,590
1,708
449
457
417
402
417
249
258
261
253
244
ASIAN ALONE11
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
16,086
15,611
14,005
13,310
13,257
1,973
1,899
1,746
1,576
1,349
123
122
125
118
102
14,100
13,515
12,296
11,719
11,471
1,389
1,341
1,244
1,192
930
99
99
101
102
81
1,570
1,471
1,353
1,308
1,256
327
327
250
209
217
208
222
185
160
173
1,921
2,040
1,673
1,574
1,720
571
547
491
378
391
297
268
293
240
227
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
13,177
12,580
12,231
11,856
11,541
1,353
1,402
1,201
1,401
1,161
103
111
98
118
101
11,428
10,911
10,734
10,333
9,899
912
970
812
1,017
763
80
89
76
98
77
1,057
1,059
1,024
1,028
1,019
187
189
135
242
155
177
178
132
236
152
1,683
1,645
1,472
1,494
1,613
428
427
388
375
390
254
260
263
251
242
ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
12,465
12,672
11,955
10,873
10,482
1,275
1,258
1,285
1,360
1,468
102
99
107
125
140
10,745
11,044
10,507
9,576
9,312
873
895
1,010
1,087
1,116
81
81
96
114
120
1,333
1,231
1,201
1,123
932
198
289
275
373
313
148
234
229
332
336
1,682
1,588
1,415
1,266
1,134
393
350
270
257
327
234
220
191
203
289
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992 5
10,054
9,644
6,654
7,434
7,779
1,454
1,411
974
1,134
985
145
146
146
153
127
8,900
8,582
5,915
6,609
6,922
1,172
1,112
776
898
787
132
130
131
136
114
1,018
919
582
725
729
300
266
137
126
183
295
289
236
174
250
1,120
1,013
696
791
828
255
260
179
228
193
228
256
257
288
233
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
7,192
7,014
6,673
6,447
6,322
996
858
939
1,117
1,021
138
122
141
173
161
6,367
6,300
5,917
5,767
5,785
773
712
779
942
875
121
113
132
163
151
721
638
614
650
584
177
132
212
263
187
246
207
346
405
320
785
668
712
651
516
209
124
144
160
138
266
185
202
245
268
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty

year

householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
52,279
50,971
48,811
47,398
45,933
13,244
13,522
12,350
10,987
9,890
253
265
253
232
215
45,781
44,612
42,717
41,732
40,125
11,143
11,384
10,345
9,303
8,248
243
255
242
223
206
11,368
10,719
10,283
9,265
8,917
4,996
4,748
4,176
3,751
3,527
440
443
406
405
396
6,096
5,846
5,718
5,417
5,508
1,882
1,863
1,801
1,577
1,490
309
319
315
291
271
2006
2005
2004 2
2003
2002
44,784
43,020
41,690
40,300
39,216
9,243
9,368
9,122
9,051
8,555
206
218
219
225
218
39,177
37,759
36,438
35,469
34,598
7,650
7,767
7,705
7,637
7,184
195
206
211
215
208
8,652
7,868
7,825
7,452
7,013
3,189
3,069
3,072
2,861
2,554
369
390
393
384
364
5,317
4,971
4,971
4,620
4,364
1,468
1,451
1,293
1,325
1,255
276
292
260
287
288
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
37,312
35,955
34,632
31,515
30,637
7,997
7,747
7,876
8,070
8,308
214
215
227
256
271
33,110
31,700
30,872
28,055
27,467
6,674
6,430
6,702
6,814
7,198
202
203
217
243
262
6,830
6,469
6,527
6,074
5,718
2,585
2,444
2,642
2,837
2,911
378
378
405
467
509
3,981
3,978
3,481
3,218
2,976
1,211
1,163
1,068
1,097
1,017
304
292
307
341
342
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
29,614
28,344
27,442
26,559
25,646
8,697
8,574
8,416
8,126
7,592
294
303
307
306
296
26,340
25,165
24,390
23,439
22,695
7,515
7,341
7,357
6,876
6,455
285
292
302
293
284
5,641
5,785
5,328
5,333
4,806
3,020
3,053
2,920
2,837
2,474
535
528
548
532
515
2,985
2,947
2,798
2,717
2,577
1,066
1,092
926
972
881
357
370
331
358
342
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
22,070
21,405
20,746
20,064
19,395
6,339
6,006
5,430
5,357
5,422
287
281
262
267
280
19,658
18,912
18,488
18,102
17,342
5,541
5,091
4,659
4,700
4,761
282
269
252
260
275
4,326
3,993
3,763
3,734
3,678
2,282
2,115
1,902
2,052
2,045
527
530
506
550
556
2,146
2,254
2,045
1,864
1,933
667
774
634
597
598
311
343
310
320
310
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
18,758
18,075
16,916
16,544
14,385
5,117
5,236
4,806
4,633
4,301
273
290
284
280
299
16,880
16,276
15,293
15,075
13,242
4,469
4,605
4,192
4,113
3,865
265
283
274
273
292
3,631
3,561
3,139
3,032
2,664
1,921
1,983
1,764
1,670
1,601
529
557
562
551
601
1,685
1,602
1,481
1,364
1,018
553
532
545
457
358
328
332
368
335
351
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
14,021
13,600
13,371
12,079
12,046
3,713
3,491
2,921
2,607
2,700
265
257
218
216
224
12,922
12,547
12,291
11,193
11,249
3,349
3,143
2,599
2,343
2,463
259
251
211
209
219
2,622
2,421
2,058
1,817
1,901
1,465
1,319
1,053
1,024
1,077
559
545
512
564
567
1,005
970
991
886
797
313
312
286
264
237
311
322
288
298
298
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
11,269
11,117
11,201
10,795
10,588
2,783
2,991
2,575
2,366
2,414
247
269
230
219
228
10,552
10,472
10,584
10,269
10,099
2,516
2,755
2,374
2,209
2,252
238
263
224
215
223
1,766
1,842
1,723
1,534
1,370
1,000
1,053
915
881
733
566
572
531
574
535
716
645
617
526
488
266
236
201
157
162
372
366
326
299
332
(NA) Not available

1
2
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC
3
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion
4
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls
5
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls
6
For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file
7
For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income
and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No 166
8
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category The use of this singlerace population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more
than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder About 29
percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010
9
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White,
Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander
10
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race
11
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race
Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded
from people in families
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic origin,

and year
18 to 64 years
Related children in families
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
ALL RACES
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
73,737
73,873
74,579
74,068
73,996
16,134
16,286
15,451
14,068
13,324
219
220
207
190
180
72,568
72,581
73,410
72,980
72,792
15,539
15,598
14,774
13,507
12,802
214
215
201
185
176
193,213
192,481
190,627
189,185
187,913
26,492
26,499
24,684
22,105
20,396
137
138
129
117
109
41,507
39,777
38,613
37,788
36,790
3,620
3,558
3,433
3,656
3,556
87
89
89
97
97
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
73,727
73,285
73,241
72,999
72,696
12,827
12,896
13,041
12,866
12,133
174
176
178
176
167
72,609
72,095
72,133
71,907
71,619
12,299
12,335
12,473
12,340
11,646
169
171
173
172
163
186,688
184,345
182,166
180,041
178,388
20,239
20,450
20,545
19,443
18,861
108
111
113
108
106
36,035
35,505
35,209
34,659
34,234
3,394
3,603
3,453
3,552
3,576
94
101
98
102
104
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
72,021
71,741
71,685
71,338
71,069
11,733
11,587
12,280
13,467
14,113
163
162
171
189
199
70,950
70,538
70,424
70,253
69,844
11,175
11,005
11,678
12,845
13,422
158
156
166
183
192
175,685
173,638
171,146
167,327
165,329
17,760
16,671
17,289
17,623
18,085
101
96
101
105
109
33,769
33,566
33,377
32,394
32,082
3,414
3,323
3,222
3,386
3,376
101
99
97
105
105
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
70,650
70,566
70,020
69,292
68,440
14,463
14,665
15,289
15,727
15,294
205
208
218
227
223
69,411
69,425
68,819
68,040
67,256
13,764
13,999
14,610
14,961
14,521
198
202
212
220
216
163,691
161,508
160,329
159,208
157,680
18,638
18,442
19,107
19,781
18,793
114
114
119
124
119
31,877
31,658
31,267
30,779
30,430
3,428
3,318
3,663
3,755
3,928
108
105
117
122
129
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
65,918
65,049
64,144
63,747
63,294
14,341
13,431
12,590
12,455
12,843
218
206
196
195
203
64,800
63,908
63,225
62,906
62,423
13,658
12,715
12,001
11,935
12,275
211
199
190
190
197
154,684
153,502
152,282
150,761
149,201
17,586
16,496
15,575
15,809
15,815
114
107
102
105
106
30,590
30,093
29,566
29,022
28,487
3,781
3,658
3,363
3,481
3,563
124
122
114
120
125
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
62,948
62,876
62,447
62,334
62,345
12,876
13,010
13,420
13,911
13,647
205
207
215
223
219
62,009
62,019
61,681
61,578
61,565
12,257
12,483
12,929
13,427
13,139
198
201
210
218
213
147,631
146,396
144,551
143,052
141,328
16,017
16,598
16,952
17,767
17,000
108
113
117
124
120
27,975
27,322
26,818
26,313
25,738
3,477
3,456
3,330
3,625
3,751
124
126
124
138
146
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
62,449
62,914
63,375
62,311
63,137
12,505
11,543
10,377
9,931
10,288
200
183
164
159
162
61,756
62,168
62,646
61,987
62,823
12,068
11,114
9,993
9,722
10,028
195
179
160
157
160
139,477
137,428
135,333
130,169
128,262
15,464
13,858
12,014
11,332
11,316
111
101
89
87
88
25,231
24,686
24,194
23,175
22,468
3,853
3,871
3,682
3,233
3,177
153
157
152
140
141
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
64,028
65,079
66,134
66,959
67,930
10,273
11,104
10,156
9,642
10,284
160
171
154
144
151
63,729
64,750
65,802
66,626
67,592
10,081
10,882
9,967
9,453
10,082
158
168
151
142
149
126,175
124,122
122,101
120,060
117,957
11,389
11,456
10,132
9,977
10,438
90
92
83
83
88
22,100
21,662
21,127
20,602
20,117
3,313
3,317
3,085
3,354
3,738
150
153
146
163
186
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
68,816
69,159
69,090
70,385
70,408
10,551
10,440
9,691
10,954
11,656
153
151
140
156
166
68,474
68,815
68,746
70,035
70,058
10,344
10,235
9,501
10,739
11,427
151
149
138
153
163
115,911
113,554
111,528
108,684
107,024
10,735
10,187
9,669
9,803
10,725
93
90
87
90
100
19,827
19,470
18,899
18,559
18,240
4,273
4,793
4,787
4,632
5,388
216
246
253
250
295
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
70,218
69,986
69,711
69,181
67,722
66,121
65,601
64,315
12,389
14,676
16,051
16,005
16,963
16,909
17,634
17,552
176
210
230
231
250
256
269
273
69,869
69,638
69,364
68,837
67,385
65,792
65,275
63,995
12,146
14,388
15,736
15,691
16,630
16,577
17,288
17,208
174
207
227
228
247
252
265
269
105,241
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
96,685
11,007
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16,457
105
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
170
17,929
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
15,557
5,114
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
5,481
285
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
352
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011Con .
Under 18 years
All people

