Man Ki Ankhen Khol (Gujarati)

d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...

dyiw]$ l iplbpT Bgplu,
fgep kN lbubp lz,
[L$]$uf Bgplu R>uLL$uep X$pfp,
dugku _pg _kubp lz,
L$pYep ]$ ]y$:M ]y$f L$f]$p,
L$f iap dfuTp lz,
lf BL$ dfT ]$p ]$p$ [y l,
^[ _ hfk [bubp lz.
(1)
lTf[ ky[p_ bplz L$p]$fu (fld[ygpl Agel)

(A\OV$_ :- dyiw]$ AgplApgp_p ipluN$X$ R> S>
lzTyf_p fN fNpegp A_ Ar[ DQ dL$pd `f `fhpT L$f R>,
Sepf AgplApgp qL$d[_u gNpd MQ
R > epf S> Aphp di
y u]$
L$pdug p[ \pe R> S> L$pY$uep_ L$pY$\u _[ Ap` R> A_
rbdpfp_ []y$f[u A`Z L$f R>. l dyiw]$ ! ]$fL$ rbdpfu_u ]$hp [y
S> R> lh d_ ]yr_ep_p lqL$dp_ lhpg _ L$fS>.)
dp du_ ieB_ Albp Bggpl du_ ibpbu_ [pBb

(Ag - l]uj)
(A\p[:- eph
p_L$pmdp [pbpl L$f_pf\u hû_
L$pB h[y Agpl_ qe _\u)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Bbp]$[ `f [pbpl_u
AN[p A_ [_u S>$f[
_ld]ply h _ykgu Agp fkygl ug L$fud.Adp bp] L$pggplp
[bpfL$ h Apgp auLy $ Ap _ uluATud aADTp bugpl
du_ie[pr_fd. rbsdgprlfldpr_flud...
...................ApAb_
y Apb]y_
Bbp][dp diNyg \hp\u `lgp [pfp `f \d afS R> L$ [y
[pfp Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f,L$pfZL$ Ap Ape[`pL$dp [pbpl_p DgM
Bbp][\u `lgp L$fhpdp Apep R>, A_ b L$pfZpkf [pbpl S>$fu R> :*(1) [pbpl_p L$pfZ [d_ My]p A_ My]$p_p fkyg (kggplp
Agel hkgd)_u B[pA[(A_ykfZ)_u [pauL$ _kub \pe R>,
L$pfZL$ Ny_plp_u Mfpb Akf b]p_ B[pA[ A_ Bbp][\u fpL$ R>,
A_ [_u D`f Tug[ [dS> $hpB W$pL$u bkpX$ R>. Mpu fpMp L$ Ny_pl
AL$ Ahu Tf R> S> b]p_ B[pA[ [dS> _L$u_p f[p\u fpL$u ] R> A_
Ny_plp_p lphp_p L$pfZ kpfp A_ _L$ L$pdpdp S]u _\u \B iL[u,
L$pfZL$ Ny_pl_u Mfpb Akf A_ cpf _L$uAp_p kyL$y_, ip[u A_
Ap_] _ `]p \hp _\u ][p [dS> Ny_plp `f L$ped [\p AX$N flhy
q]g_ L$pmy L$fu ]$ R>. Ap S> fu[ d_ye L$Wpf ]e_p \B e R> A_
Ny_plp_p A^L$pfdp akpB e R>, _ Aphp Ckp_dp Mygyk
(r_Mpgk[p) `]p \pe R> L$ _ [p q]g_u kapB A_ _ [p Bbp][pdp
guT[ A_ duWpi `]p \pe R>.
S> es[ Ny_plp\u [pbpl _\u L$f[u Ny_pl [_ ûd-ûd Ly$
kyû ]pfu S>i. rkhpe L$ My]p_p aTg lpe A_ A es[ dpV$ [pASybL$
Aphu Mfpbu A_ L$Wpf[p lphp R>[p, [_ B[pA[ Bgplu_u [pauL$ L$B
fu[ dmu iL$ ?!? Ny_plp `f AX$N, L$ped fl_pfu es[ B[pA[
Bgplu_p ]php L$B fu[ L$fu iL$ R>? rMgpa ifuA[ L$pep A`_phhp R>[p
Bbp][ My]$ph]$u L$hu fu[ bhu iL$ R>? Ap S> fu[ S> es[ Ny_plp_u
N]$Nu A_ _k[(Mfpbu)\u cfgp lpe [ AgplApgp_u dy_pTp[
(NyZ kb^
u [pfuap)L$pL$g]y u_p Ly$b, r_L$V$[p L$h
u fu[ p[ L$fu iL$ R>?
dpV$ S> _buA L$fud (kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey R> L$, Sepf
Bkp_ MpV$y bpg R> [p b_ afu[p qLfpdu_ A_ L$p[bu_ [ Ake[p_u
]yN^\u AgN \B e R>.
D`fp[ Ake A_ r_]p_p lphp R>[p c Tu$ Bgplu _ gpeL$
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-1
23
L$B fu[ \B iL$ R> ? AV$gp dpV$ S> Ny_plp `f AX$N flhp\u dpZk_ _L$
L$pdp_u [pauL$ dmhu bly S> dyL$g R>, A_ Bbp][ L$f[u hM[ Ahu
es[_p Ahehp_ Qy[u A_ kyLy$_ `Z _\u dm[y. Ahu es[
L$pB V|$V$u-a|V$u Bbp][ L$fi [p[ `Z dl_[_u kp\ li A_ Ahu
Bbp][dp guT[ A_ `|Z[p _lu lpe. Ap kh L$pB Ny_plp_u N]u
Akf A_ [pbpl _ L$fhp_ L$pfZ R>. AL$ es[ A kpQy L$y R> L$,
[y fp [lSSy>]_u _dpT `Y$hp_u A_ q]hk fpTp fpMhp_u is[ _\u
fpM[p [p kd gL$ [y d_lyk \B Q|Lep R> A_ Ny_plp_u N]u Akf
[pfp `f khpf \B Q|L$u R>.
*(2) [pbpl L$fhu S>$fu lphp_y buSy> L$pfZ A R> L$ [pbpl hNf
Bbp][ Lb|g \[u _\u, S>hu fu[ gZ]pf_y ]hy QyL$hhp\u `lgp A_u
kpd cV$-kpNp]p L$pB dlh ^fph[u _\u A_ _ [_ Lb|g L$f R>, [hu
S> fu[ `lgp Ny_plp_u [pbpl S>$fu R> epf bp] Ae _ag Bbp][p.
Ap S> fu[ S>_p qkf aT bpL$u lpe [_u _ag Bbp][p L$d
Lb|g \pe? A
S> fu[ L$pB
lfpd A_ d_pB L$fg
p L$pep_ _ R>pX$, `f[y lgpg A_ dybpl
Qudp `flT L$f, [L$]pfu fpM [p A_p Aphp `flT iy A\ fpM R>?
S>_p\u My]pApgp _pfpT A_ $pû[ lpe [ es[ My]pApgp_u
bpfNpldp dpe A_ [_u k_p-hMpZ L$fhp_ epe L$d \B iL$R>?
Ny_plp `f ApQfZ L$f_pf_u Aphu S> lpg[ lpe R>.
[pb[yfi_kyl_u epep
:- [pb[yfi_kylp AV$g L$ `fu`|Z-AkfL$pfL$ [pbpl _p
A\ A_ lL$uL$[ iy R>? A_ b]pA iy L$fhy BA L$ S>_p\u [_p kOmp
Ny_pl dpa \B e?
S>hpb :- q]g_p L$pepdp\u AL$ L$pe [pbpl R>. Apgudp_p
blyd[u A_ rh[[ hN A_p rhhfZdp L$y R L$, [_TulyLb
A_uTTfidb AV$g L$ q]g_ Ny_plp\u `pL$ L$fhy AV$g S> `fu`|Z A_
AkfL$pfL$ [pbpl A_ lTf[ Bdpd dpld
] NuTpgu(f]uAgplp Apgp
Alp)_p ùfp dyiu] lTf[ b|Agu apfd]u(fld[ygplAgel)A
[pbpl rhi L$y L$, crhedp Ahp Ny_pl_ epNhp_u r_e[ L$fhu,
S>hp Ny_pl `lgp \B Q|Lep lpe A_ Ap epN aL AgplApgp_u
[pATud A_ [_u _pfpTNu_u buL$_p L$pfZ lpe,[_y _pd [pbpl R>.
Apd lTf[ byAgu apfd]u(fld[ygpl Agel)_p L$\_p_ykpf
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-2
24
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[pbpl _u Qpf if[p R>...

(1) Ny_pl R>pX$u ]hp_p r_e. (2) S> Ny_pl\u [pbpl L$f R> [hp
Ny_pl `lgp LepfL$ \B Q|Lep lpe. (3) S> Ny_pl _u [pbpl L$fu fp R>,
[ Ny_pl ]Mphdp _lu `f[y ]fS, L$np L$ $bpdp `lgp \B Q|L$gp
Ny_pl S>hp lpe. A_ (4) Ny_pl \u [pbpl aL Agpl_p X$f_p L$pfZ
lpe.
(1) Ny_pl R>pX $u ]hp_p r_e :Ny_pl R>pX$u ]hp_p r_e L$fhp_p A\ A R> L$, `p[p_p q]g_
A r_e[ `f dLLd A_ dS>by[ L$fu g L$ lh Lepfe Ny_plp_u [fa
ahpdp _lu Aph. L$pB es[ Ny_pl_p L$pep [p R>pX$u ], `f[y q]gdp
rhQpf lpe L$ LepfL$ L$epfL$ L$fui A\hp `lgp\uS> Ny_pl R>pX$hp_p
Bfp]p L$pQp-X$pdpX$pm
lpe [p Ahu es[ kdep[f `y_: Ny_plpdp NfL$
\B e R>. Aphu es[ AdyL$ kde kyû Ny_plp \u AV$L$u e R>,
`f[y [_ [pBb AVg L [pbpl L$f_pf _lu Llu iL$pe.
(2) `lgp Aphp Ny_pl \B Q|Lep lpe :S> Ny_pl_u [pbpl L$f R, [ L$pf_p Ny_pl `lgp [_p\u \B
Q|Lep lphp BA, L$pfZL$ S>_p\u `lgp Aphp Ny_pl _\u \ep, `f[y
crhedp A_p\u bQ [p Ahu es[ [pBb _lu `f[y dyL$u (`flTNpf)L$lh
pi. Ap\u S> lTf[ ke]_p kuuL$ AL$bf (f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)_ Ly$\u bQ_pf [p L$lu iL$uA `f[y Ly\u [pbpl L$f_pf Llu
iL$iy _lu, L$pfZL$ dApTgpl, Ly [p Lepfe `Z Ap`_p\u kp]$f
_\u \ey A_ lTf[ Ddf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)_ Ly\u [pbpl
L$f_pf L$lu iL$iy, L$pfZL$ Ap` Bdp_ gphhp\u `lgp Ly_u lpg[dp
flu Q|Lep R>.
(3) Ny_pl [fdp `lgp S>hp lpe :S> Ny_pl\u [pBb [pbpl L$fu fp R>, [ Ny_pl_u L$npdp
`lgp_p Ny_pl S>hp lpe _ L$ ]$Mphdp iy Ap`_ Z _\u L$ S> L$df,
AiL[h]^ eyhp_udp ercQpf L$ X$L$[u L$fgu lpe, [ lh Ap h^ph\pdp [pbpl [p L$fu iL$ R> L$pfZL$ [pbpl_p ]fhp b^ _\u \ep,
`f[y lh h^ph\p A_ Ais[_p L$pfZ [_ ercQpf L$ X$L$[u _
eS>_pf L$lu iL$pe _lu, L$pfZL$ lh Adg_u fu[ [ Ap Ny_pl L$fu
iL$[p _\u dpV Ad Llu iL$pe L$, lh [ ^pX$`pX$hp_ L$ ercQpf_ R>pX$u
fp R> L$ [_p\u fpL$pB fp R>. L$pfZL$ lh [ A_p\u gpQpf \B Nep
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-3
25
R>, `f[y Ap kde `Z [ bu lfpd L$pd L$fu iL$ R> S>hp L$ [lpd[
d|Lhu, r_]p, Q|Ngu$L$fhu hNf. L$ Ap Ny_plp_p L$pf AgN R>, `f[y
d[bpdp AL$ S> L$pf_p R>, [p S> gpQpf [pbpl L$fu S>d L$ h^ ercQpf
L$ ^pX$ `pX$hp\u [p Ap [pbpl hp[rhL$ [pbpl _\u `f[y ]rcL$ L$
Ahp[rhL$ L$lhpi.
(4) [pbpl AgplApgp_ubuL$ _p L$pfZ lpe
[pBb [pbpl L$fR>, [p [ aL AgplApgp _u [pATud
dpV$, [_p ]]_pL$ ATpb_ gu^ lphu BA. L$pB
]y$ehu NfS> L$ gpL$p_
u
buL$\u L$ `p[p_p hMpZ \pe Ahu r_e[\u L$ ly gpL$pdp ep[ \B
SBi A\hp gpQpfu L$ L$dfu\u L$ lh Ap Ny_pl dpfp\u _lu \pe dpV$
A\hp ]y$ehu AX$QZp_p L$pfZ _ lphu BA. L$h
m A_ L$h
m My]p_u
Myi_y]u dpV$ S> lphu BA.
Sepf [pbpl_p Ap AfL$p_ A_ i[p hpdp Aphi epf
[pbpl k`Z
| fu[ \i, A_ [_ kpQu [pbpl A\p[ [pbp-A-kp]uL$
L$lh
pi.
[pbl_u `|h if[p
:- iy [pbpl L$f_pf dpV$ [pbpl\u `lgp L$pB hp[ S>$fu
R>.?
Df :- lp, [pbpl L$f_pf dpV$ [pbpl\u `lgp Z hp[p
S>$fu R>, S>_ [pbpl_u `|h if[ L$lhpdp Aph R>.
:- dlfbp_u L$fu_ [pbpl_u [ Ze `|h if[pkdhp.
Df :- [pbpl_u `|h if[pdp (1) A L$ `p[p_p Ny_pl_
M|bS> Mfpb L$pe NZ (2) AL$ Agpl_p ATpb_u dS>b|[ `L$X$ A_
[_p NTb_u is[_ q]gdp lf L$f A_ (3) A L$ `p[p_u L$dfu
A_ Ny_plp rhi_u `p[p_u blepB_ dlkyk A_ Lb|g L$f.
L$pfZL$ S> es[ kyfS>_p [p`_ kl_ _\u L$fu iL$[p [ ]pT
M_u
k[ Nfdu_ L$hu fu[ kl_ L$fi? S> QpL$u]pf_u \`X$ kl_ _\u L$fu
iL$[p [ S>l_d_p aqf[pAp_u dpf L$d L$fu_ kl_ L$fi? S> L$uX$u_p
X$M_ kl_ _\u L$fu iL$[p [ [ S>l_d_p M|bS> Tfugp huR>u A_
k`p_p ]y:M_ L$d kl_ L$fi? ]pTMdp huR>u MQf S>V$gp rhipmL$pe
li A_ ep_p kp` EV$_u Nf]_ S>V$gp dpV$p li A_ [ kde [ NTb
A_ Nykp_p \mdp fpMhpdp Apep li. [d Ap ceS_L$ hp[p_
ep] fpMip A_ ]$ffpS> fp[-q]hkdp L$pB`Z kde [_u ep] [p
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-4
26
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
L$f[p flip [p S>$f [dpfp q]gdp Mpa- My]p `]p \B S>i, S>_p\u [d_
Mpguk [pbpl _kub \i.
:- [pbpl_u S> if[p Ap` hZhu A_p lyTf| (kggplp
Agel hkgd) L$pB DgM _\u Lep ?
Df:- C_ dp ifua _u AL$ l]ujdp R> L$, A_]dp
[pbpl p[p` AV$g L$ Ny_plp `f ifdphy [pbpl R> A_ Ny_plp `f
ifdu]Nu Z L$pfZpkf `]p \pe R> (1) Agpl_u `L$X$ A_ [_u
k_p X$f q]g `f R>hpe e (2) [_u _Ad[ A_ BApd p[
L$fhp_u [gb-BR>p A_ _pafdp_u_p L$pfZ A_p\u hrQ[ flhp_p
X$f A_ (3) Agpl\u ifdphy L$ [ `p[p_p lpg\u hpL$a R> A_ AL$
q]hk [_u kdn lpS>f \hp_y R>, bk kpbu[ \ey L$ lyT|f _buA L$fud
(kggplp Agel hkgd) A D`fpL$ l]ujdp [pbpl_u Ze
if[p hZhu ]uû R>.
:- S>d
[pbpl `|h_
u Z if[p Ap` S>Zphu, [d [pbpl
p[ `Z L$pB hp[p S$fu R> L$ S>_p\u [pbpl `fu`|Z \pe R> [dS>
[pbpl [_p kpQp A\dp SmhpB fl R>?
Df :- lp, [pbpl L$fhp bp] b hp[p S>$fu R>, S>_p\u [pbpl
`fu`|Z \pe R>. (1) [pbpl `R>u [dpd _p_p-dpV$p Ny_plp\u bQhy
A_ (2) Bbp][ A_ kpdpL$ L$pep_p kb^ A]peNu L$fhu.
:- A L$d
iLe R> L$ Cfikp_\u _p_p-dpV$p AV$g L$ kNufpL$bufp Ny_pl \pe S _lu?
Df :- A ]fS `f `lpQhy L$ Ckp_\u kNufp-L$bufp
Ny_pl \pe S> _lu A iLe R>, AiLe _\u. AV$gy S> _lu `f[y
AgplApgp_u [pauL$ S>_p kp\ cm [_p dpV$ kfm `Z R>.
AgplApgp S>_ CR> [_ `p[p_u fld[_p kp\ Mpk L$fu g R>.
:- Bbp][ A_ dpdgp[(kpdpL$ L$pep)_p dpdgpdp
A]peNu L$hu fu[?
Df :- Bbp][dp A]peNu A fu[ L$ Ry>V$g
u aTp A_ hpb
Bbp][p_u L$Tp L$f A_ dpdgp[(kpdpL$ kb^p-b]p_p lLLp)_p
dpdgpdp A]peNu A fu[ L$fL $ S> Bkp__p ]pj lpe [_p\u dpau dpN.
:- [pbpl\u `lgp S> Ny_pl \B Q|Lep R> [_y iy?
Df :- Sepf [pBb [pbpl L$f R> [p AgplApgp `p[p_p
L$fd\u [_p kOmp Ny_plp_ dpa L$fu ] R>. AL$ qfhpe[ R> L$, Sepf
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-5
27
b]p `p[p_p Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f R [p AgplApgp A_p fnL$

aqf[pAp\u, [_p ifuf_p eL$ ANp\u A_ S>du__p [ Vy$L$X$pAp\u
S>_p `f [Z Ny_pl L$ep R>,eL$ S>epA\u A_ eL kpnu\u [
Ny_lNpf_p Ny_pl_ duV$phu ] R>, ep kyû L$ [pBb Lepd[_p q]hk
AgplApgp kdn lpS>f \i epf A_p Ny_pl_u kpnu Ap`_pf
L$pB_lu lpe! AL$ qfhpe[dp lyTyf (kggplp Agel hkgd)
adpey R> L$, ApBbp du_Tb L$dgp Tbly. (A\p[:Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f_pfp bNy_pl S>hp S> R>) bu AL$ l]ujdp R> L$,
dpdu_ ieB_ Albp Bggpl du_ ibpbu_ [pBb. (A\p[:eph_L$pmdp [pbpl L$f_pf\u hû_ L$pB h[y AgplApgp_ re
_\u.
:- AdyL$ gpL$p_u dpfie[p Ahu R>L$, Ad_ Adpfp _ak
`f cfpkp _\u, L$]pQ [pbpl `R>u Ny_pl\u _ bQpe A_ [pbpl `R>u
[_u `f kprb[ L$]d flhpe L$ _ flhpe dpV$ [pbpl L$fhp\u iy ape]$p?
Df :- Aphu dpe[p A kfpkf i[p__p ^pMp A_ afb
R>, L$pfZL$ [d L$d
ey L$ [pbpl `R>u QpLLk [dpfp\u Ny_pl \i S>?
iLe R> L$, [pbpl L$fhp `R>u [f[ S> [d_ dey Apbu e A_ afu
Ny_pl L$fhp_u [L$ S> _ dm. bpL$u A hld R> L$, L$]pQ afu Ny_pl \B
e. A_p L$pB
cfpkp _\u. [dpfp dpV$ dp AV$gy S> S>$fu R> L$, [pbpl
L$f[u hM[ crhedp Ny_pl R>pX$hp_p kpQp A_ `pL$p Bfp]p lpe bpL$u
A Bfp]p `f_u AV$g[p A_ AX$N[p dmhu My]p_p [fa\u R>; A L$pd
My]p_y R> A_ [d A Bfp]p `f My]p_p aTg\u AX$N A_ L$ped fp
[p A S >ee R>; A_ [d A Bfp]$p `f L$ped _ fp [p `Z [dpfp
`lgp Ny_plp\u [p [d_ dys[ dmu S> NB! [dpfp `lgp_p Ny_pl [p
dpa \B S> Nep! [pbpl `R>u_p L$pB Ny_pl \ep [p bk A S> Ny_pl
[dpfp rif R>; [p `lgp_p Ny_pl dpa \B S>hp A _ap R>, [p [pbpl
L$fhp\u _ AV$L$p A_ afu\u Ny_pl \B S>i A hp[ [p AL$ [_p hld
R>; S>_p L$pfZ Ap ]pg[\u hrQ[ _ flp.
La|g dlSy>b _pd_u qL$[pbdp lS>f[ ]p[p NS>bi gplpfu
Agu lyShfu (fld[ygpl Agel)gM R> L$, AL$ iM_y bep_ R> L$,
d S> Ny_pl \u [pbpl L$fu [ Ny_pl dpfp\u hpfhpf \[p fp ep kyû L$
kufhpf dpfu [pbpl [yV$u A_ AL$pfdu hM[ [pbpl L$ep `R>u d_
Bs[L$pd[, AX$N[p A_ AV$g[p p[ \B.
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-6
28
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

u L$pf_p Ny_plp R>,S>dp\u LV$gpL$ L$pB
_p dpg\u kb^
fpM R>,Sepf
L$V$gpL$_p kb^ L$pB_u CTT[ L$ lyfd[\u lpe R> A\hp A_p\u L$pB_
]u_u fu[ _yLip_ `lpQ[y lpe.
[p S>_p kb^ dpg\u R> A_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L$, [pbpl L$f[u
hM[ L$ epf bp] iLe lpe [p [Ap_p dpg `f[ L$fhpdp Aph.
[pbpl L$f_pf Nfubu L$ dyaguku_p L$pfZ dpg `f[ L$fhp_u is[ _\u
fpM[p, [p A dpg_ dpguL$ `pk\u dpa L$fphu g A\hp biphu g;
S>_p\u BT A_ lgpg \B e. dpg_p dpguL$ hap[ `pep lpe
A\hp ep lpS>f _\u [p dpg_u rdL]pf, qLd[ A_ hS>__p rlkpb
dpZ L$pB
QuS Agpl_u fpldp k]L$p L$f A_ A `Z iLe _ lpe [p,
Apdpg kpglp qL$hp _L$u_p L$pdp h^y L$f,A_ Agpl_p ]fbpfdp
AplpTpfu L$f; S>\u Lepd[_p q]hk AgplApgp dpg_p dpguL$_
fp L$fu ]$.
A_ A Ny_plL$ S>_p kb^
L$pB
_u _\u lpe S>d L$ L$pB
_ L$g
Lep lpe [p [_p b]g qLkpk A\p[ b]gp ]hp S>$fu R>. A\hp S>_
L$g L$fg R> [_p hpfkp\u dpa L$fphu g. [_p hpfk dpSy>] _lpe [p
]$fbpfu My]ph]$udp Nuep h Tpfu [dS> L$pL$g|]u kp\ fX$u_ My]$p\u [_u
dpau dpNhu S>$fu R>; S>\u AgplApgp L$g \_pf_ [dpfp\u fp
L$fu ].
A_ L$pB_u CTT[ L$ Apb$ kbr^[ A Ny_pl R> L$, L$pB_u
r_]$p L$fhpdp Aph, L$pB
`f bpl[p_-MpV$p Apfp` gNphpe A\hp L$pB
_
Npmp ]hpdp Aph, [p Ap L$pf_p Ny_plp_u dpau_u fu[ A R> L$, [_u
kdn `p[p_ Sy>$p L$lh
pdp Aph A_ `p[p_u S>bfS[u A_ c|g-M[p_
Lb|g L$fhpdp Aph. Ahp ce lpe L$ Aphy L$fhp\u ra_p hî A_
kygl-]p[u_ b]g ]yd_u hî [p Aphu `qfs\[udp Agpl
Apgp_u bpfNpldp AplpTpfu\u dpau dpN.
A_ L$pB_u Apb$ kb^ Ahp Ny_pl \pe, LpB_p AlgpAepg\u Mep_[ L$fhpdp Aph A\hp L$pB Ae b]-lfL$[ L$fhpdp
Aph [p Aphp Ny_pl _ [p A_u kdn lf L$fu iL$uA R>uA. _ [p A_u
`pk biphu iL$uA R>uA, [p A_p dpV$ `Z ]$fbpf My]$ph]$udp fpB
fpB_ dpau dpNhu BA; A_ ra_p_p X$f _ lpe [p Agbp (A
dyLg R) A_u kdn Ny_pl lf Lfu biphu ghp BA.
D`fp[ A Ny_pl L$ S>_p kb^ L$pB_p ]$u_\u lpe, SdL$ L$pB
lS>f[ Aby Ddf Sy>_](fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, d

