Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

SUB: Antenna & Wave Propagation Faculty member : Mr. C. Kumar UNIT-I

Lectures per week : 5 NO. OF. WEEKS:16

ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS: Introduction, Radiation Mechanism-single wire, 2 wire, dipoles, current Distribution on a thin wire antenna. Antenna Parameters[1]-Radiation Patterns, Patterns in Principal Planes, Main Lobe and Side Lobes, Beam widths, Beam Area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivity, Gain and Resolution, Antenna Apertures, Aperture Efficiency, Effective Height. Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the student will be able to 1. Identify basic antenna parameters 2. Design and analyze wire and aperture antennas. 3. Design and analyze matching and feeding networks for antennas. 4. Design and analyze antenna arrays. 5. Analyze wireless transmit-receive systems. 6. Ability to define the following terms: isotropic antenna, radiation intensity, gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, phase centre, effective area, effective length, polarization, radiation resistance, bandwidth, radiation pattern, beam width, side lobe level, grating lobe, aperture efficiency, acute aperture efficiency, overflow, primary and secondary pattern (reflector antenna) Lesson Plan: 8 periods 1. Introduction to antennas 2. Radiation mechanisms (single wire ,2 wire) 3. Process of current distribution in antennas 4. Def of radiation, gain, directivity, patterns 5. Main lobes side lobes , beam width 6. Aperture efficiency & effective height Assignments 1. (a) Define and explain: Directivity and power gain for an antenna. What is the relation between the two? Prove that the directivity of an aerial is 0.39 dbmore than that of a short dipole. (b) What are principal planes? How the antenna beam width are defined in such Planes? 2.a) An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square having diagonal 3 ?/4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources. b) Compare the broad side and end fire arrays. 3.a) Define and explain effective length for an antenna. With the help of reciprocity theorem (or otherwise) establish the equality of transmitting and receiving effective lengths of transmitting and receiving antennas. b) Define gain, power gain, directive gain and directivity of an antenna. Prove that the Directivity of a ?/2 dipole is 2.15 dB.

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT- II THIN LINEAR WIRE ANTENNA: Retarded potentials, Radiation from small Electric dipole, Quarterwave Monopole and Half wave Dipole-Current Distributions, Evaluation of field Components, Power Radiated, Radiation Resistance, Beam widths, Directivity,Effective Area and Effective Height. Natural current distributions, field and patterns of Thin Linear Center-fed Antenas of different lengths, Radiation Resistance at a point which is not current maximum. Antenna theorems-Applicability and Proofs for equivqlence of directional characteristics, Loop Antenna[1]:Small Loops-Field Components, Comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole , Concept of short magnetic dipole, D and R, relations for small loops Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the student will be able to State what the electromagnetic field is and what components make up the electromagnetic field. Able to derive equations for Current distributions and evaluate the Field components State the difference between the induction field and the radiation field. Ability to calculate the radiation power density and magnetic field intensity at spesific distance with the given antenna gain and received power. Derive and calculate the Radiation Resistance of the Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole & Half wave dipole. Define the Antenna theorems and prove the Antenna Theorems Explain what is a Loop antenna? Design the loop antenna based on different Parameters. Explain the Operation of the Loop Antenna Lesson Plan : 14 periods 1.Retarded potentials & Radiation from diff dipoles 2. Current distributions, Evaluation of field components 3. Power radiated, Radiation Resistance 4. Beamwidth, Directivity, 5. Natural current distributions 6. Field and patterns of thin linear center fed antenna 7. Radiation resistance at a point which is not current maximum 8. Antenna thermos introduction 9. Applicability and proofs for equvalance of directional characteristics 10. Introduction to loop antennas 11. Field components of Small loop 12. Comparison of far field and near field 13.concept of short magnetic dipole 14. D and R relations for small loops Assignment: 1. a) Define and explain retarded potentials. b) Starting with the expression Idl for a current element, show that the phasor expression for vector potential and field strengths will be Where ? = ?/? = 2?/?, ? = 2. Obtain expressions for potential fields due to sinusoidally varying sources and bring out the importance of Lorentz gauge condition. 3. a) Define and explain the terms: radiation resistance and radiation efficiency. b) Write down the radiation components of the fields for an electric dipole. c) Estimate the power radiated and hence derives an expression for the radiation resistance.