and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE8
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
54,186
54,490
56,266
56,153
56,419
10,103
10,092
9,938
8,863
8,395
186
185
177
158
149
53,268
53,573
55,397
55,339
55,483
9,643
9,590
9,440
8,441
8,002
181
179
170
153
144
151,416
151,218
152,367
151,681
150,875
18,007
18,353
17,391
15,356
14,135
119
121
114
101
94
35,732
34,274
33,414
32,714
31,839
2,739
2,638
2,501
2,771
2,590
77
77
75
85
81
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
56,205
56,075
56,053
55,779
55,703
7,908
8,085
8,308
7,985
7,549
141
144
148
143
136
55,330
55,152
55,212
54,989
54,900
7,522
7,652
7,876
7,624
7,203
136
139
143
139
131
150,143
148,450
146,974
145,783
144,694
14,035
14,086
14,486
13,622
13,178
93
95
99
93
91
31,270
30,905
30,714
30,303
29,980
2,473
2,700
2,534
2,666
2,739
79
87
83
88
91
WHITE9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
56,089
55,980
55,833
56,016
55,863
7,527
7,307
7,639
8,443
8,990
134
131
137
151
161
55,238
55,021
54,873
55,126
54,870
7,086
6,834
7,194
7,935
8,441
128
124
131
144
154
143,796
142,164
139,974
138,061
136,784
12,555
11,754
12,085
12,456
12,838
87
83
86
90
94
29,790
29,703
29,553
28,759
28,553
2,656
2,584
2,446
2,555
2,569
89
87
83
89
90
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
55,606
55,444
55,186
54,639
54,110
9,044
8,981
9,346
9,752
9,399
163
162
169
178
174
54,599
54,532
54,221
53,614
53,110
8,488
8,474
8,826
9,123
8,752
155
155
163
170
165
135,586
134,149
133,289
132,680
131,694
12,940
12,869
13,187
13,535
12,871
95
96
99
102
98
28,464
28,436
27,985
27,580
27,256
2,667
2,572
2,846
2,939
2,989
94
90
102
107
110
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
52,523
51,929
51,400
51,203
51,012
8,848
8,232
7,599
7,435
7,788
168
159
148
145
153
51,627
51,028
50,704
50,590
50,360
8,316
7,696
7,164
7,095
7,398
161
151
141
140
147
130,312
129,784
128,974
128,031
126,991
12,097
11,387
10,647
10,687
10,703
93
88
83
83
84
27,297
26,898
26,479
26,001
25,602
2,802
2,707
2,539
2,593
2,704
103
101
96
100
106
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
51,111
51,031
50,814
50,726
50,920
8,209
8,253
8,472
8,862
8,678
161
162
167
175
170
50,356
50,358
50,192
50,183
50,305
7,714
7,838
8,086
8,534
8,282
153
156
161
170
165
125,998
125,258
123,922
123,014
121,766
11,285
11,909
11,904
12,347
11,971
90
95
96
100
98
25,173
24,629
24,206
23,754
23,234
2,689
2,698
2,579
2,776
2,870
107
110
107
117
124
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
51,140
51,653
52,262
51,669
52,563
7,785
7,181
6,193
5,831
6,097
152
139
118
113
116
50,553
51,002
51,687
51,409
52,299
7,429
6,817
5,909
5,674
5,943
147
134
114
110
114
120,574
118,935
117,583
113,832
112,374
10,790
9,478
8,110
7,897
7,893
89
80
69
69
70
22,791
22,325
21,898
20,950
20,316
2,978
3,042
2,911
2,530
2,426
131
136
133
121
119
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
53,428
54,405
55,590
(NA)
(NA)
6,189
6,927
6,223
(NA)
(NA)
116
127
112
(NA)
(NA)
53,167
54,126
55,320
56,211
57,181
6,034
6,748
6,079
5,462
5,784
113
125
110
97
101
110,717
109,105
107,579
(NA)
(NA)
7,890
8,210
7,053
(NA)
(NA)
71
75
66
(NA)
(NA)
20,020
19,654
19,206
(NA)
(NA)
2,633
2,634
2,460
2,698
3,072
132
134
128
144
168
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
58,119
58,472
58,578
(NA)
(NA)
6,341
6,138
5,667
6,373
6,729
109
105
97
107
113
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
17,062
16,791
3,605
4,011
4,052
3,939
4,646
199
226
233
231
277
1966
1965
1960
1959
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
7,204
8,595
11,229
11,386
121
144
200
206
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16,514
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,357
(NA)
(NA)
4,744
264
(NA)
(NA)
331
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people

and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE,
NOT HISPANIC8
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
38,955
39,437
40,917
41,309
41,979
4,850
4,866
4,850
4,364
4,255
125
123
119
106
101
38,322
38,823
40,319
40,707
41,304
4,554
4,544
4,518
4,059
3,996
119
117
112
100
97
123,101
123,731
125,511
125,482
125,161
12,112
12,230
11,658
10,380
9,598
98
99
93
83
77
32,904
31,616
30,736
30,149
29,442
2,210
2,155
2,022
2,280
2,179
67
68
66
76
74
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
42,212
42,523
42,978
43,150
43,614
4,208
4,254
4,519
4,233
4,090
100
100
105
98
94
41,563
41,867
42,363
42,547
43,017
3,930
3,973
4,190
3,957
3,848
95
95
99
93
89
124,847
124,326
123,481
123,110
122,511
9,761
9,708
10,236
9,391
9,157
78
78
83
76
75
28,990
28,704
28,639
28,335
28,018
2,044
2,264
2,153
2,277
2,321
70
79
75
80
83
WHITE, NOT
HISPANIC9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
44,095
44,244
44,272
45,355
45,491
4,194
4,018
4,155
4,822
5,204
95
91
94
106
114
43,459
43,554
43,570
44,670
44,665
3,887
3,715
3,832
4,458
4,759
89
85
88
100
107
122,470
121,499
120,341
120,282
119,373
8,811
8,130
8,462
8,760
9,088
72
67
70
73
76
27,973
27,948
27,952
27,118
26,995
2,266
2,218
2,118
2,217
2,200
81
79
76
82
81
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
45,605
45,689
46,668
46,096
45,590
5,072
5,115
5,823
6,255
6,017
111
112
125
136
132
44,844
44,973
45,874
45,322
44,833
4,656
4,745
5,404
5,819
5,558
104
106
118
128
124
118,822
118,228
119,192
118,475
117,386
9,074
8,908
9,732
9,964
9,461
76
75
82
84
81
27,033
27,034
26,684
26,272
26,025
2,316
2,243
2,556
2,663
2,724
86
83
96
101
105
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
45,236
44,797
44,492
44,438
44,461
5,918
5,532
5,110
4,888
5,230
131
123
115
110
118
44,506
44,045
43,938
43,910
43,907
5,497
5,106
4,779
4,594
4,902
124
116
109
105
112
117,672
117,477
116,983
116,479
115,721
9,244
8,619
8,154
8,293
8,327
79
73
70
71
72
26,208
25,854
25,504
25,044
24,754
2,580
2,471
2,335
2,384
2,472
98
96
92
95
100
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
44,664
44,752
44,886
44,830
45,531
5,789
5,745
6,156
6,649
6,566
130
128
137
148
144
44,041
44,199
44,349
44,374
45,001
5,388
5,421
5,828
6,381
6,229
122
123
131
144
138
115,157
114,969
114,180
113,570
113,717
8,963
9,608
9,734
10,279
10,082
78
84
85
91
89
24,298
23,734
23,402
22,992
22,655
2,492
2,486
2,410
2,610
2,714
103
105
103
114
120
1981
1980
1979
1978
45,950
46,578
46,967
46,819
5,946
5,510
4,730
4,506
129
118
101
96
45,440
45,989
46,448
46,606
5,639
5,174
4,476
4,383
124
113
96
94
112,722
111,460
110,509
107,481
9,207
7,990
6,930
6,837
82
72
63
64
22,237
21,760
21,339
20,431
2,834
2,865
2,759
2,412
127
132
129
118
1977
1976
1975
1974
47,689
48,824
49,670
50,759
4,714
4,799
5,342
4,820
99
98
108
95
47,459
48,601
49,421
50,520
4,582
4,664
5,185
4,697
97
96
105
93
106,063
104,846
103,496
101,894
6,772
6,720
7,039
6,051
64
64
68
59
19,812
19,565
19,251
18,810
2,316
2,506
2,503
2,346
117
128
130
125
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2011
2010 1
2009
2008
2007
2006
12,968
13,015
12,655
12,388
12,380
12,375
4,849
4,923
4,480
4,202
4,178
4,086
374
378
354
339
337
330
12,815
12,759
12,445
12,201
12,227
12,206
4,762
4,814
4,349
4,104
4,106
3,977
372
377
349
336
336
326
25,962
25,815
24,815
24,404
23,968
23,510
6,241
6,031
5,441
5,017
4,742
4,652
240
234
219
206
198
198
3,718
3,555
3,405
3,305
3,215
3,128
640
643
655
663
748
710
172
181
192
200
233
227
2005
20042
2003
2002
12,159
12,190
12,215
12,114
4,074
4,059
4,108
3,817
335
333
336
315
11,975
12,012
11,989
11,931
3,972
3,962
3,977
3,733
332
330
332
313
23,338
22,842
22,355
22,170
4,735
4,638
4,313
4,376
203
203
193
197
3,053
3,005
2,933
2,922
708
714
688
691
232
238
235
236
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people

and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
BLACK ALONE10
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
11,138
11,173
11,282
11,172
11,302
4,320
4,355
4,033
3,878
3,904
388
390
357
347
345
11,005
10,953
11,102
10,998
11,174
4,247
4,271
3,919
3,781
3,838
386
390
353
344
343
24,831
24,667
23,953
23,565
23,213
5,980
5,775
5,264
4,855
4,602
241
234
220
206
198
3,640
3,443
3,320
3,229
3,150
630
617
647
646
731
173
179
195
200
232
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
11,315
11,136
11,244
11,367
11,275
3,777
3,841
3,788
3,877
3,645
334
345
337
341
323
11,168
10,962
11,080
11,162
11,111
3,690
3,743
3,702
3,750
3,570
330
342
334
336
321
22,907
22,659
22,226
21,746
21,547
4,570
4,627
4,521
4,224
4,277
199
204
203
194
199
3,085
3,007
2,956
2,876
2,856
701
701
705
680
680
227
233
238
237
238
BLACK9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
11,556
11,480
11,488
11,317
11,367
3,492
3,581
3,813
4,151
4,225
302
312
332
367
372
11,419
11,296
11,260
11,176
11,193
3,423
3,495
3,698
4,073
4,116
300
309
328
364
368
21,462
21,160
21,518
20,837
20,400
4,018
3,794
4,000
4,222
4,191
187
179
186
203
205
2,853
2,785
2,750
2,723
2,691
626
607
628
718
700
219
218
228
264
260
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
11,338
11,369
11,211
11,127
10,956
4,519
4,761
4,906
5,125
5,106
399
419
438
461
466
11,155
11,198
11,044
10,969
10,823
4,411
4,644
4,787
5,030
5,015
395
415
433
459
463
20,155
19,892
19,585
19,272
18,952
4,515
4,483
4,590
5,049
4,884
224
225
234
262
258
2,616
2,478
2,557
2,510
2,504
661
629
700
702
838
253
254
274
280
335
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
10,350
10,162
10,012
9,865
9,730
4,755
4,550
4,375
4,296
4,385
459
448
437
435
451
10,178
9,980
9,847
9,681
9,546
4,637
4,412
4,257
4,148
4,234
456
442
432
428
444
18,355
18,097
17,833
17,548
17,245
4,607
4,427
4,164
4,275
4,361
251
245
233
244
253
2,606
2,547
2,487
2,436
2,387
880
860
763
785
774
338
338
307
322
324
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
9,629
9,545
9,480
9,417
9,400
4,148
4,157
4,413
4,398
4,472
431
436
466
467
476
9,467
9,405
9,356
9,245
9,269
4,037
4,057
4,320
4,273
4,388
427
431
462
462
473
16,911
16,667
16,369
16,065
15,692
4,113
4,052
4,368
4,694
4,415
243
243
267
292
281
2,331
2,273
2,238
2,197
2,124
722
717
710
791
811
310
315
317
360
382
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
9,374
9,368
9,307
9,229
9,296
4,237
3,961
3,833
3,830
3,888
452
423
412
415
418
9,291
9,287
9,172
9,168
9,253
4,170
3,906
3,745
3,781
3,850
449
421
408
412
416
15,358
14,987
14,596
13,774
13,483
4,117
3,835
3,478
3,133
3,137
268
256
238
227
233
2,102
2,054
2,040
1,954
1,930
820
783
740
662
701
390
381
362
339
363
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
9,322
9,421
9,439
(NA)
(NA)
3,787
3,925
3,755
(NA)
(NA)
406
417
398
(NA)
(NA)
9,291
9,374
9,384
9,405
9,426
3,758
3,884
3,713
3,822
4,025
404
414
396
406
427
13,224
12,872
12,539
(NA)
(NA)
3,163
2,968
2,836
(NA)
(NA)
239
231
226
(NA)
(NA)
1,852
1,795
1,721
1,672
1,603
644
652
591
620
640
348
363
343
371
399
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
9,414
9,448
9,290
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
3,836
3,922
3,677
4,188
4,558
4,774
5,022
404
415
396
431
474
506
656
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,584
1,422
1,373
1,374
1,341
1,311
(NA)
623
683
689
655
715
722
711
393
480
502
477
533
551
625
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people

