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Aquaculture

Over time, the question has been asked: Why do shrimp and fish grow so slowly? As we all know, growth and constant cell duplication increases body growth, frequent molting of the exo-skeleton build-up of all coloration and patterns and ultimately, the development of a fully fertile adult shrimp.

Possible Factors Why Shrimp Remain Small


Genes: Hybrids, as well high-grade shrimp can have weak genes that reduce the growth and the fertility of shrimp Food: Vegetable protein food preferred up to and amount of 30% of the diet, as the shrimp must also molt properly. Minerals: Especially active soils absorb a lot of minerals that are used to build up the exoskeleton and shell of your shrimp. Water temperature: The hotter, the faster alas, too high a temperature will reduce the lifespan and health of shrimp. Ideally, it should be 23C in caridina and 25C in neocaridina. Water purity: NO3 (Nitrate), PO4 (Phosphate) and NH3 (Ammonia) are vicious for cell splitting and the growth of your shrimp, so you should keep them as low as possible. The growth or yield of Fish, Prawn, Shrimp depends largely on favorable water quality characteristics. In shrimp farming systems, excess feed, decayed matter? or a sudden increase or decrease in algae or microbial populations may cause drastic changes in water quality parameters. Apart from physiochemical parameters such as salinity, pH, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide play a vital role in the survival / growth of prawn shrimp and fish. Aqua marine animals release ammonia, which is toxic in its un-ionized form, and its toxicity varies with pH, salinity and temperature. An Un-ionized form of ammonia is particularly damaging to fish gill membranes and retards their overall growth. EXCELERITETM works as filter and helps to further mineralize and oxidize Ammonia to a less toxic form. Mineralization is the process in which heterotrophic bacteria breakdown complex protein and organics into basic inorganic compounds. Another problem currently confronting the shrimp farming industry, is related to the widespread occurrence of diseases such as parasitic infestation, bacterial and viral infections. Mycotoxins are another, overlooked threat in shrimp production.

Suppressed immune system


Evidence suggests that consumption of diets contaminated with mycotoxins suppress the immune system and decrease disease resistance. This can occur even when animals are consuming low or moderately contaminated products. These effects pass unnoticed and the economic losses are normally just associated with the disease outbreak causing the damage. Mycotoxins that impair the immune system include AFB, T-2 toxin, OTA, DON and fumonisin. Most of these toxins cause impairment of the immune system by

US Rare Earth, Inc. PO Box 9759 Bend, OR 97708 www.us-rem.com

inhibiting the synthesis of key proteins associated with the immune function. Haemocytes, in conjunction with fixed phagocytes form the immunocompetent components of the shrimp immune system, and as such a reduction on their numbers can result in a decreased disease resistance, making the shrimp more susceptible to infections.

Combating mycotoxins
The contamination of feed and raw materials by mycotoxins is a reality which is increasing on a global basis, is making it increasingly likely that any given feedstuff could contain one or, more likely, several mycotoxins. They are invisible, odorless and tasteless toxins that have a major impact on animal health. Although the presence of mycotoxins in feed represents an increased threat to aquaculture operations, there are only a few options available to feed manufacturers and farmers to prevent or reduce the risk of mycotoxicosis associated with mycotoxin contamination. Options range from careful selection of raw materials, maintaining good storage conditions for feeds and raw materials, and using an effective mycotoxin deactivator product to combat the widest possible range of different mycotoxins that may be present. Board Member of USREM, Dr. Timothy D. Phillips at Texas A&M, has spent over 18 years researching the affects of Aflatoxins. He has found only two products in the world that help suck up these toxins. One is NovaSil, which he invented and patented, which sucks up the toxins but does not have the full spectrum of minerals and balanced pH that EXCELERITETM has. EXCELERITETM TEST A bioassay using Hydra attenuata was performed to test the potential safety/toxicity and effectiveness of the EXCELERITETM sample with the highest sorption capacity for AFB1. Code E4 18- 22 depth. A 20ppm AFB1, solution was prepared in pH 7 hydra medium containing 1 mM CaCL2 dllhydrate and 0.458mM TES buffer. The hydras were maintained in a incubator at 180 C through the duration of the assay (92 hr). Health status of the hydra was visually inspected and recorded at 0, 4, 20, 28, 44, and 92 hours. The tulip stage was considered the endpoint for the toxicity test. Three healthy, non-budding hydras were placed in a Petri dish with 4.0 ml of either 20ppm Aflatoxin solution or hydra media free of Aflatoxin. Three concentrations of EXCELERITETM (4mg, 12mg, and 20mg) were compared against Aflatoxin toxicity. Conclusions EXCELERITETM did not cause toxicity to hydra over a 96 hr exposure period and also protected hydra from toxic effects of AFB1. Based on data, further investigation of EXCELERITETM is warranted for potential remediation of Aflatoxicosis. EXCELERITETM is expected to have an enhanced performance for AFB, sorption, which would mean EXCELERITETM could serve as both a mineral supplement and AFB-binder when added to the diet.
Test was done at: Texas A&M University 2011

US Rare Earth, Inc. PO Box 9759 Bend, OR 97708 www.us-rem.com

Mould toxins vary in their toxicity toward different animals species and while the effect of mycotoxins is relatively well known in most terrestrial farm animals the effect of mycotoxins on aquaculture species has not been studied extensively. Nevertheless, several studies have reported pathological signs of mycotoxin poisoning in fish and shrimp species, which can cause economic losses to the industry. These economic losses can be caused either by unfavorable effects on the animal themselves, by exposure to high contamination levels, or by an increase potential for detrimental health effects when being exposed to low or moderate contamination.