\d lTf[ Aby Ddp_u lufu_u dS>gukdp [pbpl L$fu,`f[y \pX$pS>
q]hkpdp ]$ugdp [ Ny_pl_u CR>p `]p \B A_ [pbpl [yV$u NB `y_:
Ny_pldp kX$phpe Nep. epf bp] `p[p_p ùf_u kplb[\u cpN[p
fp ep kyû L$ LepfL$ [Ap_ ]yf\u Aph[p B g[p [p cpNu S>[p L$
LepL$ [Ap d_ B _ e, `f[y AL$ q]hk AQp_L$ dpfu [Ap\u
dygpL$p[ \B NB. [dZ L$y, bV$p, [y `p[p_p ]yd_\u kplb[ _
fpM. [Ap CR> R> L$, [y b][f \[p e dpV$ [y Ny_pl L$f R>, [p [Ap
Myi \pe R> A_ [y Ny_pl\u bQ R> [p [ gpL$_ ]y:M \pe R>. [y dpfu `pk
Aph L$ ly [pfu bgpAp EWphy A_ [y `p[p_p ]yd_p_p dL$k]$p_ `|Z
L$fhp\u bQu e. Sy>_] adph R> L$, epf bp] dpfp q]gdp Ny_plp\u
_af[ cfpB NB A_ dpfu [pbpl `pL$u \B NB.
kpbu[ \ey L$, [pbpl `f L$ped flhp_u is[ Agpl Apì.
[dp$ L$pd R> aL [pbpl L$fhu. kpQu Mpguk [pbpl\u [d_ b dpV$p
ape]$pApdp\u AL$[p S>$f \i S>. ep [p L$ped dpV$ [pb[y_kylp
`fu`|Z [pbpl p[ \i ep [p `lgp_p Ny_pl dpa \B Si.
Ny_pl_p L$pf A_ [pbpl
[pbpl Lep bp] kp\d Ap`_p dpV$ S>$fu R>L$, Ny_pl Lep
L$pf_p l[p A rhQpfp, L$pfZL$ S> Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$fhpdp Aph R> [_p
Z L$pf R> :(1) AL$ [p A R> L$ S> bpb[ My]pA aT L$fg R> [ [dpfp\u
A]$p _\u \B A_ lSy> kyû A_u A]$p L$fhp_u S>hpb]pfu [dpfp `f
bpL$u R>; S>d L$ _dpT, fpTp, TL$p[, L$aapfp hNf [p A aL dpMuL$
[pbpl\u dpa _lu \pe, `f[y Sep kyû iLe lpe [_u L$Tp S>$fu A_
gpTdu R>.
(2) bu L$pf_p Ny_pl Ahp R> L$ S>d_u L$Tp \B iL$[u _\u
`f[y AiLe lpe, [ Ap`_u A_ Agpl_u ]$fep_ lpe, SdL$ ]p$
ù^p lpe, epS> Mp^y lpe [p Ap L$pf_p Ny_plp_u dpau_u fu[ A R>
L$, rh[gp Ny_plp `f ifdu]Nu, p[p` L$fhpdp Aph A_ crhedp
Aphp Ny_plp_ R>pX$hp_p `pLL$p Bfp]p L$fhpdp Aph.
(3) u L$pf_p Ny_pl Ahp R> L$ Ap`_u A_ dgyL$_u
hQ_p lpe. [dpd L$pf_p Ny_plp\u h^y kNu_ A_ M[f_pL$ Ap
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-7
29
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-8
30
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[pbpl)_u p[u dpV$ ]yAp L$fu. uk hj bp] d_ Ape \ey A_
AgplApgp_ AT L$fu L$, l `fhfq]Npf Apgd ! uk hj \ep ly
[pfp\u aL AL$ S> lpS>[ dpV$ Bs[Tp dpNZu rh_[u L$$ Ry>, `f[y [ lSy>
kyû A_ `|Z _\u L$fu `R>u Sepf ly k|[p epf h_dp AL$ es[_
B S> L$lu flu l[u, [y [pfu uk hj kyû dpNgu ]yAp `f Ape L$f
R>, lSy kyû Lbyg L$d _\u \B? [_ Mbf _\u L$ [y LV$gu dlp_ h[y
My]p\u dpNu fp R> L$, AgplApgp [_ `p[p_p ]p[ b_phu g. iy [
Ap AgplApgp_p A Bip ] _\u kpcep, Bfi_gplp
epluby[hpbu_ h eplubydy[lfu_. (biL$, AgplApgp [pbpl
LfhphpmpAp_ [\p `pL$ flhphpmpAp_ ]p[ fpM R .) [p iy [y [pbpl_
dpd|gu h[y kdS> R>?
l Npaug dygdp_p(S>fp Ap byTyNp_p lpgp[p `f _S>f [p
L$fp)L$ [Ap [pbpl dpV$ L$V$gu [L$]pfu fpM[p l[p A_ q]g_u ky^pfZp
dpV k[[ L$B fu[ e_p L$f[p l[p.? A_ ApMf[_y cp\y [epf L$fhp
dpV$ L$B fu[ kf-^X$_u bp\u L$pd g[p l[p ? [d_ Z lphu BA
L$, [pbpldp dpXy$ L$fhy M|bS> _yLkp_L$pfL$ hp[ R>, L$pfZL$ i$Ap[dp
Ny_plp_ L$pfZ q]g k[ \pe R>. `R>u ûd ûd Ckp_ Ny_plp_p L$pfZ
Ly$ A_ Nydfplu kyû `lpQu e R>, iy [d_ Bguk A_ bgAd
bpDf_p kN ep] _\u? i$Ap[dp [Ap_p\u AL$ S> Ny_pl \ep, `f[y
[Ap `pR>m\u Ly$ A_ Nydfplu kyû `lpQu Nep A_ L$paufpdp dmu
Nep. Ly$Ap_d]dp R> L$, hL$p_du_gL$pafu_ dpV$ [pbpl_p
dpdgpdp kphQ[ flhy BA; A_ `yf`yfp e_p L$fhp BA.
Ap` [pbpl L$fhpdp S>]u L$fip [p iLe R> L$ Ny_plp `f AX$N flhp_u
rbdpfu [dpfp q]$gdp\u [f[S> r_Lmu e; Ny_plp_u Mfpbu_u Akf
[dpfu Nf]_ `f\u D[fu e. Ny_plp\
u q]g `f S> Akf \pe R> [_p\u
Npag flhy BA _lu, `f[y eL$ `m `p[p_p q]$g `f _S>f fpMp,
LpfZL$ AdyL$ kpglu_p A adpey R> L$, QpLLk, Ny_pl L$fhp\u q]g
L$pmy `X$u e R>. q]g_u L$pmpi_u r_ip_u A R> L$, Aphu es[_
Ny_pl L$fhp_u NcfpdZ buL$ _\u gpN[u; My]p_u afdpbf]pfu dpV$ [L$
_\u dm[u A_ _kul[, kgpl-kyQ_\u L$pB _\u \[y. l ATuT!
`p[p_p L$pB
`Z Ny_pl_ [yR> _ kdS. lTf[ Nldk bu_ Alyk_
(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)\u _Lg R> Ap` adpey L$, dpfp\u AL$
Ny_pl \B Nep [p ly [_p `f 40 hj kyû fp[p fp. gpL$pA Ap`_
dpdu__ L$pauf A\hp L$pB_ rb]A[u L$ Nydfpl L$lhpdp Aph [p Aphp

Ny_plp_u dpau_u fu[ `Z AS> R> S> ApNm hZhpdp Aphu.
[pè A R> L, [pbpl_u kp\ [d S>d_ [Lgua `lpQ
pX$u lpe
[d_ iLe lpe [p fp `Z L$f A\hp `R>u dpau A_ biui dpV$
Agpl kdn lpS>f \pAp A_ [_p ]fbpfdp Nuep h Tpfu, k]L$p A_
Mfp[ L$fp S\u Lepd[_p q]hk Agpl Ap`_u A_ [_u hQ kdS|[u
fd]$u L$fphu ].
[pbpl_u S i[p bep_ \B [_p `f Ap` k`Z
| fu[ Adg
L$fip A_ crhe_p dpV$ `p[p_p q]$g_ ]fL$ L$pf_p Ny_plp\u `pL$
fpMhp_p r_e Lfu gip, [p [dpfp ApNm_p [dpd Ny_plp dpa \B
Si. lh Aph_pfp q]hkpdp Ap` `p[p_p Al], r_e `f L$ped fp
`R>u `pR>m_u L$TpAp A]$p _ L$fu iLep A\hp _pfpT gpLp_ fp _
L$fu iLep [p A S> Ny_pl [dpf rif fp,bpL$u kOmp Ny_plp biu
]hpdp Aphi.
:- iy [pbpl L$f_pfpAp_p `Z Sy>]p-Sy>]p L$pfp R>?
Df :- lp! [pbpl L$f_pfpAp_p `Z Z L$pfp R>.
(1)[pBb (2)A_ub A_ (3)Ahpb.
(1) S> es[ r_f\L$hp[p [\p L$pep [dS> S> hp[p\u
AgplApgp _pfpT \pe R> A_ AgplApgpA Q[hZu Apù R>
pe.
Ap bû hp[p\u `[pB_ Agpl_u [fa fyS>y A L$f [_ [pBb L$lh
(2) S> ii _p_p kNufp Ny_plp\u A_ r_f\L$ qhQpfp\u ifdpB_
My]p_u dplb[ [fa fyS>y A L$f [_ A_ub L$l R>. (3) S> es[ `p[p_u
pe.
[ A_ Arcdp_\u ifdpB_ My]$p [fa fyS>y A L$f[
_
Ahpb L$lh
lS>f[ Ty _y _ dukfu(fl d [y gpl Agel) adp h R> L$ ,
[pb[yAhpd du_TTp_yb h [pb[yMhpk du_Nag[.
A\p[ :- Ahpd(ApdgpL$p)_u [pbpl Ny_pl_p L$pfZ lpe R> A_
(A\p
Mpk gpL$p_
u(Apgpl hpmpAp_u)[pbpl Nag[_p L$pfZ lpe R>.)
[pbpl _y dlh
:- [pbpl_u dlh[p `Z kdhu ]p.
Df :- [pbpl_u ANe[p_p A]pT Ap` lTf[ Aby
ClpL$(fld[ygpl Agel)_p AL$ kN\u gNphu iL$p R>p. Ap` adph
R> L$, d uk hj k[[ AgplApgp\u [pb[y_kylp(Mpguk iy^
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-9
31
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-10
32
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
`yRey, l Aby A]ygpl! A Lep Ny_pl l[p ? [p Ap` adpey L,

AL$hpf dpfp AL$ ]p[ dpfu dygpL$p[ dpV$ Apep A hM[ d A_p dpV$
dpR>gu `L$phu.Sepf [ Mphp_y MpB Q|Lep [p d DW$u_ dpfp `pX$piu_u
cu[ `f\u dpV$u gB_ dpfp dldp__p lp\ ^phX$pep.
bk, l gpL$p! `p[p_p _ak_ Ny_plp `f V$pL$[p flp. [_p\u
_L$u A_ b]u_p rlkpb g[p flp A_ [pbpl L$fhpdp hpf _ gNpX$p,
A_ ky[u _ L$fp, L$pfZL$ dey Lepf Aphi A Mbf _\u. A_ ]yr_ep
^pMp A_ afbdp akphu flu R>. _ak A_ i[p_ b_ M[f_pL$ ]yd_
[d_ Nydfpl L$fhp_u [L$ Sy>A R>. dpV$ My]$p\u `_pl dpN[p flp A_
Ap`Zp hpgu] dp] lTf[ Ap]d(Agerlkgpd)_p lpg hpfhpf
ep] L$f[p flp, S>d_ AgplApgpA `p[p_p ][ Ly]f[\u [ `]p
afdphg, [d_pdp $l a|Lu, aqf[pAp\u kS]p L$fpep, S>_[dp S>Np
Apù; `R>u Ap`_p\u AL$ gNTui \B [p Ap`_ Apgp-dL$pd\u lV$phu
]hpdp Apep. AL$ qfhpe[dp R> L$, gNTui \ep bp] AgplApgp
Ap`_ Ly, l Ap]d! ly [pfp L$h
p `X$pi
u l[p ? Ap` Ly L$, blyS>
kpfp `X$piu l fb. [p AgplApgpA Ly L$, dpfu `X$pi\u ]yf
Qpep A_ d Ap`g CT[_p [pS> E[pfu ] L$pfZ L$, dpfu _pafdp_u L$f_pf dpfu `X$pidp flhp_ gpeL$ _\u.
AL$ qfhpe[dp Apey R> L$, lTf[ Ap]d (Agerlkgpd)
200hj kyû Ap gNTui `f fp[p fp epf R>hV$ AgplApgpA
Ap`_u [pbpl Lb|g L$fu. Ap [ L$pdug byTyN_p lpg R> S> Agpl_p
_bu A_ ]p[ l[p, [p Apd kpdpe dpZk_p lpg iy li? S> bid
y pf
Ny_pl L$f[p fl R>. 200 hj kyû Agpl_p _bu, Cgpk_p èL$f
fp[p fp, S> kpQp [pBb A_ My]$p_u [fa fyS>y A L$f_pfp l[p [p Ny_plp
`f AX$N flgp Npaug gpL$pA L$V$gy fX$hy BA? [_p A]$pT gNphp.
lTf[ lyk_(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)\u dfhu R> L$, Sepf
AgplApgpA lTf[ Ap]$d(Agerlkgpd)_u [pbpl Lb|g L$fu
[p aqf[pApA Ap`_ dybpfL$bp] L$lu. lTf[ bBg A_
rdL$pCg(Agerldykgpd) lpS>f \ep A_ L$y L$, l Ap]$d, Ap`
[pbpl L$fu_ `p[p_u ApMp_ W$X$u L$fu guû. lTf[ Ap]d (Agerlkgpd) L$y, `f[y Ap [pbpl_p Lb|g \ep `R>u fb [fa\u
afu\u khpg \i [p ? epf AgplApgpA Ap` `f hlu dpL$gu,
l Ap]$d, [ `p[p_u Apgp]_u dl_[ A_ ]y:M [L$gua_u hpfuk
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-11
33
b_phu, Ad [Ap_ [pbpl biu. S> `Z d_ `pL$pfi ly [_u `pL$pf

kpcmui, S>hu fu[ [pfu `pL$pf kpcmu; A_ S> dpfp\u daf[_p khpg
L$fi ly [_ r_fpi L$ _pDdu] _lu L$$, L$pfZL$ dgyL$\u _L$ \hy dpfu
rka[ R>; ly ]yApAp_ Lb|g L$f_pfp Ry>; ly [pbpl L$f_pfpAp_ [Ap_u
L$bp\u A fu[ EW$phui L$ [Ap lk[p lk[p Aphi, [Ap_u ]yApAp
dLb|g \i.
:- Sepf Ny_lNpf Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f R> [p iy [ hM[
AgplApgp Myi \pe R.?
Df:- lp, adp_ _bhu R> L$, fld[ My]$ph]$u_ b]$p_u
[pbpl\u A ik\u `Z h^y Myiu \pe R> S> lgpL$ L$f_pfu S>du_dp
`p[p_u khpfu `f Mphp-ùhp_p kpdp_ fpMu_ kaf L$fu fp lpe
A_ ep Apfpd_p l[ykf fpL$pe e A_ S>du_ `f dp\y V$L$[pS [_
KO Aphu e A_ `R>u epf [ N[ \pe [p [_u khpfu [_p kpdp_
klu[ Npeb \B QyL$u lpe `R>u [ [_ ip^hp gpN A_ k[ Nfdu_p
L$pfZ A_ MybS> [fk gpN A_ cyM_p L$pfZ blpg \B e; A_
`R>u afuS> A S> S>epA Aphu e ep `lgp ky[g
p l[p, ep Apphu_
dey_u hpV$ [p lp\_p [L$uep b_phu_ kyB e epf bp]$ N[
\[p, `p[p_u khpfu_ kf-kpdp_ kp\ `p[p_u `pk Sy>A A_ [_u S>
Myiu \pe [_p\u `Z h^y Myiu `p[p_p b]$p_u [pbpl\u \pe R>.
:- Ny_l Npf_u [pbpl L$fhp\u iy _bu, fkyg, kuuL$ A_
bu ApguepA qL$fpd `Z Myi \pe R>?
Df :- lp AhSy > \pe R>, S>_p `yfphp lTf[ dykp (Agerlkgpd)_p Tdp_pdp dmu Q|Lep R>. lTf[ dykp(Agerlkgpd)
_p Tdp_pdp Sep Ap` fl[p l[p A_u bpSy>_p Npddp AL$ MybS> dpV$p
Ny_l Npf_y dey \B Ney. A Tdp_p_p qfhpT dpZ gpL$pA
A_ Nyg
A_ La_ Apep rh_p S> N^X$p `f bpû_ N^X$p_ S>Ng [fa lpL$u
L$pYep. Alu lTf[ dykp(Agrlkgpd) `f hlu _pTug \BL$, l dykp!
bpSy>_p Npddp Ap ep dpfp AL$ epfp b]p Bs[L$pg L$fu Nep R> A_
Nyg A_ L$a_ Apù_ ]a_ L$fp. (_dpT S>_pTp_p L$p_y_ ep kyû
_pTug \ep _ l[p)lTf[ dykp(Agerlkgpd)A Npddp `lpep,
[`pk L$f[p Mbf `X$u L$, M|bS> dpV$p Ny_l Npf, apkuL$ A_ apf dey
`pep R>, L$pB
`Z _L b]$pA Cs[L$pg _\u L$ep. Agpl_p _bu_ Ap
kpcmu_ M|bS> Ape \ey L$ gpL$p [_ apkuL, apf A_ Ny_lNpf
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-12
34
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[\p b]L$pf L$l R> Sepf My]p [_ `p[p_p epfp b]p L$l R>. QpLL$kApdp
L$B c] lphp BA. R>hV$ lTf[ dykp(Agerl-kgpd)[_u gpi
ip^hp dpV$ S>Ngdp `lpep A_ gpi dm[p A_ Nyg [dS> L$a_
Apù_ ]a_ L$ep.
de[_ ]a_ L$ep bp]$ Agpl_p _buA kS>]pdp dp\y
_dphu_ `p[p_p fb\u L$y, Ae Afldfpldu_, S>_ [y [pfp re
]$iph R> A_ gpL$p Ny_l Npf A_ b]L$pf L$d
L$l R> ? `p[p_p L$fd\u Ap
c] d_ kdhu ]$. lTf[ dykp (Agerlkgpd)_u Ap AT `R>u
Ap`_u D`f afu hpf hlu _pTug \B A_ b[phhpdp Apey L$, l
dykp! dL$ Ahp S> l[p, S>hp gpL$p b[ph R>, `f[y df[p kde [Z
[pbpl L$fu_ dpfp d p[ L$fu gu^p. d_ lLL R> L$ ly [_u [pbpl Lb|g
L$$ L$ _ L$$ l dpfp epfp L$gud ! kpcmp [pbpl_p kde [_u dy_pTp[
Ap L$pf_u l[u, l Ny_plp \u ]fNyTf L$f_pf ! l Ny_lNpfp _u [pbpl
Lb|g L$f_pf ! ly ApS> [pfu bpfNpldp [pbpl L$$ Ry> l AlL$dylpL$du_ !
[y [pbpl Lb|g L$f L$ _ L$f A [_ lLL$ R>. [y dpfu [pbpl Lb|g L$fu
gBi [p [pfp _bu,fkyg,rkuL$ A_ Ap Tdp_p_p [dpd AprgepA-L$pdgu_ Myi \i A_ [y [pbpl Lb|g _lu L$f [p i[p_ Myi \i;
Ae dykp ! [dS> b[php L$ iy dpfu ip__ gpeL$ A hp[ R> L$ ly Bsgk_
Myi L$$? dpV$ S> d dpfu rka[ [hpbyflud dpZ A_u [pbpl Lb|g
L$fu A_ Ny_lNpf lphp R>[p A [pbpl L$fu_ dpfp qe \B Nep.
lyTyf _buA L$fud(kggplp Agel hkgd)_y adp_ R>
L$, [dpA Apkdp__p bfpbf Ny_pl L$ep li A_ ifdu]p \B_
[pbpl L$fip [p fbyg CT[ [dpfu [pbpl Lb|g L$fu gi. adp_
_bhu R> L$, dpZk Ny_pl L$f R> A_ `R>u AS> Ny_pl_p L$pfZ S>_[dp
]pMg \pe R>. klpbpA L$ufpd(fu]hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud
AS>dB_)A `|Rey L$, ep fkygygpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)
Aphy L$h
u fu[ iLe R> ? [p Ap` adpey, Ny_pl_p p[p`\u [f[
S >bpfNpl fbygCT[dp A_u ApMp Ay cu_u \pe R>.
AL$ ipef Ap hp[ L$V$gp ky]f A]pTdp gMu R>,
[Sy>dp :- [Ap ^y fp R> S>Ap eL$ `m [pbpl A_
([Sy
A[Napfdp `fphpegp R>, [p `R>u A gpL$p_
p iy lpg \i S>Ap `lgp\u
S> [pbpl\u bep_ A_ Npaug R>.?)
My]$p _ L$f A_ [pbpl L$ep `R>u afu `pR>p Ny_pl i$ L$fu ]p
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-13
35
[p S>g]$u\u [pbpl [fa hmp A_ _ak _ [pbpl [fa ApL$jphp dpV$ L$lp
L$, l _ak,lh buhpf Mygyk\u [pbpl L$fu g L$]pQ Ap [pfu R>gu
[pbpl lpe A_ Ap_p `R>u [pfp\u L$pB
Ny_pl _ \pe A_ [y dfu e.
Ap S> fu[ Ny_pl\u p[p` L$f[p flp S>hu fu[ Ap` Ny_pl_ V$h
, qfhpT>
L$ ][yf b_phu rg^p R> A S> fu[ [pbpl_ `Z V$h b_phu ep. Ny_pl
L$fu_ [pbpl L$fhp\u ApT _ \pAp; _ \pL$p A_ Lepfe [pbpl\u
dpYy$ _ afhp A_ i[p__p ^pMpdp Aphu_ [pbpl\u lfNuT _ fpL$ph,
L$pfZL$ [pbpl L$fhu A _L$ lphp_u r_ip_u R>.
iy [d _buA L$fud fDayflud(kggplp Agel hkggd)
_p A Bip] _\u kpcep ? Ap` adph R> L$, [dpfpdp Dd [ ii
R> S> Ny_pl p[ [yf[
S> [pbpl L$f.
[d Ly$Ap_d
]_u Ap Apep[ `f ep_ [p L$fp fbyg CT[
afdph R> , h d e eAdg ky A _ AhATgud _akly ky dp
A[Na$gpl eS>] gplp Nayffy l udp. (A\p[:- S> ]yfpQpf L$f A\hp
`p[p_u _ `f Tyd L$f `R>u Agpl Apgp\u dpau dpNu g [p Agpl
Apgp_ S>$f bihphpmp A_ dlfbp_ `pdip.)
lyTfy _buA L$fud fDayfl ud_u Mu]d[dp AL$ liu lpS>f \ep
A_ AT L$fu, ep fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)ly M[pAp
L$ Ry>, iy dpfu [pbpl Lb|g \i? Ap` lp. adphu A \pX$u ]y$f SB_
`pR>p hep A_ `|Rey, Sepf ly Ny_pl L$ Ry> [p iy AgplApgp d_
Sy>A R>? Ap` Bip] afdpep, lp. ApV$gy kpcm[p liu_p dpd
p\u
Quk _uLmu `X$u A_ [_u $l `fhpT L$fu NB.
lTf[ Agu(f]uegplpApgp Alp)\u dfhu R> L$, lyTyf
(Agerlkgp[p hkgpd)adpey L$, dgyL$_u D`r[\u 4000hj
ANpD Ai_u Qpf bpSy> gMu ]hpey l[y L$, S>Z [pbpl L$fu Bdp_ gpep
A_ kpfp L$pep Lep, ly A_ bihphpmp Ry>. h__p Ar[d pk kyû
[pbpl Lbyg \i.
Sepf AgplApgpA Bguk_ dgD_ Wfep A_ AZ
Lepd[_p q]hk kyû_u dlpg[ dpNu [p AgplApgpA [_ dlpg[
Apù; epf [_ L$y, d_ dpfu CT[ A_ Sgpg_u L$kd Sep kyû
Bkp__p ]$Nu\u kb^ bpL$u fli, ep kyû ly [_ Ny_plp `f
ggQph[p flui. A hM[ Agpl fbyg CT[ adpey L$, d_
dpfu CT[ A_ Sgpg_u L$kd, ly Ckp__p R>gp pk kyû [
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-14
36
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`R>u AL$ hM[ [Z Afukpdp ey [p `p[p_u ]pY$udp h^ph\p_p
qQl_p ]Mpep, [ Ap r_ip_u B_ blyS> NdNu_ \ep A_ Agpl
Apgp_u bpfNpldp dy_pTp[ L$fuL, Ae fbL$fud, d 20hj [pfu
b]Nu L$fu, dpfp dpgp,`R>u k[[ [pfu bpfNpl\u dpYy$ afhu_ 20 hj
Ny_pldp rh[pep, lh lz [pfu bpfNpl [fa `pR>p hmy [p iy [y d_
Lb|g L$fi ? Ap hM[ [Z lpr[a Nb\u AhpS> kcmpep L$, [
Adpfp\u dlpb[ L$fu, Ad [_ dlbb
| b_pep. [ d_ R>pX$u ]u^p, d
[_ R>pX$u ]u^p. [ Ny_pl L$ep, d dlpb[ Apù. lh [y Adpfu
bpfNpl [fa `pR>p hmui Ad [_ ia Lb|gue[ biiy- Lb|g adphiy.
l Npaug ! Lep kyû Nag[dp `Xep flui? lSy> `Z
kde R> `p[p_p Ny_plp_p A]pT L$f, `p[p_u cygp_ ep] L$f,
dey\u `lgp AgplApgp_u [fa fySy>A \B A_ Ny_plp\u
fpL$pB , [pbpldp S>]u L$f. lSy> [pbpl_p ]fhp Mygp S>
R>; [pfu [pbpl S>$f Lb|g \i.
[pbpl L$fi[p [pbpl Lb|g L$fu gBi A_ A_p Ny_plp `f `X$]p _pM[p
flui. lyTyf _buA `pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey L$,
Agpl Apgp `p[p_p ][ fld[ fp[_p Ny_lNpfp dpV$ khpf kyû
A_ q]hk_p Ny_l Npfp dpV$ fp[ kyû dpau dpV$ agphu fpM R>. lTf[
A]ygpl C_ Ddf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)_p Bip] R> L$, S>
Ny_plp_u ep]dp ifdu]p \B Nep A_ A_y q]g Agpl_p X$f\u ^y
EWey, A_p Ny_pl duV$phu ]hpe R>. lTf[ ayTg bu_ AepT
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)_p L$pg R> L$, fb SgS>gpgly_p Bip]
R>, Ny_l Npfp_ bipf[ ]$B p [Ap [pbpl L$fi [p ly [Ap_u [pbpl
Lb|g L$fu gBi, kuuL$u__ Mbf L$fup L$ d [Ap_p Apdpg_p
hS>_ Lep [Ap_ dpfp ATpb\u L$pB bQphu _tl iL$.
klul dygud ifua _u AL$ l]uj R>. lyTyf _buA L$fud
(kggplp Agelhkgd)adpey, A Tp[_u L$kd, S>_p L$Tpdp
A_ Ly$]$f[dp dpfu _ R>, [d Ny_pl _p L$fp A_ biui [gb _
L$fp [p AgplApgp [d_ _pb|] L$fu ] A_ [dpfp b]$gpdp Ahu L$pd
gph S> Ny_pl L$f A_ AgplApgp\u biui [gb L$f.
lpL$ud_u klu qfhpe[ R> L$, Ap hp[ Ckp__u kAp][d]u
MyiqL$d[u_u r_ip_u R>L$, A_u qT]Nu gpbu lpe A_ AgplApgp
[_ [pbpl_u [pauL$ A[p adph. [pbpl_p ]fhp Lepfe b^ \[p
_\u.
lTf[ A]ygpl B_ dD](f]uegplp Apgp Alp)\u
AL$ es[A `|Rey L$, ly Ny_pl L$fu_ MybS> ifdphy Ry>, dpfp dpV$
[pbpl R>? Ap` dpYy$ afhu gu^y. Sepf afuhpf [ es[ [fa Ap`
ey epf Ap`_u ApMpdp\u Apky hl[p l[p. Ap` adpey, S>_[_p
ApW ]fhp R>, S> Mpghpdp Aph R> A_ b^ `Z L$fhpdp Aph R>,
rkhpe L$ [pbpl_p ]fhp Lepfe b^ L$fhpdp Aph[p _\u. Adg Lep
L$f A_ fb_u fld[\u r_fpi _ \p.
r[fduTu ifua_u AL$ l]ujdp R> L$, `rd [fa AL$ ]fhp
R>. S>_u `lpmpB 40 L$ 70 hj_p kaf S>V$gu R>. AgplApgpA A_
Apkdp_ A_ S>du__p `]p L$fhp_p kde\u [pbpl_ dpV$ Mpep R> [
A_ b^ _lu L$f Sep kyû `qd\u kyfS> _ _uL$m.
qfhpe[ R> L$, b_u CkfpBg_p AL$ eyhp_ 20 hj kyû
gNp[pf AgplApgp_u Bbp][ L$fu, `R>u 20 hj Ny_pldp rh[pep
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-15
37
AL$ Ny_l
Npf_u [pbpl
aL$ul Abygek\u dfhu R> L$, lTf[ Ddf f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)AL$ hM[ lyTyf _buA L$fud(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u
Mu]d[dp fp[p-fp[p lpS>f \ep. Ap` adpey, Ae Ddf ! ip dpV$
fX$p R>p? lTf[ Ddf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)A Ly L$, ep
fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd) ]fhp `pk Dcp flu_
fX$u flgp eyhp__u Nuep h Tpfu, L$pL$g]y u dpfp L$g
_ bpmu _pM R>.
Ap` adpey, A_ A]f bpgphp. Sepf [ eyhL$ A]$f Ap`_u `pk
Apep [p Ap` kfL$pf `|Rey L$, Ae Shp_, [y ip dpV$ fX$ R>? eyhL$
p h^pfp\u A_ dpfp fb SgSgpgl|_u
Ly L$, lyTfy ly dpfp Ny_plp_
_pfpS>Nu_p X$f\u fX$u fp Ry> ! Ap` `yR> ey, iy [ iuL$ Ley R>? AZ
L$,y _p, ep fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd) Ap` afuhpf
`yR>ey, iy [ L$pB
_ _plL$ L$g L$fu R>? AZ Ly, _p, ep fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd) [p Ap` Ly, [pfp Ny_pl kp[e
S>du_p Apkdp_ S>V$gp lpe [p `Z AgplApgp `p[p_u fld[\u
biu ]i. eyhL$ bpep, ep fkyggpl, dpfp Ny_pl A\u `Z dpV$p
R>. Ap` adpey, [pfp Ny_pl dpV$p R> L$ Ly$iu ? AT L$fu, dpfp
Ny_pl. adpey, [pfp Ny_pl dpV$p R> L$ Ai Cgplu? AT L$fu,
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-16
38
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

20hj _uLmu Nep. AgplApgpA lTf[ dykp(Agrlkgpd)`f
hlu dpL$gu L$, dpfp Ap b]$p_ L$lu ]p L$, Agpl L$l R> L$, ly [pfp\u
k[ _pfpT Ry>.
Sepf lTf[ dykp L$gudygpl(Agerlkgpd)A ii_
Agpl_p A k]ip Apep [p [ MybS> NdNu_ \ep A_ NpY$ S>Ng
[fa Qpgu _uLmuep. ep SB_ bpfNpl fbyg CT[dp AS> L$fu, Ae
fb TygS>gpg, [pfu fld[ S[u flu L$ dpfp Ny_plpA [_ ]y:M Apey?
[pfu biui_p MTp_p Md \B Nep L$ b]$pAp `f [pfu _Tf L$fd
_\u flu? [pfu fld A_ ]fNyS>f L$f[p Lep Ny_pl dpV$p R> ? [y L$fud R>,
ly bMug-L$S|k Ry>, [y `p[p_p b]pAp_ `p[p_u fld[\u hrQ[ L$fu
]$Bi [p L$p_
p ]fhp `f S>i [pfp NylNpfp ? [y `p[p_u bpfNpl\u
[Ap_ L$pY$u d|Li [p [Ap Lep S>i ? l fb L$pq]fp L$llpf, [pfu
biui S>[u flu A_ dpfp dpV$ ATpb S> flu Nep lpe [p [dpd NylNpfp_p ATpb d_ Apù ]. ly [Ap `f dpfu _ Ly$bp_ L$ Ry>.
AgplApgpA lTf[ dykp(Agerlkgpd)`f afu hlu
_pTug L$fu L$, Ap A_ dpfp b]$p \u L$lu p L$ [ dpfu Ly$]f[_p
L$dpg_ A_ fld [\p ]fNyS>f_u lLuL[_ kd guû R. [pfp
Ny_plp\u S>du_ cfpB e [p `Z ly [_ biu ]Bi.
dpfp Ny_pl Ap` adpey, [pfp Ny_pl dpV$p R> L$ fb SygS>gpg?