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3 UNIT_ III ANTENNA ARRAYS: 2 element arrays different cases, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, element Uniform Linear Arrays-Broadside, Endfire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their characteristics and comparison; Concept of Scanning Arrays, Directivity Relations(no derivations) Related Problems .Binomial Arrays ,Effects of Uniform and Non-uniform Amplitudes Distributions, Design Relations. Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the student will be able to What is Multiplication of Patterns? Why Multiplication of Patterns is required? Calculate progressive phase shift if given uniform linear antenna array to direct the main lobe to certain direction, and otherwise, if given progressive phase, caculate the direction of main lobe and side lobe. State pattern multiplication and use it to determine radiation pattern for the same element array. Design and analyze antenna arrays Derive the equations for the Beamwidth of Broadside, and Endfire Arrays Lesson Plan: 8 periods 1. Introduction of 2element arrays 2. Principle of pattern multiplication of 2element array 3. N element Uniform Linear Arrays 4. Broad side and End fire Arrays 5. Derivation of there characteristics and comparison 6. concept of scanning Arrays 7. Effects of uniform and non uniform 8. Amplitude Distributions and Design Relations Assignment: 1. a) Derive the conditions for the linear array of N isotropic elements to radiate in end fire and broad side modes. b) What is a uniform linear array and what are its applications? 2.a) An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square having diagonal 3 ?/4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources. b) Compare the broad side and end fire arrays. 3. a) obtain the expression for the beam width of broadside and end fire arrays and compare them? b) Explain the principle of multiplication of patterns

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT IV NON-RESONANT RADIATORS: Introduction, Travelling wave radiators-basic concepts, long wire antennas-field strength calculations and patterns, V-antennas, Rhombic Antennas and Design Relations, Broadband Antennas: Helical Antennas-Significance, Geometry, basic properties; Design considerations for monofilar helical antennas in Axial Mode and Normal Modes (Qualitative Treatment). Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the student will be able to Identify various special antennas presented, such as long-wire, V, rhombic, turnstile, Ground-plane, and corner-reflector; describe the operation of each. explain qualitatively the operation of wire antenna, Yagi-Uda array, spot antenna, log scale bipolar array and discuss their advantages and disadvantages Sketch a simple yagi, phased array, log-periodic and co-linear television antenna Describe the operating characteristics of simple yagi antenna. Compare the performance of each antenna for various reception conditions State why baluns are required with most antennas and sketch the circuit of a simplified transformer balun Sketch the Helical Antenna and Design the Helical Antenna Explain the operation of Helical Antenna Lesson plan: 7 periods 1. Introduction to Travelling wave radiators 2. Explanation of long wire antennas 3. field strength calculations and patterns 4. Introduction to V & Rhombic antennas 5. Explanation of Broad band & Helical Antennas 6. Significance and basic properties of the above antennas 7. Design considerations for monofilar helical antennasin axial & normal mode Assignment: 1. a) What are the advantages of Rhombic antenna over a single wire antenna. b) What is a parasitic element? Where are they used? 2. a) Give the current distribution and radiation pattern of a folded dipole antenna. Explain how the radiation pattern will be modified with the addition of a reflector and two directors with such an antenna. b) What are the different types of antennas used at very high frequencies? Discuss the advantages of a folded dipole. What is a balun and why it is used at these frequencies? 3. a) Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between axial and normal modes of helix radiations, and list out their requirements. b) Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image principle