and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
ASIAN ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
4,572
4,308
3,996
3,717
3,606
607
586
531
494
431
133
136
133
133
119
4,495
4,256
3,946
3,678
3,558
566
560
507
476
402
126
132
129
129
113
11,660
11,414
9,898
9,507
9,531
1,397
1,265
1,154
1,031
892
120
111
117
108
94
1,581
1,515
1,378
1,319
1,293
185
214
216
162
144
117
141
157
123
112
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
3,573
3,472
3,406
3,316
3,199
408
359
329
420
353
114
103
97
127
110
3,530
3,435
3,367
3,279
3,159
398
352
311
406
338
113
102
92
124
107
9,553
9,115
8,780
8,510
8,292
897
999
819
956
804
94
110
93
112
97
1,205
1,144
1,104
1,065
995
142
144
147
152
86
118
126
133
142
87
ASIAN ALONE11
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
3,657
3,431
3,311
3,052
2,980
494
494
463
446
374
135
144
140
146
125
3,600
3,399
3,271
3,016
2,932
466
477
444
430
345
130
140
136
142
118
10,873
10,696
9,344
8,961
9,012
1,297
1,191
1,069
974
832
119
111
114
109
92
1,555
1,484
1,350
1,296
1,265
182
214
213
157
143
117
144
158
121
113
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
2,956
2,871
2,854
2,759
2,683
360
317
281
344
315
122
111
99
125
117
2,915
2,842
2,823
2,726
2,648
351
312
265
331
302
120
110
94
121
114
9,039
8,591
8,294
8,044
7,881
851
941
774
907
764
94
110
93
113
97
1,182
1,118
1,083
1,052
977
142
143
146
151
82
120
128
135
143
84
ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER9
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
3,215
3,294
3,212
3,137
3,096
369
420
381
564
628
115
127
119
180
203
3,169
3,256
3,178
3,099
3,061
353
407
367
542
608
111
125
115
175
199
8,352
8,500
7,879
6,951
6,680
814
756
807
698
753
97
89
102
100
113
899
878
864
785
705
92
82
96
97
87
102
93
111
124
123
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
2,924
2,900
1,739
2,061
2,218
571
564
318
375
363
195
195
183
182
164
2,899
2,858
1,719
2,029
2,199
553
532
308
358
352
191
186
179
176
160
6,484
6,123
4,401
4,871
5,067
821
757
589
680
568
127
124
134
140
112
647
622
513
503
494
63
89
67
79
53
97
143
130
156
108
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
2,056
2,126
1,983
1,970
1,937
360
374
392
474
455
175
176
198
241
235
2,036
2,098
1,945
1,949
1,908
348
356
368
458
432
171
170
189
235
227
4,582
4,375
4,225
4,035
4,010
565
422
512
583
510
123
96
121
144
127
555
514
465
442
375
70
62
34
60
56
127
121
74
135
150
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people

and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
HISPANIC
(ANY RACE)
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
17,600
17,371
16,965
16,370
15,647
6,008
6,059
5,610
5,010
4,482
341
349
331
306
286
17,276
16,964
16,655
16,138
15,375
5,820
5,815
5,419
4,888
4,348
337
343
325
303
283
31,643
30,740
29,031
28,311
27,731
6,667
6,948
6,224
5,452
4,970
211
226
214
193
179
3,036
2,860
2,815
2,717
2,555
569
516
516
525
438
187
180
183
193
171
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
15,147
14,654
14,173
13,730
13,210
4,072
4,143
4,098
4,077
3,782
269
283
289
297
286
14,907
14,361
13,929
13,519
12,971
3,959
3,977
3,985
3,982
3,653
266
277
286
295
282
27,209
26,051
25,324
24,490
23,952
4,698
4,765
4,620
4,568
4,334
173
183
182
187
181
2,428
2,315
2,194
2,080
2,053
472
460
403
406
439
194
199
184
195
214
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
12,763
12,399
12,188
11,152
10,802
3,570
3,522
3,693
3,837
3,972
280
284
303
344
368
12,539
12,115
11,912
10,921
10,625
3,433
3,342
3,561
3,670
3,865
274
276
299
336
364
22,653
21,734
20,782
18,668
18,217
4,014
3,844
3,843
3,877
3,951
177
177
185
208
217
1,896
1,822
1,661
1,696
1,617
413
381
340
356
384
218
209
205
210
238
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
10,511
10,213
9,822
9,462
9,081
4,237
4,080
4,075
3,873
3,637
403
400
415
409
400
10,255
10,011
9,621
9,188
8,829
4,090
3,938
3,956
3,666
3,440
399
393
411
399
390
17,587
16,673
16,192
15,708
15,268
4,089
4,153
4,018
3,956
3,668
233
249
248
252
240
1,516
1,458
1,428
1,390
1,298
370
342
323
297
287
244
235
226
214
221
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
7,648
7,457
7,186
7,003
6,792
3,094
2,865
2,603
2,631
2,670
404
384
362
376
393
7,473
7,300
7,040
6,908
6,692
2,977
2,750
2,496
2,576
2,606
398
377
355
373
389
13,279
12,857
12,536
12,056
11,718
3,008
2,896
2,616
2,501
2,509
227
225
209
207
214
1,143
1,091
1,024
1,005
885
237
245
211
225
243
208
225
206
224
275
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
6,646
6,475
6,068
6,066
5,527
2,507
2,606
2,376
2,312
2,181
377
403
392
381
395
6,511
6,346
5,982
5,977
5,436
2,413
2,512
2,317
2,251
2,117
371
396
387
377
389
11,206
10,685
10,029
9,697
8,262
2,406
2,411
2,254
2,148
1,963
215
226
225
225
238
906
915
819
782
596
204
219
176
173
159
225
239
215
221
266
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
5,369
5,276
5,483
5,012
5,028
1,925
1,749
1,535
1,384
1,422
359
332
280
276
283
5,291
5,211
5,426
4,972
5,000
1,874
1,718
1,505
1,354
1,402
354
330
277
272
280
8,084
7,740
7,314
6,527
6,500
1,642
1,563
1,232
1,098
1,164
203
202
168
168
179
568
582
574
539
518
146
179
154
125
113
257
308
268
232
219
1976
1975
1974
1973
4,771
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,443
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
302
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,736
4,896
4,939
4,910
1,424
1,619
1,414
1,364
301
331
286
278
6,034
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,212
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
201
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
464
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
128
137
117
95
277
326
289
249
(NA) Not available

1
2
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC
3
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion
4
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls
5
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls
6
For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file
7
and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No 166
8
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category The use of this
single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported
more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder About
29 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010
9
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White,
Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander
10
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race
11
Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded
from people in families
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-3.
Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2011

(Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and
definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf)
All families
and year
Male householder,
no wife present
Married-couple families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Female householder,
no husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
80,529
79,559
78,867
78,874
77,908
78,454
77,418
76,866
76,232
75,616
74,340
73,778
73,206
71,551
70,884
70,241
69,597
69,313
68,506
68,216
67,175
66,322
66,090
65,837
65,204
64,491
63,558
62,706
62,015
61,393
61,019
60,309
59,550
57,804
57,215
56,710
56,245
55,698
55,053
54,373
53,296
52,227
51,586
50,511
49,835
48,921
48,278
47,836
47,436
46,998
46,341
45,435
45,054
9,497
9,400
8,792
8,147
7,623
7,668
7,657
7,835
7,607
7,229
6,813
6,400
6,792
7,186
7,324
7,708
7,532
8,053
8,393
8,144
7,712
7,098
6,784
6,874
7,005
7,023
7,223
7,277
7,647
7,512
6,851
6,217
5,461
5,280
5,311
5,311
5,450
4,922
4,828
5,075
5,303
5,260
5,008
5,047
5,667
5,784
6,721
7,160
7,554
8,077
8,391
8,243
8,320
11.8
11.8
11.1
10.3
9.8
9.8
9.9
10.2
10.0
9.6
9.2
8.7
9.3
10.0
10.3
11.0
10.8
11.6
12.3
11.9
11.5
10.7
10.3
10.4
10.7
10.9
11.4
11.6
12.3
12.2
11.2
10.3
9.2
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.7
8.8
8.8
9.3
10.0
10.1
9.7
10.0
11.4
11.8
13.9
15.0
15.9
17.2
18.1
18.1
18.5
58,963
58,667
58,428
59,137
58,395
58,964
58,189
57,983
57,725
57,327
56,755
56,598
56,290
54,778
54,321
53,604
53,570
53,865
53,181
53,090
52,457
52,147
52,317
52,100
51,675
51,537
50,933
50,350
50,081
49,908
49,630
49,294
49,112
47,692
47,385
47,497
47,318
47,069
46,812
46,314
45,752
44,739
44,436
43,842
43,292
42,553
42,107
41,648
41,311
40,923
40,405
39,624
39,335
3,652
3,681
3,409
3,261
2,849
2,910
2,944
3,216
3,115
3,052
2,760
2,637
2,748
2,879
2,821
3,010
2,982
3,272
3,481
3,385
3,158
2,981
2,931
2,897
3,011
3,123
3,438
3,488
3,815
3,789
3,394
3,032
2,640
2,474
2,524
2,606
2,904
2,474
2,482
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
6.2
6.3
5.8
5.5
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.5
5.4
5.3
4.9
4.7
4.9
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.7
6.9
7.6
7.6
6.8
6.2
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.5
6.1
5.3
5.3
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
5,888
5,649
5,582
5,255
5,103
5,067
5,134
4,901
4,717
4,663
4,440
4,277
4,099
3,977
3,911
3,847
3,513
3,228
2,914
3,065
3,025
2,907
2,884
2,847
2,833
2,510
2,414
2,228
2,038
2,016
1,986
1,933
1,733
1,654
1,594
1,500
1,445
1,399
1,438
1,452
1,353
1,487
1,559
1,228
1,210
1,197
1,179
1,182
1,243
1,334
1,293
1,202
1,226
950
892
942
723
696
671
669
657
636
564
583
485
485
476
507
531
493
549
488
484
392
349
348
336
340
287
311
292
268
290
205
213
176
152
177
162
116
125
154
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16.1
15.8
16.9
13.8
13.6
13.2
13.0
13.4
13.5
12.1
13.1
11.3
11.8
12.0
13.0
13.8
14.0
17.0
16.8
15.8
13.0
12.0
12.1
11.8
12.0
11.4
12.9
13.1
13.2
14.4
10.3
11.0
10.2
9.2
11.1
10.8
8.0
8.9
10.7
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
15,678
15,243
14,857
14,482
14,411
14,424
14,095
13,981
13,791
13,626
13,146
12,903
12,818
12,796
12,652
12,790
12,514
12,220
12,411
12,061
11,693
11,268
10,890
10,890
10,696
10,445
10,211
10,129
9,896
9,469
9,403
9,082
8,705
8,458
8,236
7,713
7,482
7,230
6,804
6,607
6,191
6,001
5,591
5,441
5,333
5,171
4,992
5,006
4,882
4,741
4,643
4,609
4,493
4,894
4,827
4,441
4,163
4,078
4,087
4,044
3,962
3,856
3,613
3,470
3,278
3,559
3,831
3,995
4,167
4,057
4,232
4,424
4,275
4,161
3,768
3,504
3,642
3,654
3,613
3,474
3,498
3,564
3,434
3,252
2,972
2,645
2,654
2,610
2,543
2,430
2,324
2,193
2,158
2,100
1,952
1,827
1,755
1,774
1,721
1,916
1,822
1,972
2,034
1,954
1,955
1,916
31.2
31.7
29.9
28.7
28.3
28.3
28.7
28.3
28.0
26.5
26.4
25.4
27.8
29.9
31.6
32.6
32.4
34.6
35.6
35.4
35.6
33.4
32.2
33.4
34.2
34.6
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.3
34.6
32.7
30.4
31.4
31.7
33.0
32.5
32.1
32.2
32.7
33.9
32.5
32.7
32.3
33.3
33.1
38.4
36.4
40.4
42.9
42.1
42.4
42.6
ALL RACES
2011
20101
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
20042
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
19925
19916
1990
1989
19887
19877
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
(NA) Not available.

