CHAPTER I DESIGN OF BERTHS

DEFINITION OF BERTHS TYPE OF BERTHS DESIGN CRITERIA

QUAY WALL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

DESIGN LOADS

BERTH Definition
Berth is the length of the quay required for berthing of design ship and safe handling of cargo Lb = LOA of Design ship + 30 m min. Where LOA is the over length of the ship

Container Berth

Container Quay

Bulk Carrier

Passenger Berth

LNG Berth

Tanker (Single Point Mooring)

General Cargo

DESIGN CRITERIA
Design Loads Type of Cargo Type of Handling System Life Time of The Berth Standards

Type Of Loads
Vertical Loads


Surcharge Loads
4.0 ton/m2 for general cargo ton/m2 6.0 ton/m2 for container terminal ton/m2 6.0 ton/m2 for multi-purpose terminal ton/m2 multi-

Handling System loads

Crane Loads (for container terminal) Built conveyer system Portal Cranes Loader and Un-loader system Un-

Horizontal Loads


Earth Pressure Water Pressure Difference Side Pressure due to surcharge Berthing Forces Mooring Forces

Seismic Loads

Earthquake Loads (Seismic)

Static equivalent load method according to EAU 1990 Factor for lateral forces is given as kh = 0.2 F h = M * g * 0 ,2

Earth Pressure
Hs

Hs Hs Hs Hs

Passive Earth Pressure

Crane Loads

Quay Wall Construction System

Gravity System
  

Block type Caisson type Counter fort system Anchor Sheet Pile Cellular Cofferdam type Diaphragm Wall system

Wall System
  

Deep Foundation System



Jetty quays Deck on pile

Composite system
Sheet piles + Piles Diaphragm wall + Piles

BLOCK TYPE

Deck on Piles

Jetty on Pile

Diaphragm Wall

Composite System

Mooring Forces
The forces acting on a moored vessel are both environmental and operational. Environmental forces are caused by natural phenomena such as wind, waves, currents and tides. Operational forces include those caused by passing ships, changes in the vessel trim, freeboard or draught and mooring line over-tension. over-

Shows an Optimized Mooring Arrangement

Wind and Current Forces

The depth of the water under the keel greatly affects current forces. As the clearance under the keel decreases, the forces due to currents increase. The magnitude of current force can be three times as great on vessels with very small underkeel clearances than for vessels in deepwater.

Vessel Motion

Design of Bollord
Forces due to wind
Fw = wind pressure * exposed area of ship (ton)

Wind pressure = 0.00256 v2 ib/ft2, ib/ft v = wind velocity (55 to 78 mile/hour) (55 The current force = W / 2g 2 W = weight / ft3 of water, g= gravitational acceleration = 32.2ft/sec2 32. ft/sec2
The current velocity ranges from 1 to 4 ft/sec.

Aex2
F B d D

Aex1
LBP

EXAMPLE 1
It is required to find the pull forces under the effect of both wind and current effect on a ship berthing on container quay ( closed structure). Ship characteristics are as given: - Dwt = 40,000 tons & LOA =237m , LBP 40, =237m 225 m, B = 32.2 m , D = 11.70m, 32. 11.70m, F = 6.9 ms. Where Vs = 30 knots , ms. Vc = 1.0 m /sec., d = 13.0 m. /sec. 13.

Current direction

Wind direction Wind direction Current direction

Bollard Wind direction

Solution
ship empty (Longitudinal direction) Aex1 Aex1 = 225 x 11.70 = 2632.5 m2 11. 2632. ship full (Longitudinal direction) Aex1 Aex1 = 225 x 6.9 = 1552.5 m2 1552. ship empty (Cross direction) Aex2 32. Aex2 = 32.2 x 11.7 = 376.75 m2 11. 376. ship full (Cross direction) Aex2 32. Aex2 = 32.2 x 6.9 = 222.18 m2 222. Cf1 Aex1 Cf1 = Aex1/ L2 empty < 0.50 Cf1 Cf1 = 1.2

Cf2 Aex2 (B)2 376. Cf2 = Aex2/ (B)2 =376.75 / (32.2)2 = 0.363 (32. Cf2 Cf2 = 0.70 from tables Wind force calculations Pw = 0.066 Vs2 Vs = 30 x 0.5144 = 15.432 m/sec. 15. Vs = Vs x S1 x S2 x S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 = coefficient due to location & exposed for wind ~ 1.0 for normal condition S2 = coefficient depends on the shape of vessel , take S2 = 0.96 from tables S2 S3 = 1.0

Vs = 15.432 x 1.0 x 0.96 x 1.0 = 15. 14. 14.815 m/sec.

Pw = 0.066 x (14.815)2 = 14.490 Kg / m2 (14.815) 14. Fw1 Fw1(max) = Cf1 x Pw x Aex1 (empty) Cf1 Aex1  = 45.8 tons. 45. tons. Fw1 Fw1(min) = Cf1 x Pw x Aex1 (full) Cf1 Aex1 = 27 tons. Fw2 Fw2 (max) = Cf2 x Pw x Aex2 (empty) Cf2 Aex2 = 3.82 tons Fw2 Fw2 (min) = Cf2 x Pw x Aex2 (full) Cf2 Aex2

= 2.25 tons

Current calculation
Current force calculations Pc = current intensity = 52 Vc2 Kg/m2 Vc = 1.0 m /sec. Pc = 52 Kg/m2 Current parallel to the quay. Fc1 Fc1 = 0.6x Bx Dx [1 + D/d]3 x Pc Fc1 Fc1 (min) = 12.4 tons 12. Fc1 Fc1 (max) = 80.6 tons. 80.

Forces on Berth
Case (I) Current is normal to the berth, closed structure Force on the berth F final1 = 45.8 tons final1 45. Case (II) Current is parallel to the berth Ffinal 2 = Fc1 max + Fw2 (min) = 80.6 + Fc1 Fw2 80. 2.25 = 82.85 tons 82.

Design of Fenders
Example It is required to calculate the energy absorbed a grain ship with the following specifications; DWT = 100,000 tons & Mass 100, displacement = 125,000 tons. 125, LBP = 280 ms, B ship = 41ms, draft = 15.0 41ms, 15. ms, approach velocity = 0.10 m/sec.

Solution ::Cm = 1 + (2x15/ 41) = 1.73 (2 15/ 41) Ce = K2 / (K2 + R2) = (56)2 / ( 562 + 702 ) = 0.39 (56) Cs = 1.0 for soft fenders Cc = 0.8 for solid quays. The absorbed energy Ef Ef = 0.5 x M x V2 x Cm x Ce x Cs x Cc Ef = 0.5 x 125,000 x (0.10)2 x 1.73 x 0.39 x 1.0 x 125, (0 10) 0.8 = 337.35 K J = 34.39 ton . m. 337. 34. m.