AT L$fu, fb Sy>gS>gpg Myb S> ATud R>. lyTyf adpey, biL$,
Tyd ATud_ fb ATud S> dpa adph R>, `R>u Ap` adpey, d_
`p[p_p Ny_pl [p b[ph. AT L$fu, lyTyf d_ Ap`_u kdn Ny_pl
bep_ L$f[p ifd Aph R>. Ap` adpey, L$ip hp^p _\u [y b[ph.
epf eyhL$ Ly L$, ep fkyggpl, kp[ hj\u ly L$a_ Qpfy Ry>
Akpf_u AL$ R>pLfu dfu NB [p ly ep L$a_ Qpfhp_p Bfp] SB `lp ep.
L$b Mp]u L$a_ Qpey A_ Qpgu _uLep. \pX$ ]yf Nep L$ dpfp `f i[p_
khpf \B Nep A_ ly `pR>p hep A_ [_u gpi kp\ b]L$pfu L$fu. ly
Ny_pl L$fu_ l [p \pX$pL$ X$Ngp Qpep lpBi L$ [Zu Ecu \B NB A_
L$lhp gpNu, Ap Shp_,My]p [_ Npf[ L$f. [_ A r_Nlbp__p `Z
X$f _ gpep, S> eL$ dTgyd_ Tpgud\u A_p lLL A`ph R>? [ d_
dy]pAp_u SdpA[dp __>L$fu ]uû A_ My]p_p ]fbpfdp _p`pL$ L$fu
]$uû.
lyTfy Sepf Ap kpcey [p Ly, ]y$f \B Ae b]-b[ !
eyhL$ fX$[p fX$[p Agpl\u A[Napf L$f[p ep\u _uLmu Nep, Sepf
[_ Ap S> lpg[dp 40q]hk _uLmu Nep [p [Z Apkdp_ [fa _Tf
EWphu_ Ly, l dpld
] A_ Ap]$d A_ Bbplud(Agerldykgp[p
h[gudp[p)_p fb! [ dpfp Ny_pl_ dpa Lep lpe [p lyTyf
(kggplp Agel hkgd)A_ Ap`_p klpbpA qLfpd _ hpL$a
L$f, _lu [p Apkdp_\u ApN dpL$gu_ d_ bpmu _pM A_ ]pTM_p
ATpb\u bQphu g, eyhL$_u ]yAp hM[ lTf[ bBg (Agerlkgpd) lyTfy (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u rM]$d[dp lpS>f \ep A_
Ly, ! Ap`_p fb Ap`_ kgpd L$l R> A_ `|R> R> L$, dgyL$ _ Ap`
`]p L$fu R>? Ap` Ly, _lu, bL$ d_ A_ [dpd dgyL$_ Agpl
ApgpA `]p L$fg R>, A_ AS> rfTL$ Ap` R>. epf bBg L$y,
Agpl Apgp adph R> L$, d [ Shp__u [pbpl Lb|g L$fu R>. bk,
lyTfy [ eyhL$_ bpgphu_ [_u [pbpl Lb|g \ep_u MyiMbfu Apù [_
dybpfL $bp] Apù.
* AL$ ercQpfu u_u [pbpl

dygud ifua _u qfhpe[ R> L$, AL u S ercQpf\u Nch[u
\B l[u, lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u rM]d[dp Aphu A_
AT L$fu, ep fky g gpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)ly l]
(ercQpf_u dyL$ff k)_ gpeL$ Ry> dpfp `f l] gpNy `pX$p.
lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)A_p hpgu_ bpgphu_
adpey L$, Ap_p\u kpfp h[ph L$f A_ Sepf [Zu_ bpmL$ S>d
epf dpfu `pk gB Aph. Ap`_p afdp_ dpZ [ ii AdS>
Ley. Sepf [ u_ bpmL$ Ah[ey epf [ u lyTfy (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_u bpfNpldp gphhpdp Aphu. Ap` lyLd adpep L$, Ap
u_p L$`X$p A_p ifuf kp\ kpfu fu[ bpû ]hpdp Aph. epf bp]
Ap` [Zu dpV$ kNkpf L$fhp_p lyLd kp]f Lep A_ bp]dp [Zu_p
S>_pTp_u _dpT `Y$u.
lTf[ Ddf(f]uegplpApgp Alp)A AT L$fu, ep
* AL$ ]] cfu [pbpl

lTf[ dykp(Agerlkgpd)_p Tdp_pdp AL$ ii Sepf
`Z [ [pbpl L$f[p `R>u [_ [pX$u _pM[p; ep kyû L$ [_ Ap lpg[dp
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-17
39
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-18
40
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[pbpl_p DL$W Bfp]p hX$ S _[
fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd) Ap` ercQpf u_u

S>_pTp_u _dpT `Y$phu ? Ap` adpey, Ae Ddf ! [ZuA Ahu
[pbpl L$fu R> L$, [ [pbpl_ dq]_p_p kuf dpZkp hQ hlQu
]$hpdp Aph [p [ kh_ `yfu \B e. iy [ A_p\u hû_ AaTg es[
B R> L$, [Zu `p[p_u [_ AgplApgp_u l]p [pX$hp_p `qfZpd_
Lb|g L$fhp he_ ApNm gB Aphu lpe.
klul_(byMpfu A_ dygud ifua)_u l]uj R> L$ lyTfy _buA

L$fud fDayflud(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey L$, [dpfpdp\u
`lgp_p gpL$pdp AL$ ii Ahp l[p S> 99 M|_ L$fu Q|Lep l[p. AL$
hM[ [pbpl_u r_e[\u AZ gpL$p `pk ]yr_ep_p dpV$pd
p dpV$p Apgud
kb^
`|R>`fR> L$fu; [p gpL$pA
[_ AL$ fplub(r[u kepku)_y WL$p
Quey. Ny_l Npf A fplub `pk `lp ep A_ Ly L$, d 99 M|_ Lep R>
iy AgplApgp dpfu [pbpl Lb|g L$fi? fplub Ly L$, _lu A_
AS> hM[ A Nykpdp Aphu Nep A_ A ii `gp fplub_y `Z M|_
L$fu _pey. A_ kp (100) M|_ `yfp Lep `R>u [Z [pbpl_p dpN]i_
dpV$ buhpf ]yr_ep_p kp\u dpV$p Apgud_u ip^ i $L$fu [p [_ AL$
Apgud_y _pd-`p b[phhpdp Apep. [ A Apgud `pk Nep A_
Ly L$, d 100M|_ Lep R>, iy dpfp dpV$ [pbpl iLe R>? Apgud Ly
L$, lp, [pfu A_ [pbpl hQ L$pZ Aphu iL$ R> ?[y agpZu SepA
, ep Agpl_p _L$ A_ Bbp]$[NyTpf gpL$p fl R>, [y `Z ep S>B_
Bbp][ L$f A_ `R>u `p[p_p h[_dp `pR>p _ afui, L$pfZL$ [ blyS>
Mfpb Sep R>.
A eyhp_ bu fplub_u hp[Qu[ kpcmu_ _L$ gpL$p_
u h[u
[fa Qpg[p \ep, AX$^p f[ `lpep li epS> [_ dp[ Aphu NB;
`qfZpd A_p k]cdp fld[_p A_ ATpb_p aqf[pAp hQ Ap
dpZ hp[Qu[ \hp gpNu. fld[_p aqf[pAp bpep L$, A [pbpl_p
`pL$p r_e L$fu_ `p[p_p q]g_ fld[ My]ph]u\u gNphugy fpMu_
Aphu fp l[p. Sepf ATpb_p aqf[pAp bpep L$, AZ L$pB
_L$u
Lepfe L$fu _\u. epf aqf[pAp_u Ap b_ S>dp[p hQ AL $bu
aqf[p Apep, S>_ Ap b_ S>dp[pA akgp L$fhp dpV$ dpe fpep.
AZ akgp Lep L$, [d b_ [fa_u S>du_ dpù ep, A S> h[u_u
_S>]uL$ li A_pdp NZhpdp Aphi. A ak
gp `R>u S>du_ dp`hpdp
Aphu [p A _L$ gpL$p_
u _S>]$uL$ _uLep `qfZpd A_ fld[_p aqf[pAp
gB Nep.!
AL$ bu qfhpe[dp R> L$, AgplApgpA byfpB_u h[uhpmu
S>du__ lyLd Apep L$, Ap eyhp_\u ]yf Qpgu . A_ _L$ gpL$p_u
h[uhpmu S>du__ lyLd Apep L$, [ _L$ \B e. `R>u adpey
L$, Ap h[uAp_y A[f dp`hpdp Aph, [p aqf[pApA [_ AL$ h[
* AL$ eyhL$_u iftd]Nu

lTf[ Ddf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)AL$hpf d]$u_p ifua_u
AL$ Ngudp S>B fp l[p. Ap` AL$ eyhL$_ ep, S> L$`X$p_u A]f
]$p$_u bpV$g Ry>`phu_ Aphu fp l[p. Ap` `|Rey L$, Ae Shp_! Ap
bpV$gdp iy gB_ SB fp R>? eyhL$ MybS> iftd]p \ep L$, ly L$h
u fu[
L$ly L$, bpV$gdp ifpb R>? A kde eyhp_ q]gdp_ q]gdp ]yAp
dpNu, Ae Agpl! d_ lTf[ Adu$dpAd
_
u_ kdn $hpB A_
iftd]Nu\u bQphu g. ly `R>u Lepfe ifpb _lu ùJ. Ap dpZ
q]gdp ]yAp dpN[p A_ [pbpl Lep bp] eyhp_ lTf[ Ddf (f]uegplp
Apgp Alp)_ Shpb Apep L$, Ae Adu$dpAd_u_! Ap
bpV$gdp kuL$p R>. Ap` adpey L$, d_ b[ph[p Mfp. A_ `R>u
Ap` ey [p A]f kuL$p S> l[p.
Ae Npaug ! S>fp ep_ ],AL$ b]p bu b]p_p X$f\u kpQp
q]$g\u [pbpl L$f R>, [p AgplApgp `p[p_p L$fd\u A_u [pbpl
Lb|g L$fu_, A_ $hpB \u bQphu g R> A_ ifpb_ kuL$pdp `qfh[u[
L$fu ] R>. A S> fu[ L$pB Ny_lNpf `p[p_p Ny_plp\u ifdpB_ [pbpl
L$fu g R>, [p AgplApgp A_u _pafdp_uAp_ ifpb_ afdpbf]pfuAp_p kuL$pd
p afhu_ A_ ]yr_ep A_ ApMf[dp $hp-b]_pd \hp\u
bQphu g R>.
* rlL$pe[ :AL$ eyhp_ l[p [ Sepf `Z L$pB Ny_pl L$f[p [p A_ `p[p_p
Qp`X$pdp gMu g[p l[p. AL$ hpf AZ L$pB
Ny_pl Lep, `R>u gMhp dpV$
Qp`X$p Mpep [p ey L$ Adp Ap Apep[ rkhpe L$pB `Z gMgy _\u.
aDgpAL$p eybgygplp ke-Ap[lud lk_p[. Ap [ gpL$p R> L$,
Agpl [Ap_u byfpBAp_ _L$uApdp afhu ] R>.
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-19
41
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-20
42
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
S>V$gy _L$ gpL$p _u h[u\u _L$ `pd[p, [_ biu ]hpdp Apep.

* D[bpl_p Ab kN:-
L$gpdd]_u r[gph[ L$fy [p [ kpcmu_ k[dp k[ ]$e_p Ckp_

`Z Tydu EW.
*(3) Ae Agpl ! d_ ldi
p lgpg qfL$ Ahu fu[ Ap` L$,
S>_u ly L$`_p `Z _ L$fu iLy$.
AgplApgpA D[bpl_u Ze ]yApAp Lb|g L$fu.A_u ep]is[ A_ ALL$g hû Nep A_ A Sepf Ly$Ap__u r[gph[ L$f[p [p
eL$ kpcm_pf Ny_plp\u [pBb \B S[p A_ [_p Ofdp ]$ffpS AL$
epgp ipL$_p A_ b fpV$gu fuL$ lgpg `lpQ
u S>[u A_ L$pB
_ Mbf _
`X$u iL$u L$ A L$pZ
Apù e R>? D[bpl_u `yfu qT]Nu Aphy \[y fy.
Ap [ ii_p lpg R> S>Z Agpl_u g_u gNphu.
[pbpl L$byg \hp_u r_ip_uAp
:- Sepf b]p [pbpl L$f R> [p iy A_ `p[p_u [pbpl Lb|g
\B R> L$ f] \B R> A_u Mbf `X$ R> ?
Df :- Ahu `$ hp[ [p _\u, `f[y AdyL$ r_ip_uAp R>
S>_p\u [pbpl Lb|g \hp_u Mbf `X$u e R>.
:- [pbpl Lb|g \hp_u r_ip_uAp `Z b[phu p.
Df :- [pbpl Lb|g \hp_u r_ip_u A R> L$ [pBb `p[p_u
[_ Ny_plp\u `pL$ fpM R>, A_p q]gdp\u Myiu Npeb \B e R>,
eL$ `m Agpl_ dpS>y] kdS> R>. _L$ Bkp_p_u _L$ flhp gpN
R>. byfp Ckp_p\u ]y$f flhp gpN R>. ]yr_epdp Agpl [fa\u \pX$u
_Ad
[ dmu e [p A_ M|b S> h^y kdS> R>. ApMf[ dpV$ h^y _L$uAp_
`Z ApR>u kdS> R> `p[p_p q]g_ eL `m My]$p_p aT A]p L$fhpdp
gNphgp fpM R>. ldi
p `p[p_p\u \egp Ny_plp `f rQ[p[yf fl R>. Nd
A_ `fip_uAp_ `p[p_p `f gpTud L$fu g R>. Lep [p Qy` fl R> A\hp
[p c_ Agpl_p Tu$ dpV$ Mpk L$fu g R>.
lTf[ dpOf (f]$uegplp Alp)_u [pbpl
lTf[ dpOf bu_ dpguL$ Agdu AL$ ii_p Ofdp l[p, S>_y
_pd lTf[ rlTpg(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)l[y, [Ap `Z Agdu
l[p. lTf[ dpOf lTf[ rlTpgp_u ApTp] L$fg
bp]u kp\ ercQpf
Lep Sepf Ap hp[ lTf[ rlTpg_p L$p_ Aphu [p Ap` dp^f\u Ly,
[dpf lyTyf kfL$pf ]pApgd(kggplp Agel hkgd)`pk SB_
`p[p_u hp[ S>Zphhu BA L$ Ap` iy L$l R.?
lTf[ Bdpd lk_ bkfu(f]uegplp Apgp Alp) _p

Tdp_pdp D[bpl _pd_p AL$ Nygpd_u ra_pMpfu A_ ]p$ ùhp_u
hp[p ep[ l[u. [ AL$ q]hk lTf[ lk_ bkfu (f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)_u dS>gukdp Apep A kde Ap` Agd epA_gugTu_
Apd_y A_[ih L$pgybplyd g Tu$qgpl..
A\p [ :- iy dpdu_p dpV$ A kde _\u Apep L$ [_p q]$g
(A\p
Agpl\u X$f.) _u [akuf bep_ L$fu L$ gpL$p fX$hp gpep.A eyhp_
dS>gukdp Ecp \B_ Ap`_ Ly L$, l dpdu_ b]$p ! iy dpfp S>hp
apkuL$ A_ apf [pbpl L$fi [p AgplApgp Lb|g adphi? Ap`
afdpey L$, lp, Agpl Apgp [pfp Ny_plp _ dpa adphu ]i.
Sepf D[bpl Nygpd Ap hp[ kpcmu [p [_p Qlfp ùm$p `X$u
Nep A_ A L$p`[p-L$p`[p QuM dpfu_ blpi \B Nep. `R>u Sepf
lpi
dp Apep [p lTf[ lk_ bkfu A_u _L$ Afbu _p AL$ if `Y$u
fp l[p S>_p A\ Ap R>, l Agpl_u _pafdp_u L$f_pf eyhp_,Z
R> _pafdp_u_u k iy R> ? _pafdp_p dpV$ `yfi S>l_d R> A_
l_p q]hk AgplApgp_u k[ _pfpTNu R>. [y ]pTM_u ApNdp
bmhp dpV$ fp R> [p biL$, Ny_pl L$f[p fl, _lu[f fpL$pB. [ [pfp
Ny_plp_ b]g `p[p_u Tp[_ Nufh fpMu ]uû R>, A_ R>pX$hhp_p
e_ L$f.
Ap kpcmu D[bpl afu QuM dpfu A_ `y_: blpi \B Nep.
Sepf cp_dp Apep [p L$lhp gpep L$, Ae iM ! iy dpfp S>hp b]b[_u [pbpl fbflud Lb|g L$fi? Ap` Ly L$, ]fNyS>f L$f_pf
fb, Tpgud b]p_u [pbpl Lb|g adphu g R>. A h[ D[bpl kpQp
q]g\u [pbpl L$fu A_ [pbpl L$f[p-L$f[p dp\y EWphu_ AgplApgp\u Z ]y$ApAp dpNu.
*(1) Ae Agpl ! [ dpfp Ny_plp_ dpa L$fu_ dpfu
[pbpl_ Lb|g L$fu lpe [p Ahu ep]$is[ A_ ALLg\u dpfu CT[
h^pf L$ ly Ly$Ap_d
] A_ ]$u__p Bdpdp\u S> L$B kpcmy A_ Lepfe
_ c|gy.
*(2) Ae Agpl ! d_ Ahp AhpS> A[p L$f L$ Sepf ly
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-21
43
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-22
44
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
lTf[ dpOf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp) Ap kpcmu_ lyTyf

_buA L$fud fDayfflud(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u bpfNpldp
lpS>f \ep A_ AT L$fu, ep fkyggpl(kggplpAgel hkgd)
d_ `pL$ adphp. Ap` kfL$pf LyL $, Aakpk R> [pfp `f, My]p\u
biui dpN A_ [pbpl L$f.
\pX$uhpf flu_ [Ap afu_ Apep A_ AT L$fu, ep
fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)d_ `pL$ adphp. lyTyf
adpey, L$B
QuS>\u `pL$ L$$? dpOf AT L$fu, ercQpf A_ A_u
_p`pL$u \u.
Ap kpcmu lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)`p[p_y `rh
dpYy$ bu [fa afhu gu^y. lTf[ dpOf `Z bu [fa Aphu_ Ecp
flu Nep. lyTyf AL$fd(kggplp Agel hkgd) afu `p[p_p
`rh Qlfp afhu gu^p. A_ adpey, iy Ap ii NpX$p R> L$ Ap hp[
NpX$`Zdp L$lu fp R> ? klpbp(f]uegplp Apgp Alyd) A Ly,
ep fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)A NpX$p _\u. Ap`
adpey, iy ]p$ù_ A_u d[u A_ _ipdp L$lu fp R> ? epf AL$
ii EWu_ [d_y dpY$y ky ey, `f[y [d_ ]p$_u kyN^
_ Aphu. [p Ap`
kfL$pf Ly , iLe R> L$ AZ u_y Qyb
_ gu^y lpe L$ ApguN_ Apey
lpe A\hp `p[p_u kp\ kyhX$phu lpe A_ ercQpf_u QWpAp L$fu
lpe A_ [_ Ap ercQpf L$lu fp lpe.
lTf[ dpOf Ly, _p, ep fkyggpl(kggplp Agel
hkgd) d ercQpf S> Lep R>. lTf[ rlTpg_p Ofdp, [Ap_u
bp]$u\u ercQpf Lep R> A_ [Ap A d_ Ap`_u bpfNpldp lpS>f
\hp_p dihfp Apep R>.
Ap_p `f lyTyf _buA L$fud(kggplp Agel hkgd)
lTf[ rlTpg(f]uegplpApgp Alp)_ adpey, [d lTf[
dpOf_u `]$p- `piu L$f[p A_ Ad_p ercQpf_ lf _ L$f[p [p [dpfp
dpV$ bl[f l[y.
kpfpi L$, Sepf lTf[ dpOf Qpf hM[ Lbygp[ L$fu guû [p
lyTyf AL$fd(kggplp Agel hkgd)Ap`_ fS>d (ercQpf_u
k)A_ kNkpf L$fhp_p lyLd adpep. epfbp] Ap`_ d]$u_p-Ady_hfpl(Tp]lydgplp ifa[h ATud)_p k_p \m gphhpdp
Apep A_ kNkpf L$fhpdp Apep. Sepf [Ap_ `\f_u dpf\u M|bS>
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-23
45
[L$gua \hp gpNu [p [Ap ]pX$hp gpep. Ap kde AL ii_ lp\dp

EV$_p S>X$bp_y lpX$L$y dmu Ney. [Z A S> lpX$L$y lTf[ dpOf (f]uegplp
Apgp Alp)_u D`f dpey [\p bp]dp AV$gp dpZdp kNkpf L$fpep
L$ [Ap Bs[L$pg L$fu Nep. epf bp] A [dpd gpL$pA lyTyf _buA
L$fud(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u bpfNpldp lpS>f \ep A_
k`|Z qL$kp hZhhp gpep A_ L$lhp gpep L$, Sepf kNkpf\u
h^y [L$gua \B A_ dey _L$ `lpep [p [Ap ]pX$hp gpep. A
kde lyTyf (kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey, A_ R>pX$u ip dpV$
_ ]u^p L$ [ My]p\u [pbpl L$f[p A_ My]p [_u [pbpl Lb|g adph[p A_
fld[ [\p L$fd_u kp\ [pbpl Lb|g adph[p.
epf bp] Ap` lTf[ dpOf dpV$ A[Napf adpep A_ Ly
L$, biL$, AZ Ahu [pbpl L$fu R> L$ A [pbpl_ `yfu Dd[ `f
hlQ
hpdp Aph [p [ kOmu Dd[ dpV$ `yf[u A_ kp_ dpV$ ape]pL$pfL$
\pe.
Ae Npaugp ! S>fp rhQpfp Lep kyû Nag[dp `Xep flip.?
Ap byTN
y p_
p lpgp[ `f _S>f _pMp L$, Ny_pl dpa L$fphhp `p[p_u __u
bp gNphu ][p l[p. A_ _ Apù_ Agpl A_ [_p dlbyb_u
Myi_y]u p[ L$fu g[p l[p, L$pfZL$ Ap byTyNp_ [pbpl\u d l[p
A_ kpQu [pbpl AV$gL$ [pb[y_kylp dpV$ `yfp e_ L$f[p l[p.
S> ik aL[ ]Mph `yf[u [pbpl L$f R> A_y $p[ Ahy R> L$
Z L$pB kX$u QyL$gp dy]p `f fid A_ qL_Mpb_u Qp]f _pMu ]hpe
lpe A_ gpL$p [_ Ape\u B fp lpe. A_ `R>u Sepf Qp]f
lV$phhpdp Aph [p gpL$p _af[ L$f[p L$f[p dpYy$ afhu_ Qpg[p \pe.
A S> dpZ gpL$p ]Mph_u Bbp][ L$f[p gpL$p e Ape_u
_Tfp\u Sy>A R>. `f[y Lepd[_p q]hk [Ap_u ]M
ph_u Bbp][ D`f S>
qfep$ù(]c$ù)Qp]f R> A_ Qufu ]hpdp Aphi _ Ahp dpZkp\u
aqf[pAp dp Y y $ a f hu_ Qpg[p \i . dpV$ S > _buA L$fud
fDayflud(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey R> L$, My]p [dpfu
kyf[p_ _\u [p, `pjpL$p_ _\u [p, `f[y [dpfp q]gp_ Sy>A R>.
lTf[ B_ Abpk_y afdp_
lTf[ A]ygpl B_ Abpk(f]uegplpApgp Alp)\u
dfhu R> L$, Lepd[_p q]hk OZp Ahp gpL$p li S>Ap `p[p_ [pBb
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-24
46
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
kd_ Aphi, `f[y [Ap_u [pbpl Lbyg _lu lpe, AV$gp dpV$ L$,
[ApA [pbpl_p ]fhp_ ifdu]Nu\u, p[p`\u MV$MV$pep _lu
lpe, [pbpl bp] Ny_plp_ R>pX$u ]hp_p Bfp]p _lu Lep lpe, Tydp_
`p[
p_p\u iLe lpe
AV$gu is[\u Wep _lu lpe
A_ Apkp_ L$pdp_
p
kb[
y _p rkgrkgpdp S > L$pdp [A
pA
Lep R>, A Lpdp\
u [A
pA
daf[
[gb _lu L$fu lpe.
R>g AgplApgp lT
y fy _buA L$fud fDafyflud (kggplp
Agel hkgd)_p k]L$pdp kp L$pB
_ [pb
pl_
u [pauL$ A[p L$f, Ap`_u
Apg, Apg
p] A_ Alpb_p hrkgp\u kp_
u [pb
pl Lbg
| adph
.
Apdu_, kydp Apdu_...
bl ke]ydyfkgu_(kggplp Agel hkgd)
Ae BiL$ [f k]L$ S>g_ k Ry>V$ k[,

ApN byANu hpl ApN gNpB l.
Bdpd Alg kyfi_[
BL$ L$ B[lp
epA_
u
AlhpgyAauep
au aTpBg rkgrkgpA _ib]$uepl
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-25
47
AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-8
48
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...

dyiw]$ d_y lS> dLL$ ]$p,
fl d [ ]$p ]$fhp lz ,
L$fp [hpa ]y$Apg qL$g,
lSS> lp h _u[ [p lz ,
Ly$_ aeLy$_ S>]$p L$p kyZep,
qX$V $ W$p Ap l ]$fhp lz ,
dy i w]$ k]$p lep[uhpgp,
Apl rMTf [ hp lz.
(2)
lTf[ kyg[p_ bplz L$p]$fu

(fld[ygpl Agel)
(A\O
V$_ :- di
y w]$ L$pdug S> dpfp dpV$ fld
[_p
]$fhp R>, [_u `pk S>hy dLL$p ifua_p lS> kdp_ R>, [
dpfp qL$g-A-lpS>[ R> [_u ]$nuZp L$$ Ry>.[_p \L$u
lSS>_p Afihpfp [p \pe R>. AS>g_p \d kc
pfZp_p
pf_ lz ip^
[p l[p S > [_p \L$u dm
hu iLep. di
y u]$ L$pdug
A_[ h_hpmp R> A_ [ S> kpQp dpN]$iL$ R>.)
ù fp fp bNyTu> L$ b ùf B kaf,

l[ fpl `yf Apa[ h Mpap M[f,
]pd_ D Nuf T[
y f b Nd
y p,
[p flu AT Apa[ ApMuf Tdp.
-lTf[ dpgp_p $d
(A\p[ : `p[p_p dpV$ ùf b_phu g L$pfZL$ ùf hNf