1
Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.
2
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
3
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.
4
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.
5
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.
6
For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.
7
and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166.
Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX C.
ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates
National surveys and health insurance
coverage. Health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported on
the Current Population Survey (CPS).
While underreporting affects most,
if not all, surveys, underreporting of
health insurance coverage appears
to be a larger problem in the Annual
Social and Economic Supplement
(ASEC) than in other national surveys that ask about insurance. Some
reasons for the disparity may include
the fact that income, not health insurance, is the main focus of the ASEC
questionnaire. In addition, the ASEC
collects health insurance information
in February through April but asks
about the previous years coverage.
Asking annual retrospective questions appears to cause few problems
when collecting income data (possibly
because the interview period is close
to when people pay their taxes), but
it may be less than ideal when asking
about health insurance coverage.
Compared with other national surveys, the CPS estimate of the number
of people without health insurance
more closely approximates the number of people who are uninsured at a
specific point in time during the year
than the number of people uninsured
for the entire year. For a comparison
of health insurance coverage rates
from the major federal surveys, see
How Many People Lack Insurance and
for How Long? (Congressional Budget
Office, May 2003) at <www.cbo.gov/
doc.cfm?index=4210>.
(CMS).1 Because the CPS is largely

a labor force survey, interviewers
receive less training on health insurance concepts than labor concepts.
Additionally, many people may not be
aware that a health insurance program covers them or their children if
they have not used covered services
recently. CMS data, on the other hand,
represent the actual number of people
who have enrolled or participated in
these programs.
Reporting of coverage through major

federal health insurance programs.
The CPS ASEC data underreport
Medicare and Medicaid coverage
compared with enrollment and
participation data from the Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services
During Phase 2, files from the MSIS

were linked with the CPS ASEC files,
and the individual records were
compared. The report from Phase
2 showed a gap between CPS ASEC
estimates and MSIS files of 2.8 million Medicaid enrollees. A key finding
The State Health Access Data

Assistance Center (SHADAC) of the
University of Minnesota has worked
with the U.S. Census Bureau, CMS,
and the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
(ASPE) on a research project to evaluate why CPS ASEC estimates of the
number of people with Medicaid are
lower than counts of the number of
people enrolled in the program from
CMS. Reports from all four phases
of the research project are available
from the Census Bureaus Web site at
<www.census.gov/did/www/snacc/>.
During Phase 1, a database of
Medicaid and Medicare enrollment
was built using the CMS Medicaid
Statistical Information System (MSIS)
files merged with CMS Medicare
Enrollment Database (EDB) files. The
quality of the database was evaluated using two Census Bureau files:
the Master Address File/Auxiliary
Reference File (MAFARF) and the
Person Characteristics File (PCF).
1
CMS is the federal agency primarily
responsible for administering the Medicare and
Medicaid programs at the national level.
U.S. Census Bureau
indicating survey response error in

the CPS ASEC was that 16.9 percent
of people with an MSIS record indicating Medicaid coverage reported in the
CPS ASEC that they were uninsured.2
The report found that Medicaid subscribers with longer and more recent
enrollment were more likely to report
coverage. Respondents for children
enrolled in Medicaid were more apt
to report coverage for those children than for enrolled adults within
the household. Families with lower
incomes tended to report coverage
more frequently. Individuals who
received Medicaid services during
the reporting cycle tended to report
coverage more often than individuals who had not received services.
Reporting differences were also apparent among states.
Phase 3 of the research project was
further broken down into three steps
that attempted to account for discrepancies found in Phase 2 between the
MSIS records and the CPS ASEC files.
These steps focused on determining
the number of enrollees who were
out-of-scope for the 2001 March CPS
interview (people living in institutions and other group quarters are not
eligible for CPS ASEC interview; MSIS
counts all people, regardless of their
living situation). Phase 3 narrowed the
gap between CPS ASEC estimates and
MSIS files by 1.0 million, to 1.8 million
Medicaid enrollees.
Phase 4 consisted of repeating the
Phase 2 process using the National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data
instead of CPS ASEC data. The purpose of this was twofold: to provide
explanations for the differences found
2
For consistency purposes across the MSIS
and the CPS, SHADAC removed all MSIS enrollees
who received only partial coverage, those who
had died before the CPS reporting cycle, and
all duplicate person records. Also, all Childrens
Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrollees were
removed from the MSIS count.
between NHIS data and MSIS files

and to examine how differing survey
designs and methodologies affect the
survey data and estimates. The report
found that the NHIS Medicaid undercount was 27.3 percent in 2001 and
21.7 percent in 2002, but noted that
the NHIS added questions in 2004 and
these results may not apply to more
recent data. The report found higher
false-negative reporting for enrollees
who were older, had higher incomes,
and also had private insurance. Falsenegative reporting was lower for very
low-income enrollees, those on other
benefits programs, and those who
had recently used Medicaid services.
The report found that the dynamics of
false-negative reporting was similar in
the NHIS and CPS ASEC.
SHADAC released an imputation
adjustment for public use CPS ASEC
microdata through its website to help
researchers interested in partially
adjusting for CPS ASEC Medicaid
underreporting.3 This is an experimental imputation and was produced
for interested parties to use in their
research. The Census Bureau has not
evaluated the methodology, and users
should be aware that this is not an
official data product.
3
See <www.shadac.org/publications
/medicaid-under-reporting-in-cps-and-one
-approach-partial-correction> for more
information.
Enhancements in 2010. SHADAC

has also done research to improve
the CPS ASEC imputation and allocation processes.4 After evaluating the
methodology, the Census Bureau
decided to implement these changes
for data from the 2000 to 2010 CPS
ASEC Supplements. From this point
forward, this methodology will be
used and is now incorporated into the
approved historical series from the
2000 to 2010 CPS ASEC Supplements.
For more information on this, see
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/
hlthins/data/usernote/index.html>.
There are several ongoing projects
aimed at improving the quality of
health coverage data from the CPS
ASEC. This research includes: 1)
cognitive research and field testing
to improve the wording of the CPS
ASEC health coverage questions;
2) editing and imputation research,
including additional research on the
use of models that attempt to account
for Medicaid underreporting; and 3)
expanding the number of studies that
match administrative Medicaid data to
current survey data to include other
surveys, such as the National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS) and the
American Community Survey (ACS).
This research will make it possible
to compare and contrast CPS ASEC

underreporting rates with other surveys, allowing Census Bureau analysts
to better understand the nature and
impact of CPS ASEC health coverage
underreporting.
After consulting with health insurance
experts, the Census Bureau modified
the definition of the population without health insurance in the supplement to the March 1998 CPS, which
collected data about coverage in
1997. Previously, people with no coverage other than access to the Indian
Health Service were counted as part of
the insured population. Subsequently,
the Census Bureau has counted these
people as uninsured.
In 2009, a modification to uninsured
foster children was made. Health
insurance experts informed the
Census Bureau that all foster children
were eligible for Medicaid. The effect
of these changes on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage
was negligible. This modification was
later incorporated into the revision of
data from 1999 to 2009.
4
See <www.shadac.org/publications
/are-current-population-survey-uninsurance
-estimates-too-high-examination-imputation-pro>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-1.
Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2011

(Numbers in thousands People as of March of the following year For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Private health insurance
Year
Government health insurance
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
Medicare
Military health
care1
Not
covered
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994,5
1999
1998
19976
19967
1995
19948
19939
199210
1991
1990
1989
1988
198711
308,827
306,553
304,280
301,483
299,106
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
274,087
271,743
269,094
266,792
264,314
262,105
259,753
256,830
251,447
248,886
246,191
243,685
241,187
260,214
256,603
255,295
256,702
255,018
251,610
250,799
249,414
246,332
246,157
244,059
242,932
239,102
233,073
228,800
226,735
225,699
223,733
222,387
220,040
218,189
216,003
214,167
212,807
211,005
210,161
197,323
196,147
196,245
202,626
203,903
203,942
203,205
203,014
201,989
204,163
204,142
205,575
202,021
196,536
192,507
189,955
188,224
185,881
184,318
182,351
181,466
181,375
182,135
183,610
182,019
182,160
170,102
169,372
170,762
177,543
178,971
178,880
178,391
177,924
177,362
179,563
179,984
181,862
177,535
171,692
170,105
166,419
164,096
161,453
159,634
148,318
148,796
150,077
150,215
151,644
150,940
149,739
30,244
30,347
29,098
28,513
28,500
29,033
28,980
29,161
28,826
29,287
28,398
28,432
29,310
27,298
26,165
27,431
28,419
30,188
31,349
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
99,497
95,525
93,245
87,586
83,147
80,343
80,283
79,480
76,116
72,825
70,330
68,183
67,103
66,176
66,087
66,685
69,000
69,776
70,163
68,554
66,244
63,882
60,965
57,382
56,850
56,282
50,835
48,533
47,847
42,831
39,685
38,370
38,191
38,055
34,326
31,934
30,166
28,062
27,353
27,890
27,854
28,956
31,451
31,877
31,645
31,749
29,416
26,880
24,261
21,185
20,728
20,211
46,922
44,906
43,434
43,031
41,387
40,336
40,167
39,757
39,284
38,359
37,870
37,787
36,990
36,066
35,887
35,590
35,227
34,655
33,901
33,097
33,230
32,907
32,260
31,495
30,925
30,458
13,712
12,927
12,414
11,562
10,955
10,543
11,164
10,584
10,124
9,892
9,580
8,937
8,526
8,530
8,747
8,527
8,712
9,375
11,165
9,560
9,510
9,820
9,922
9,870
10,105
10,542
48,613
49,951
48,985
44,780
44,088
45,214
43,035
41,752
41,949
39,776
38,023
36,586
37,702
41,014
42,943
42,359
41,093
40,582
39,718
39,713
38,641
35,445
34,719
33,385
32,680
31,026
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994,5
1999
1998
19976
19967
1995
19948
19939
199210
1991
1990
1989
1988
198711
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
843
837
839
851
853
848
854
857
854
861
865
869
864
850
842
843
846
846
848
847
850
859
861
864
866
871
639
640
645
672
682
687
692
697
701
714
724
735
730
717
708
706
706
703
703
702
707
721
732
746
747
755
551
553
561
589
598
603
607
611
615
628
638
651
641
626
626
618
615
611
609
571
579
597
604
616
619
621
98
99
96
95
95
98
99
100
100
102
101
102
106
99
96
102
107
114
120
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
322
312
306
291
278
271
273
273
264
255
249
244
242
241
243
248
259
264
268
264
258
254
245
233
233
233
165
158
157
142
133
129
130
131
119
112
107
100
99
102
103
108
118
121
121
122
115
107
97
86
85
84
152
146
143
143
138
136
137
137
136
134
134
135
134
132
132
132
132
131
129
127
129
131
130
128
127
126
44
42
41
38
37
36
38
36
35
35
34
32
31
31
32
32
33
35
43
37
37
39
40
40
41
44
157
163
161
149
147
152
146
143
146
139
135
131
136
150
158
157
154
154
152
153
150
141
139
136
134
129
(NA) Not available Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about directpurchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Economic and Economic
(ASEC) Supplement
1
Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military
2
3
4
Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census
2000-based population controls
5
The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing
process See <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/indexhtml>
6
Beginning with the 1998 CPS ASEC, people with no coverage other than access to the Indian
Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are considered to be
U.S. Census Bureau
uninsured The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible;
however, the decrease in the number of people covered by Medicaid may be partially due to this change
7
The data for 1996 through 1999 were revised using an approximation method for consistency
with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income,
Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <wwwcensusgov
/prod/2006pubs/p60-231pdf>
8
Health insurance questions were redesigned Increases in estimates of employment-based and
military health care coverage may be partially due to questionnaire changes Overall coverage estimates
were not affected
9
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing
10
11
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2012 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements
Table C-2.
Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2011