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT- V VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS: Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi- Uda Arrays, Folded Dipoles & their characteristics Reflector Antennas: Flat Sheet and Corner Reflector. Paraboloidal reflectorsGeometry, characteristics, types of feeds, F/D Ratio, Spill Over, Back Lobes, Aperture Blocking, Off-set Feeds, and Cassegrain Feeds. Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the students will be able to : What is an array and with Parasitic Elements Yagi-Uda Arrays and folded Dipoles & their characteristics Brief sytudy of reflector antenna Different ypes of feeds , F/D Ratio, Spill Over , Back lobes Brief study of Cassegrain Feeds Lesson Plan- 8 periods 1. Introduction to Arrays 2. Yagi-Uda Arrays 3. Folded dipoles and their characteristics 4. Reflector Antennas 5. Paraboloidal Reflectors 6. Characteristics and different types of feeds 7. F/D Ratio, Spill Over , Back Lobes 8. Aperture Blocking and Cassegrain feeds Assignment: 1. a) How folded dipole and parasitic elements are used for TV reception. b) How does a parasitic element act when length is greater than and smaller than ?/2? 2. a) Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence establish the Fermats principle with a neat sketch. b) Distinguish between sectoral, pyramidal and conical horns. Explain their utility. 3.Write short notes on F/D Ratio, Spill Over, Aperture blocking, Off-set Feeds & Cassegrain Feeds

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT-VI VHF,UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS-II: Horn Antennas- Types, Optimum Horns, Design Characteristics of Pyramidal Horns, Lens Antennas-Geometry, Features, Dielectric Lenses and Zoning, Applications. Antenna Measurements-Patterns Required ,Setup Distance criterion, Directivity and Gain Measurements ( comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods) Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the students will be able to Explanation about Horn Antennas and types Explanation about Lens Antenna in brief Finding the Antenna measurements in all aspects Lesson Plan: 7 periods 1. Introduction to Horn Antennas 2. Design of horn antennas 3. Introduction of Lens Antennas 4. Geometry and applications of lens antennas 5. Introduction to antenna measurements 6. Patterns , directivity and gains 7. explanation about different methods Assignments: 1.Explain about Horn Antennas in detail 2.Explain about Lens antenna in detail 3.Explain about antenna measurements in different methods

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT-VII WAVE PROPOGATION - I Concepts of Propagation-frequency ranges and types of propagations. Gronnd Wava Propagation-Characteristics,Parameters,Wave Till, Flat and Spherical Earth Considerations. Sky Wave Propagation Formation of ionospheric Layers and their Characteristics. Mechanism of Reflection and refraction, Critical Frquency , MUF & Skip Distance Calculations for flat and spherical earth cases, Optimum Frequency ,LUHF, Virtual Height , Ionospheric Abnomalities, Ionospheric Absorption. Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the students will be able to Concepts of propagation and frequency ranges Ground wave propagation in detail Sky wave propagation in detail What is reflection and refraction Lesson Plan: 10 periods 1. Introduction to propagation 2. Different types of propagation and frequency ranges 3. Ground wave propagation 4. In detail of ground wave 5. Sky wave propagation 6. In detail of sky wave propagation 7. Mechanism of reflection and refraction 8. Skip distance 9. Special earth cases and optimum frequency 10. Ionospheric abnormalities and absorption Assignment: 1.Explai in detail about ground wave propagation 2. Eplain in detaiol about Sky wave propagation 3.Brief explanation of reflection and refraction 4. What is MUF & Skip distance, absorption

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3

UNIT-VIII WAVE PROPAGATION- II: Fundamental Equation for free Space Propagation , Basic Transmission Loss Calculations. Space Wave Propagation- Mechanism, LOS and Radio Horizon. Tropospheric Wave Propagation Radius of Curvature of Path , Effective Earths Radius , Effect of Earths Curvature, Field Strength Calculations , M-curves and Duct Propagation , Tropospheric Scattering. Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit the students will be able to: Fundamental Equation for Free Space Propagation Space Wavw Propagation LOS and Radio Horizon. Tropospheric Wave Propagation Effective earths Radius and Curvature M- curves and Duct Propagation Lesson Plan -8 periods 1.Fundamental equation for Free- Space propagation 2. Space wave propagation 3. LOS and Radio Horizon 4. Tropospheric Wave propagation 5. Effective earths radius and curvature 6. Field strength calculations and M-curves 7. Duct propagation 8. Troposheric Scattering Assignment: 1. Explain fundamental equation for Free Space Propagation & transmission 2. Explain in detail Space Wave Propagation 3. Explain in detail Tropospheric Wave Propagation 4. M-Curves and Duct Propagation