Ap dpN `f dykpafu L$fhu Mb
y S> ce cfgy A_ M[f_pL$ R>.
bi
L$, Agpl Apgp_p A Mpk b]p_p ]pd_ S>]u `L$X$.
S > \u [y ApMfu S>dp_p_u Apa[p\u bQ.)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

iiyu_ Aduf Ly$gpg [\p lTf[ hpp Ddp_ lfhy_u (lp$_u)
(fu]hp_ygplApgp Agelud AS>dB_)\u $lp_u op_ p[ L$fhp
dpV$ [Ap_ `p[p_p iM AV$g L$ ùf [fuL$ Lbyg L$fu [d_p dyfu] b_u
hjp kyû [d_u khp L$fu_ ]yr_ep_ kdey L$, ùf_u k[ S>$f[
R>, `Z ùf gpeL$ lphp BA.
S> gpL$p_
y Ahy dp_hy R> L$, `pQ hM[ _u _dpT `Yhu, Sy>z$ _ bpghy,
_L$ L$pd L$fhp, ]Np aV$L$p _ L$fhp, `fpB Apf[\u ]|f flhy. hNf _L$u_p
L$pep L$f[p fluA [p dyiu](ùf) _u S>$f[ fl _lu, L$pfZL$ ùf `Z
AS> iuMhi, [d_p Ap epg c|g cfgp R>.
L$pB `Z dpZk dyiu] rh_p Nd [hp _L$ lpe [p `Z [_ i[p_
A_ [_p `p[p_p _ak Nd [ hM[ `R>pX$u _pM R>. dpZk kpQp q]
g\u Agpl [fa fyS|A> \pe [p `R>u Agpl [_ Ahp ùf dmhu ] R>,
S> [_ lL$uL$[ \u ZL$pf L$fu ] R>.
Nf _ bpi] [pgbp fp ][Nuf,
[pgbp lfNuT _ Nuf] ][ ùf.
_ak _ [hp Ly$[ Bgp Tug ùf,
]pd_ Ap _ak Ly$i fp k[ Nuf.
A\p [ ::- Agpl Sepf b]p_ [pauL Ap` R> epf S [ ùf_p
(A\p
lp\ `L$X$ R> ùf_u d]] rh_p _ak_ `R>pX$u iL$p[p _\u. _ak_ `R>pX$hp
dpV$ ùf_p `pgh dS>b|[u\u `L$X$.)
ùf ldip `p[p_p dyfu]_u ApsdL$ s\[u_y fnZ L$f R>. _|ffpi_ _pd_u qL$[pbdp lTf[ L$pedyu_ rQ[u (fld[ygpl Agel)
bly S> kpfp ]pMgp Apep R> L$, AL$ bL$fu Ahp epg L$f R> L$ d_
cfhpX$_u iu S>$f? ly `p[ S> S>Ngdp S>B Qpfp MpJ Ry>. dpfp `p[p_p
`N Qpgu_ J Ry> A_ `R>u Of ApJ Ry>, ly `p[ S> dpfp Qpfp ipû dpfp
]p[p\u [pX$u QpJ Ry>, `pZu `Z dpfp dpY$ ùJ R>y, [p `R>u cfhpX$_
dpfu D`f kf]pfu L$fhp_p ip lLL$ R>? [ ip dpV$ X$pN gB_ Alu-[lu
aep L$f R>, [p Ap [_p rhQpf A bL$fu _p c|gcfgp R>, L$pfZL$
cfhpX$ ApNm-`pR>m B Sep kpfp Qpfp lpB, ep bL$fu_ gB e
R>, bL$fu [ MpB_ `p[p_p `V$ cf R>. cfhpX$ _ lpe [p bL$fudp
AV$gu [pL$[ _\u L$ kp\u h^y Qpfp Lep R> [ ipû L$pY$, hmu `pZu _u
S>ep kyû `Z bL$fu_ cfhpX$ S> gB e R>; kp\u ANe _u hp[ [p
A R> L$ cfhpX$ lp\dp X$pN gB khpf\u fp[ kyû bL$fu_u fMhpmu L$f
*ùf_u S>$f[ ip dpV$ ?*

Al]pgugpl fbugApgdu_ Akgp[p hkgpdp Agp
_bueug Ddueug dpA]_uSy>] hg L$fd h Apglu h Alpblu h
Aprgep-A-Dd[lu h DgdpA dug[lu AS>dB_.
l] bpfuApgp A_ ApL$p A _pd]pf d]_u [pS>]pf (kggplp
Agel hkgd)_p ]fbpfdp ApS>Tu A_ d-`|hL$ ]$]$p-kgpd fSy>
Lep bp] lh ly ùf_u S>$f[ ip dpV$? Ap rhje `f QQp L$$ Ry .
ApS>L$pg kpdpe fu[ A_ Mpk L$fu_ S>d_ ky^fgp [\p cZgpNZgp gpL$p L$lhpdp Aph R>, [d_pdp Ap epg hpmpAp Ake R>,
L$pB_ ùf A\hp dyiu] b_phhp_u S>$f[ ip dpV$? L$pfZL$ Ad
`p[ dykgdp_ R>uA, A_ Adpfp dpV$ _dpT fpTp hNf bk R>, kp\
kp\ My]$p\u X$fhy BA.
D`f dpZ L$lhpdp A_ L$fhpdp bly S> aL$ R>. Ap`Z ZuA
R>uA L$ AgplApgp kh-ep`L$ R>, R>[p Qpfu L$f[p A_ Mfpb L$pdp
L$f[p AV$L$p[p _\u, `Z bu _u lpS>fu dp AV$L$u S>hpe R>, Ap AL$
]yehu ke R>. A_p A\ A \ep L$ My]p_y kh-ep`L$` lphp R>[p
gpL$p dpZk_p X$f fpM R>, My]p_p _lu.
A\u DgVy$, S>Ap_ My]p_p khep`L$`Zp_p A_ych \ep R>, [Ap
ASy>N[y L$pd L$f[p _\u. bk, dp$ L$lh
y R> L$, My]p_p khep`L$-`Zp_p
A_ych AgplApgp_u [pauL$\u A_ gpeL$ ùf _u ]pfhZu\u S> p[
\B iL$ R>, aL$ `y[L$p hpQu_ S> es[ lL$ud, X$pL$V$f L$ rhop_u b_u
iL$[p _\u, `Z [d_ \uefuL$g [\p V$uL$g b__y epe rinZ
Apep `R>uS> X$uNu-dpZ` Ap`hpdp Aph R>, [p Ap fu[ epf
lfu op_ p[ L$fhp dpV$ `Z rinL$_u S>$f[ fl R>, [p `R>u bp[u_u
op__u p[u dpV$ `Z AL$ rinL$ AV$g L$ ùf _u S>$f[ R>. Bgpddp
S>V$gp AprgepAgpl \B Nep, kh _ iM AV$gL$ ùf L$fhp_u S>$f
`X$u, [p `R>u Ap`Zp S>hpAp_ [p ùf_u k[ S>$f R>.
S> dlp_ l[uApA Bgpd_y lL$uL$u op_ p[ L$fu_ `p[p_p
A_yepeuAp_ Apey, bp` A_ dp b_ [fa\u S>Ap ke] R>, S> dp_p
`V$\u S S>d[ hgu R>, [hp lTf[ Npj`pL$ A]ygL$p]uf gp_u,
lTf[ hp blpDu_ipl _Lib] [\p kyg[p_ygrl] hp
dpB_yu_ rQ[u (fu]hp_ygplApgp Agelud AS>dB_)A `Z
A_y$d lTf[ AbykB] AbygMf(Aby kB] dybpfL$), lTf[ ke]
fl_ydpA [fuL$[ `p_p _.-1
51
52
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
R>, L$ L$pB hpO,h$ L$ S>Ngu S>_phf [_p `f l|dgp L$f _lu.

Ahu S> fu[ ùf `p[p_p dyfu]p_u r_Nlbp_u L$f R>.ùf hNf_p
dpZk_u lpg[ cfhpX$ hNf_u bL$fu S>hu R>, [ cg _]u qL$_pf L$
S>Ngdp gugy Opk Qep L$f `Z ldi
p auL$f fl R> L$ fM f[p c|gu S>hpe
L$ Ahu S>epA S>hpe L$ Sep Opk `pZu _lu lpe A\hp hpO, h$ hNf
apX$u Mp_pfp S>_phfp [_ apX$u Mpe; [\u ùf A\hp dyiu] L$fhp_u
S>$f[ R>.
dpZk_u l[u_p b rlkp
dpZk_u l[u _p b rlkp R> (1)ipqffuL$(dp_u) (2)
ApepsdL $($lp_u) S>hu fu[ Ap`Z ipqffuL$ kapB_u [S>huS> L$fuA
R>uA, A S> fu[ ApepsdL$ ($lp_u) kapB_u `Z [S>huS> L$fhu BA
A_ A ùfp dyiu] hNf \B iL$[u _\u. AL$ L$V$pegp hpkZ_ kpa
L$fhp dpV$ S>d L$gpBNf (L$gpB L$fhphpmp)_u S>$f R>, [hu S> fu[ ]y$fiehu
dpZk_ `p[p_p ]$ug D`f_p dpep, Arcdp_ [\p $p^_p `X$ _ _pb|]
L$fhp gpeL$ ùf_u S>$f[ R>. dyiu] rh_p bpr[__p (Ap[fuL$) Bd_u
Mbf `X$u iL$[u _\u.
lh Ap`Z Ly$Ap_d]\u A kpbu[ L$fuiy L$, AgplApgpA
`p[p_u Mpk hp[p_ Apd _\u L$fu, `Z Mpk Mygp i]pdp adpey R>
L$, (1) [ gpL$p L$ S>d_ Bd Ap`hpdp Apey R>, [d_p rk_pApdp
Apep[p R>. (kyf A_L$b[
y ) (2) Agpl S>_p rk_p Bgpd dpV$ Mpgu
]$u^p R>, [ `p[p_p fb [fa\u _|f `f R>. (kyf AApd) (3) akAgy
A\p[ :- [d _\u Z[p
AlgTTu$ B_ Ly$fi[yd gp [pAgdy_ (A\p
[p Tu$ L$fhphpmpAp_ `|R>p.)(kyf _lg)
Apd, LyAp_ifua\u `Z Mbf `X$ R> L$ b^p dykgdp_ bfpbf
_\u, bL$ AdyL$\u AdyL$ W R>, Sepf Ly$Ap_d]\u W[p kpbu[
\B Q|L$u [p lh ly AV$g L$, hTufAgu dpfu QQp_p A_yk^p_dp AL
bu Ape[ fS|> L$$ Ry>, agepd _]DLy$gy D_pkud b Bdpdlud
A\p[ :- [ q]hk AV$g L$ Lepd[_p q]hk Ad ]fL$ es[_ [_p
(A\p
Bdpd_u kp\ bpgphuiy. ) D`f_u Apep[\u kpbu[ \pe R> L$ ]y$_uepdp
S>Z S>_y A_yL$fZ L$ey d]p_ dlifdp `Z [_ [_u kp\ S> bpgphhpdp
Aphi. S>ApA gpeL$ ùf_p lp\dp lp\ Apù rkgrkgp_p Tu$-au$dp
gpNu_ Mfp A\dp ùf_y A_ykfZ L$ey [Ap d]$p_ ldp `Z [ ùf_u
kp\ S> li.
53
rdkp]$y Abp] _pd_u qL$[pbdp gey R> L$, AiMp au L$pd

l u
L$fi_bue auDd[lu AV$gL$, ùf `p[p_u L$pddp(dyfu]$pdp) Ahu
fu[ R> L$ S>d _bu `p[p_u Dd[dp.
A_yL$fZ\u S> Bdpd[ kpbu[ \pe R>. L$pB
`Z es[ ùf b_pep
`R>u ùf_ f[ _ Qpg `Z kpd\u Ny_plu[ L$e L$fu i[p__ f[ Qpg
[p lL$uL$[dp [Z i[p__ `p[p_p ùf b_pep R>; Aphu es[Ap
d]$p_ ldp `Z i[p__u kp\ li. L$L$pg L$gudu $_pd_u qL$[pbdp
lTf[ ipl L$gudygpl S>lp_pbp]$u(fld[ygpl Agel)gM R> L$,
S>_p ùf L$pB
_\u [_p ùf i[p_ R>. a ApMf[ S> _lv `Z Ap
]y$_uepdp `Z ùf_u S>$f[ R>. AgplApgp Ly$Ap_d]$dp kyfAdpA]$pldp adph R> L$, ep AeplgTu_p Apd_y[Ly$gpl hb[Ny
A\p [
Bgerld hrkgpl h l]y$ au kbuglu gAgLy$d [yaglz_. (A\p
:- l Bdp_hpmpAp Agpl\u X$fp A_ [_u [fa(Aphhp dpV$) hrkgp
ip^p A_ dyl]$p L$fp L$ S>\u [d L$pepbu p[ L$fp)Ap Ape[\u L$pB
byTyN_ My]$p_u S>_pbdp hrkgp b_phu dylu]$p L$fhp_p b^p

dAgpAp kpbu[ \B e R>. lh khpg A R> L$ dykgdp_ epf
dykgdp_ R>, [p iy lh `flTNpf dykgdp__u lkue[ _\u fpM[p?
iy [d_pdp [L$hp _\u lp[p? lpe R> [p My]$p ip dpV$ adph R> L$, l
dpdu_p [L$hp Bepf L$fp.
My]$pA AV$gp dpV$ adpey R> L$, [L$hp-Agpl_p X$f, `flTNpfu
Agpl_ dpV$ NlZ L$fhpdp Aph dp lfu [L$hp L$pd _\u Aph[p
A\p[ :- A [L$hp Bs[epf
`Z Bip]$ R>, hb[Ny Bgluhkugp (A\p
L$fhp dpV [dpf hrkgp AV$gL $ ùf_u S>$f R> S>\u [d_ dpfu bpfNpldp
p Ap]$pbp
Aphhp_y `p`V$`Quey op_ AV$gL $ dp kpcmgp A_ hpQg
_lu `Z en epN pfp iuMhhpdp Aphg A_ A_ychgp
Ap]$pbp_u Z \B e A_ kde e L$, ùf A\p[ flbf rh_p
A f[p _\u dm[p My]$p_p f[pdp flbf_u ANe[p Ar_hpe R>.
epf [d Adpfp f[pdp flbf(ùf) ipû gu^p [p lh l]y$
A\p[ :- Agpl_p f[pdp S>lp]$ L$fp. _k A_
aukbuglu. (A\p
Nfue[_ ]y$f L$fp.) gAgLy$d [yaglz_ S>\u [d L$pepb \ph.$
D`f_u QQpdp Ly$apf kp\_p S>lp]$ _lv `Z _k kp\_p S>lp]$ R>
S>_p Mygpkp dpV$ AL$ l]$uj ifua fSy> L$$ Ry>. lTf[ A]y$gpl B_
Ddf(f]$uegplpApgp Alp)A adpey L$, lzTfy (kggplp Agel
54
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
hkgd)_p Bip]$ R> L$, ]$fL$ h[y_ dpV$ kapB R> A_ ]$ug_u kapB
My]$p_p Tu$ R> A_ L$pB QuT ATpb\u _[ Ap`hphpmu Agpl_p
Tu$\u hû_ _\u klpbuA AT L$fu L$, lzTyf, iy Agpl dpV$_p
S>lp]$ `Z _lv? Ap` L$,y _lv cg_ Ahu fu[ [ghpf dpf L$ [ [yV$u
e. Mygpkp A R> L$ kpQp A\dp S>lp]$ _k\u gX$hp_y _pd R>. Ap
rkhpe AL$ S>Ndp\u `pR>p af[p Ap` kfL$pf (kggplp Agel
hkgd)adpey L$, Ad _p_p S>lp]$\u dpV$p S>lp]$ [fa `pR>p hmu
fp R>uA.
Mpk b]$pAp_p rk_pdp
Bgplu c]$p Ry>`pegp R>.
[p lh D`f S>Zphg Apep[p A_ l]$ujp\u kpbu[ \pe R> L$, Apd
dykgdp_pdp\u My]$pA `p[p_p op_ dpV$ Mpk gpL$p_
QyV $u gu^p R> kp\
kp\ Ly$Ap_ d]$ OZu S>epA Ap hp[ OZpS> JQp AhpT\u kcmph
R> L$, ]$fL$ dpZkdp A L$pbgue[ _\u L$ [ My]$ b My]$ ifuA[ `f
`pb]$ \B_ dg dL$ky]$ kyû `lpQu e bL$ [d_ Ahu es[Ap
[fa ]$pf ep R>, S>d_p rk_pAp AgplApgpA flep dpV$ Mpgu ]$u^p
lpe [ApS> Ly$Ap_i
fua_ Mfp A\dp kd iL$ R>. Ap dS>dy__p V$L$pdp
a AL$S> l]uj ifua fSy> L$$ Ry>, A_T-gLyAp_ Agp kbA[
Alfau_ g Ly $ gy Ape[u_ qdfilp Tlfhb[_y _ hg Ly g
A\p [ :- Ly$Ap_ d] kp[ L$pf D[pfhpdp Apey
qL_d[gD_. (A\p
R>, lf Ape[_ dpV$ luf (bp)A_ bpr[_(Ap[qfL$)R> [dS> lf
dyL$pd_p dpV$ ([fLLu) lfu Apgudp S>Ap dp ka A_ _lh(AfbuepL$fZ)_y op_ p[ L$fu lfu Bddp dpluf \B `p[p_ Bgpd_p
cX$pf A_ _buAp_p hpqfk kdS> R>, [d_ Agpl Apgp bp[u__u
fpi_u A[p L$f, Apdu_...
kyqaepA qL$fpd bpr[_u [f$u ^fph R>.
Alu S> dyLpd_u [fLLu dpV$ S> Bipfp R>, [ Mpk kyauAp (gpeL$
ùfp)_u S>dpA[ dpV$ R>, L$pfZL$ [d_p rh_p L$pB bu Ahp `\ _\u
L$ S> bpr[_u($lp_u)[fLLu fpM[p lpe. lfu Apgudp_u [fLLu a
lf kyû S> R> A_ kyraepA qLfpd lf A_ bpr[_ b_\u kSS> R>,
]p.[.:- AL$ Apgud a Cd_u b]pg[ L$l R> L$, MpX$ duWu R>, `Z
kyraepA qLfpd MpX$ QMpX$u_ `yfp A_ych L$fphu ] R>. Ahu S> fu[
55
Apqgdp_u dpe[p R L$ My]p khep`L$ R, `f[y kyraep [p ([_p)en

A_ych L$fphu ] R>.
_k_u ApmM_u dpV$ ùf S>$fu R>.
lTf[ Agu(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)A adpey L$, d_ Afap
A\p [ :- S>Z `p[p_p _ak_ Apmep
_akly aL] Afap fbly (A\p
[Z `p[p_p fb_ Apmep)dpZk lL$ud A\hp X$pL$V$f_u d]]rh_p
`p[p_p ifuf_u A]f_p cpNp _ ApmMu iL$[p _\u, [p `R>u [ $lp_u
lL$ud AV$g L$ ùfp dyiu]_u d]] rh_p `p[p_p _ak_ L$h
u fu[ ApmMu
iL$i? S>Z rhop__p Aepk Lep R> [Ap Ap hp[ kpfu fu[ Z R> L$
dpB$pLp`(kyd]iL$)\u Zu h[y OZu S> dpV$u]$Mpe R>, A S>
dpZ ]|fbu_\u ]|f_u h[yAp `Z B iL$pe R>. S> es[_ kpek_y
op_ _\u [_ Ad L$lhpdp Aph L$, cpB, `pZu_u A]f [p gpMp
Zp-Zp S[yAp [dS> `yLm L$Qfp R>, [p [ dpZk Ap hp[_p [f[
S> AhuL$pf L$fi A_ kpd ]gug L$fi L$ [d MpV$p R>p. L$]pQ [ `pZudp
S>[yAp [\p L$Qfp L$l_pf_ NpX$p `Z kdS>, `Z `pZu gph_pf_
`pZu_y AL$S> V$u`y L$pQ_u AL$ BQ gpbu A_ `pZp BQ `lpmu `$u `f
V$`L$phu kyd]iL$ hX$ ]MpX$hpdp Aph [p `pZu_p AL$S> V$u`pdp lfp
hS[yAp [_ _pQ L$f[p ]Mpi. A rkhpe bu s\f L$Qfp `Z [_
]Mpi; [p `R>u [_ dp_hy S> `Xi L$ S> h[y _fu ApM _\u B iL$p[u
[ k|d]iL$ [\p ]yfbu_\u B iL$pe R>. Ap ep [p aL lfu h[y
hp_p R>, AhuS> fu[ `p[p_p _ak_ ApmMhp lpe [p [_p dpV$
`Z e R> A_ [ q]g R>. bk Ap e_p DèpN _ak ApmMhp dpV$
ùf pfp \B iL$ R>; AV$g _ak_u ApmM_y op_ p[ L$fhy lpe [p
flbf A\hp ùf L$fu A_u ]pfhZu dpZ Qpghy S> `X$i.
lTf[ dykp (Agrlkgpd)_u $lp_u op_ pr[
lTf[ dykp(Agelukgpd) _ $lp_u op_ dmhhp dpV$
dSdDblf _ _u r_LV $lTf[ rMTf(Agelukgpd) `pk
dpL$ghpdp Apepy S>_y hZ_ Ly$Ap_ifua_p `]fdp `pfpdp dpy] R>.
A_ [_p Mygpkp byMpfu ifua _u l]$ujdp R> L$, AL$ $hM[ lTf[ dykp
(Agelukgpd)b_u BkfpBg_u hQ [Lfuf L$f[p l[p [ ]fep_
AL$ dpZk khpg Lep L$, l dykp, iy ]yr_epdp [dpfp\uA L$pB dpV$p
op_u R>? [p lTf[ dykp (Agelukgpd) _L$pfdp S>hpb Apep,
56
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
epf `R>u hlu pfp lTf[ dykp(Agelukgpd)_ lTf[ MuTf

(Agelukgpd)`pk dpL$ghpdp Apep.
Ap b_ph_p A_yk^p_dp lTf[ dpgp_p $d(fld[ygpl
Agel)d_hu ifua _p `lgp ]a[fdp AL$ l]uj ifua_p Mygpkp
gbpZ`|hL$ L$ep R>, S> Ap dpZ R> :-
Nf _ bpi]$ kpeA ùf Ae ay T y g ,

bk [p f p kf N[ ]$pf]$ bpN Ny g .
A ] $f Ap ]$f kpepA Ap ApL $ gu,
L$k _ ipe]$ by ] $ fpl AT _pL $ gu.
Tug J A ] $f Tdv Q| L$p l L$pa ,
fy l D kudy N bk Apgu [hpa.
Nf [y k N Mpfp h dfdf ihu,
Qy b kplub q]$g fhu Np l f ihu.
eL$ Tdp_p kp l b[ bp Ap r gep,
bl[f AT k]$ kpgpl [pA[ b qfep.
lf L $ hpl]$ ld_iv_u bp My ] $p,
Np _iv A ] $f lz T y f Ap r gep.
Mygpkp :- [y ùf_ `L$X$ L$d
(My
L$ ùf rh_p Ap kafdp OZpS> Mdp
R>. [\u [pfp dp\ L$pB ùf_p R>peX$p _ li [p [pf dlp_ QLLfdp
akphy `X$i. kpQp ùf_p kpep `L$X$ L$pfZL$ Sy>$p ùf\u f[p dmi
_lu. Ap Of[u `f kpQp ùf_p kpep L$pl-L$pa kdp_ R>, A_ [_u $l
ipldN `nu kdp_ R>. [y `\f lpBi [p `Z [ kplb q]g ùf_u
kN[ \u kpQy dp[u \B SBi. AL$ OX$u hguAp_u kN[dp bkhy Ahy R>
L$ S>hu kp(100) hj kyû kpQp q]$g\u Agpl_u r_:hp\ Bbp][
L$fhu. [y My]p `pk bkhp dpN[p lpe [p Aprgep-Agpl `pk S>B_
bk.)
lTf[ dpgp_p S>gpgyu_ $du(fld[ygpl Agel) bu AL$
SepA h^y Mygpkp Ap dpZ L$f R>,
df] lp ld fl lp [gb,
hpl rl]p hpl [yL$p hpl Afb.
[y dr_Nf A ] f _Lip f N D,
rb_Nf A]f ATdp ]f AplN D.
Ae bkp rl ] p [y L $p ld Tbp ,
Ae bkp ]y [yL$ Qy b Np_ Np.
A\p[ :- [pf lS> `Y$hp S>hp_p rhQpf lpe [p S>Ap lS> `Y$u_
(A\p[
Apep R>, [d_u kp\ S>S>, `R>u cg_ [ [yLw lpe, rl]u lpe L$ Afb
lpe. d[gb A R> L$ S>_ Agpl_p f[p_y op_ lpe [_ ùf b_ph
cg `R>u [ Nd [ ]i_p lpe A_ [_y $`fN [pf _\u hp_y [pf [p [_y
Ny a [ èNbf Agu fp L$e Agu,

i f lLL$u `l g hp_u `y f q]gu.
g L$bf ifu dLy$_ ld A A[ du],
A ] f Ap ]f kpeA _Mg Ddu].
blf Ly $ b lTf[ b Qy _ p Q ] ,
[y [L$fy b S> h b AL$gp rkf h i .
_e iy Bip bf L$dpg Aphf bhi.
ep Agu AT Sy d gA [p Ap[ fpl
bk Ny t T [y kpep A Mpk Bgpl
iy Nufa[u ùf Ap _ [gud ih
ld iy dy k p T f ly L $d MuTf fh.
My g pkp :- èNbf (kggplp Agel hkgd) lTf[
Agu(f]uegplpApgp Alp)_ adph R>L$, [y Agpl_p rkl A_
blp]yf `lghp_ R>, `Z [pfu `lghp_u `f bku_ S>S> `Z L$pB
My]p_p
Mpk b]p AV$g `yfp L$pdug ii `pk S>S>, [_p Apifp lWm flS>,
gpL$p cg My]$p_u `pk `p[p_u L$fg
u b]Nu pfp Shp dpN[p lpe `Z [y
My]p `pk L$pB
ApL$ug [\p L$pdug dpZk_p kpep lWm flu_ S>S>. l
Agu My]p_u [pA[(Bbp][ afdpbf]pfu)_p b^p f[p `L$u [y My]p_p
Mpk b]p_p kpep lWm flhp_y `k] L$fS> A_ Sepf [y ùf L$fug [p
`R>u dykp(Agelukgpd)_u dpaL$ MuTf (Agelukgpd)_u
[pb]pfu NlZ L$fS>. ([ ùf_u [pb]pfu L$fS>.)
* ùf_u S>$f[ kb^
d_hu ifua_p afdp_p *
ùf_u S>$f[ iy R>? [ kdS>hp dpV$ dpgp_p $d (Agelufldp)_u
Ap `s[Ap _ ep_\u hpQp [\p kd.
ùf fp bNy T u L $ b ùf Hkaf,
l[ bk `y f Apa[p Mp a p M [f.
57
58
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`Z A_yL$fZ L$fip [p L$pepb \B Sip.)A fu[ [p lyTfy (kggplp
Agel hkgd)\u gB_ ApS> kyû A bp[u_u [hSl A_ [pgud
ùfu-dyfu]u_p $`dp Qpgu flu R> A_ BipAgpl L$epd[ kyû
gNp[pf Qpg[u fli, AV$g Ap fu[ S_p rkgrkgp lyTyf _bu-A`pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)kyû dm[p lpe [_ [pgub `p[p_p
ùf b_phu [_p lp\dp lp\ Ap`hp BA. gpeL$ dyiu]_u ]pfhZu\u
A_ `yf-i $lp_u Lyh[\u [pgub `p[p_u _akp_u hprlip_ ]bphu
ûf ûf $lp_ue[dp [fLL$u L$f R>. dyiu] `p[p_u [hSl A_ epe
[pgud\u dyqf]p_p q]$gp_u kapB L$f R>. q]g kpa _ lpe [p _dpT,
fpTp [\p [bul\u iy Akf \pe ? [_p dpV$ L$pBL$ M|b kfk L$y R> :bf Tybp [bulp ]f q]g Nphp Mf,
C Qy _ u [bul Le ]pf] Akf.
A\p[ :- c\u [p Agpl_y _pd fV$ R> A_ q]g Npep A_
(A\p
N^X$pdp(]yehu epgpdp)d_ R> [p Ahp fV$Z\u iy hey?)
lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)Bip] adpep L$,gp kgp[ Cgp
A\p[ :- ]$e-q]$g lpS>f _\u (Agpl_u [fa
blyTyfuLb (A\p
ep_u[ _\u) [p _dpT _\u \[u) L$pB ipef L$y R> L$, hp _dpT lu
_lu kd kf Sy>L$p, q]g Sy>L$p lu _lu. Ap S> L$pfZ ùfp dyiu]
b_phhp_u S>$f[ R> L$ [ `p[p_u $lp_u [pL$[\u dyqf]$p_p q]g kpa L$f
R>.
aL$ lfu _kul[p\u L$B Akf \[u _\u `Z q]g_y kpa lphy
S>$fu R> L$ S>_ L$pfZ _kul[p_ q]g NlZ L$f. lyTfy (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_y adp_ R> L$, Bfi_gpl gpe_Tpfp Bgp kphyfLy$d h
ApAdpgLy$d h Bfi_dp e_Tpfp Agp LpgybLy$d h _uep[pLy$d.
A\p[ :- Agpl [dpfu kyf[p [\p ApAdpgp [fa _\u [p, `f[y
(A\p
[dpfp q]gp [\p r_e[p [fa yh R>.)Alu aL q]g A_ r_e[p
hpdp c] A R> L$ bû lfu lLuL$[p_p Ap^pf Sepf q]g D`f R>, [p
`R>u AgplApgp lfu ApAdpgp ip dpV$ Sy>A R>?
d[gb A L$ [d Nd [hp kpfp L$pdp L$fp `Z Adp Mygyk(_L$
r_e[)_\u A\hp ]yr_ep_ ]MpXhp L$fp R>p, [p AgplApgp [dpfu
r_e[ A_ q]$g_u lpg[ dpZ Aphu _L$uAp_ L$bg
| _\u L$f[p. AV$g
p
dpV S> kyqaep_ ep lf]pfu `f h^y f Ap`hpdp _\u Apey, `Z
[d_ ep b^p S> [fuL$pAp bpr[_u R>; L$dL$ ùf_u dlfbp_u\u Sepf
eLu_ A_ rld[ hp_u R>. Ap gpB_dp [p [yLu A_ rl]u AL$ cpjp