and year

Employment
Direct
based purchase

Military
health
Not
care1 covered
Total
people
Total
Total
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994
308,827
306,553
304,280
301,483
299,106
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
260,214
256,603
255,295
256,702
255,018
251,610
250,799
249,414
246,332
246,157
244,059
242,932
239,102
197,323
196,147
196,245
202,626
203,903
203,942
203,205
203,014
201,989
204,163
204,142
205,575
202,021
170,102
169,372
170,762
177,543
178,971
178,880
178,391
177,924
177,362
179,563
179,984
181,862
177,535
30,244
30,347
29,098
28,513
28,500
29,033
28,980
29,161
28,826
29,287
28,398
28,432
29,310
99,497
95,525
93,245
87,586
83,147
80,343
80,283
79,480
76,116
72,825
70,330
68,183
67,103
50,835
48,533
47,847
42,831
39,685
38,370
38,191
38,055
34,326
31,934
30,166
28,062
27,353
46,922
44,906
43,434
43,031
41,387
40,336
40,167
39,757
39,284
38,359
37,870
37,787
36,990
13,712
12,927
12,414
11,562
10,955
10,543
11,164
10,584
10,124
9,892
9,580
8,937
8,526
48,613
49,951
48,985
44,780
44,088
45,214
43,035
41,752
41,949
39,776
38,023
36,586
37,702
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
843
837
839
851
853
848
854
857
854
861
865
869
864
639
640
645
672
682
687
692
697
701
714
724
735
730
551
553
561
589
598
603
607
611
615
628
638
651
641
98
99
96
95
95
98
99
100
100
102
101
102
106
322
312
306
291
278
271
273
273
264
255
249
244
242
165
158
157
142
133
129
130
131
119
112
107
100
99
152
146
143
143
138
136
137
137
136
134
134
135
134
44
42
41
38
37
36
38
36
35
35
34
32
31
157
163
161
149
147
152
146
143
146
139
135
131
136
WHITE ALONE5
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
241,586
240,281
242,403
240,852
239,399
237,892
235,903
234,116
232,254
230,809
205,595
203,594
205,279
207,086
206,175
203,722
203,234
202,365
200,647
201,186
160,923
160,794
162,817
168,107
169,234
169,262
168,888
168,888
168,884
171,092
137,684
137,732
140,506
146,027
147,327
147,440
147,348
147,064
147,241
149,480
25,984
26,141
25,270
24,850
24,903
25,052
24,924
25,153
25,113
25,607
75,624
72,506
71,576
67,564
64,484
62,684
62,170
61,734
59,269
56,705
34,302
32,487
32,894
29,350
27,275
26,585
26,014
26,137
23,294
21,420
39,534
38,056
36,801
36,469
35,123
34,414
34,318
34,097
33,652
33,101
10,863
10,254
9,988
9,292
8,852
8,616
9,019
8,508
8,252
7,930
35,991
36,688
37,124
33,767
33,224
34,169
32,669
31,751
31,607
29,624
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
851
847
847
860
861
856
862
864
864
872
666
669
672
698
707
712
716
721
727
741
570
573
580
606
615
620
625
628
634
648
108
109
104
103
104
105
106
107
108
111
313
302
295
281
269
263
264
264
255
246
142
135
136
122
114
112
110
112
100
93
164
158
152
151
147
145
145
146
145
143
45
43
41
39
37
36
38
36
36
34
149
153
153
140
139
144
138
136
136
128
WHITE5
Number
2001
20003
19994
230,071
228,208
225,794
201,345
200,634
197,767
172,479
173,567
171,111
151,035
152,387
149,351
24,925
25,054
25,730
55,448
53,803
52,776
20,504
18,988
18,199
32,878
32,751
32,208
7,801
7,051
6,821
28,726
27,574
28,027
1000
1000
1000
875
879
876
750
761
758
656
668
661
108
110
114
241
236
234
89
83
81
143
144
143
34
31
30
125
121
124
Total Medicaid Medicare
ALL RACES
Percent
2001
20003
19994
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.
Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2011Con .

and year
Employment
Direct
based purchase
Military
health
Not
care1 covered
Total
people
Total
Total
WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC

Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
195,148
194,996
197,436
197,159
196,768
196,252
195,893
195,347
194,877
194,421
173,466
172,454
174,721
176,569
177,044
175,994
175,859
175,728
175,324
176,142
141,783
141,798
144,569
148,664
150,128
150,736
150,574
150,819
151,609
153,631
120,268
120,364
123,838
128,180
129,786
130,366
130,599
130,439
131,309
133,402
24,092
24,436
23,591
22,962
22,961
23,329
22,959
23,435
23,512
23,896
60,184
58,147
57,013
54,373
52,589
51,499
51,219
51,238
49,547
47,514
21,799
20,988
21,137
18,836
17,866
17,790
17,439
17,768
15,733
14,422
36,271
34,834
33,724
33,444
32,442
31,861
31,709
31,663
31,337
30,689
9,949
9,371
9,123
8,500
8,132
7,866
8,275
7,913
7,671
7,340
21,681
22,542
22,715
20,590
19,724
20,258
20,033
19,619
19,553
18,279
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
889
884
885
896
900
897
898
900
900
906
727
727
732
754
763
768
769
772
778
790
616
617
627
650
660
664
667
668
674
686
124
125
119
116
117
119
117
120
121
123
308
298
289
276
267
262
261
262
254
244
112
108
107
96
91
91
89
91
81
74
186
179
171
170
165
162
162
162
161
158
51
48
46
43
41
40
42
41
39
38
111
116
115
104
100
103
102
100
100
94
WHITE, NOT HISPANIC

Number
2001
20003
19994
194,822
193,931
192,858
177,420
177,253
175,461
155,432
156,592
154,947
135,421
136,694
134,524
23,366
23,652
24,176
47,132
46,018
45,211
14,314
13,130
12,468
30,706
30,708
30,300
7,162
6,482
6,314
17,402
16,678
17,397
Percent
2001
20003
19994
1000
1000
1000
911
914
910
798
807
803
695
705
698
120
122
125
242
237
234
73
68
65
158
158
157
37
33
33
89
86
90
BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
42,750
42,472
40,957
40,216
39,683
39,083
38,729
38,179
37,651
37,350
34,568
33,798
32,817
32,902
32,416
31,445
31,829
31,389
30,695
30,412
21,151
20,490
20,129
21,300
21,580
21,352
21,317
21,215
20,885
21,081
18,986
18,478
18,459
19,656
19,873
19,615
19,444
19,416
19,304
19,505
2,232
2,248
2,017
1,990
1,999
2,093
2,300
2,188
2,094
2,020
17,208
16,956
16,163
15,119
14,008
13,124
13,899
13,464
12,810
12,223
12,240
12,122
11,380
10,445
9,635
9,095
9,768
9,395
8,703
8,230
5,109
4,768
4,732
4,673
4,404
4,123
4,183
4,016
4,030
3,806
1,867
1,862
1,704
1,663
1,445
1,290
1,438
1,453
1,281
1,321
8,183
8,674
8,140
7,314
7,267
7,639
6,900
6,790
6,956
6,938
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
809
796
801
818
817
805
822
822
815
814
495
482
491
530
544
546
550
556
555
564
444
435
451
489
501
502
502
509
513
522
52
53
49
49
50
54
59
57
56
54
403
399
395
376
353
336
359
353
340
327
286
285
278
260
243
233
252
246
231
220
120
112
116
116
111
105
108
105
107
102
44
44
42
41
36
33
37
38
34
35
191
204
199
182
183
195
178
178
185
186
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.

and year
Employment
Direct
based purchase
Military
health
Not
care1 covered
Total
people
Total
Total
BLACK ALONE7
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
39,696
39,350
38,624
38,076
37,775
37,369
36,965
36,548
36,121
35,806
31,974
31,148
30,786
31,058
30,754
29,994
30,288
29,956
29,379
29,063
19,710
19,034
19,033
20,132
20,518
20,405
20,317
20,285
20,052
20,169
17,699
17,186
17,472
18,579
18,893
18,742
18,544
18,589
18,550
18,642
2,082
2,099
1,922
1,859
1,902
2,003
2,205
2,088
2,014
1,963
15,798
15,500
15,018
14,233
13,257
12,458
13,203
12,814
12,198
11,664
11,033
10,929
10,456
9,746
9,014
8,542
9,192
8,875
8,212
7,788
4,997
4,614
4,599
4,541
4,309
4,056
4,107
3,935
3,945
3,731
1,711
1,671
1,564
1,544
1,358
1,217
1,357
1,371
1,223
1,247
7,722
8,202
7,838
7,018
7,021
7,375
6,678
6,592
6,742
6,743
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
806
792
797
816
814
803
819
820
813
812
497
484
493
529
543
546
550
555
555
563
446
437
452
488
500
502
502
509
514
521
52
53
50
49
50
54
60
57
56
55
398
394
389
374
351
333
357
351
338
326
278
278
271
256
239
229
249
243
227
218
126
117
119
119
114
109
111
108
109
104
43
42
40
41
36
33
37
38
34
35
195
208
203
184
186
197
181
180
187
188
BLACK6
Number
2001
20003
19994
36,023
35,597
35,893
29,618
29,447
29,194
20,970
21,188
20,888
19,418
19,610
19,250
2,035
2,064
2,258
11,451
11,288
11,196
7,691
7,300
7,395
3,766
3,869
3,626
1,186
1,319
1,137
6,405
6,150
6,699
Percent
2001
20003
19994
1000
1000
1000
822
827
813
582
595
582
539
551
536
57
58
63
318
317
312
213
205
206
105
109
101
33
37
32
178
173
187
ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
17,821
17,249
15,281
14,548
14,444
14,348
13,758
13,307
12,905
12,504
14,933
14,173
12,880
12,176
12,233
12,332
11,593
11,395
10,728
10,450
11,990
11,534
10,419
10,140
10,187
10,426
10,039
9,823
9,067
8,967
10,559
10,201
9,169
9,046
9,143
9,212
8,928
8,630
7,995
7,868
1,627
1,568
1,490
1,353
1,305
1,548
1,404
1,502
1,252
1,306
4,192
3,772
3,539
2,967
2,886
2,858
2,554
2,599
2,443
2,299
2,549
2,291
2,182
1,702
1,658
1,617
1,337
1,425
1,330
1,274
1,611
1,478
1,353
1,290
1,238
1,225
1,133
1,097
1,093
1,003
627
506
475
374
379
404
461
388
349
339
2,888
3,075
2,401
2,372
2,211
2,016
2,165
1,913
2,178
2,054
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
838
822
843
837
847
859
843
856
831
836
673
669
682
697
705
727
730
738
703
717
593
591
600
622
633
642
649
649
620
629
91
91
97
93
90
108
102
113
97
104
235
219
232
204
200
199
186
195
189
184
143
133
143
117
115
113
97
107
103
102
90
86
89
89
86
85
82
82
85
80
35
29
31
26
26
28
33
29
27
27
162
178
157
163
153
141
157
144
169
164
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.