Aquaculture also involved in antibiotic resistance


For years it was believed that giving low-dose antibiotics via feed to promote growth in cows, swine, chickens and the use of antibiotics in fish farming had no negative consequences. Today, there is overwhelming evidence that non-therapeutic use of antibiotics contributes to antibiotic resistance, even if we do not understand all the mechanisms in the genetic transmission chain." According to estimates, antibiotics are eight times more likely to be used for non-therapeutic purposes than for treating a sick animal. Current practices set the stage for the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria The long-term administration of antibiotics in animal feed creates an optimal environment for antibiotic resistance genes to multiply. Treated animals become "factories" for the production and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Even if farmers turn to antibiotics that are not commonly used to treat people, these drugs - given over long periods of time - can also promote resistance. Several studies demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant bacteria could easily spread from animals to people in close contact with animals, such as veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and the families of farmers. As much as 90% of antibiotics given to livestock are excreted into the environment. Resistance spreads directly by contact and indirectly through the food chain, water, air, and manures and sludge-fertilized soils. The broad use of antibiotics in fish food in farm fishing, particularly overseas, leads to leaching where it can be washed to other sites, exposing wild fish to trace amounts of antibiotics. The consequences of antibiotic resistance are great. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antibiotic-resistant infections cause longer and more expensive hospital stays and greater risk of death. Bans on the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics are effective in diminishing antibiotic resistance.

US Rare Earth, Inc. PO Box 9759 Bend, OR 97708 www.us-rem.com

Controlling Algae in your pond


Algae spores are ubiquitous and unavoidable in a fish/ Shrimp pond. Whether a green water algae bloom or a healthy mat of filamentous algae on your pond liner - it is a maturation process. Green water is of no immediate threat to fish but there are some concerns. Oxygen depletion at night, excess pH swing due to photosynthesis and not being able to see your fish/ Shrimp are the main ones.

What is Algae?
Algae, of which there are many species, are plants [the exception being blue green algae which is actually cynobacteria]. Of main concern to pond keepers are both plank tonic [free floating] and string algae, both from the phylum "Chlorophyta" Single celled plank tonic algae is suspended in the water and in large enough numbers, cause the "green water" appearance pictured below. String algae affix itself to any wet surface and as the name implies, is a long stringy plant. Variants can also be seen floating in clumps on the surface of the water and are also known as "blanket weed" The reality is you can't stop the growth of all algae without harsh chemicals - chemicals that preclude the option of keeping fish or shrimp.

In Summary
Leave the pond alone! Cleaning and scrubbing the liner and doing massive water changes will just reset the cycle and never allow the pond to get established. You will kill zooplankton like rotifers, many of which are filter feeders. Plankton actually eats algae and can filter up to 1000 times their own volume in 1 hour. In the final analysis, plants are not a realistic full season approach to controlling algae - if you want year round clear water you need to add EXCELERITETM to your pond or aquarium. Plastic preFormed ponds, as well as vinyl, cement and rubber ponds do not have any nutrients on their bottom. In the wild, carp (KOI) use mud to get many of their micronutrients and minerals. EXCELERITETM has a negative electrical charge, which will bind the particles to positively charged toxins in the water. Excelerite acts as a natural flocculent and the particles that are bound up are filtered out of the pond, which help make the pond water sparkling clean and balancing the pH to 6.7-7.4.

US Rare Earth, Inc. PO Box 9759 Bend, OR 97708 www.us-rem.com

WHY USE EXCELERITETM?


Absorbs toxic gases like Ammonia, Nitrate and Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates the pH level of pond water, 6.7 to 7.4 (neutral Provides a balanced ratio of 78 chelated Micro nutrients through mineral ingestion Increases dissolved oxygen content. Cleans the pond by increasing growth and reproduction of plankton. Absorbs odors and bacteria, suspended solids, waste and dirty materials produced from unutilized feed, dead plants and fish etc. Increases the growth or yield of Fish, Prawn, and Shrimp. Improves fish/ shrimp color 100% all natural and non-toxic Detoxifies and clarifies pond water Can be used in fresh or saltwater ponds Increases the essential part for CRS microorganisms to propagate Promotes the growth of aquatic plants Contains Shrimp shield elements for healthy growth (important for new born shrimp to grow faster shield to prevent another shrimp attack?). Reduces the effective toxin loads by 60-70% and improves shrimp survival

Helps the Shrimp to produce RNA which is better for eggs It can prevent soft shell disease DIRECTIONS: SIZE
2 lbs.

TREATS
100 GAL POND 1 YR.

APPLICATION RATE
POND VOLUME 100 250 GALS. MAINTENANCE 1 Level tsp. twice weekly 1 Level Tbs. twice weekly 2 Level Tbs. twice weekly

5 lbs. 10 lbs. 25 lbs.

400 GAL POND 14 MOS. 1000 GAL POND 1 YR. Extra Large Ponds or Ponds with many fish or shrimp

250 - 500 GALS. 501- 1,000 GALS.

You can use more EXCELERITETM to meet your goals as you cannot overdose and its non-toxic

US Rare Earth, Inc. PO Box 9759 Bend, OR 97708 www.us-rem.com

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