Z_pfp `Z lpe R> A_ AL$bu\u AgN `Z lpe R>. A_p d[gb
A \ep L$, rèp kL$p Qpl hlu kylpN_ AV$g L$ ùf L$fhpdp ke]
,iM, dpNg,`WpZ hNf hp[y _\u. hp_y aL AV$gSy > R>L$, ùf_u
kplb[\u dpZkdp Agpl_u d$plb[ `NV$ R> L$ _lu ApR>pdp ApRy
[_p ]yehu epgpdp LB OVpXp \B $lpr_e[ [fa ]$ug Y$m[y ]Mpe R> L$
_lu?)
* l. afu]y$u__y AL$ afdp_*
afu]y$u_ _pd_p byTyN(lTf[ afu]y$u_ NS>iLf _lu) ùf_u
ANe[p rhi Ap `dpZ Mygpkp L$f R>...
Nf lhpA B kaf ]$pfu q]gp,
]pd_ fl b f bNuf ] `k bfp.
]b Bfp][ bpi] kpq]L$ Ae afu],
[p bepbu NS> Bfap fp L$gu].
b fauL$ lf L$ iy ] fpl BL$,
Dd byTyNu[p _iy] ApNpl BL$.
A\p [ :- l q]g [y Ap $lp_u op__p f[p `f kaf_p
(A\p
Arcgpju R>, [p flbf_p(ùf)]pd__ `L$X$u_ r_L$mS>. l afu], [y
[pfp `p[p_p Bfp]pdp kpQp \p L$ S>\u [y $lp_u op__p MTp_p_u Qphu
dmhu iL$. S> LpB Agpl_p BL$_ f[ kp\u(ùf)rh_p Qpghp dpX$i
[p [_u ]Nu `yfu \B S>i, R>[pe lLuL[ BL$\u ZL$pf _lu \pe.)
ky^fgp gpL$p_u dpfie[p.
ky^fgp [\p cZgp-NZgp hN_u AL$ dpe[p Ap `Z R> L$
lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p Tdp_pdp ùf-dyfu]$u _ lp[u,
`Z [d_u Ap dpe[p cygcfgu R>. lyTyf (kggplp Agel
hkgd)klpbuAp _ p fl b f [\p dy i u ] l[p , klpbuAp _
lyTfy (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p Ly$b (r_L$V$[p)ldi
p dm[p l[p;
S>\u L$fu_ [d_ `mhpfdp S> [fLL$u dmu S>[u l[u, A_ _y$_Agp_yf
\B S[p l[p. A\u DgV$p Ap`Zp Tdp_p lyTyf(kggplp Agel
hkgd)\u k L $X$p hj ]y f _p R> . ly T | f (kggplp Agel
hkgd)adpey L$, Alpbu L$fi_yS>y d b Aelud BL$[][d
y Bl[][d
y .
A\p[ :- dpfp klpbuAp rk[pfpAp_u Sd R>,[Ap dpl\u [d L$pB_y
(A\p
59
60
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[d_p dyiu] rhi gM R> L$,
aL$uf ]f rgbpk iplu Apd],
b[]buf Db]ygplu Apd$].
Aphp dlp_ Apgudp_ `Z ùf L$fhp_u S>$f `X$u [p `R>u lfu
Apgudp A_ kpdpe dykgdp_ dpV$ [p A_u ANe[p R> S>.
lTf[ iM L$buf_p L$V$gpL$ `]$p
lTf[ iM [Lu kplfh]u(fld[ygpl Agel)_p Mguap lTf[
iM L$buf Sy>gplp kplfh]u,qQ[u(fld[ygpl Agel)_p AdyL$ `]p
iM A\hp Ny$_u ANe[p lSy h^y kpfu fu[ kde A L$pfZ fS|> L$$
Ry> :bk[ L$lp Yy $ Y $ L$lp ? rL$k rb^ Aph lp\,
L$buf [b lu `pBA S>b c ] u guS> kp\.
cV$L dy A p c ] u rb_p, L$p _ b[ph ^pd?
Qg[ Qg[ Sy > N cep `pm L$p k `f Npd.
kNy $ A k p L$uA [y f [ q]Mph kpf,
`pf D[pf `gLd ]` Z ] ]p[pf.
k [ h n lfu _pd ag kNy $ i] rbQpf,
lp [ _p k [ [p , S>g df[p k k pf.
k N L$uS> k [ L$u, L$cu _ r_ag lp e ,
gp l p `pfk `fk[ kp c u L$ Q _ lp e .
Ny $ k h p, S>_b ] Nu, lfu ky d f_ b f pN,
e Qpfp S>b Ap rdg `y f _ kd cpN.
i] kqfMp ^_ _lu L$p B _ bp g ,
rlfp [p ]pd rdg i]_ Aph dp g .
A L $ i] Ny $ ] h L$p [pL$p A_ [ rhQpf,
`pL$ dy r _S>_ ` q X$[p c ] _ `ph `pf.
lp W L$ W lpg _lu c _ _pd DQpf,
i] Ny [d M g [ L$p L $p l k fkpg.
D`f_p L$buf_p `]p\u `Z ùfp dyiu]_u ANe[p kd iL$pe
R>.
ùf_u ApmM `V byTN
y p_p Mygpkp
lTf[ kyg[p_ bply(fld[ygpl Agel) A_yg aL$f dp gM R>
L$, dyiu] bp`\uA h^y c]p_p ZL$pf lpe R>, [\p dyfu]p D`f bp`\u
dyfu] A [fuL$pAp A`_ph R>, [p [_y q]$g _yfp_u \B e R> A_ lyTfy -

Lb _u p[u \pe R>. Mygpkp A R> L$ lyTyf L$b bpr[_u [pgud `f
Ap^pf fpM R> A_ bpr[_u [pgud dyiu] rh_p dmu iL$[u _\u.
* X$p. BL$bpg_p L$V$gpL$ ifp *
lh ly hTufAgu ùf_u dplb[ ANe[p [\p ùf_u gpeL$p[p
dpV$ X$p. BL$bpg_p ifp fSy L$$ Ry> Ap ifp fdyT My]$u Akfpf b My]$u
_pd_p `y[L$dp R :Api L $u Apdy T h dl b y b u [gb,
Qd _y l u L$b Aey b u [gb.
qL$duep ` ] p Ly $ _ AT dy [ Nug ,
bp k p T_ bf Ap[p_ L$pdug .
iA My] fp ldQy $bu bf afpT,
$d fp ]f Ap[ui [bf T kp T .
Mygpkp :- [y BL$ L$f[p iuM A_ A dpV$ AL$ dlbyb (ùfp(My
dyiu])_u ip^ L$f A_ A dlbb
y _u ApMp _yl (Agelukgpd)S>hu
lphu BA, A_y q]g Aeyb (Agelukgpd)S>hy lphy BA, A_
Sepf [_ Ahp L$pdug dlbyb dmu e [p `R>u [y A_p ApNZp_u
X$gu_ QydL$ S>\u [pfu dy$ucf dpV$u_p qL$duep \B e. d[gb L$ [pfu
L$pep kp_p_u AV$g _y$_Agp_yf \B e A `R>u [y [pfp d_u
iAp(duZbu)_ dpgp_p $du(Agelufld[)_u S>d fpi_ L$f A_
S>hu fu[ dpgp_p $d `p[p_p ùf ii [fTu (fld[ygpl Agel)_p
BL_u ApNdp bmu Nep(a_p-raiM)[d [y `Z [pfp A dlbyb_p
ddp bmu a_p-auiM \B , S>\u a_paufkg
y [\p a_paugpl_p
dL$pd lp\ gpN.)
ApNm Ap`Z Mygpkp Lep [d Ly$Ap_ifua_u ]fL$ Ape[_y luf
`Z R>, A_ bpr[_ `Z R>. Agpl_u [pauL$\u [\p ùf_u d]] A_
L$`pVu\u S> A bpr[_u A\ kde R>. dpgp_p du(fld[ygpl
Agel)L$ S>d_ dygpdu `Z L$lhpdp Aph R> A_ S>Ap `p[p_p
Tdp_pdp `Z dlp_ Apgud [dS> rinL$ l[p. Aphp dlp_ Apgud_
`Z ùfp dyiu] L$fhp_u S>$f `X$u. A_ [Ap Ahp ùf_p dyqf] \ep L$
S>d_p rgbpkdp bp]$iplu(Adufu) A_ Adgdp aL$ufu dpSy>] l[p;
[d_y _pd l[y lTf[ hpTp Db]ygpl Alfpf(fld[ygpl Agel)
lTf[ dpgp_p A]yfldp_ _y$u_du(fld[ygpl Agel) `p[
61
62
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
`Z h^y dlfbp_ lpe R>. [ [pgub dpV$ [ghpf_p lyL$d fpM R>. S>
[pgub `p[p_p _ak_u Nf]$_ DX$phhp [\p [_ `p[p_p lp\ Tubl
L$fhp Qpl[p lpe [Z dyiu] `pk Aphhy BA. dyiu] [pgub_p
lLL$dp([_p _ak dpV$)dgLy$g dp[ kdp_ R>. S>_ `p[p_u __p L$B
`Z X$f _ lpe [Z dyiu] `pk Aphhy BA,S>_ au$-apL$p, BL$ A_
dplb[_u ApNdp `p[p_p L$pauf _ak_ bpmhy dTyf lpe [ dyiu]
`pk Aph; S> dpZk Mygyk r_e[\u dyiu] `pk Aph [_p dpV$ S>$fu
R> L$ dyiu]_u dplb[ `f _Tf fpM, S>\u L$pepb \B iL$.
LLpg L$gudu _pd_u qL[pbdp lTf[ ipl L$gudygpl S>lp_pbp]$u
(fld[ygpAgel)gM R> L$, S>_p L$pB ùf _\u [_p ùf i[p_ R>;
AV$gp dpV$ kplb q]$g dpV$ ANe_y R> L$ L$pdug ùf ip^. Alu AL$
dyLug khpg A R> L$, ip^hphpmp kpQp [\p gyQp, L$pdug [\p _pL$uk
ùfdp aL$ _\u L$fu iL$[p A_ hgu_ Nf hgu\u AgN _\u L$fu iL$[p
AV$g kpfp_ Mfpb A_ Mfpb_ kpfp kd e R>, Ap fu[ b_
[fa\u R>[fpB_ c|g L$f R>.
D`f b[phgu dyL$gu_p S>hpb lTf[ iMiayu_ epp
dy_ufu(fld[ygpl Agel)A Ap fu[ b[pep R> L$, Ap]$[ Bgplu
[\p ky_[ My]$ph]u Ahu fu[ fu R> L$, L$pB
Tdp_p dipBMp, Tplu]p,
Abp], Ap[p], Aepf, _Sbp, _yL$bp, Ab]pg, AL$[pb A_ Npj
[\p Agpl_p bu hguAp, S>Tbphpmp gpL$p, ApiuL$p A_ dpiyL$p\
u
Mpgu _\u A_ Mpgu fli `Z _lu; kpQp [pgubpA hy BA L$, S>
dipBMp(ùfp) Ap f[ Qpgu fp R> A_ ep[ R> [d_u rM]d[dp
S>B_ `p[p_p q]g_u Mbf g[p fl L$, [[_p M[fp [\p hkhkpAp
S> q]gdp R> [dp L$pB OV$pX$p \ep L$ _lu? A_ S>_u kplb[dp q]$g_u
A]$f MpV$p rhQpfp_p OV$pX$p S>Zpe [_u kplb[_ N_ud[ kdS>, A_
AL$ dy[ kyû LpB ùf_u rM]$d[ [\p kplb[dp flhp R>[p [pgub_p
q]gdp D`f S>Zphg afapf _ \pe, ]yr_ep_u dpl$b[ ApR>u _ \pe,
My]p_u dplb[ h^ _lu [p `R>u bu L$pB ]fhp ip^hp BA.
h_u ApmM _y AL$ $p[
lh ly hTufAgu dpfu QQp_ AL$ p[_u kp\ kdhy Ry> :
AL$ NphpmuAp S>Ng\u AL$ rkl_p bQp_ `LXu gpep l[p A_
[_ bL$fuApdp S> fpey l[y. A rkl_p bQp_ bL$fu_y ]y^ `p[p A_
bL$fuAp_u kp\ Qfphhp gB S>[p, AV$g kyû L$ rkl_y bQy Shp_ \B
63
Ney. kp\ kp\ bL$fuAp_u kplb[_ gu^ AZ bL$fuAp_u Ap]$[p NlZ

L$fu guû A_ [ `p[p_ bL$fu kdS>hp gpep, `p[p_u Akgue[ cygu
Ap fu[ `p[p_u kpQu ApmM\u `p[ S Npaug b_u Nep. (S> fu[ [y
`p[ [_ `p[p_ ApmMhp\u Npaug b_u Nep R>.) AL$ ]$uhk ldi
dyS>b bL$fuAp_p V$pmp kp\ A tkl S>Ngdp Qfhp Nep ep AQp_L$
AL$bu dpV$p rkl [ S>epA Aphu QYep. bL$fuAp_u kp\ [d_p
V$pm
pdp S>hp_ tkl_ bL$fuAp_u dpaL$ Qf[p B `gp tkl_ OZu _hpB
gpNu. Akg hp[ iy R> [ Zhp dpV$ [Z bL$fuAp_ _ R>X$u, `Z Ap
S>hp_ tkl_ S> `L$Xep A_ `yRey L$, [y L$pZ R>p? S>hp_ tkl `Z
bL$fuAp-_u S>d ^Sy >[p-^Sy >[p L$y L$, lz bL$fu Ry>. epf `lgp Aph_pf
tkl L$y L$, [pfu L$by û [\p Aop_[p `f Aakpk R>, [y dpfp S>hp S>
tkl R>p; R>[p `p[p_ bL$fu kd bW$p R>. Ap bL$fuAp [p [pfu A_ dpfu
MpfpL$ R>, `Z [y [pfu ApmM A_ lL$uL$[\u Npaug R>. epf S>hp_
tkl L$y L$, d_ Ahu L$BS> Mbf _\u. `R>u `gp dpV$p tkl [_p `X$R>pep
AL$ kpa [\p KX$p `pZudp b[pep A_ [_ kdey L$, B g [y
dpfp S>hp S> R>. `R>u dpV$p tkl L$y, Aph [_ `Z bL$fu_p Np[
(dpk)MhX$phy. `R>u [Z AL$ bL$fp dpep A_ `p[ Mp^y [\p S>hp_
tkl_ `Z MhX$pey. lh [p S>hp_ tkl_ `Z kpQu d A_ Ap_]$
p[ \ep A_ [Z `p[p_u rh[gu ]$Nu `f Aakpk L$ep.
bfpbf D`f_p $p[
dpZ l ]$p [ ! [y `Z tkl_p bQp_u S>d
`p[p_u Akgue[ A_ lL$uL$[\u Npaug R>p, A_ [y `p[p_ dpdygu kdS>
R>. ep kyû [_ LpB My]p_p tkl (L$pdug ùf)_u kplb[ p[ _lu
\pe ep kyû Nag[dp S> flui. epf [_ ùf L$pdug_u kplb[ p[
\i epf [_ [, [y bL$fu _\u rkl R . Ad Llu_ BdyeL$u_ L$fphi,
[y dpfp S>hp S> R>p. Ad ]$MpX$u_ A_yeLu_ L$fphi. g lh [y `Z
QpMu g. Apd [_ en d QMphu lL$uL[ A_ dpAfa [_y ApsdL
op_ lLLyeLu_ L$fphu ]i. Apd, BdyeLu_, A_yeL$u_ [\p
lLLyeLu__ gpeL$ ùf rh_p _\u A_ychu iL$[p.
*ahpA]$y ahp] ifua _p AL$ Mygpkp
ùf_u S>$f ip dpV$? Ap rhi lTf[ r_Tpdyu_ Aprgep dlbyb
Bgplu(fld[ygpl Agel)A luSfu k_ 708dp TulSS>_u 29du
[pfuM kpdhpf `p[p_u hp[Qu[dp Mygpkp L$fg
S>, ahpA]y ahp] _pd_u
qL[pbdp `lgp cpN_u 34du dSguk_p Qp\p [\p `pQdp aL$fpdp
64
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dpSy>] R> S> Ap fu[ R>...

[ `R>u hp[Qu[ MpfpL$ `f ep_ fpMhp rhi \B. Ap`(dlbyb
BgpluA)L$y L, AL$ eyhp_ lTf[ Bbplud A]ld bMu(fld[ygpl
Agel)`pk Aphu_ dyfu] bep. Ap _hp dyfu] OZuS> Bbp][ L$f[p
l[p. lTf[ Bbplud A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)_ `Z My]p_p f[pdp
[_u dl_[ A_ Bbp][ B_ OZuS> lf[ \[u l[u. [Ap Ahpf _hpf
`p[p_ [_ kbpû_ Ll[p L$, Ap _hp Aph_pfp Ap fu[ ApV$gu bû
Bbp][ L$f R>, S> [pfp\u _\u \[u. \pXpL$ q]hk `R>u Ap`_u fpi_
Tdufu\u Mbf `X$u L$, [_u bû Bbp][ _L$pdu R> S> AL$ i[p_u hkhkp
R>. Ap Aph_pfp lgpg_y Mp _\u Mp[p S>_ L$pfZ i[p_ [_ [_u
L$fgu Bbp][ `f a|gphu fpep R>. Sepf Ap`_ Ap Mbf `X$u [p Ap`
A dyfu]_ bpgphu_ L$y L$, S> Mp ly MpJ Ry> [dp\u S> [dpf Mp^p
L$fhy. Ap fu[ [ dyfu]_ Ap`_p MpZpdp\u cpN dmhp gpep. Ap`_y
Mp gpL$X$p L$p`hp_u dS|>fudp\u D`g^ \[y. Ap` S>Ngdp\u gpL$X$p
L$pù gph[p [_ hQu_ A_pS> Mfu]u ]$Nu_p q]hkp `yfp L$f[p l[p;
Sepf eyhp_ Ap dl_[ [\p dSyfu\u D`g^ \egy lgpg MpZy Mp^y,
[p [_u `lgu Bbp][p rbgLy$g ApR>u \hp gpNu, ep kyû L$ `pQ hM[_u
_dpTp `Z [_ cpf `X$hp gpNu. \pX$p q]hkpdp Ap`_u [hSl A_
ApepsdL$ [pL$[\u [ eyhp__y L$pd b_u Ney A_ [ Agplhpmp b_u
Nep.
Apd adphu_ lTf[ hp Tu$gplbuMf (lTf[ r_Tpdyu_)
Ap c] S> [dpd c]p_p kf]pf R>, [y[ Lep L$, ùf Ap dpV$ lphp
S>$fu R> L$ S> dyfu]p_ Ny_plu[ L$pep\u bQph [\p cyg\u fpL$.
cpf[ue [htQ[L$_p d[ep
ùf(Ny$) _u S>$f[ kb^ AL$ rhrhep[ cpf[ue [htQ[L
gM R> L$,
The another thing is necessary and that is
the comming in direct contact with the
Mahapurushas and thus moulding our lives according to those of the grate souled one who have
reached the goal. Even disgust with the world
and a burning desire for God are not sufficient.
Initiation by the Guru is necessary. Why? be
65
cause it is the bringing of yourself in to connection with that great source of power, which has
been handed down through generations, from
one Guru to another, in uninterrupted succession. The devotee must seek and accept the Guru
or spiritual preceptor, as his counsellar, philosopher, friend and guide.
A\p[ :- AL$ Ae QuT_u S>f[ R>. A_ [ A L$ dlp`yjp kp\
(A\p
kN[dp (kplb[dp) Aphhy R>,S> dlp`yjp (ùfp)L$dpgue[ `lpQ
g
lpe [Ap_u kN[ S>fu R>. ]y$_uep\u L$V $pm$p Aphu Nep lpe A_ My]$pB
op_(dpAfa[)lpkug L$fhp dpV$ Nd [V$gu DkyL$[p lpe, `f[y
Ny$(ùf) L$fhp_u S>$f S> R>, [_y L$pfZ iy? [ A R> L$ Ny$(ùf) ]$f Ny$
(rk_p-b-rk_p)Qpgu Aphgu is[-fpi_u(Ahpfp) [ gpL$pdp R>.
[ is[ kp\ kdpNddp Aphhp\u [ is[_p gpc [d_ dmi.
Ny$(ùf)_ `p[p_p _lu, flbf, augkya A_ kgplL$pf [fuL$ huL$pfhy
A_ dp_hy Ae[ S>$fu R>.)
A_ AL$ Ae S>epA [Z gey R> L$,
The soul can only receive impulse from another soul, and from nothing else... The inadequacy of books quicken spiritual growth is the
reason why, although almost everyone of us can
speak most wonderfully on spiritual matters,
when it comes to action and the living of a truly
spiritual life, we find ourselves so awfully
dificient to quicken the spirit the impulse must
come from another soul.
A\p[ :- AV$gL $ AL$ $$l_ bu $l [fa\u S> $lp_u [pL$[-Q[e
(A\p
dmu iL$ R>. Qp`X$uAp\u dmu iL$[y _\u. ]$pMgp [fuL$ Ap`Z_
bpghp dpV$ L$y lpe [p ^dkbû bpb[ `f OZu S> kpfu fu[ bpgu
iL$uA, `f[y AL$ ^duW$ (ApepsdL$,$ $lp_u) h_ Nyfu iL$p[y
_\u. $lp_u [pL$[-Q[e AL$ h[ Ap]$du \L$u S> Ap`Z_ dmu iL$
R>.)
66
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
* QQp_p kpfpi *
ùf_u S>$f R>.

*(18) ùf `p[p_u ApepsdL$ is[\u dyqf]p_ lfpd L$pep\u
bQph R>, dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
AgplApgp `p[p_p L$fd\u A_ lyTyf (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_p hrkgp\u [pgub kp]uL$(Agpl_p f[p_p kpQp
[gbNpf)_ ùf L$pdug(gpeL$ [\p `fu`yZ- ùf)_p ]pd_ dSb|[u\u
`L$X$hp_u [pauL$ A[p L$f, Apdu_...
gpeL$ A_ `fu`|Z ùf pfp S [pgub kp]uL$_u D`fpL S>$f[p
`yfu \i, _lu L$ gcpNy-gpeL$p[rhlu_ A_ Y$pNu ùf hX$.
*** iM_p Ap]f ***
lTf[ bpbpafu] NS>iLf(fld[ygpl Agel)_p dayTp[
AfpfyAprgep dp gey R> L$, ùf\u dyfu]_u beA[ BL$_p ]fhpp
kyû `lpQ
u S>hu BA, [ `yfu ]Nu `p[p_p ùf_ dp\p D`f D`pX$u_
lS> Lep L$f [p `Z ùf_p lLLp `yf`yfp A]p \B iL$[p _\u. lTf[
iMyipeyM iM iplbyu_ Ddf kplfh]$u(f]$uegplpApgp Alp)
`p[p_u qL[pb AhpfuaydApfua _p bpb _-51 dp W$L$-W$L$pZ Ly$Ap_
ifua_u [ Apep[p S>dp lyTfy (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u A]b_p
lyLd Alpbp(fu]hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)_ Ap`hpdp
Apep R>, [ fSy> L$fu_ gM R> L$, dyqf]$pA
ùf_p A]b A fu[S> L$fhp
BA L $S>d klpbpA Lufpd lyTfy kggplp Agel hkgd_p A]$b
L$$f[p l[p.
luS>fu k_-6 dpl TuLA]dp Sepf _bu-A-L$fud (kggplp
Agel hkgd)ly]buep_p d]$p_dp l[p epf b]$ugbu_ hL$p [\p
A$lbu_ dD] S>Ap [ hM[ kyû Bdp_ gpep _ l[p. lyTyf
(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u QQp L$fhp Ap`_u `pk lpS>f \ep.
ep\u `pR>p afu Ly$fi_ Ap dpZ L$lhp gpep...
l dpfu L$pd ! ly kpN]`|hL$ hp[ L$fy Ry>. Agbp ly bp]iplp_p
]$fbpfpdp lpS>f \ep Ry>. L$ekf A_ _Siu_ ep Nep Ry>. L$kd\u d
L$]$u L$pB
bp]ipl_u Ahu BT[ _\u B Shu L$ dpld](kggplp
Agel hkgd)_p kp\uAp dpld](kggplp Agel hkgd)
_u CT[ L$f R>. L$kd\u [Z epf L$]$u MpMpfp aLep [p L$pB_ L$pB
AlpbuA [_ `p[p_p lp\dp Tugu `p[p_p dyM `f afhu gu^p. Sepf
D`f ]$iphg ùf_u S>$f[ kb^_u QQp_p kpfpi A R> L$...