and year
ASIAN ALONE8
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER6
Number
2001
20003
19994
Percent
2001
20003
19994
HISPANIC (ANY RACE)
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994
Military
health
Not
care1 covered
Total
people
Total
Total
16,094
15,619
14,011
13,315
13,268
13,194
12,599
12,241
11,869
11,558
13,398
12,738
11,694
11,081
11,137
11,289
10,556
10,442
9,818
9,591
10,715
10,352
9,459
9,219
9,252
9,539
9,156
9,001
8,326
8,239
9,436
9,158
8,298
8,189
8,294
8,377
8,106
7,901
7,327
7,191
1,498
1,437
1,401
1,270
1,201
1,475
1,337
1,407
1,170
1,253
3,760
3,380
3,196
2,708
2,648
2,635
2,296
2,383
2,208
2,089
2,277
2,022
1,966
1,540
1,526
1,482
1,206
1,302
1,177
1,148
1,574
1,433
1,304
1,258
1,195
1,185
1,103
1,066
1,063
982
476
378
368
292
296
335
353
316
288
260
2,696
2,881
2,317
2,233
2,131
1,905
2,043
1,799
2,051
1,968
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
833
816
835
832
839
856
838
853
827
830
666
663
675
692
697
723
727
735
702
713
586
586
592
615
625
635
643
645
617
622
93
92
100
95
91
112
106
115
99
108
234
216
228
203
200
200
182
195
186
181
142
129
140
116
115
112
96
106
99
99
98
92
93
95
90
90
88
87
90
85
30
24
26
22
22
25
28
26
24
22
168
184
165
168
161
144
162
147
173
170
12,500
12,693
11,964
10,467
10,578
9,932
8,949
9,207
8,520
7,942
8,382
7,593
1,259
1,115
1,130
2,265
2,207
2,196
1,179
1,184
1,067
921
893
893
435
451
507
2,032
2,115
2,033
1000
1000
1000
837
833
830
716
725
712
635
660
635
101
88
94
181
174
184
94
93
89
74
70
75
35
36
42
163
167
170
52,358
51,074
48,901
47,485
46,026
44,854
43,168
41,840
40,425
39,384
37,438
36,093
34,773
36,582
35,408
33,451
33,331
31,528
30,001
29,645
28,933
27,557
27,259
25,528
24,754
23,668
21,743
21,479
19,886
21,174
20,544
19,954
19,797
19,621
18,735
18,913
18,052
17,904
17,074
19,799
19,647
18,184
19,461
18,854
18,375
18,094
18,065
17,234
17,439
16,523
16,541
15,672
2,133
1,954
1,844
2,026
2,041
1,875
2,115
1,834
1,759
1,801
1,654
1,525
1,619
17,770
16,542
16,015
14,460
13,047
12,225
11,963
11,448
10,664
10,119
9,014
8,336
8,109
14,437
13,320
12,968
11,570
10,371
9,668
9,365
9,147
8,320
7,731
6,767
6,288
6,175
3,563
3,539
3,273
3,218
2,887
2,754
2,770
2,610
2,466
2,529
2,277
2,132
1,999
1,157
1,076
989
898
801
810
869
670
675
707
698
633
554
15,776
15,667
15,450
14,154
14,498
14,853
13,523
12,907
12,867
12,125
11,910
11,338
11,105
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
699
693
684
702
685
669
687
692
682
692
682
686
681
415
421
407
446
446
445
459
469
463
480
482
496
491
378
385
372
410
410
410
419
432
426
443
441
458
451
41
38
38
43
44
42
49
44
44
46
44
42
47
339
324
327
305
283
273
277
274
264
257
241
231
233
276
261
265
244
225
216
217
219
206
196
181
174
178
68
69
67
68
63
61
64
62
61
64
61
59
57
22
21
20
19
17
18
20
16
17
18
19
18
16
301
307
316
298
315
331
313
308
318
308
318
314
319
1
Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military
2
3
4
The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the
editing process See <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/indexhtml>
5
The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races White alone refers to people
who reported White and did not report any other race category The use of this single-race population
does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data The Census Bureau uses
a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and
U.S. Census Bureau
Employment
Direct
based purchase
American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from the 2010
Census through American FactFinder About 29 percent of people reported more than one race in the
2010 Census
6
The 2001 CPS and earlier years asked respondents to report only one race The reference
groups for these years are White, White not Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander
7
Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any
other race
8
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2012 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements
Table C-3.
Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2011

Age
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
ALL AGES
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
308,827
306,553
304,280
301,483
299,106
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
260,214
256,603
255,295
256,702
255,018
251,610
250,799
249,414
246,332
246,157
244,059
242,932
239,102
197,323
196,147
196,245
202,626
203,903
203,942
203,205
203,014
201,989
204,163
204,142
205,575
202,021
170,102
169,372
170,762
177,543
178,971
178,880
178,391
177,924
177,362
179,563
179,984
181,862
177,535
30,244
30,347
29,098
28,513
28,500
29,033
28,980
29,161
28,826
29,287
28,398
28,432
29,310
99,497
95,525
93,245
87,586
83,147
80,343
80,283
79,480
76,116
72,825
70,330
68,183
67,103
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
843
837
839
851
853
848
854
857
854
861
865
869
864
639
640
645
672
682
687
692
697
701
714
724
735
730
551
553
561
589
598
603
607
611
615
628
638
651
641
98
99
96
95
95
98
99
100
100
102
101
102
106
UNDER 18 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
74,108
74,296
75,040
74,510
74,403
74,101
73,985
73,791
73,580
73,312
72,628
72,314
72,281
67,143
67,026
67,727
67,411
66,525
65,779
66,349
66,454
65,933
65,767
64,893
64,558
63,640
44,047
44,252
45,401
47,372
48,039
48,285
49,082
49,518
49,290
50,554
50,537
51,505
50,881
40,561
40,730
41,873
43,887
44,479
44,565
45,277
45,643
45,596
47,023
47,070
48,269
47,172
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
906
902
903
905
894
888
897
901
896
897
894
893
880
594
596
605
636
646
652
663
671
670
690
696
712
704
547
548
558
589
598
601
612
619
620
641
648
667
653
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
50,835
48,533
47,847
42,831
39,685
38,370
38,191
38,055
34,326
31,934
30,166
28,062
27,353
46,922
44,906
43,434
43,031
41,387
40,336
40,167
39,757
39,284
38,359
37,870
37,787
36,990
13,712
12,927
12,414
11,562
10,955
10,543
11,164
10,584
10,124
9,892
9,580
8,937
8,526
48,614
49,951
48,985
44,780
44,088
45,214
43,035
41,752
41,949
39,776
38,023
36,586
37,702
322
312
306
291
278
271
273
273
264
255
249
244
242
152
158
157
142
133
129
130
131
119
112
107
100
99
165
146
143
143
138
136
137
137
136
134
134
135
134
44
42
41
38
37
36
38
36
35
35
34
32
31
157
163
161
149
147
152
146
143
146
139
135
131
136
4,254
4,254
4,313
4,323
4,376
4,377
4,584
4,656
4,445
4,441
4,235
4,189
4,818
28,747
28,158
27,603
24,808
23,086
22,137
21,974
21,943
21,386
19,571
18,725
17,466
16,808
26,345
25,858
25,329
22,602
20,958
20,098
19,766
19,866
19,331
17,468
16,391
14,931
14,754
611
596
545
623
518
411
534
489
476
514
389
510
384
2,586
2,442
2,367
2,241
2,101
2,051
2,264
2,040
2,088
2,103
2,414
2,496
1,991
6,964
7,270
7,313
7,099
7,877
8,322
7,636
7,337
7,648
7,545
7,735
7,756
8,641
57
57
57
58
59
59
62
63
60
61
58
58
67
388
379
368
333
310
299
297
297
291
267
258
242
233
356
348
338
303
282
271
267
269
263
238
226
206
204
08
08
07
08
07
06
07
07
06
07
05
07
05
35
33
32
30
28
28
31
28
28
29
33
35
28
94
98
97
95
106
112
103
99
104
103
106
107
120
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.
Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2011Con .

Age
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
18 TO 24 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
30,140
29,808
29,313
28,689
28,398
28,405
27,965
28,008
27,824
27,438
27,312
26,815
26,326
22,491
21,666
20,732
20,876
20,760
20,467
20,149
20,099
20,195
20,160
20,305
19,919
19,453
18,088
17,421
16,688
17,347
17,503
17,479
17,142
17,145
17,358
17,434
17,718
17,652
17,058
13,945
13,614
13,266
13,892
14,213
14,217
13,927
13,832
14,219
14,260
14,504
14,764
14,092
1,923
2,005
1,949
1,913
1,864
1,957
1,800
1,752
1,891
1,907
1,883
1,663
1,785
5,865
5,677
5,361
4,753
4,438
4,010
4,199
4,094
3,874
3,775
3,564
3,325
3,396
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
746
727
707
728
731
721
720
718
726
735
743
743
739
600
584
569
605
616
615
613
612
624
635
649
658
648
463
457
453
484
501
501
498
494
511
520
531
551
535
64
67
66
67
66
69
64
63
68
69
69
62
68
25 TO 34 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
41,219
40,761
41,085
40,520
40,146
39,868
39,480
39,310
39,201
39,243
38,670
38,865
39,031
29,690
29,196
29,555
30,133
30,159
29,496
29,679
29,906
29,367
30,194
30,208
30,881
30,809
24,976
24,816
25,192
26,285
26,801
26,198
26,173
26,598
26,252
27,339
27,679
28,465
28,364
22,799
22,774
23,055
24,501
24,884
24,393
24,290
24,766
24,516
25,556
25,990
26,861
26,695
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
720
716
719
744
751
740
752
761
749
769
781
795
789
606
609
613
649
668
657
663
677
670
697
716
732
727
553
559
561
605
620
612
615
630
625
651
672
691
684
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
4,832
4,612
4,435
3,810
3,574
3,259
3,289
3,288
2,962
2,939
2,763
2,489
2,586
255
256
199
254
180
152
184
202
159
182
177
193
149
980
1,040
898
868
823
721
872
787
898
768
719
773
788
7,649
8,141
8,581
7,812
7,638
7,938
7,817
7,909
7,628
7,278
7,007
6,895
6,873
195
190
183
166
156
141
150
146
139
138
131
124
129
160
155
151
133
126
115
118
117
106
107
101
93
98
09
09
07
09
06
05
07
07
06
07
06
07
06
33
35
31
30
29
25
31
28
32
28
26
29
30
254
273
293
272
269
279
280
282
274
265
257
257
261
2,516
2,427
2,564
2,340
2,474
2,251
2,381
2,495
2,250
2,304
2,193
2,171
2,237
6,092
5,635
5,670
5,119
4,540
4,471
4,752
4,632
4,167
3,866
3,465
3,321
3,433
4,495
4,168
4,246
3,784
3,238
3,385
3,454
3,440
2,987
2,720
2,347
2,259
2,289
624
583
547
546
502
472
541
501
543
430
473
394
340
1,372
1,221
1,209
1,104
1,047
888
1,058
989
872
907
834
870
953
11,529
11,566
11,530
10,387
9,987
10,371
9,802
9,404
9,834
9,049
8,462
7,985
8,222
61
60
62
58
62
56
60
63
57
59
57
56
57
148
138
138
126
113
112
120
118
106
99
90
85
88
109
102
103
93
81
85
87
88
76
69
61
58
59
15
14
13
13
13
12
14
13
14
11
12
10
09
33
30
29
27
26
22
27
25
22
23
22
22
24
280
284
281
256
249
260
248
239
251
231
219
205
211
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.

Age
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
35 TO 44 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
39,927
40,153
40,447
41,322
42,132
42,762
43,121
43,351
43,573
44,074
44,284
44,566
44,474
31,528
31,347
31,949
33,510
34,619
34,986
35,478
35,675
35,895
36,693
37,533
38,101
37,903
27,678
27,574
28,230
30,019
31,312
31,831
32,209
32,357
32,955
33,853
34,829
35,601
35,237
25,793
25,717
26,300
28,053
29,164
29,678
29,971
30,109
30,679
31,662
32,792
33,434
32,827
2,618
2,609
2,614
2,733
2,926
3,084
3,074
3,102
3,183
3,172
2,984
3,130
3,299
5,421
5,106
5,072
4,705
4,559
4,419
4,648
4,705
4,244
4,078
3,857
3,736
3,851
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
790
781
790
811
822
818
823
823
824
833
848
855
852
693
687
698
726
743
744
747
746
756
768
786
799
792
646
640
650
679
692
694
695
695
704
718
740
750
738
66
65
65
66
69
72
71
72
73
72
67
70
74
45 TO 54 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
43,955
44,193
44,387
44,366
43,935
43,461
42,797
41,961
41,068
40,234
39,545
38,720
37,334
36,102
36,217
36,723
37,511
37,390
37,083
36,780
36,351
35,618
35,131
34,768
34,430
33,103
31,330
31,855
32,365
33,432
33,598
33,534
33,336
33,058
32,627
32,418
32,210
31,993
30,769
28,759
29,358
29,969
30,981
30,959
31,006
30,762
30,502
30,190
30,138
29,852
29,832
28,595
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
821
820
827
845
851
853
859
866
867
873
879
889
887
713
721
729
754
765
772
779
788
794
806
815
826
824
654
664
675
698
705
713
719
727
735
749
755
770
766
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
3,771
3,497
3,587
3,175
3,036
2,989
3,110
3,190
2,574
2,492
2,264
2,170
2,158
998
907
934
970
930
806
884
879
921
864
860
816
840
1,177
1,184
1,032
1,097
1,016
1,011
1,096
1,125
1,122
1,113
1,098
1,138
1,202
8,399
8,806
8,498
7,812
7,513
7,777
7,643
7,676
7,678
7,380
6,751
6,466
6,571
136
127
125
114
108
103
108
109
97
93
87
84
87
94
87
89
77
72
70
72
74
59
57
51
49
49
25
23
23
23
22
19
21
20
21
20
19
18
19
30
29
26
27
24
24
25
26
26
25
25
26
27
210
219
210
189
178
182
177
177
176
167
152
145
148
3,754
3,610
3,519
3,469
3,645
3,709
3,807
3,688
3,625
3,566
3,579
3,373
3,506
6,634
6,148
5,972
5,835
5,384
5,206
4,957
4,969
4,422
4,123
3,836
3,867
3,620
4,014
3,630
3,570
3,350
3,127
2,911
2,835
2,768
2,072
1,892
1,860
1,735
1,581
2,101
1,904
1,794
1,967
1,799
1,741
1,590
1,575
1,563
1,380
1,319
1,420
1,170
1,518
1,564
1,443
1,371
1,285
1,338
1,351
1,393
1,365
1,298
1,156
1,173
1,288
7,853
7,976
7,664
6,855
6,545
6,379
6,017
5,609
5,451
5,103
4,777
4,290
4,231
85
82
79
78
83
85
89
88
88
89
91
87
94
151
139
135
132
123
120
116
118
108
102
97
100
97
91
82
80
76
71
67
66
66
50
47
47
45
42
48
43
40
44
41
40
37
38
38
34
33
37
31
35
35
33
31
29
31
32
33
33
32
29
30
35
179
180
173
155
149
147
141
134
133
127
121
111
113
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.