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3 MODEL QUESTION PAPER- I ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION ANSWER ANY 5 FROM THE FOLLOWING: 1. a) Derive the expression for the total power radiated by a half wave dipole and hence determine the radiation resistance. b) Calculate the rms current required in a 1 cm. long Hertzian dipole antenna to radiate one watt of power at a freq. of 300MHz . 2 a) Explain the term with suitable sketches, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, beam solid angle. b) State the reciprocity theorem for antennas. 3 a) what is a folded dipole antenna and what are its applications. b) Show that the effective aperture of Hertzian dipole = 0.199 ? 2 . 4 a ) Explain the operation of parabolic reflector. b) Find the directivity, beam width and effective area of a parabolic antenna for which the reflector diameter is 6 m. and the illumination efficiency is 65%, the freq. of operation is 10GHz. 5 a) write short notes on rhombic antenna. b) Explain the principle of Yagi-antenna and its applications. 6a) Explain the operation of helical antenna. b) Explain the features of loop antenna. 7a) Discuss the abnormalities in ionosphere propagation. b) Explain the effect of atmosphere on space wave propagation. 8) Write short notes on any of two a) Duct propagation b) Impedance measurement of antenna c) Folded dipoles MODEL QUESTION PAPER- II ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
ANSWER ANY 5 FROM THE FOLLOWING:

1a) Define and explain retarded potentials. b) Define and explain the terms radiation resistance and radiation efficiency. 2a) Establish the relationship between directivity and effective area. b) Define reciprocity theorem and prove it in case of any antenna system. 3a) Compare the broad side and end fire array. b) Derive the condition for the linear array of N isotropic elements to radiate in end fire and broad side modes. 4a) what is parasitic elements. Why are they used? b) Explain the difference between the driven and parasitic elements in an array. 5a) List out the freq. ranges of operation and applications of i) Loop antennas ii) Helical antenna iii) Lens antennas b) Sketch and explain the constructional feature of helical antenna. 6a) what is the principle of equality of path length, how is it applicable to horn antennas. b) Write short notes on case-grain feed antennas 7) Explain detail about the methods for measuring half power beam width and radiation resistance of yagi-uda antenna and loop antenna.

Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engineering & Technology Chinnaraja Kuppum, RVS Nagar, KN Road, Puttur 5 1 7 5 8 3 8) Discuss the theory of formation of ionosphere regions, describes the properties of different ionosphere region with special reference to seasonal variations MODEL QUESTION PAPER- III ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION ____________________________________________________________________________________ ANSWER ANY 5 FROM THE FOLLOWING: 1a) what are short antennas. Estimate the radiation resistance of short dipole and short mono-poles. b) Show that only the redial component of the pointing vector has an average power flowing out of the dipole. 2) As related to antenns define and explain the following terms i) Gain ii) Directivity iii) Radiation resistance iv) Effective area v) Effective length vi) Efficiency vii) Beam width viii) band width 3a) fine the radiation pattern of four isotropic elements fed in-phase, space at ?/2 apart by using pattern multiplication. b) Explain the effect of earth on antenna radiation pattern. 4a) what are the different type of antennas used at VHF. Discuss the advantages of a folded dipole. b) What is yagi antenna? Explain its construction & properties with special reference to directivity, band width and input impedance. 5a) Explain & distinguish between the following. i) Small and large loop antennas ii) short electric dipole and short magnetic dipole. b) Sketch the image function in a square horn reflector and account for the number of images and the resultant patterns. 6) With reference to lens antenna explain the following: i) E-plane metal plate lens antenna ii) Aperture blocking iii) Linearity tapered and exponential tapered horns iv) Dielectric lens 7) Describe how the gain and field patterns of the Yagi antenna can be measured with neat sketches. 8a) Discuss the salient features of sky wave propagation. Bring out the various problems associated with this mode of propagation. b) Define and distinguish between the terms: MUF, LUHF, optimum frequency.