*(1) My]p_p f[ Qpghp dpV$ ùf_u ANe[p Ar_hpe R>.
*(2) _ak_u kp\ S>lp] L$fhp A_ [dp L$pepb \hp dpV$ ùf_u
S>$f R>.
*(3) _ak_ ApmMhp dpV$ ùf_u k[ S>$f[ R> ùf rh_p
_ak_ ApmMu iL$p[p _\u.
*(4) BL$ lL$uL$u(My]p_p kpQp d)p[ L$fhp dpV$`
uf_u k[
S>$f[ R>.
*(5) q]$g _dpTdp Agpl [fa Sy>L$ [ dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(6) d_yedp kdpegu Mfpb Ap][p Mpk L$fu_,dpep,
Arcdp_[\p $p^\u ùf R|>V$L$pfp A`ph R>.
*(7) S>_p ùf L$pB
_\u [_p ùf i[p_ R>, dpV$ i[p_\u bQhp
ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(8) ùf `p[p_u epe [pgud\u A_ [hl\u dyqf]p_p
]ugp_u kapB L$f R>. Ap fu[ q]g_u kapB dpV$ `Z ùf_u
ANe[p Ar_hpe R>.
*(9) _ak_ dpfhp dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(10) My]p\u kpQp A\dp X$fhp_u fu[ ùf iuMh R>. Ap\u Ap
fu[ iuMhp dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(11) i[p__p lydgp\u bQhp_u fu[ ùf pfp p[ \pe R>.
Ap fu[ iuMhp dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(12) ùf `p[p_p Apdbm hX$ dyfu]p_u Bbp][p_y fnZ L$f
R>. Ap\u ùf_u k[ S>$f R>.
*(13) ùf hNf $l_u kapB AiLe R>. $l_u kapB dpV$ ùf_u
S>$f R>.
*(14) ùf hNf $lp_u Cd_u Mbf `X$[u _\u, Ap Bd Zhp
dpV$ ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(15) Cdyg eLu_,A_y eLu_ A_ lLLygeLu_ p[ L$fhp dpV$
ùf_u k[ S>$f R>.
*(16) Bbp][p\u kpQp A\dp AgpLuL$ Ap_] p[ L$fhp dpV$
ùf_u S>$f R>.
*(17) Bbp][p dL$byg \hp_u fu[ ùf iuMh R>, AV$g `Z
67
68
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

S>Zpe [p Al[fpd A_ A]$b_u kp\ BL$pbp\u _pd g.
*(2) ùf_u `pk bp-hyTy flhp_u L$pi
ui L$f. _dpT_u A]$f S>d
L$pe]pdp bkpe R>, [d dp\y Y$pL$u A]$b\u A fu[ bk L$ ùf_u _Tf
hpfhpf [_p D`f `X$[u fl. Sepf ùf_u _Tf [_p D`f `X$ epf
`p[p_u _Tfp_ _uQu L$fu g.
*(3) ùf_u dlaugdp buLy$g Mpdpi bku fl. ùf_u f rh_p
kfk [dS> Dd hp[ `Z _ L$f; Sep kyû ùf_u f _ dmhu g.
*(4) ùf `pk `p[p_p rhQpfp [\p AphNp(L$pd L$fhp_u
DL$Wp)_$ L$fu _pM; `Z ùf S>d L$l [d L$f, ep kyû L$ ùf_u
Apop rh_p `p[p_u [ [\p dpgdp `Z `p[p_u df\u L$pd _ g.
*(5) ùf_u bpfNpldp EQp AhpS>\u hp[ _ L$f. [dS> blyS> _
lk.h^y hp[p L$fhp\u `Z bQ. hp[ hp[ Vy$L$pZdp A_ dypkf L$l.
*(6) dyfu] L$pB
`Z _L$ Adg ùf_u dpS>y ]Nu (lpS>fu)dp [_p\u
`lgp _ L$f, hp[Qu[ [\p ApQfZdp ùf\u ApNm _ h^, Sep kyû
ùf `p[ lyLd _ Ap`.
*(7) `p[p_u $lp_u lpgp[p_u QQp ùf kp\ L$fhpdp hp^p _\u,
`Z [pgub kp]$uL Ap hp[\u `Z bQhy BA, L$pfZL$ [_u fSy>Ap[
Lep rkhpe `Z bu L$pB`Z fu[ [ eL[ \B e R>. S>\u ùf `p[
[_u lpg[ Zu g.
*(8) `p[p_p dpV$ dlp_ d[bp(]fS)dpNhp_y ùf_ _ L$l.
`Z [dpd dlp_ d[bpAp, DQ aTp [\p bfL$[p ùf dpV$ dpN[p fl;
Ap [ S> dyL$pd(\m) R>, Sep dyfu]_u DQ AL$u]$[_p L$Zp huL$k R>.
*(9) ùf `f Ahp cfpkp [\p rhhpk lphp BA L$ S>hp lyTyf
(kggplp Agel hkgd) D`f Ap`_p `rh eyNdp klpbp-AqLfpd(fu]hp_ygplApgp Agelud AS>dB_) L$f[p l[p.
*(10) ùf\u ApNm _ Qpg A_ `pR>m Qpghpdp ifd `Z _
A_ych.
*(11) Sepf ùf_u khpdp lpS>f \pe epf [_p S>dpg bp
L$dpg(_yfp_u Qlfp)`f _Tf _pM A\hp _uQu _Tf fpM ùf_u kpd
]pX$u_ _ Qpg.
*(12) Sepf ùf_u `pk bk [p ApSy>-bpSy> _Tfp _ ]pX$ph(_
afep L$f) [dS> hpfhpf EW-bk _ L$f, ùf Ecp \pe A\hp blpf\u
Aph epf `p[ `Z Ecp \B e.
[ `p[p_p kp\uAp_ lyLd Ap` R>, epf kp\uAp [ lyLd `|fp L$fhp ]pX$p
]pX$ L$fu d|L$ R> A_ Sepf [ hyTy L$f R> epf hyTy_y `pZu Tughp [_p
kp\uAp `X$p`X$u L$f R>, Sepf [ hp[ L$f R> epf [_p kp\uAp Mpdpi
\B e R>; [\p dp__u $uA [_p [fa `yfu ApM EWphu_ `Z [p
_\u, [dZ dpfu [fa AL$ _L$ Adg fSy Lep R>, [p [d [_ Lb|g L$fugp.
B_ dplifua _p bpbyg fg _u A]f AL$ l]uj R> L$, kahp_
bu_ Akpg qfhpe[ L$f R L$ , ely ] uAp _ p A L $ L$bugpA
fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p lp\ dybpfL$ [\p b_ L]d
dybpfL$_ bpkp Apep. (Qyep)
lS>f[ Agu dy[T
y p(L$fd
gplp hSlly L$fud)lpS>fu_ dS>guk kp\
lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u kuf[ hZh[p L$l R> L$, S>epf
Ap`(kggplp Agel hkgd) hp[ i$ L$f[p [p Ap`_p kp\uAp
Ahu fu[ dp\y TyL$phu ][p l[p L Z [d_u dp\ `nuAp bWp R>.
D`f S>Zphg Ap]pbp_y hZ_ Ly$Ap_d
]$dp `Z R>, S>dp\u AdyL$
Ape[p_p [Sy>dp fSy> L$$ Ry>:*(1) l dpdu_p Agpl A_ [_p fkyg \u ApNm _ h^p A_
Agpl\u X$fp. biL$ Agpl kpcmhphpmp [\p Zhphpmp R>.
(kyf lS>fp[,`p.26, Ap._.1)
*(2) l dpdu_p [dpfp AhpS> _bu_p AhpS>\u EQp _ L$fp A_
[d_u kp\ EQp AhpS>\u hp[ _ L$fp,S>h
u fu[ [d AL$ bu kp\ hp[p
L$fp R>p. Ahy _ \pe L$ [dpfp Apdpg AL$pf[ e; A_ [d_ [_u Mbf
`Z _ `X$.
(kyf lzS>fp[, Apep[ _.2)
*(3) biL$, [ gpL$p L$ S> [d_(_bu_) lyS>fp($d) _u blpf\u
`pL$pf R>; [dp\u ^Zp ALL$g _\u fpM[p. (kyf lyS>fp[,Ap._.4)
kyf lyS>fp[_u D`f_u bûS> Apep[p\u Agpl ApgpA Ap]pb_u
[pgud Apù R>; S>_ d Alu V|$L$dp fSy L$fu R>. dyfu]$pA `p[p_p ùf_p
A]b L$h
p L$fhp BA [ lh blyS> Vy$ L$pZdp ly lTf[ iMy ipeM
y iM
ilpbyu_ Ddf kplfh]$w (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A gMg L$u[pb
AhpfuazdApfua [\p lTf[ ke]$ dpld]$ Njy]$fpT b]$p_hpT
(fld[ygpl Agel)_u gMgu qL$[pb MpdA [khya dp\u fSy> L$$
Ry>;
*(1) dyfu] `p[p_p ùf_y _pd ghy b-A]bu kdS>. Ap`kdp
AL$bu_y _pd ghpe R> A fu[ ùf_y _pd lfNuT _ g,`Z S>$f
69
70
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
*(13) Sepf ùf_u rM]$d[dp\u `pR>p hm [p iM [fa ùW _
*(24) ùf\u Ahu dplb[ lphu BA L$ `p[p_p bpgbQp

A_ kNphlpgpAp\u [dS> _ dpg\u [d_ AûL$ kdS>, df[u
hM[ ùf_u ep]$dp S> dp[ Aph [p dlp_ Myi_iubu R>. ùf My]$p_p
MTp_p_p Adu_ R>; [d_ S> L$B dmi [_p S> lp\\u dmi.
*(25) L$ hpbdp AprgepAp_u qTepf[ L$fhu kpfu R>.`Z
ùf_u qTepf[_ kh W kdS> A_ AL$u]p fpM L$ [dpd ùfp lLL$ `f
R>, `f[y dpfp ùf_p f[p kh\u _L$ R>. hpbdp ùf_ A\hp
hgu_ byfu lpg[dp SyA [p [_ `p[p_u lpg[ kdS> A\hp Ad kdS>
L$ ]yr_epdp dg|L$_u lpg[ L$pB L$pfZ\u Ahu \B S>i.
*(26) ùf_u rM]d[dp S> L$B MQ \pe [_p Apcpf dp_ A_
ùf_p `p[p_p D`f Alkp_ kdS> L$ [Z Lb|g L$fu.
*(27) dyfu]_p A[L$p] Ahp dS>by[ lphp BA L$ ùf\u L$pB
L$fpd[ hp_u BR>p A_ S>$f[ _ fl.
*(28) ùf_u rM]d[ _p]$ug [\p ]fL$ iLe fu[ bhu gph,
`Z Ap rM]d[ `p[p_u is[ [\p lpkgp dpZ S> L$f.
*(29) L$pB d_ `|R> L$ L$d_kub L$pZ R>? [p ly AS> L$lui L$
ùf_u afdpbf]pfu A_ kplb[ R>pX$u_ `p[p_u CR>pA Qpg[p fly.
(lTf[ hp b]p_hpT Njy]fpT fld[ygpl Agel) gNcN 17
hj dpfp ùf_u kplb[dp flep A_ ly dpfu `p[p_u bpb[ OZp S> a
L$f[p l[p, `f[y Sepf [d_p rhkpg \B Nep, epf Mbf `X$u L$ l
OZp Ahp L$pdp L$fhp_p bpL$u flu Nep S> [d_u kdn L$fhp B[p l[p,
`Z d dpfp ùf_u Ahu rM]d[ L$fu,AL$u][ [\p dplb[ L$fu L$ S>hu
L$fhu BA, [ L$pfZ dpfp ùf dpfp\u Npeb _\u `f[y ]fL$ `m dpfu
flbfu L$fhp dpV$ dpSy] R>.Ap aL hp[p S> _\u, en A_ych R>.
*(30) ]fL$ hM[ ùf dpV$ gpby Apeye A_ Agpl_u _S>]$uL$u
dpV$ ]yAp L$f[p fl L$ Nfub_u ]yAp\u iy \hp_y R> ? `Z Ap hp[\u
BL$, Mygyk A_ dplb[ lf \pe R>.
*(31) Sep lTf[ rMTf (Agelukgpd) A]pg,Ah[p]$
hNf Agpl_p hguAp [\p ùf `Z lpS>f lpe [p [ `p[p_p ùf_u S>
NfT>fpM, L$pB bu [fa fyS>yA _ \pe.
*(32) dyfu] ldi
p A L$pi
uj L$fhu BA L$ ùf `f [_p bpS> _
`X$. Sep kyû iLe lpe ep kyû `p[ ùf_p bpS> EWph A_ kdS> L$
ùf ]u_ A_ ]yr_ep_p dpdgpdp lfNuT [_p dpl[pS> _\u.
L$f.
*(14) ùf_u kpd _ hTuap `X$ A_ _ q[gph[ L$f; _ EOhp
dpX$, _ ùf_ AL$gp R>pX$u_ _ag `Y$hp Qpep e.
*(15) ùf_u ApMp\u ApMp _ dmh Sepf ùf `p[ [_p [fa
Sy>A [p [ `p[p_u _S>f _uQu L$fu g.
*(16) ùf\u ]yApA Mf rkhpe buSy> L$iy S> _ dpN.
*(17) ùf_p [khyf dpV$ L$pB kde _LLu _ L$f,`f[y AL$-`Z
kde ùf_p [khyf\u Mpgu _ fl.
*(18) ùf_y adp_ ifuA[ dpZ lpe [p [f[ bhu gph
A_ _pBT lpe [p \pcu e L$pB hld L$ iL$ `]p \pe [p
b^X$L$ ùf_ L$lu] L$d L$ ùf [ op_\u ZL$pf R>; S>_u dyfu]_ Mbf
_\u. Aphp kN
pdp lTf[ dykp (Agelukgpd)[\p lTf[ MuTf
(Agelukgpd)_p b_ph ep] L$fhp BA.
*(19) ùf_p d[bp_ kdS>hy blyS> dpV$y L$pd R>. ApR>pdp ApRy>
AV$gp cfpkp S>$f lphp BA L$ ùf S> L$B L$f R>, [ My]p_p lyL$d\u L$f
R>. ùf\u hû_ L$pB `Z L$pdug _\u (Qpgy S>dp_pdp) ùf_p ùf
`Z dpSy>] lpe [p dyfu] Ad S> kdS>hy L$ S> aT `p[p_p ùf\u dm R>,
[_ [ ùf_p ùf\u `Z _lu dm.
*(20) [d ùf_ fS> `lpQpXep A_ ùf dpau `Z Apù
]$uû [p `Z ùf_p q]gdp AL$ NpW S>$f gpNu S>i. S>\u L$]$u_ L$]u
ùf_ S>$f epg Aphi L$, Ap [ S> dpZk R> SZ dpfu kp\ Aphy h[_
Ley l[y, L$dL$ ùf `Z AL$ bif (dp_hu)R> A_ bifue[ fpM R>.
*(21) ùf_p ]p[p A_ kp\uAp_ fS> [\p [L$gua _ `lpQ
pX$p
ApMuf [ Lep kyû [dpfp rglpT L$fi, _[u A \i L$, [d Mfpb \B
S>ip.
*(22) ùf_ iS>fA dykp kdS>(lTf[ dykp Agelu-kgpd_
TpX$\u Agpl_p AhpS> kcmpep l[p [)ùf_ [ TpX$_u dpaL$ kdS>,
A_ [_p L$gpd_ My]p_p L$gpd kdS>, L$d
L$ l]$uj Ly$ku_p Ap^pf My]p
[_p b]p_u Tybp_\u bpg R>.
*(23) iM L$pB
hZ_ L$f L$ hp[ L$f [p dpghuAp\u A hp[_p
Mygpkp _ dpN. Mygpkp_u S>$f `X$ [p ùf\u S> Ap hp[_p Mygpkp
dmu S>i.
71
72
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
*(33) ùf_u lep[udp A\hp [_u hap[ `R>u dyfu]_ L$pB

`Z byTyN\u L$B `Z aT dm [p [_ `p[p_p ùf [fa\u kdS>.
*(34)hyTy hNf ùf_p L$`X$p A\hp X$p lp\dp _ g. [_
`pk fpep lpe [p L$]u [_ qTepf[ L$fu ApMp A gNpX$.
*(35) ùf_p dL$p_ A_ dTpf_u lfzd[_p epg fpM, _ [ [fa
`N gbph _ [ [fa \| L$.
*(36) ùf_p rhkpg \B NepR>, [p [d_u $l_ khpb
`lpQpX$u_ Myi Lep L$f A_ ]fL$ `m ùf ùf q]g A_ Tybp_\u fu
fpM.
*(37) aygp gB S>B dTpf `f fpM L$d L$ Myby\u $l OZu S> Myi
\pe R>.
*(38) dTpf `pk SV$gu hpf bk

dTpf_ e
p L$f A\hp L$yAp_
d]_u q[gph[ L$f, L$p `R>u ApMp bO L$fu iM_p [khyf L$f Apd
[d ep _ L$f.
*(39) ]y$Ap aL$[ Agpl\uS> dpNu iL$pe lp, iM_p df[bp,
dyl]$p, ]$ug_p Afihpfp A_ df_ ]y$Apdp hkugp b_phu iL$pe.
L$pfkpT lL$uL$u AgplApgp kuhpe L$pB
_\u, Ap AL$u]$p dS>b[
y lph
p
B
A.
*(40) iM
_p dTpf `f lpS>f \pe [p dTpf_u `N
p[ L$ugp [fa
ùW$ L$fu_ Dcp flu kgpdu ì L$fu ap[lp_p l]$uep fSy> L$f. dTpf_
bpkp Ap`hpdp (Qydhpdp)dp hp^p _\u `Z dTpf_p Al[fpd [\p
ifuA[_u `pb]$u_p `yfp epg fpM lugp_u fu[cp[\u bQ
(_p ^ :- Qy b _(bp k p)_p L$pfp (1)Bbp]$[_p bp k p
(2)ATd[_p bpkp (3)AL$u]$[_p bpkp (4)dplb[_p bpkp
(5)iaLL$[_p bpkp (6)ilh[_p bpkp (7)Nag[_p bpkp. S>d_
bpk
p_p L$pf_u S> Mbf _\u [ rbQpfp BT L$ _pBT iy kdS>?!?) )
R>g dpgp_p $d(fld[ygpl Agel)_u Ap `s[Ap `f dpfu
QQp `yfu L$$ Ry> :Qy [y Tp[ ùf fp L$f]u Lb| g ,
ld My ] p ]$f Tp[i Ap]d ld fk| g .
Nf b B Tp[ lL fp kyf[ dyiu] bbu,
ApiL$u ih Tp[ lL fp A]$f Ap fpi_ bbu.
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
(A\p[ :- [ ùf_u Tp[_ Lbg

| L$fu guû, [p `R>u [_
u Tp[dp
S> My]p A_ fk|g Aphu e R>. [y Agpl_u Tp[_ ip^ R>,[p
dyiu]_u kyf[_ A_ [_u D`f ApiuL$ \B . AgplApgp_u
Tp[_ [y A S> ]`Zdp .) )
AgplApgp `p[p_p L$fd\u [dpd dyfu]p_ `p[p_p ùf_p lLLp
A]p L$fhp_u [pauL$ A[p L$f. Apdu_, kydp Apdu_...
(_p^
:- Alu fS>| L$fg
iM
_p Ap]fp(ùf_p A]bp) dp A_ dp
gpeL$ [dS `fu`|Z ùf dpV$ R>, _lu L$ gcpNy, gpeL$p[rhlu_ A_
^^p]pfu _pL$uk-Y$pNu ùfp dpV$)

Apgp lTf[ Bdpd Alg kyfi_[
BL$ L$ B[lp
epA_
u
AlhpgyAauep
73
74
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...
(3)
_k fp _ Ly$i] bNef AT Tug ùf,

]pd_ Ap _k Ly$i dplL$d bNuf.
-lTf[ dpgp_p $d
(A\p[ : _k_ ùf_p kpep hNf dpfu iL$p[p_
\u,
dpV$ _k_p dpf_pfp(L$pdug A_ gpeL$ ùf)_p
]pd_ dS>by[u\u `L$X.$)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

dp [prhT-]pfp_ S> kh L$pB
kd gu^y R>. S>_ ùfu-dyfu]u kp\ S>fp
`Z ghp-]hp _\u, L$pfZL$ ùfu-dyfu]u_p Ap `rhdpNdp [p b]p_
Agpl Apgp_u r_L$V$[p p[u_p dpN ]MpX$hpdp AphR, [dp _ak_u
`pL$uTNu A_ q]g_u kapB_u [pgud Aphpdp Aph R>, [dp dyfu] A_
[pgub_p q]gdp Agpl A_ [_p fkyg (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_u dlpb[_p S>Tbp b]$pf L$fhpdp Aph R>; [dS> dyfu]_
AgpL$ dpld]u(kggplp Agel hkgd)hX$ Apcyrj[ L$fhpdp
Aph R>.epf Alu [p Lep fpcpS> A_ Lep NpNp [gu S>hp [pg R>.
rl]pe[_p Ap dlp_ L$pe_u qTd]pfu AgplApgp A
dipBM qL$fpd_ kp`gu R>, L$pfZL$ dipBM qL$fpd S> kpQp hpqfkyAsbep A_ _pBb fkyg R ; [Ap b_ L$pf_p Bdp (Tplfu A_
bpr[_u)hX$ `qf`|Z R>. `f[y ApS>_u Ap ùfu-dyfu]udp dl]Ai
rl]pe[_u L$pB hp[ S> ]Mp[u _\u dp dyfu]p_p S>\p AL$u[ L$fu_
S>kp L$fhp rkhpe buSy> L$iyS> ]Mp[y _\u; A_ S> dipBMp MfMf
rl]pe[_y L$pe L$fu fp R>. A_ dyfu]p [dS> [pgubp_ Agpl_p f[p
`f gNpX$u fp R>, [_u MybuAp_ L$pB`Z fu[ MpduAp_y $` Apù_
[_u rhfy rhfp_p hV$pm
Ecp L$fu_ e_L$_
L$pf Ap ql]pe[_p dlp_
L$pedp rh_p Ecp L$fu fp R>. [p rhQpfp iy Ap fu[ Ap Bgpk p[u_p
ApV$gp dlp_ `rh dpN_ ^^p]pfu dpN _\u b_phu ]u^p?
MfMf h[dp_L$pm_u ùfu-dyfu]u D`f [p lTf[ bpeTu]
bp[pdu A_ lTf[ Sy>_] bN]p]u(Agelufld[p hqf]hp_)_u dyLk
$lp `Z `p[p_p dTpf `pL$dp L$`p[ L$f[u li !?! ApS>_u Ap ùfudyfu]u_p `rh dpN_u Ah]ip _ulpmu_ A[palzk_ lpgu kplb_p
L$V$gpL$ AiApfp (L$pe`s[Ap)ep] Aph R>, Sdp ]fL$ `s[
h[dp_L$pm_u ùfu-dyfu]u_y [pe rQ fSy> Lfu fy R> :-
[dlu]$
qL[pb d_L$u ApM Mpg... S> _hp $`-fN kp\ [dpfp lp\dp
Aphu R>, [_y buSy L$fZ d, fl_ydpA [fuL[ AV$g L$ ùf_u S>$f[
kb^ fSy> L$fu R>. S>dp ùf_p Ap]pbp A_ ùf_u S>$f[_ kpfu fu[
DNf L$fhp_p e_p Lep R>; `f[y h[dp_L$pmdp ùfu-dyfu]u_u Ap
`rh gpB_ L$ S> Bgpk p[u_p dpN R> [_u A]f A_L$ L$pf_u
MfpbuAp agpe Q|L$u R>, [p Sepf Bfikp_ ùf_u S>$f[_ kd gi
epf ùf_u [gpi `Z L$fi A_ dpV$ S> d_Lu ApM Mpg..._y
L$fZ-3 Alhpgykp]$L$u_ AV$gL $ ùf_u lfu gpeL$p[p A_ bpr[_u
kgprle[p A_yk^
p_ fS>y L$fu fp R>y, L$pfZL$ ùf_u [gpidp ùf L$h
p
lphp BA? [_u A]f L$V $gp L$pf_u gpeL$p[p lphu BA? [dp L$h
p
L$hp L$pf_u kgprle[p S>$fu R>? hNf bpb[p_y Bd lphy S>$fu R>.
h[dp_eyNdp ùfu-dyfu]u L$fhu, beA[ ghu, qMgpa[
Ap`hu hNf dp fdp-qfhpT S> b_u_ flu Nep R>. Ap [_u ùfudyfu]u dyfu] b__pf_ L$ beA[ \_pfpAp_ L$pB
S> ape]p _lu `lpQ
pX$,
`f[y DV$p_y [_ A^L$pfdp S> ^L$gu_ [_p dpV$ aT_p pf ldip dpV$
b^ L$fu ]i, L$pfZL$, [ Apep l[p lLL$_u [gpi A_ rl]pe[ dpV$,
`f[y Alu ùf `p[S> Sepf rl]pe[ Ap`hp_u gpeL$p[ ^fph[p _\u,
[p Aph_pf [pgub L$ dyfu]_ `p[p_p Nydfplu_p kL$dp k`X$phu_
[_p dpV$ `Z aT_p pf_ ldi
p dpV$ b^S> L$fu ]u^p. A_ Ap fu[ `p[
`Z Nydfpl \ep A_ bu_ `Z Nydfpl Lep. Ap S> fu[ Bgpk
p[u_p Ap `rh dpN_ ^^p_p dpN b_phu ]u^p.
h[dp_ eyNdp L$B L$V$gpe b_u bWgp ùfp L$ S>Z kygyL
([qfL$[_p dpN) `|Z _\u Lep, A_ rMgpa[ A`Z_p _pd AS>fiV$p
b_phhp_y L$pe L$f R> [dS> Nd [ [fqLbp hX$ dyfu]p_ gyV $hp_y L$pe L$f R>
A_ Ap fu[_u rMgpa[p A`Z L$fu_ AS>fiV$$ù MrgapAp_ bhX$u
fu[ Nydfpl L$fu fp R>. ApS> gpL$pA rMgpa[ AV$g [phuT ]pfp_u
`fhp_Nu AV$gyS> kd gu^y R>. A_ Ap fu[ L$fikV$uNùfp _p fpaX$p
apV$u _uLep R> L$ S>Ap X$pL V$fp_u S>d `p[p_u L$fikV$uN
Np]uAp Qgphu
fp R>, Sep BgpS>_p _pd A_L$ L$pf_u A^p^|û A_ MfpbuAp
agpegu R>. A_ Sep gpL$p_ _u[_hp hldpdp _pMhpdp Aph R>. S>
[_ Bgpd_u rhfydp R>, L$pfZ L$ Bgpd[p hldp A_ A^^pAp
]y$f L$fhp dpV$ Apep R>. S_p dpV$ kdpS> `Z `yfp ]prj[ R>. Aphp gpL$pA

A$lhpgykp]L$u_ `p_p _.-1
77
`X$u l kb DS>X$u ly B Mp_L$pl ,

hp ]y $ h i p ky [p L $u Ddu]$Npl .
afu[p L $u `X$[u\u Bk` r_Npl ,
My g u\u S>lp Bd bpr[_L$u fpl .
L$lp l hp S>TbA Bgplu L $ a ] $ ,
L$lp l hp Agpl L $ _ L $ b ] $ .
blp [ gp N ùfp L $u Ap g p]$ b_L$f.
_lv Tp[ h pgpd Ly $ R> _L $ Tp l f.
78
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

*(2) ùf`] dpV$ S>$fu lfu gpeL$p[p.
*(3) ùf`] dpV$ S>$fu bpr[_u kgprle[p.
*(4) _pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp.
*(5) Alhpgykp]$L$u_ _p Vy$ L$p cphp_yhp]$.
ANf a l B_L$p g ] $L $ Bk`f.

L $ \ B_L $ Agpa dL$by g p ]$phf.
L$fud l L $ Sy > W $ ]$uMgp[ ,
dy f u]$p L $p l g y V $[ Ap f Mp[ .
elu l Sy, > _ ] $ Ap f bpeTu]$ Ab,
elu l dy f p] Ap f elu l dy f u]$ Ab.$
$
*(1) ùfp_p DQ d[bp A_ [_u ip_.

ùf_p DQ d[ b p A_ [ _ u ip_ A_y k ^ p_ qL[pb
AhpfuaydApfua ifua L$ S>_p dykfi_ua(gML$) kyauhp]$_p Qpf dilyf
rkgrkgp `L$u AL$ rkgrkgpA kplfh]uepl_p Bdpd A_ \p`L$
lTf[ iMyipeyM iM ilpbyu_ Ddf kplfh]u (f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)R>. Ap qL[pb [khya_u `lgu Ahu qL[pb R> L$, S>dp lTf[
iM(Ly$]k
y ufl)y A Mp_L$plp dpV$ L$pe]kf_y b^pfZ L$ped Ley A_ [_p
Ap]pbp r_r[ L$ep,S>_u D`f Ap`_p rkgrkgphpmpApS> _lu `f[y
bu rkgqkgp_p A_yepeuAp `Z Adg L$fu fp R>, A_ [ Ap]$pbp_y
S> iLe lpe ep kyû A_ykfZ L$fu fp R>; Ap L$pf_p Ap]$pbp
lTf[ iM(Ly$kufl)z A dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p Abhpbp(L$fZp)3\u18
kyû OZpS> rhhfZ kp\ bep_ Lep R>.A_ kyauepA L$ufpd_p q]hk
fp[_p ]r_L$ L$pepdp ifuA[_p S> Ap]pbp_y ep_ fpMhp_y S>$fu Ly
R> [_p\u>A r_j `f `lpQu iL$pe R L$, Ap` r_r[ L$fgy Mp_L$plu
b^pfZ kyau dpV$ AL$ Ahp ]Nu Nyfhp_p L$p_y_ R> L$ S> Bfikp_u
]Nu_ Ly$Ap_ [dS> kyfi_[_u `fhu_p kpQpdp Y$pmu ] R>.
Ap qL[pb_p bpb(L$fZ) 10dp ùfp_p DQ d[bp A_
[_u dlp_ ip_ bep_ adphu R>, S>dp\u L$V$gpL$ Ah[fZp Ap dyp_
kdS>hp dpV$ Alv fSy> L$fu fp Ry>.
ùfp _ p dlp_ d[ b p_ kdh[p lTf[ i M y ip e y M
(Ly$kufly)A kp \d Ap l]uj`pL$ fSy> L$fu_ [_y rhi]$ rhhfZ fSy>
L$ey R> :fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd) adpey L$, A
`rh Tp[_u L$kd S>_p L$Tpdp dpfu _ R>, [d BR>p [p ly [dpfu
kpd L$kd MpB_ L$lu iLy$ Ry> L$ AgplApgp _ A S> es[Ap re R>
S>Ap [_p b]pdp AgplApgp_u dplb[_p S>Tbp N[ L$f R> A_
[Ap_ AgplApgp_p dlbyb(re)b_phhp_u L$piui L$f R>, dp
AV$gy S> _lu `f[y Ap (l[_
y u `fu`|Z[
p) dpV$ `yfp e_iug fl R>.
L$ ùfu dyfu]$u_p Ap `rh dpNdp ]$fL$ eyNdp MfpbuAp

agpZu R>, S>_p DgM lTf[ ]$p[pNS>bi gplpfu (fld[ygpl
Agel)`p[p_u dilzf qL$[pb L$azgdlTyb dp Alg Tdp_L$p iuL$hp
A lX$vN lW$m L$fgp R> [dS AhpfuazdApfua>ifua dp lTf[
iMpipeyM iM klpbyu_ Ddf kplfh]$w(f]$uegplp Apgp
Afilp)A `p[p_p eyNdp agpegu Mfpbu A_yk^p_ `p[p_u Ap
qL$[pbdp `y$ AL$ L$fZ bpb-9 _pd L$ kyau A lX$vN lW$m [y[ L$fg
R>, A_ lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu]$ Aajp_u(f]$uegplp Apgp