Age
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
55 TO 64 YEARS
Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
37,971
37,565
35,395
34,289
33,302
32,191
30,981
29,536
28,375
27,399
25,874
24,672
23,981
32,442
32,165
30,638
30,101
29,449
28,292
27,285
26,176
25,083
24,360
22,942
21,812
21,177
27,107
27,180
25,839
25,702
25,277
24,501
23,677
22,707
22,097
21,462
20,224
19,296
18,826
24,108
24,234
23,293
22,973
22,637
21,798
21,145
20,240
19,698
18,952
17,971
17,000
16,603
3,901
3,987
3,496
3,486
3,493
3,547
3,402
3,384
3,339
3,485
3,143
3,254
3,092
8,026
7,602
7,314
6,933
6,675
6,121
5,893
5,602
4,761
4,697
4,349
4,110
3,954
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
854
856
866
878
884
879
881
886
884
889
887
884
883
714
724
730
750
759
761
764
769
779
783
782
782
785
635
645
658
670
680
677
683
685
694
692
695
689
692
103
106
99
102
105
110
110
115
118
127
121
132
129
65 YEARS AND OLDER

Number
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
41,507
39,777
38,613
37,788
36,790
36,035
35,505
35,209
34,659
34,234
33,769
33,566
33,377
40,817
38,985
37,971
37,161
36,116
35,507
35,080
34,753
34,241
33,853
33,409
33,232
33,017
24,098
23,049
22,530
22,470
21,373
22,115
21,586
21,632
21,410
21,104
20,945
21,062
20,885
14,137
12,945
13,006
13,258
12,635
13,223
13,018
12,832
12,464
11,971
11,805
11,702
11,550
Percent
2011
20102
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
20003
19994, 5
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
983
980
983
983
982
985
988
987
988
989
989
990
989
581
579
583
595
581
614
608
614
618
616
620
628
626
341
325
337
351
343
367
367
364
360
350
350
349
346
1
Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical
Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health
and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the
Department of Veterans Affairs and the military
2
3
4
The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to
the editing process See <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/indexhtml>
U.S. Census Bureau
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
3,494
3,147
3,029
2,676
2,488
2,360
2,340
2,152
1,484
1,498
1,533
1,456
1,372
3,836
3,634
3,315
3,367
3,179
2,953
2,707
2,723
2,434
2,381
2,251
2,190
2,114
2,263
2,236
2,252
2,059
2,079
1,847
1,914
1,770
1,489
1,455
1,186
1,036
1,031
5,529
5,400
4,757
4,188
3,853
3,899
3,696
3,360
3,292
3,039
2,932
2,860
2,804
211
202
207
202
200
190
190
190
168
171
168
167
165
92
84
86
78
75
73
76
73
52
55
59
59
57
101
97
94
98
95
92
87
92
86
87
87
89
88
60
60
64
60
62
57
62
60
52
53
46
42
43
146
144
134
122
116
121
119
114
116
111
113
116
117
11,276
11,456
10,643
10,249
9,721
10,108
9,933
10,084
10,094
10,413
10,382
10,652
10,574
38,712
37,199
36,253
35,434
34,465
33,979
33,859
33,535
33,261
32,717
32,533
32,357
32,041
3,883
3,622
3,652
3,433
3,265
3,368
3,398
3,351
2,916
2,925
3,009
3,023
2,613
38,496
37,025
36,099
35,304
34,278
33,802
33,727
33,388
33,187
32,608
32,402
32,264
31,993
3,816
3,241
3,213
2,823
2,604
2,688
2,609
2,481
2,290
2,249
2,173
1,451
1,273
690
791
643
627
674
528
424
457
418
381
360
334
360
272
288
276
271
264
281
280
286
291
304
307
317
317
933
935
939
938
937
943
954
952
960
956
963
964
960
94
91
95
91
89
93
96
95
84
85
89
90
78
928
931
935
934
932
938
950
948
958
952
959
961
959
92
81
83
75
71
75
73
70
66
66
64
43
38
17
20
17
17
18
15
12
13
12
11
11
10
11
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
5
Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of
Census 2000-based population controls
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2012 Annual Social
and Economic Supplements
APPENDIX D.
REPLICATE WEIGHTS
Beginning in the 2011 CPS ASEC
report, the variance of CPS ASEC estimates used to calculate the standard
errors and confidence intervals displayed in the text tables were calculated using the Successive Difference
Replication (SDR) method documented
by Fay and Train (1995).1 This method
involves the computation of a set of
replicate weights which account for
the complex survey design of the
CPS. The SDR method has been used
to estimate variances in the American
Community Survey since its inception.
In previous years, the standard errors
of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated
using a Generalized Variance Function
(GVF) approach. Under this approach,
generalized variance parameters were
used in formulas provided in the
source and accuracy (S&A) statement
to estimate standard errors.
A study by Davern et al. (2006) found
that the CPS ASEC GVF standard
errors performed poorly against more
precise Survey Design-Based (SDB)
estimates. In most cases, Daverns
results indicated that the published
GVF parameters significantly underestimated standard errors in the
CPS ASEC. This and other critiques
1
In order to facilitate historical comparisons,
the appendix tables display standard errors calculated using the Generalized Variance Function
since replicate weights are not available for CPS
ASEC collection years prior to 2005.
U.S. Census Bureau
prompted the Census Bureau to transition from using the GVF method of
estimating standard errors to using
the SDR method of estimating standard errors for the CPS ASEC. In 2009,
the Census Bureau released replicate
weights for the 2005 through 2009
CPS ASEC collection years and has
released replicate weights for 2010
and 2011 with the release of the CPS
ASEC public use data.
Following the 2009 release of CPS
ASEC replicate weights, Boudreaux,
Davern, and Graven (2011) compared
replicate weight standard error estimates with SDB estimates. Replicate
weight estimates performed markedly
better against SDB standard errors
than those calculated using the published GVF parameters. The Census
Bureau will continue to provide the
GVF parameters in the source and
accuracy statement.
Since the published GVF parameters
generally underestimated standard
errors, standard errors produced
using SDR may be higher than in
previous reports. For most CPS ASEC
estimates, the increase in standard
errors from GVF to SDR will not alter
the findings. However, marginally
significant differences using the GVF
may not be significant using replicate
weights.
References:
Boudreaux, Michel, Michael Davern,
and Peter Graven. Alternative
Variance Estimates in the Current
Population Survey and the
American Community Survey,
presented at the 2011 Annual
Meeting of the Population
Association of America.
Davern, Michael, Arthur Jones, James
Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson,
and Lynn A. Blewett. Unstable
Inferences? An Examination of
Complex Survey Sample Design
Adjustments Using the Current
Population Survey for Health
Services Research, Inquiry.
Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, pp. 283297.
Fay, Robert E. and George F. Train.
Aspects of Survey and ModelBased Postcensal Estimation
of Income and Poverty
Characteristics for States and
Counties, Proceedings of
the Section on Government
Statistics, American Statistical
Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995,
pp. 154159.
APPENDIX E.
INTRODUCTION OF CENSUS 2010-BASED POPULATION CONTROLS
The procedure used in developing estimates for the entire civilian
noninstitutionalized population for
the Current Population Survey (CPS)
involves the weighting of sample
results to independent estimates of
the population by sex, age, race, and
Hispanic/non-Hispanic categories.
These independent estimates are
developed by using civilian noninstitutionalized population counts from
the decennial censuses and projecting them forward to current years
using data on births, deaths, and net
migration. Beginning with the 2012
CPS Annual Demographic Supplement,
the independent estimates used as
control totals for the CPS are based on
civilian noninstitutionalized population benchmarks established by the
2010 Census.
calendar year median household

income estimates, although the drops
in income were all less than 1.0
percent. Median household income
dropped for all regions in the country, for households that were located
inside and outside metropolitan statistical areas, and for households with
householders aged less than 65 with
the exception of those aged 15 to 24
and 45 to 54. Use of the new controls
also lowered the median income for
most types of households; White, nonHispanic White, and Hispanic households; and for households maintained
by a native-born person. Similar to
the experience of most households,
the use of the new Census 2010based population controls lowered the
median earnings of women who were
full-time, year-round workers.
Tables E-1 through E-3 show two sets

of data for 2010 to show the effect of
introducing new population controls
one set using new Census 2010-based
population controls and the other set
using controls based on Census 2000.
The following is a brief discussion of
the effects of the new population controls on income, poverty, and health
insurance.
In contrast, use of the new Census

2010-based controls raised the
median household income for households with householders aged 65
and older, for those maintained by a
foreign-born householder, and more
specifically for households maintained
by a naturalized citizen. Use of the
new Census 2010-based controls
also raised the median earnings of
men who were full-time, year-round
workers. The changes for the median
income of family households maintained by a man with no wife present, for Black households, for Asian
households, for households with
householders aged 15 to 24 and 45
to 54, and for households maintained
by a noncitizen were not statistically
significant.
Effects on Money Income Data

Table E-1 shows the effect of introducing new population controls on 2010
income for selected demographic
characteristics.
With few exceptions, the use of the
new Census 2010-based population controls resulted in lower 2010
U.S. Census Bureau
Effects on Poverty Data

Weighting the estimates with Census
2010 population controls, instead of
the 2000 population controls used
in previous reports, affected poverty
rate estimates only minimallysee
Table E-2. The poverty rate for the
United States increased from 15.11
percent to 15.14 percent in 2010,
after reweighting with the new
population controls. Most differences
between the two sets of estimates
were 0.1 percentage point or less.
Effects on Health Insurance Data
The effect of new population controls
on national uninsured estimates in
2010 varied. Nationally, the difference
between the Census 2010-based and
the Census 2000-based samples in
the estimated number and percent of
people without health insurance was
not statistically different (Table E-3).
Use of the new Census 2010-based
controls increased the uninsured rate
for those under the age of 19, 19
to 25 years old, and 35 to 44 years
old. Among the race groups, the
uninsured rate decreased for nonHispanic Whites and increased for
Asians. The uninsured rate for Blacks
and Hispanics was not statistically
different.
Table E-1.
Comparison of 2010 Income Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls and Census 2010Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics
(Income in 2010 dollars Households and people as of March of 2011 For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
2010
Census 2000-based controls
Characteristic
Percentage change
in median income
(Census 2010-based
controls less Census 2000based controls)
2010
Median income
(dollars)
Median income
(dollars)
Estimate
90 percent
confidence
interval1 ()
Estimate
90 percent
confidence
interval1 ()
119,927
49,276
535
*03
01
438
796
605
1,544
576
615
772
79,539
58,656
15,235
5,648
40,388
21,420
18,968
61,395
72,495
31,970
49,813
29,578
25,365
35,486
437
716
596
1,510
578
621
789
*02
*04
*02
02
*05
*04
*04
02
01
02
01
01
01
51,846
54,620
32,068
64,308
415
725
814
2,585
96,306
83,314
15,265
5,212
51,709
54,460
32,124
64,259
417
734
821
2,591
*03
*03
02
01
01
02
03
13,665
37,759
985
14,435
37,631
957
*03
03
Age of Householder
Under 65 years
15 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and older
93,320
6,140
19,572
21,250
24,530
21,828
25,362
55,276
28,322
50,059
61,644
62,485
56,575
31,408
533
1,421
806
825
1,127
1,100
564
94,190
6,231
19,487
21,458
24,767
22,246
25,737
55,112
28,224
49,877
61,418
62,341
56,474
31,461
571
1,418
906
816
949
1,099
563
*03
03
*04
*04
02
*02
*02
01
04
03
01
04
01
01
Nativity of Householder
Native born
Foreign born
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
102,647
16,036
8,277
7,758
50,288
43,750
52,642
36,401
425
1,714
1,469
902
103,232
16,695
8,568
8,127
50,154
43,967
52,945
36,413
446
1,727
1,598
920
*03
*05
*06
01
04
05
02
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
21,597
26,669
44,161
26,254
53,283
48,445
45,492
53,142
1,772
882
861
1,301
21,721
26,772
44,912
26,522
52,996
48,241
45,442
52,959
1,686
885
864
1,267
*05
*04
*01
*03
03
01
01
02
Residence
99,266
39,472
59,793
19,417
51,244
44,049
56,140
40,287
425
1,216
684
986
100,343
39,956
60,387
19,584
51,124
43,874
55,996
40,173
425
1,222
683
1,021
*02
*04
*03
*03
02
01
01
EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME
YEAR-ROUND WORKERS
Men with earnings
Women with earnings
56,412
42,834
47,715
36,931
735
241
56,283
43,179
47,951
36,888
805
240
*05
*01
03
Estimate
90 percent
confidence
interval1 ()
Number
(thousands)
118,682
49,445
534
Type of Household
Family households
Married-couple
Nonfamily households
Female householder
Male householder
78,613
58,036
15,019
5,559
40,069
21,234
18,835
61,544
72,751
32,031
49,718
29,730
25,456
35,627
Race2 and Hispanic Origin of

Householder
White
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
96,144
83,471
15,065
4,747
Hispanic (any race)
Number
(thousands)
HOUSEHOLDS
All households

1
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate Confidence intervals
shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past For more information, see Standard Errors and Their Use at
<wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/p60_243sapdf>
2
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept) This table shows data using the first approach (race alone) The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data The Census Bureau
uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from
Census 2010 through American FactFinder About 29 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010 Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific
Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table
3
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas For more information, see
About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <wwwcensusgov/population/metro>
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement
U.S. Census Bureau
Table E-2.
Comparison of 2010 Estimates of People and Families in Poverty Using Census 2000-Based
Population Controls and Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics
(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [CI] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate People as of March of the following year For information on confidentiality protection,
Characteristic
2010
Change in poverty
(Census 2010-based
controls less Census
2000-based controls)2
2010
Number
90 percent
CI1 ()
Percent
90 percent
CI1 ()
Number
90 percent
CI1 ()
Percent
90 percent
CI1 ()
Number
Percent
PEOPLE
Total
46,180
842
1511
028
46,343
842
1514
027
*163
*003
Family Status
In families
Householder
Reference person
Children under 18
33,007
9,221
15,730
6,343
751
274
459
12,422
727
215
368
205
108
40
69
366
1321
1173
2148
2527
4552
4264
4978
2293
030
027
050
081
465
462
484
056
33,120
9,400
15,598
6,037
774
283
469
12,449
728
218
364
197
115
42
73
369
1324
1182
2149
2527
4606
4324
5025
2295
030
027
050
081
477
472
492
056
*113
*180
*133
*306
*23
*9
10
28
*003
*009
001
053
060
046
002

White
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
31,650
19,599
10,675
1,729
13,243
689
564
406
160
419
1302
994
2740
1207
2656
028
029
104
112
084
31,083
19,251
10,746
1,899
13,522
675
550
410
175
427
1295
988
2736
1216
2653
028
028
104
111
084
*567
*348
*71
*170
*279
*007
*006
004
009
003
Sex
Male
Female
21,012
25,167
470
472
1397
1621
031
030
20,893
25,451
469
473
1395
1627
031
030
*120
*283
002
*007
Age
Under 18 years
18 to 64 years
65 years and older
16,401
26,258
3,520
369
556
161
2202
1368
899
049
029
041
16,286
26,499
3,558
366
557
162
2205
1377
895
049
029
041
*115
*241
*38
003
*009
*004
Nativity
Native born
Foreign born
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
38,568
7,611
1,906
5,706
794
289
119
264
1442
1992
1135
2666
029
070
069
110
38,485
7,858
1,954
5,904
796
297
120
271
1443
1994
1127
2676
029
070
067
110
*83
*246
*48
*198
001
002
*008
010
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
6,987
9,148
19,072
10,973
325
404
572
443
1277
1386
1686
1528
060
061
051
062
7,038
9,216
19,123
10,966
325
404
573
451
1286
1396
1682
1529
060
061
051
063
*51
*68
*50
7
*010
*010
*004
002
Residence
38,325
19,465
18,860
7,855
929
583
738
541
1485
1973
1183
1648
031
053
040
074
38,466
19,532
18,933
7,877
925
584
741
542
1489
1977
1187
1649
031
053
040
074
*141
*67
*73
23
*003
004
*003
001
Work Experience
Total, 18 to 64 years
All workers
Did not work at least 1 week
26,258
10,392
2,569
7,823
15,867
556
278
119
246
432
1368
724
269
1629
3276
029
019
012
047
069
26,499
10,462
2,600
7,862
16,037
557
280
119
245
432
1377
728
272
1638
3287
029
019
012
047
068
*241
*70
*31
*39
*170
*009
*004
*003
*010
*011
Disability Status5
Total, 18 to 64 years
With a disability
With no disability
26,258
4,165
22,017
556
193
494
1368
2789
1250
029
103
028
26,499
4,196
22,227
557
194
494
1377
2802
1259
029
104
028
*241
*31
*210
*009
*014
*009
9,221
215
1173
027
9,400
218
1182
027
*180
*009
3,596
4,745
880
148
150
68
620
3158
1582
025
089
110
3,681
4,827
892
152
152
68
627
3167
1579
025
088
110
*85
*82
*13
*008
*009
003
FAMILIES
Total
Type of Family
Married-couple

*Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level
1
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability The larger the
confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate Confidence
intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights
instead of the generalized variance function used in the past For more information see Standard
Errors and Their Use at <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/p60_243sapdf>
2
As a result of rounding, some differences may appear to be slightly higher or lower than the
difference between the reported rates
3
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race Therefore,
two basic ways of defining a race group are possible A group such as Asian may be defined as
those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those
who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-incombination concept) This table shows data using the first approach (race alone) The use of the
U.S. Census Bureau
single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing
data The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches Information on people who reported more
than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or
African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder About 29 percent
of people reported more than one race in Census 2010 Data for American Indians and Alaska
Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are
not shown separately
4
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical
areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas For more information,
see About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <wwwcensusgov/population/metro>
5
The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability
status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement
Table E-3.
Comparison of 2010 Uninsured Estimates Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls and
Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics
2010 estimates using
Uninsured
Characteristic
Total

90
percent
306,110 49,904
744
163
Difference
(Census
2010-based
minus Census
2000-based)1
Uninsured
90
90
percent
percent
CI2 ()
02 306,553 49,951
749
163
90
percent
CI2 ()
02
Number Percent
46 001
Family Status
In families
Householder
249,855
78,633
73,227
25,096
1,650
54,605
37,618
11,772
6,986
2,236
428
11,858
699
234
276
130
66
316
151
150
95
89
259
217
03 250,200
03 79,559
04 72,581
05 23,892
32
1,680
05 54,673
37,732
12,031
6,950
2,109
441
11,777
708
241
278
123
68
312
151
151
96
88
262
215
03
03
04
05
32
05
*114
002
*259
*015
*36
*004
*127 *008
*13
031
*81 *018

White
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
243,323
197,423
39,031
14,332
49,972
37,385
23,093
8,132
2,600
15,340
613
491
266
185
376
154
117
208
181
307
03 240,281
02 194,996
07 39,350
13 15,619
08 51,074
36,688
22,542
8,202
2,881
15,667
598
482
271
203
384
153
116
208
184
307
02
02
07
13
08
*697 *009
*550 *014
*70
001
*281
*031
*327 003
Age
Under 65 years
Under 18 years
Under 19 years4
19 to 25 years4
26 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 years and older
266,931
74,916
79,288
29,692
37,171
39,842
80,939
39,179
49,112
7,307
7,952
8,828
10,409
8,692
13,231
792
736
284
292
248
255
233
301
81
184
98
100
297
280
218
163
20
03 266,776
04 74,296
04 78,791
08 29,547
07 36,527
06 40,153
04 81,759
02 39,777
49,159
7,270
7,935
8,811
10,231
8,806
13,376
791
740
285
294
245
250
236
305
83
184
98
101
298
280
219
164
20
03
04
04
08
07
06
04
02
47
*37
17
17
*178
*114
*145
1
Nativity
Native born
Foreign born
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
267,884
38,226
16,801
21,424
36,881
13,023
3,356
9,667
666
379
165
340
138
341
200
451
02 267,121
08 39,432
09 17,348
12 22,084
36,583
13,367
3,461
9,907
660
395
170
354
137
339
200
449
02
08
09
12
*298 *007
*344 *017
*105 003
*240 *026
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
54,782
66,104
113,275
71,949
6,779
8,605
21,665
12,855
304
336
534
357
124
130
191
179
05 54,774
05 66,140
05 113,819
05 71,821
6,811
8,577
21,728
12,834
311
331
527
357
124
130
191
179
06
05
05
05
32
006
*28 *005
*63 *004
21
258,350
98,774
159,576
42,153
19,152
23,001
791
535
713
163
194
144
03 258,691
05 98,938
04 159,752
42,201
19,173
23,028
800
543
719
163
194
144
03
05
04
49
21
28
001
001
47,760
7,752
510
162
06
7,749
509
162
06
004
Residence
Inside metropolitan statistical
areas
Outside metropolitan statistical
areas5
47,863
*003
*004
*004
*009
001
*011
001
003
U.S. Census Bureau
Table E-3.
Comparison of 2010 Uninsured Estimates Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls and
Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected CharacteristicsCon .

Uninsured
Characteristic
90
percent
Difference
(Census
2010-based
minus Census
2000-based)1
Uninsured
90
percent
CI2 ()
90
percent
90
percent
CI2 ()
Number Percent
Work Experience
All workers
Did not work at least one week
192,015
143,581
95,549
48,032
48,434
41,805
28,000
14,311
13,689
13,806
601
464
332
308
339
218
195
150
285
285
03 192,481
03 143,687
03 95,697
05 47,991
06 48,793
41,889
28,010
14,342
13,667
13,879
604
461
335
303
343
218
195
150
285
284
03
03
03
05
06
*84
10
31
21
*74
Disability Status6
With a disability
With no disability
192,015
14,935
176,161
41,805
2,577
39,228
601
146
579
218
173
223
03 192,481
09 14,974
03 176,592
41,889
2,567
39,322
604
144
582
218
171
223
03
09
03
*84 001
10 *011
*94
001
001
001
002
005

1
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding
2
A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimates variability The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the
estimate Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past
For more information see Standard Errors and Their Use at <wwwcensusgov/hhes/www/p60_243sapdf>
3
reporting two or more races are not shown separately
4
These age groups are of special interest because of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 Children under the age of 19 are eligible for Medicaid/CHIP and individuals aged 19
to 25 may be a dependent on a parents health plan
5
The Outside metropolitan statistical areas category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas For
more information, see About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas at <wwwcensusgov/population/metro>
6
Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement
U.S. Census Bureau

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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance

Coverage in the United States: 2011

792 27,798 69,8

9,843 28,203 70,7

U.S. Department of Commerce

1.9 * 1.4 12.9

0.7 * 0.6 12.4

1.3 * 1.1 11.8

Income, Poverty, and Health

Issued September 2012

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

U.S. Census Bureau

Poverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Health Insurance Coverage in the United States .

2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by

6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:

7. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics:

8. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round

4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Poverty Rates by Age by Gender: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2011 . . . . . . . . .

8. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Uninsured Rate by Real Household Income: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Census Bureau

Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix D. Replicate Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix E. Introduction of Census

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . .

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:

Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparison of 2010 Income Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls and

Comparison of 2010 Estimates of People and Families in Poverty Using

2010-Based Population Controls

Comparison of 2010 Uninsured Estimates Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls

U.S. Census Bureau

Income, Poverty, and

This report presents data on income,

Real median household income

The poverty rate in 2011 was not

Both the percentage and number

U.S. Census Bureau

The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data.

These changes were not uniform

Supplemental Poverty Measure

U.S. Census Bureau

State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health

Disability in the Current Population Survey

*See <www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-03-18/pdf/98-7139.pdf> for details.

U.S. Census Bureau