Afilp)_p eyNdp [p Ap Mfpbu QfdrkdpA `lpQgu l[u S>_p DgM
Ap` `p[p_p d[ybp[ ifua dp A_L$ S>epA L$fg
R>, AV$g ApS> Ap
L$pB _hpB_u hp[ _\u, `f[y AV$gy S>$f R> L$ ]$fL$ eyN_u MfpbuAp_p
L$pf AgN AgN l[p, S>d L$ ApS>_p eyNdp Ap_ gpB_ BfiV$f_V$ `f
L$fhpdp Aph[u ùfu-dyfu]$u, kpdyluL$ rMgpa[-A`Z, Qpf dped
hX$ ùfu-dyfu]$p_p agphp, kygyL$ Aggpl_p dpN_ `f Lep hNf_u
dp fdu ùfu-dyfu]$u, dp [phuT ]$pf p A_ BgpS>dp S>>ùfu-dyfu]$u_
kdV$u ghu, Bd luf_ S> kh L$B kd_ Bd bpr[_\u rbLy$g
lug flhy. A_ ùfu-dyfu]$u L$fhu, dyfu]$p_u L$pB `Z L$pf_u kpfkcpm L$ ]$fL$pf _ fpMhu bL$ [_p _pd\u `Z AZ flhy hNf A_L$
L$pf_u MfpbuAp Ap `rh dpNdp agpe QyL$u R>; [p Ap fu[ L$pB
`Z
eyN Aphu MfpbuAp\u Mpgu _\u fy,
d Alu kyû h[dp_eyN_u ùfu-dyfu]u_u Ah]ip `f L$V$guL
$hp[p fSy> L$fu R>, S> Ae[ S>$fu l[u. [y[ qL$[pb d_L$u ApM
Mpg..._p L$fZ_-3_y rhje h[y R> Alhpgykp]Lu_ AV$gL $ ùf_u
lfu gpeL$p[p A_ bpr[_u kgprle[p Ap L$fZ_ lz hpQL$ kfm[p
`yhL$ kd iL$ [ dpV$ _uQ dyS>b `pQ*(5) rhcpNpdp hlQy Ry> :*(1) ùfp_p DQ d[bp A_ [_u ip_.
79
80
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
lTf[ iMyipeyM(Ly$kufly)_u R>ZphV$:- Alu fkyggpl

(kggplp Agel hkgd) S> NyZ (rka[)_p DgM `p[p_p
Bip]$dp adpep R [ dipBMp(ùfp)_p d[bp A_ ]ph[ Bggpl_p
d[bp R>; dipBMp gpL$p_ Agpl [fa bpgph R>, A_ Agpl_p
b]p_p kb^ Agpl\u X$ R>.
(kylp_gpl! ùfp_u L$hu dlp_ ip_ l]uj`pL$_u fpi_udp
lTf[ iMyppeyM Alu bep_ adphu R>.)
Agpl_u [fa ApdZ Ap`hp A_ bpgphhpdp [Ap_u
L$piuip AgplApgp_u bpfNpldp huL$[u `pd R> (A_ Agpl
Apgp [_p\u dplb[ L$fhp gpN R>)A_ Ap S> Ap^pf `f [khya
(kyauhp])_p [fuL$pdp iM_p(ùf) d[bp AL$ DQ A_ khW
d[bp R>; AV$gy S>_lu `f[y ]ph[ Bggpldp [Ap èNbfp_y
r[r_ûh L$fu fp R>. iM `p[p_p dyfu]$pdp AgplApgp_u
dplb[ A fu[ N[ L$f R> L$ [_ fkyggpl kggplp Agel
hkgd_u [pb]pfu A_ A_ykfZ_p dpN `f gNpX$u ] R> A_ S> epe
fu[ fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u [pb]pfu L$f R>, [p
AgplApgp [_p\u dplb[ L$fhp gpN R> S>dL$ Bip] Bgplu R> :Ly$gBfiLy$fi[yd [pluby_gpl abD_u eylbub L$pdygpl.
(`pfp.3,$L$y .12)
A\p [ :- Ap` adphu p L$, [d AgplApgp\u
(A\p
dplb[ L$fp R>p [p dpfy A_ykfZ A_ [pb]pfu L$fp, [p AgplApgp
[dpfp\u dplb[ L$fhp gpNi.)
(Ap fu[ ùf_y L$pe R b]p_ AgplApgp_p dlbyb
b_phhp_y A_ [_S > dL$pd dlbb
y ue[ L$lh
pdp Aph R> S> rhgpe[_p
y ue[ hQ_p
dL$pdpdp OZpS> byg] $ R> dL$pd Npjue[ A_ dL$pd dlbb
lep[ iplApgd (D]y) dp [_p dykfi_ua lTf[ kyau
[aph[ L$u[pb-lep[
_Tuf Ald] kplb (fld[ygpl Agel)A `p_p _.90 (_hy
kL$fZ. 2001) dp L$ep R>.)
dSLy$f l]uj`pL$_u h^y R>ZphV$ L$f[p lTf[ iMyipeyM
(Ly$kufly)A ApNm adpey L$, iM gpL$p_p q]gdp Aggpl_u
dplb[ A fu[ `]p L$fu ] R> L$ [Ap dyfu]$p_ _ak_u `pL$uTNu
([TL$uepA _ak)_p dpN `f Qgph R>. A_ Sepf _ak hR> A_
`pL$-kpa \B e R> [p q]$g$ù Afukp fpi_u lpkug L$f R> A_ [dp
81
ATd[ Bgpluepl_u [S>guAp r[tbbu[ \pe R> A_ S>dpg [plu]

[ d p S>hpNf \B e R> A_ Ap fu[ [ dy i plu]p-A - lLL
(AgplApgp_p q]]pf)dp diNyg \B e R> A_ Ap `pL$uTNu_y
`qfZpd A lpkug \pe R> L$ [ `p[p_p `fhfq]Npf\u dplb[ L$fhp
gpN R>. AgplApgp_p Bip] R>, L$] Aagl d_ TLplp. ( S>Z
`p[p_p _ak_ `rh Lep [Z kam[p dmhu.)
A_ kam[p_u kyf[ A S> R> L$ b]p AgplApgp_u
dApfa[dp L$pepb \ep. kam[p_u bu AL$ kyf[ A R> L$ Sepf b]$p_p
q]g$ù Afukp hR> \B Nep A_ [_ fpi_u lpkug \B NB [p epf
[_ `p[p_u [dpd Ap[qfL$ MfpbuAp A_ N]L$uAp _S>f QY$u A_
`p[p_u Akg lL$uL$[p [_u D`f lf \B NB; [dS> ApMf[_u Akg
A_ [_u [dpd MybuAp `Z [_u $udp kdpB NB; [p A S> kde
[_u q]$e$u (Mygu S>[p)[dp b_ S>lp__u lL$uL$[p A_ _[uAp
`$ \B S>[p [ dyfu] ldi
Nuhpmu h[y_( ApMf[_)A`_phu [\p
[_p\u dplb[ L$fhp gpep, [dS> _pih[ h[y_ (]y$_uep_)R>pX$u
]$uû. A S> fu[ [TL$uepA _ak(_ak_u `pLuTNu)_p AL$bu ape]p
A _uLep L [_p \Lu dipBMp_p dlp_ d[bp A_ [_u [bue[_u
Akfp lf \B e R>. Ap_p\u kpbu[ \ey L$, iM AgplApgp_p
gL$fp_p d]$]$Npf R> AV$g L$ dipBM AgplApgp_u apS> R> S>_p \L$u
AgplApgp dyfu]p_ kpQp dpN `f gNpX$u ] R> A_ lLuLu [pgubp_u
[_p hX$ fl_ydpB L$f R>.
epf bp] lTf[ iMyipeyM(Agerlfldp)adph R> L$; S>
L$pBA Ap dlp_ dL$pd(dL$pd iMu,ùf`])lpkug L$fu gu^p A\hp
[p S> L$pB Ap lpg dpZ R> S> Ad D`f hZep [p A S> `fu`|Z
(L$pdug)iM, Apfua dplLuL$ R>, S>_u AL $u ]hp_y L$pd L$f R> A_
[_p L$gpd iuap Ap`_pfp R>. ($lp_u rbdpfuAp\u), [ Agpl
Apgp_u kp\S> Nya[Ny L$f R> AV$g L$ S> L$B
L$l R> Agpl_u [fa\u L$l
R> A_ Mpdpi fl R> [p Agpl_p lzd\u S>.
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)A `p[p_u dL[ybp[ ifua _p ]a[f-2_p dL[yb _.57 dp A
dipBM qLfpd L$ S>Ap lfu A_ bpr[_u b_ L$pf_p Dgydp ^fph R>,
[_ S> kpQp hpqfkyg-Asbep A_ _peb fkyg Lp R>; L$ S>_u aTug[
l]uj`pL$dp Aphu R>. Ap` dS>Ly$f dL[yb ifua dp adph R> L$,
82
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A_ [guN_p l[y `Z A S> R> L$ Bfikp__u lfu A_ bpr[_u
b_ L$pf_u ky^pfZp L$fhpdp Aph, dp lfu ]$ph[ A A^yfu ]$ph[
R>, A_ Ap b_ `L$pf_u ]$ph[ dp DdpA fbp_u _y S> L$pe R>, L$
S>Ap b_ L$pf_p lfu [dS> bpr[_u Bdp hX$ kyipcu[ R>, S>ApA
]y_uep `f ApMf[_ ANud[p Apù R>, S>Ap bpr[_u AdfpT
(budpfuAp)_p [bub R>, [Ap_u V$udp riap R> A_ [Ap_p L$gpd
]$hp$` R> A_ Aphp Ddp S> MfMf ùf `]$_u gpeL$p[ ^fph R>. [dS>
lL$uL$[dp Ap L$pf_p ]$pB A_ dybguN S> AgplApgp_p kp\u
dlbb
y b]$pAp R>, L$d L$ [Ap `p[p_u lfu A_ bpr[_u dl_[p A_
e_p \L$u b]$p_u $udp Agpl-Apgp_ A_ AgplApgp_u
r_Npldp b]$p_ dlbyb b_phhp_y DL$$ L$pe Ad Apù fp R>
A_ b]$p_p q]$gpdp AgplApgp_u dplb[_p S>Tbp b]$pf L$fu fp
R>. L$pB `Z ik Ap L$pf_u gpeL$p[ A_ MybuAp `p[p_u A]$f _
^fph[p lpe ep kyû [Z `p[p_ _peb fkyg L$ hpqfkyAsbep
[fuL$ ApmMphhy A _fu dyMpdu R> !
[p Ap R> L$pdug ùfp A_ dipBM L$ufpd_u dlp_ ip_ A_
[_p DQ d[bpAp.
*(2) ùf`]$ dpV$ S>$fu lfu gpeL$p[p
ùf_p d[bp A_ [_u ip_ L$V$gu dlp_ A_ DQ L$pf_u R>
S>_u ApNm Ap`Z QQp L$fu Nep. ApV$gu dlp_ `]$hu dpV$ gpeL$p[p
`Z AV$guS> dlp_ lphu S> BA. Ap dpV$ DdpA L$ufpd A_ kyauepA
DTpd L$V$gpL$ lfu ^pfp^pfZp A_ gpeL$p[p _$u L$fu R>, S>
ùf`]$_u p[u dpV$ lphu S>$fu R>, S>_y lz lh bep_ L$fu fp Ry> :L$u[pb-Ap]$pb kpguL$ dp ùf_u lfu gpeL$p[p kb^
lTf[
Agpdp dya[u dpld
]$ dD]$ipl kplb _ib]$u-dy]$u(fld[ygpl
Agel)L$ S>Ap ]$ulu_u a[l`yfu iplu d]$_p iplu Bdpd A_ dlp_
hguA L$pdug, kplb r_b[ A_ kplb L$ap-L$fpd[ byTN
y l[p, [Ap
adph R> L$, ùfdp Ap dyS>b Qpf*(4)lfu gpeL$p[p lphu S>$fuR>.
*(1) ùf `pb] ifuA[ lphp BA.
*(2) ùf L$pB kplb r_b[\u r_b[ lpkug L$fgu
lphu BA.
*(3) ùf kplb BT[ `Z lphp BA.
*(4) ùf_p [fuL$[_p rkgrkgp Ap lTf[ (kggplp
Ap` kpcey li L$, l]uj`pL$dp Apey R> L$, L$pg Lepd[_p

]uhk Ddp_u eplu_ ilu] au kbugugpl_p gplu hX$ [pmhpdp
Aphi [p [ eplu_p hS>_ ilu]$p_
p gplu\u hû S>i. bu Dd[_
Ap ]pg[ pe _\u. [Ap_ S> L$B dey R> [ dp Ap_ykNuL$ A_
[_p\u kb^
u[ R>, S> S>X$ R> [ [p L$pB
`Z kN
pdp S>X$ S> R> A_ ipMp
Ap S>X$dp\u S> _uLm R>. Alu Dd[_p dybguNp A_ lLL$_u ]$ph[
Ap`_pfpAp (]$pB)_u byTyNu_ kdS>hu BA. L$ ]ph[ A_
[guN_p LVgpe ]fSAp R> A_ ]pB [dS> dyguN rhrh^ ]fSAp
^fph R>. Apgudp dpV$p cpN lfu [pgud kp\ X$pegp R> A_
kyauepA qLfpd bp[u_(Ap[qfL$)[guN kp\ X$pegp R> A_ S>
Apgud [\p kyau b_ R> [ qL$bue[ Aldf (gpgN^L$ _u S>d AL$kuf
kdp_)R>. [Ap lfu A_ bpr[_u b_ L$pf_u [guN_ gpeL$ R>
A_ [ApS> èNbf (kggplp AgeA hkgd)_p (kpQp)
_peb A_ hpfk]$pf R>.
AdyL$ DdpApA Ap Dd[_p dplujp_ L$ S>Ap fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u Alp]ujp_u [guN L$f R>, [Ap_
Ap Dd[dp $ dpfie[p R>, `f[y [Ap_ [dpd fu[ khW$
kdep R> [p Alv([Ap_u)cyg R>; A_ [Ap_ lfu dybguNp\u
kb^
u[ L$f R> [p A hp[ ie R>, L$pfZL$ `yf- `yfu aTug[ dp [ dA
dybguN (khpdyMu [ucp ^fph[p QpfL$) dpV$ R> L$ S>Ap lfu
[guN `Z L$f R> A_ Ap[qfL$ fu[ `Z.
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u
(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)A Ap Dd[_p ]$pB(^pdwL$ r_dL$)A_
dybguN(^pdwL$ QpfL$)_u aTug[p fSy> L$fu R> A_ L$y R> L$, dp
lfu [guN L$f_pf A `fu`yZ ]$pB L$ dybguN _\u `f[y dA
dybguN A_ ]$pB [p A S> R> L$ S> lfu A_ bpr[_u b_ L$pf_u ]$ph[
Ap`_pf A_ [guN L$f_pf R> A_ Aphp khp d y M u [ucp
^fph_pf ]$pB A_ dybguN dp L$pdug dipBM qL$fpd A_
kyauepA qL$fpd S> R>, A_ [Ap S> MfMf hpqfkyAsbep A_
_peb fkyg R>, _lv L$ dp b-Qpf D]y$ L$ NyS>fp[u L$u[pbp `Y$u
gB_ W $ f-W $ f [guN dpV $ rb[fp-`p V $gp gB_ _uL$mu
`X$_pfpAp [dS> ANX$d-bNX$d L$u[pbp hpQu_ b_u bW$gp
dy b guNp .
83
84
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Agel hkgd)kyû A[yV$`Z `lpQ[p lphp BA, hQ\u [yV$u

Negp _ lphp BA.
Ap Qpf*(4)hp[pdp\u AL$ `Z hp[dp L$iu Mpdu li L$ AL$
`Z gpeL$p[ ApR>u li [p dpAfa [(My]$pB op_)_u p[u _p dydL$u_
R>, [_p\u dyfu] b_u_ Lepfe My]p kyû `lpQu iL$pi _lu.
`R>u Ap` dS>Ly$f Qpfe bpb[p_p $di: Mygpkp Ap dyS>b
bep_ adpep R>.
*(1) ùf ifuA[_p `pb] lphp BA.
AV$gL $ ifuA[_u `pb]u `L$u kp\u `lgp [ Alg kyfi_[ hg
S>dpA[_p AL$pB]dyS>b rbLy$g ]y$f[ lphp BA A_ [_p Qy[ `pb]
lphp BA, [dp bpg bfpbf `Z aL$ _ lphp BA L$pfZL$ Ap S> [p
Bdp__u S>X$ R>. epf bp] ifuA[_p [dpd AlL$pdp AV$g L$ aTp,
hpbp, kyfi_[p A_ dy[lbp_p `yfp `pb] lphp BA A_ L$pB
L$pe
ifuA[_p rMgpa_y _ L$f[p lphp BA. Ap A S> pS>hy A_ L$kpV$u R>
L$ S>_p \L$u kpQp-MpV$p_p c] `fMpe e R>. L$pB lhpdp DX$, L$
`pZu `f Qpg A_ ApN `f Qpg `f[y ifuA[_u qhfy hpm bfpbf
`Z L$pe L$f[p lpe [p [_ i[p_ L$lhpdp Aph R>, L$pfZL$ ApRy> Mphy
A_ ApR>y E^hy A b L$pe \L$u NuAp, rl]y [p_u bpZp A_ ey_p_u
lL$udp A `Z Aphp A_L$ ipb]pAp(QdL$pfp S>dL$ lhpdp EX$hy
hNf) ]MpXep R>, Ap Agpl kyû `lpQ
hp_p f[p _\u. lTf[ hp
dpld] dpkyd kfrl]$u(fld[ygpl Agel)A Ap A_yk^p_ gey R>
L$, S> es[ Aphu hp[p ]MpX$[p lpe(lhpdp EX$hy hNf)A_
ifuA[\u hpm bfpbf rMgpa Qpg[p lpe L$]$pù L$]pù [d A ilfdp
`Z _ flp L$]pQ [_p\u kb^
\B e, [ i[p_ A_ Qpf R>, S> Bdp_
Qpfu g R>. AdyL$ byTN
y p adph R> L$, `pZu `f gpL$X$u, Opk_y [ZMgy
Qpg R>, lhp `f dpMu A_ dR>f `Z DX$ R>. A L$$fpd[p _\u, `f[y
dy]p q]$gp_ h[ L$fhp AV$g L$ Agpl_u ep]$dp gNpX$u ]hp kp\u dpV$u
L$fpd[ R>.
*(2) ùf L$pB kplb r_b[\ur_b[ lpkug L$fgu lphu BA.
AV$g L$ L$pB
`pb] ifuA[ A_ kplb L$dpg ùf\u dyfu] b_u_
gpbu dy[ kyû [_u kplb[ A_ rM]d[dp flu_ bpr[_u r_b[
A_ kb^ AgplApgp\u L$ped L$fgp lpe A_ aT bp[u_u A_
kygyL$ AV$g L$ Agpl Apgp kyû `lpQhp_p f[p L$pe]kf fu[ `pf
85
Lep lpe. Ap lTf[ (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u kplb[dp S>

klpbu h^y kde kyû fp [Ap EQp ]fSAp `f `lpep. Alu
kplb[_u aTug[ A_ kplb[_y dlh kpbu[ \pe R>. dpV$pcpN_p
byTyNp_ ]$u_ S>dL$ hp-A-rl], hp Nfub _hpT(f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp)20 hj kyû `p[p_p ùfp-dyiu]$_u rM]d[dp fp,
L$pfZL$ S> S>Z L$B dmey R>, byTyNp-_u kplb[ A_ rM]d[ \L$u S>
dmey R>. Akgu ùf [ R> S>Z aTp_ dpld]u (kggplp Agel
hkgd)S> rk_p-b-rk_p ùfp_ `lp ep R>, [ `p[p_p ùf hX$ lpkug
Lep lpe, il_ipl _Lib] lTf[ blpDu_ipl(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp) [dp `Z b(2) L$pf b[pX$ R>. *(1)AL$ ùf L$pdug A_
*(2)ùf dyL$dug. *L$pdug `p[ [p _yfp_u lpe R, `f[y _y f bi
_\u lp[p AV$g L$ bu_ _yf `lpQpX$hp_u is[ ^fph[p _\u A_
bu *dyL$dug L$ S> My] `Z _yfp_u lpe R> A_ _yfbi `Z.AV$gL $
bu_ _yf `lpQpX$hp_u is[ ^fph[p lpe R>, A_ AV$gp dpV$ S>
Ap(dyL$dug)ùf S> ùfu_ gpeL$ R, L$ S _yf dpld]$u (kggplp
Agel hkgd) dyfu]p_p q]gdp AL$p L$fu_ `lpQpX$u_ [_
S>NdNphu ] R>; S> ùfdp Ap [pL$[ L$ is[ _ lpe [p dyfu]_ [_p dyfu]$
b_u_ L$ [_u kplb[ hX$ iy ape]p \hp_p?
Akgu ùf\u AgN \ep `R>u `Z dp fp[pl (AL$ L$pf_p
$lp_u kb^
) A_ [khyf ùf hX$ `Z aTepb \B iL$pe R A_ \pe
R. lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u (fq]egplp Apgp Afilp)
`p[p_p `rh dL$[b
y _.221dp adph R> L$, S> fu[ Ap ùf byTN
y h
pf
r_b[ A_ aT kpQp dyfu]p_ A`Z L$fhp_u is[ ^fph R> AS> fu[
aT `pR>p MQv_ dyfu]$p_ dyaguk A_ Mpgu lp\ L$fu ]$hp_u `Z is[
^fph R>. _pfpT \hp\u L$ S>fp Ad\p bep_`Zp hX hjp_u _Ad
[
R>u_hu g R>, AgplApgp `p[p_p A_ ùfp_p NTb [dS> Nykp\u
bQph.
Ap L$pf_u OV$_pAp Adpfp ùfp dpl\u lTf[ ke]$ Bdpd
Agu ipl kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)\u OZu hpf kp]$uf \B R>,
L$pfZL$ Ap lTfp[p_p rdT dlbybue[ A_ g[pa[_p L$pfZ OZp
S> _pSy>L$ lpe R>, S>fp Ad\y `Z df_u rMgpa L$pe \hp\u _pMyi
\B_ b^Sy > Ap`gy gB g R> A_ R>[p `Z Myi \B e [p `pRy> `Z
A`w ]$ R>
86
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[e L$ep hNf S> ùf b_u bW$p lpe Ahp rkgrkgp klu kgpd[ A_
L$ped _ fp [ hQ\u [yV$u Nep AV$gp dpV$ Ahp rkgrkgpdp dyfu]$
\hy bL$pf b[pX$g R>; [ My]$p kyû `lpQu iL$[p _\u, L$pfZL$ [ My]$S>
My]$p kyû _\u `lpep. [p Ap fu[ $lp_u kpL$m kgpd[ lphu S>$fu R>
L$pBA kygyL$_ `|Z L$ep hNf S> rMgpa[ L$ BT[ dmhu guû$ [p
Ap `Z rkgrkgp_u kpL$m [yV$u Negu S> L$lhpi, dp iS>fpdp _pd
QX$phu ]$hp_u hp[ R>, bpL$u [_p dpV$_u gpeL$p[ Lep? Ap [p AL$
S>bf][ ^pMp A_ bhX$u Nydfplu R>. L$pfZL$ iS>fp dpV$ i[ R> $lp_u
kpL$m kgpd[ lphu BA Sepf Alu Ap i[_p `yf`
fy p cN \egp R>.
Ap dyp kdS>hp OZp S> S>$fu R> A_ [_u D`f qQ[_-d__ L$fhy `Z
S>$fu R>.
*(3) ùf`]$ dpV$ S>$fu bpr[_u kgprle[p
Alu kyû Ap`Z ùf`] dpV$_
u lfu gpeL$p[p_u QQp L$fu,
ùfdp Ap lfu gpeL$p[p D`fp[ `Z L$V$gpe L$pf_u bpr[_u
kgprle[p A_ MybuAp_y lphy S>$fu R>. L$pfZL$ ùf_y L$pe R> Agpl_p
b]p_y Agpl\u rdg_ L$fphhp_y A_ Ap L$pe\u hû_ Ap ^f[u `f
AL$ `Z L$Wu_ L$pe _\u, dpV$ [dp A_L$ L$pf_u Ap[qfL$ MybuAp A_
kgprle[p lphu Ae[ S>$fu R>, [p S> [ Ap L$pe_ Ad Apù iLi.
Ap A_yk^
p_ byTN
y p_ q]__p L$V $gpL$ Ah[fZp A_ [_u kdSy>[u fSy>
L$fu fp Ry>,
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u(fq]egplp Apgp
Afilp)ùf_u bpr[_u kgprle[p A_yk^
p_ `p[p_p dL$[ybp[ ifua
dp ]a[f Ahg_p dL$[yb _.224 dp adph R> L$; Zhy BA L$
iM(ùf)b_hy A_ lLL$_u [fa dgyL$_ ]ph[ Ap`hp_p dL$pd OZpS>
KQp R>. Ap` kpcey li L$, AiMp au L$dlu L$fi_bue au
Dd[lu. (A\p[:-iM(ùf) `p[p_p L$pddp A fu[ R> L$ S> fu[
_bu `p[p_u Dd[dp.) ]fL$ kgprle[ hNf_p_ Ap DQ dL$pd kp\
iu ghp ]hp?
lf N]pA d] d ] $p L$ ih],
ùkyA ApMuf kygdp L$ ih].
(A\p[ ::-]fL$ cunyL$ d]$p__p d] _\u b_u iL$[p. R>hV$ dR>f
kygd
p_ L$h
u fu[ b_u iL$? .))
Alhpgp A_ dL$pdp[p_y rh[[ Bd lphy, dyipl]p[
lTf[ ]$p[pNS>bi gplpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph R>

L$, dyfu]$ epf S> b_ph L$ epf `p[p_pdp fpb]$g L$fhp_u QX$
is[(Ly$h[ [kfya)S>yA AV$g L$ aT dyfu]$p_ `lpQpX$hp_u [pL$p[
`p[p_pdp Sy>A, _lu[f ùf A_ dyfu]$ b_ Mfpb \i.
[p Ap fu[ ùf_y L$pB
kplb r_b[ \L$u r_b[_y lpkug L$fhy
A_ AdyL$ dy[ kyû [_u kplb[ [dS> Mu]$d[dp flhy Ae[ S>$fu
R>.
*(3) ùf kplb BT[ `Z lphp BA
AV$g L$ L$pB L$pdug-dyL$dug A_ ifuA[_p `pb]$ ùf pfp
[_ r_b[ `Z lpkug lpe; [_p hX$ kygLy $_p dpN_ `yfu fu[ `pf L$fg
lpe A_ rMgpa[ `Z lpkug L$fu lpe. epf bp]$ ùf [_u A]$f Ly$h[
[kfya_y r_qfnZ L$fu_ `R>u [_ L$pe]$kf dyfu]$ b_phhp_u `fhp_Nu
Ap` epf S> [ Ap dlp_ L$pe_ gpeL$ b_ R>. ApS>L$pg[p L$V$gpL$ _L$gu
A_ _pL$uk ùfp dyfu]$ \[p_u kp\ S> [_ rMgpa[ Apù ]$ R>, iy
ùfp_ùf ][Nuf A_ lTf[ hpTp Nfub _hpT(f]$uegplp
Afilpdp) \u `Z Ap ùf dpV$p ]$f_p R> ? [ApA [p hjp_p dylu]$p
A_ qfepT[p `R>u lpkug L$ey, epf Alv [p dyfu]$ bfiep L$ [f[ S>
Apù ]$u^y. _ [p Aphp ùf ùfu_ gpeL$ R>, _ [p [_p Mrgap [_ gpeL$
R>. AdyL$ gpL$p kygyL$_p dpN_ `fu`|Z L$ep rh_p S> bp`_u Np]$u `f
bku e R>. lTf[ ipl A]y$g ATuT dpluk ]$lhu(fld[ygpl
Agel)A Aphu ùfu-dyfu]$u_ lfpd L$lu R>. [p Ap fu[ ùf dpV$ dp
rMgpa[ S> _lu `f[y BT[ `Z lphu S>$fu R>; A `Z L$pdug-dyL$dug
ùf_u kplb[ A_ Mu]$d[dp AL$ dy[ kyû flu_ kygLy $_p dpN_ `yfu
fu[ `pf L$ep `R>u, _lu L$ QV$ dN_u Apf `V$-buepl_u S>d. ùf
b_hp_p Aphp BfikV$fiV$ `L$S> S> kp\u dpVy$ _yL$kp_ `lpQpXey R>, S>_p
L$pg L$epd[_p ]$uhk S>hpb Ap`hp `X$i.
*(4) ùf_p [fuL$p_p rkgrkgp Ap lTf[ (kggplp
Agel hkgd) kyû A[yV$ `Z `lpQ[p lphp BA, hQ\u
L$pB `Z fu[ [yV$u Negp _ lphp BA rkgrkgp [yV$u Nep[p
[_p\u dyfu]$ b_hy bL$pf R> AV$gL $ Mp_]$p__p iS>fpdp S> _pd ùfp_p
R> [Ap_p rkg-rkgp bfpbf lzTfy (kggplp Agel hkgd)kyû
`lpQ[p lpe, AL$ ùf A`|Z lpe L$ hNf BT[ A\hp [p kygyL$
`pf L$ep hNf S> ùf b_u Nep lpe A\hp `y bp`_p [fuL$p_p kygLy $_
87
88
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A_ [_u hQ_p c] `pfMu_ A dyS>b Ap dpNdp [pgub_ $lp_u
dpN]i_ Apù iL$i.
*(4) ùf `pk $lp_u lpg[p A_ dL$pdp[p_u ApmM_y blpmy
op_ [dS> A_ychp lphp BA, L$pfZL$ [_u `pk Ap L$pf_y op_
A_ A_ychp li[p S> [ dyfu]$p L$ [pgubp_p rhrh^ $lp_u dL$pdp[p
A_ lpgp[p_ ApmMu iL$i A_ Ap dL$pdp[pdp [_ _k_u ifpf[p
A_ M[fpAp [dS> i[p__u `Q-mp A_ R>m-L$`V$p\u kyfnu[
fpMu iL$i [dS> [_u S>$f[ A_ gpeL$p[ dyS>b `p[p_u [hl A_
Apdbm hX ApNm_p dL$pdp [fa gB S>B iL$i A_ Ap fu[ [_
S>dpg Bgplu _p dyipl]$p L$fphu iL$i A_ hg_u ]$pg[ hX$ _hp
iL$i.
*(5) ùf `pk L$ap A_ Blpdp[p_y Bd lphy S>$fu R>,
AV$g L$ ùf_y fpi_ Tduf lphy S>$fu R> [dS> ùf `pk hpL$Ap[($lp_u
b_php)_p A\OV$_p_y Bd lphy `Z S>$fu R> L$pfZL$ [p S> [ dyfu]$p `f
rhrh^ lpgp[pdp NyS>f[p hpL$Ap[p L$ S> rdkpgu kyf[pdp lpe R>, [_y
kpQu fu[ A\OV$_p L$fu_ dyfu]$_ i[p__u ^pMpbpAp A_ _kp_u
M[fp[p\u dlazT fpMu iL$i. A_ ùf `pk L$ap-Blpdp[_u
gpeL$p[ li [p S> [ dyfu]$ A_ [pgub_ byfp dpNp\u A_ ]y$fiehu gpcgpgQp A_ hpk_pAp\u ApNpl L$fu_ [_ AgpL$ dpld
]$u (kggplp
Agel hkgd) hX$ kyipcu[ L$fu iL$i.
*(6) ùf `pk Ahu $lp_u Ly$h[ A_ Ap[fuL$ lpgp[p_ fpb]$g L$fhp_y bm Apdbm(Willpower) [dS> Ly$h[ [kfya lphu
BA L$ S>_p hX$ [pgubp A_ dyfu]$p_ AL$ dL$pd\u bu dL$pd [fa
MQu_ gB S>B iL$ R> [dS> [_p ku_pdp flg aTp_ dpld]$u
(kggplp Agel hkgd)A_ bpr[_u _yf [pgub_ A`Z L$fu_
[pgub_ L$dpgue[_p ]$fS> `lpQpX$u iL$i [dS> [pgub_u A]$f
Ry>`pegu rhrh^ Ap[qfL$ is[Ap_ N[ L$fu iL$i.
ApR>pdp ApR>u ApV$gp L$pf_u bpr[_u kgprle[p ùfdp lphu
Ae[ S>$fu R> L$ S>_p DgM lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu]$ Aajp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `p[p_p `rh dL[yb ifua dp L$ep R>,
[]y$`fp[ bu L$V$gue MybuAp_u ApheL[p R> S>_p DgM dlp_
byTyNp_ ]$u_ `p[p_u L$u[pbpdp L$ep R>, S> `L$u L$V$gpL$ Ah[fZp lz fSy>
L$fy Ry>.
A_ [Sguep[_u lL$uL$[p _ u ZL$pfu lp h u, L$ap A_

Blpdp[p_y [_ lpkug lphy [dS> hpL$Ap[($lp_u b_php)_p
A\ O V$_p _ u ZL$pfu lp h u Ap DQ dL$pd(dL$pd i M uùf`]$)_u S>$fuep[p `L$u R>, hb]y_lp Mf[yL$[p]. (A_ _lu[f
[p dp bape]p [L$gua rkhpe L$iyS> _\u)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dySu] Aajp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)A Ap ùf_p dlp_ A_ DQ d[bp dpV$
S>$fu bpr[_u kgprle[p_y hZ_ Ley R>. dL$[ybp[ ifua dp Ap`
A_L$ S>epA ùf_u bpr[_u Ly$h[p A_ kgprle[p kb^
MygpkpAp
fSy L$fg R>, S> [dpd_p kpfpi A R> L$ ùfdp _uQ dyS>b_u bpr[_u
kgprle[p lphu Ae[ S>$fu R>, [p S> [ ùfu_p dL$pd_ gpeL$ A_ Ap
dlp_ L$pe_ kpfu fu[ A]$p L$fhp_u M|bu lpkug L$fu iL$i.
*(1) kp\u \d [p [Z Ap kygLy $ A_ S>Tbpl_p S> b dpNp
R>, S>_p \L$u b]$p Ly$b Bgplu lpkug L$fu iL$ R>, [ dpNp_ `yfu fu[ `pf
L$fg
p lphp BA [dS> Ap dpNp_
p flep\u hpL$ua lphp BA. [dS>
Ap dpNp `f Qpgu_ a_p A_ bL$p_p dL$pdp lpkug L$fgp lphp BA
[p S> [_p ]fL$ L$pe _akp_ue[ A_ i[p_u `Qp\u Mpgu li A_ Ap
fu[ [ dyfu]_ L$ [pgub_ `Z fplfTp (Agpl Apgp_u fTp_p dpN)
`f Qgphu iL$i.
*(2) ùf, dyfu] L$ [pgub_u rhrh^ Ap[qfL$ is[Ap A_
gpeL$p[p_ ApmM_pfp lphp BA, L$pfZL$ dyfu] L$ [pgub b__pfp
AgN-AgN L$pf_u Ap[qfL$ is[Ap A_ gpeL$p[p ^fph[p lpe R>,
L$pB_pdp S>Tbpl_p dpN \L$u Qpghp_u is[ Ry>`pegu lpe R>, L$pB
kygLy $_p dpN_u gpeL$p[ ^fph[p lpe R> [p Ap s\[udp ùf Aph_pf
[pgub L$ dyfu]_u Ap[qfL$ is[ A_ gpeL$p[\u AZ li [p [_
DgV-kygV$ dpN `f Qgphu_ [pgub_u Ap[qfL$ is[ [dS> gpeL$p[_
[bpl A_ bfbp] L$fu _pMi A_ [_ Nydfplu_u EX$u N[pdp ^L$g
u_
ldip_u dp[dp ^L$gu ]i, L$pfZL$ ùfu- dyfu]u _pd R> Bfikp_dp
Ry>`pegu Ap fu[_u is[Ap_ DNf L$fu_ [_ Agpl_p dpN `f
gNpX$hp_y.
*(3) ùf dyipl]p[ A_ [Sguep[p_u lL$uL$[p_u ApmM
^fph[p lphp BA A_ [p S> [ dyfu] L$ [pgub `f _pTug \[u rhrh^
[S>guep[p, L$aue[p A_ AgN-AgN dyipl]p[p_ ApmMu iL$i
89
90
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
ùf_u bpr[_u kgprle[p kb^

qL$[pb ahpB]y$kpgL$u_ L$
S> lTf[ hpTp Lybyu_ bepf L$pL$u (fld[ygpl Agel)_p `rh
dazTp[_p kNl R>, S>_ Ap`_p ANNe Mrgap lTf[ bpbp
afu]y$u_ NS>iL$f A^_u(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$u[ L$fg R>,
[dp gey R> L$, k]$pl(ùf_u Np]$u) `f bkhy A_ beA[ L$fhy
A es[ dpV$ epe R>, S>_pdp Ahu [pL$p[ lpe L$ bu_ `Z kplb
k]$pl(ùf)b_phu iL$ A_ rhgpe[_u Ap L$pf_u is[ [_pdp
_ lpe [p [ iM(ùf) b_hp_ gpeL$ _\u, AV$gy S> _lu `f[y [
kygyL$hpmpAp_u r_L$V$[p dp AL$ MpV$p ]$ph]$pf A_ kp\u dpV$p Sy>$p
R>.
A_ dS>Ly$f dazTp[dp S> Ap` AL$ bu S>epA adpey R> L$,
iM_u(ùf) A]$f AV$gu l]$ q]$g_u [pL$p[ [dS> Tduf_u kplb[
lphu BA epf L$pB es[ [_p\u beA[ \hp dpV$ Aph [p [_u
D`f hpb R> L$ [ `p[p_u Ap[qfL$ is[ hX$ [ es[_p rk_pdp flgu
rhrh^ MfpbuAp L$ S> ]y$fiehu N]$L$uAp hX$ MfX$pegu R>, [_ rbLy$g
`pL$-kpa L$fu ]$ L$ S>\u Sy>W$, ]$Np, afb, lk]$, byfpBAp A_ ]y$fiehu
MfpbuAp `L$u L$pB S> Mfpbu [_p rk_pdp _ fl epf bp]$ [_p lp\
`p[p_p lp\dp gB_ [_ dpAfa[(My]$pB op_)_p c]$p\u ZL$pf
L$fu ]$ A_ ùf_ Ap L$pf_u Ly$]$f[ lpkug _lpe [p A hp[ Qp$k`Z
Zu ep L$ Aphp ùf A_ dyfu]$ b_ Nydfplu_p S>Ngdp cV$L$[p fl_pfp
R>.
L$u[pb AfpfyApguep L$ S> lTf[ bpbpafu]y$u_ NS>iL$f
A^_u(Ly$kuflz)_p dazTp[_p kNl R> S>dp Ap` AL$ S>epA
ùf_u kgplue[ A_yk^
p_ adpey R> L$, ùfdp Tp[u Ly$h[ A L$pf_u
lphu BA L$ epf L$pB
ik dyfu]$ b_hp_u r_e[\u [_u rM]$d[dp
lpS>f \pe [p [_u lz_AL$u]$[ _ Sy>A; [_ adp_ lLL dp dS>by[ _
Sy>A [p [_ ûd flu_ L$lu]$ L$ lSy> [pfp kde _\u Apep, `pR>p Qpep
.
A_ dS>Ly$f dazTp[dp S lTf[ hpTp Ly$byu_ bepf L$pL$u
(fld[ygpl Agel)_y AL$ adp_ _pey R> L$, ep kyû iM
`p[p_p(b__pfp) dyfu]$_p lf [dS> bpr[_ B _ g ep kyû [_p
dpV$ dyfu]$ b_phhp hpb _\u.
ùf_u bpr[_u kgprle[p fSy L$f[p ky[p_ydp-l$L$u_ lTf[
91
d]y$d S>lp iM ifazu_ Ald]$ epp dy_ufu(fld[ygpl Agel)

`p[p_p d[ybp[ ifua L$ S> d[ybp[ k]$u _p _pd\u dilyf R>, [dp
d[yb ifua _.6dp Algue[ iMu L$ bep_d A iujL$ lW$m S> adpey
R> [_p cphp_yhp]$ Alv lz fSy> L$fy Ry> :dpfp re cpB ikyu_ ! [d_ AgplApgp b_ S>lpdp
BT[ A`Z L$f. [d_ Z lphu BA L$ ùf`]$ dpV$ L$pZ gpeL$p[
^fph R>? A_ flbf b_hp_p L$pZ
lLL$]$pf R>? Ap L$pe_p `pep byTN
y p_
]$u_ Vy$ L$dp `pQ*(5)hp[p `f fpMg R> A_ Ap `pQe
$L$_p Ap Ape[
L$fudpdp\u L$pY$g R>. L$hgplz Apgp :- ahS>]$p A]$_ rd_ Abp]$_p
Ap[_plp fld[d rd_ Bfi]$_p h Ag_plp dug]y$fi_p Bdp.
(A\p[ :- [p dmp` \ep [ b__ AL$ b]$p_p dpfp b]$pAp
`L$u S>Z d dpfu [fa\u fld[ A[p adphu A_ [_ Bdg]y$fi_u
iuMey.)
AV$gp dpV$ L$ AgplApgpA lTf[ dykp (Aglukgpd)
_ dyfu]$u A_ dy[Agudu(rhphpRy>L$)_u ip_ kp\ lTf[ MuTf
(Aglukgpd)_u rM]$d[dp dpL$ep[p [dp ùf`]$ dpV$_p, flbf
[fuL$_p A_ D[p]$ [fuL$_p `pQ d[bp-Ap lf \ep,
*(1)`lgp d[bp Mpk b]$p lphp_p S rd_Abp]$_p hX$
lf \pe R>.
*(2) bu d[bp A lL$uL$[_ huL$pfhp_u kgprle[ A_
gpeL$p[ l[u, S>_p _yTyg hp[p rh_p lTf[ My]$ph]$u\u \[p l[p S>
Ap[_plp fld[d hX$ fpi_ A_ L$piu[ R>.
*(3) u d[bp A L$pe_ rhij[p ]$MpX$u fp R> L$ dL$pd
Bfi]$ue[(Ly$b_p Mpk d[bp) \L$u fld[ Mpk_u QpkZu [_ lpkug
l[u S> fld[dufiBfi]$_p hX$ `$ R>.
*(4) Qp\p d[bp AgplApgpA hp[p L$ hrkgp hNf S>
`p[p_u `pk\u [_ Bd iuMey l[y S> Ag_p hX$ rbLy$g kpa
r_L$mu fy R>.
*(5) `pQdp d[bp Bdg]y$fi_u_u ]$pg
[ A`Z \B l[u S>_y
NV$uL$fZ dug]y$fi_p Bdp hX$ \B fy R>.
lh ep_`yhL $ yAp [p Ap `pQ d[bpAp L$dpgp[p_p [dpd
A\p_p cX$pf kdp_ A_ [dpd ]$fAp A_ $lp_u dL$pdp_p kdphi
L$f_pf R>, lh [d Ahy BR>p L$ [_y `y$ rhhfZ A_ rh[[ MygpkpAp
92
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Alv S>V$gp d[bpAp, dL$pdp A_ rkap[p bep_ \ep A kuhpe
dL$pd iMu$(ùf`]$)_p L$dpg D`f L$dpg [p A R> L$ [_u l]$b^
u Aie
A_ [_ rkdu[ L$fhy ]y$hpf [dS> [_u NZu L$fhu Akcrh[ R>, L$pfZL$
iMu (ùf`]$) A_ dy[]$pB(dy[]$p L$ flbf b_hy) A dp Adpdp L$
dpV$u ]$pY$u fpMu ghp_y S> _pd _\u.
[dS> ùf_u 14 L$pf_u kgplue[p A_ MybuAp lTf[ lp
rl]$pe[ygpl ipl kplb _ib]$u-dyS>]$u (fld[ygpl Agel)
`p[p_u dilzf L$u[pb dAepfykygyL ]$paDAhlpd hipLy$L$$ dp
bep_ adphu R>, S> Ap dyS>b R>. *(1) S> ùf lfdp kyfi_[p_p `pb]$
lpe *(2) S>_ hp\u Agpl_u ep]$ Aph *(3) S>_u kplb[dp
bkhp\u ]y$_uep_u dplb[ ApR>u \pe *(4) S>_u kplb[dp bkhp\u
Agpl_u dplb[dp h^pfp \pe *(5) S>_u kplb[dp bkhp\u
fkyg My]p(kggplpAgel hkgd)_u dplb[dp h^pfp \pe
*(6) S>_u kplb[dp bkhp\u i[p_u hkhkpAp ApR>p \pe *(7)
S>_u kplb[dp bkhp\u _akp_u M[fpAp ApR>p \pe *(8) S>
dpV$pcpN Agpl_u Bbp]$[dp diNyg fl[p lpe *(9) S> Apdikp
L$f[p _ lpe *(10) S> gpcu _ lpe, k[pju lpe *(11) S> S>$fu
h[yAp gB_ _L$pdu h[yAp_ R>pX$u ]$[p lpe *(12) S>_u kplb[dp
]y$_uep_u hp[p ApR>u \[u lpe *(13) S>_u kplb[dp ldip cgpB_u
hp[p \[u lpe *(14) S>_p dpV$p cpN_p dyfu]$p _L$ lpe A_ My]$pfkyg_u dplb[_p Nbp ^fph[p lpe.
Ap R lLuLu A_ gpeL ùf_u MybuAp [dS> kgplue[p.
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu]$ Aajp_u(f]$uegplp Apgp
Afilp)A `p[p_p AL$ dL$[yb ifuadp AphpS> L$pdug ùf_u ikp
L$f[p gey R> L$, Ap fu[ L$pdug A_ L$pdug b_ph_pfp iM_u kplb[
qL$bue[ Aldf (]$fL$ gpMX$_ kp_y b_ph_pf-gpg N^L$) R>, S>_u
$u ]$hp$`($lp_u budpfuAp dpV$) A_ [_p L$gpd budpf ]$ugp_
[]$y f[u Ap`_pfp R>, A_ [ rkhpe [p L$pV $pmp TpX$ `f lp\> afhhp S>hu
hp[ R>.
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ dyS>u]$ kplb(Ly$kuflz)_p l[y A
R> L$, D`fp MybuAphpmp L$pdugùf dmu e [p A_ [_pdp
L$pdug b_phhp_u `Z Mybu lpe [p [ qL$bue[ Aldf AV$g L$
gpgN^L$_u S>d AL$kuf kdp_ R> L$ S> ]$fL$ gpMX$_ kp_y b_phu ]$i
Ap `dp L$fhpdp Aph [p A ie _\u. L$lhp_p l[y A R> L$ iM A_

flbf_p L$dpgp A S> R> L$ [dp Ap L$pf_u rhij[pAp(MybuAp) dpS>y ]$
lpe [dS> [ Ap L$pf_u rka[p hX$ Apcyju[ lpe A_ [Ap_ Ap
d[bpAp_u kf p[ lpe, A\hp [p Ad kd R>p L$ S>V$gp DL$$
dL$pdp A_ S>V$gu `k]$u]$p Ap]$[p(_L$ Ap]$[p)L$ S>_p DgM Ly$Ap_d
]$
L$ l]$ujifuadp R> [ A es[dp hp dm, S>\u iMu(ùf`]$) A_
flbf [fuL$ [_ gpeL$ NZhpdp Aph A_ Ap hp[_ `Z kd A_
kpcmp L$ [ `pQ dL$pd Lepf lpkug \pe R>.
*(1) dL$pd A]$ue[ epf lpkug \pe R> SepfL$ kpguL$
dprkhpe Agpl_u b]$Nu A_ `f[ui\u ApTp]$ \B e(dL$pd
a_p p[ L$fu g) R>. L$pfZL$ d[bpA Tp[_u A]$ue[ lphu klgy
_\u [dS> h rd_ Abp]$_p _u ]$pg[ hX$ dpgpdpg \hy Mg [dpip
_\u. (AV$gL$ AgplApgp_y r_:hp\w(dyguk)b]$p b_hy klgy
_\u. L$pfZL$ i[p_ [_u D`fS> L$pby _lu dmhu iL$.)
*(2) Ap[_plp fld[d _u kAp]$[ epfS> dmi [dS>
hp[p hNf lL$pBL$_u L$bygue[_u gpeL$p[ epf p[ \i, epf L$
b$ifue[_p [dpd NyZp\u `yfu fu[ r_L$mu S>i.
*(3) fld[dufiBfi]$_p _u DQ `]$hu `f epf S> \p_
dmi epf L$, [p MgL$y b AgpL$ugpl . hX$ ipcpedp_ \i (AV$g
L$ Agpl_u dgyL$ `f Ahu fld[ A_ dlfbp_u \B e L$ [_ `p[p_u
Aepg kdS>hp gpN) A_ ùfu_p dL$pddp [_u kuap[ Dgylue[ _u
[S>guep r[tbbu[ \hp gpN R>.
*(4) Ag_p _u L$fpd[ hX$ dyL$fd epf S> \B iL$i epf
]$ug$ù [[u `f\u [dpd L$pf_y bys^Ne L$ Agu, kdB AV$g L$
kpcmgy A_ luku AV$gL$ A_ych hX$ p[ L$fgy Bd cykpB S>i.
*(5) dug]y$fi_p Bdp epfS> A`Z \pe R> L$ epf
AgplApgp_u Tp[prkap[ A_ AaApg_u dpAfa[ (]$ueop_ApmM)p[ \B e. lTf[ qfkpg[ dApb (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_y Ap adp_ L$, Af[p fb b fbu (A\p[:- d dpfp
`pg_lpf_ dpfp `pg_lpf hX$S> Apmep) A S> A\_ lf L$f R>
(AV$gL$ `p[p_u Tp[dp [TguA Tp[u `p[p_u rkap[dp [TguA
rkap[u A_ `p[p_p L$pepdp [TguA AaApgu _y NV$uL$fZ_
r_lpmu_ [d_ `pg_lpf_u ApmM p[ \B.)
93
94
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$p[_pfu u `Z `p[p_p $ A_ L$p[gp [pf_u bpfuL$u A_
X$pB\u kpfu fu[ dplu[Npf lp e R> , `f [ y ùf S> `p [ p_p
dyfu]$p_p lpgp[p A_ gpeL$p[p\u AZ lpe !!! L$ lzTyf
_buA `pL$ (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u _L$ fu[-cp[ Ap k]$cd
p
dpS>y ]$ R> L$ Ap` gpL$p_
u kp\ [_u gpeL$p[ [dS> [_u L$r[N[ kgprle[
dyS>b S> hp[Qu[ L$f[p l[p [dS> [_u gpeL$p[ A_ kgprle[ dyS>b S>
[_ rl]$pe[ adph[p l[p. Ap` L$V$gpL$ Alpbp_ dpg MQ L$fhp_p
lzd Ap`[p l[p, epf AdyL$_ azTg
y MQw\u d_pB L$f[p l[p, A_ A
S fu[ AdyL$ gpL$p_ ^^p L$fhp_u rl]$pe[ adph[p l[p A_ AdyL$
lTfp[p_ [h$g `f h_ Nyfhp dpV$ d_pB L$f[p _ l[p.
lTf[ iMy ipeM
y (L$
y kufl)z _u dS>Ly$f Bbpf[\u [p Zhp
dey L$ ùf_u kpQu kgprle[ A_ Mybu [p [dpS> R> L$ [ dyfu]$p kp\
L$B fu[ h[? A_ Ap fu[ dyfu]$p kp\ [_p h[phS> [_u kpQu kgplue[p
A_ L$dpgp[p _ p A ] $pT Apù ] $ i . Ap A_y k ^ p_ L$u[pb
dAepfykygyL$ dp lTf[ lp rl]$pe[ygpl ipl kplb(fld[ygpl
Apgp Agel)AL$ `y$ L$fZ ùf_p dyfu]$p kp\_p h[ph A _pd fSy>
L$ey R>, S>dp AL$ S>epA Ap` adph R> L$, S> dpZ bu gpL$p
A_u(ùf_u) ipqffuL$ khp, L$ai bf]$pfu(X$p KQL$hp_u khp)[dS>
_pZp hX$ rM]$d[ L$f R> A S> fu[ ùf `Z `p[p_p\u L$d ]$f_p gpL$p
(dyfu]$p hNf)_u rM]$d[ L$fhu BA A S> A_ [fuL$[ R>.
A_ Ap A S> S>ep R> L$ ep ùf_u kpQu Mybu [dS>
kgprle[p r_Mfu EW$ R>. L$pBA kpQy S> L$y R> L$,
[fuL$[ bSy>T rM]$d[ ML$ _[,
b [bulp k]$Ap ]$gL$ _[.
A\p[ :- [fuL$[ S>_khp rkhpe buSy> L$iyS> _\u. [bul,
(A\p
k]$Nu A_ ]$gL$(Np]$X$u) A [fuL$[ _\u.)
lTf[ i M y ip e y M i M klpby u_ Ddf kp l fh]$w
(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `p[p_u dS>Ly$f L$u[pbdp Ap A_yk^p_
AL$ `y$ bpb(L$fZ) _.-52 dyfu]$p Apf [gpduTpl L$ lzLy$L$ iM L$
d l A iujL$\u bp^g R> S>dp ùf dyfu]$ kp\ L$B fu[ h[hy BA
[dS> dyfu]$_p l$p iy R>? S>_y O S> R>ZphV$\u hZ_ L$ey R>, S> `L$u
AL$-b hp[p Alv fSy> L$$ Ry> S>\u hpQL$p_ epg Aph L$ ùf_u
S>hpb]$pfudp `Z dyfu]$_p AdyL$ l$p lpe R> S>_u A]$peNudp S> ùf_p
A_ Aphp ùfp_u ip_dp S> L$pB L$ L$y R> L$,

L$pB A]$pTp L$f iL$[p l D_L$ Tpf bpSy>L$p,
r_Npl d]$ dpdu_ k b]$g [u l [L$]$uf.
qL$[pb [TLfA Npjuepldp lTf[ ùf ke]$ NpjAgu ipl
kplb L$p]$fu L$g]$fu `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$ S>epA
adpey R> L$, L$pdgu_ gpL$p_
p kdyl Z L$pfpdp hlQ
pegp R> *(1)
L$pdug [p [_ L$lhpdp
L$pdug *(2) AL$dg A_ *(3) dydug. *L$pdug
Aph R> L$ S> `p[ [p kplb L$dpg lpe `f[y bu_ ape]$p L$ aT _ `lpQpX$u
AL$dg A R> L$ S> My]$ `Z
iL$, [_ gpTdu `Z L$lhpdp Aph R>. *AL$dg
kplb L$dpg lpe A_ aTp_ bpr[_u A_ rl]$pe[ Tplfu hX$ Afiep_
`Z ape]$p `lpQpX$, Ap ik `lgp L$f[p h^y byTyN lpe R> A_
dyL$dug [_ L$lh
pdp Aph R> L$ S> buAp_ [L$]$uf Bgplu A_ dfTuA
*dy
My]$p dyS>b Qpl [p L$gpL$dp, Qpl [p dlu_pdp, Qpl [p hjdp L$pdug
A_ dyL$dug b_phu ]$ A_ S> L$pf_p L$ap [dS> L$fpd[p `p[ ^fph[p
lpe [ dyfu]$_ `Z A`Z L$fu ]$.
L$u[pb AhpfuazdApfua ifua dp lTf[ iMyipeyM iM
klpbyu_Ddf kplfh]$w(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)bpb _bf-$52
dp iM_u kgprle[p kb^ h^y QQp L$f[p OZu S> kpfu A_ d__ue
hp[ fSy> L$fu R> A_ adph R> L$,
AV$gp dpV$ iM(ùf) dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ dyfu]$_u lpg[_y kpfu
fu[ r_qfnZ L$f A_ `p[p_p _yf Bap_ A_ Bd dpAfa [_u is[ hX$
[_u gpeL$p[ A_ kgprle[ Zu g AV$gp dpV$ L$ Ap dpNdp dyfu]$p_
u
gpeL$p[p AgN-AgN lpe R>. L$V$gpL$ dyfu]$p dp Bbp]$[ NyTpfu A_
ipqffuL$ Apdpgp_ _L$ gpL$p( Abfpf) _u S>d A]$p L$fhp_u kgprle[p
^fph[p lpe R>, A S> fu[ \d kdyl A_ bu kdyl_p Apfc A_
A[_u dTugp `Z rhrh^[p ^fph R>. Ap fu[ ùf [_p bpr[_u
Alhpgp_y fnZ L$f R> A_ Ap fu[ [ dyfu]$p_u bpr[_u gpeL$p[p\u
kpfu fu[ ZL$pf \B e R>, A_ Aphy _\u [p OZuS> _hpB_u
hp[ R> , epf L $ A L $ NpdX$uep `p [ p_u S>du_ A_ [ _ u
amz`[p_u is[Ap\u Myb kpfu fu[ ZL$pf lpe R>, [dS>
]$fL$ R>pX$ A_ [ L$B S>du_dp DR>f `pdi [_p ZL$pf lpe
R>, ]$fL$ L$pfuNf `p[p_p ehkpe A_ [_p kpfp Mfpb NyZ^dp
(_ap-_yL$ip_) _p ZL$pf lpe R>,(Af) ep kyû L$ AL$ fV$uep
95
96
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
kpQp L$dpg A_ kgprle[ lf \pe R>.

Ap` dS>Ly$f bpb _.-52 dp AL$ S>epA adph R> L$, epf
Ahp kde Aph L$ [(ùf) gpL$pd
p dL$bg
y A_ dlbb
y b_u e A_
dgyL$ [_u [fa ep_u[ \hp gpN [dS> [ iM `p[p_u($lp_u)lpgp[p
`f L$pby dmhu g [dS> Agpl Apgp pfp [_ A hp[_u Z \B
e L$ [_ dyfu]$p_u Bgpl [dS> [pgud dpV$ _udu ]$u^g R>, [p epf
iM dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ dyfu]$p kp\ Ahp h[ph A_ dkcf cpjpdp
hp[Qu[ L$f L$ S> fu[ AL$ dlfbp_ bp` `p[p_p `y kp\ L$f R> L$ S>dp
[_u ]$u_p ]y_uep_u cgpB [dS> L$pepbu kdpegu lpe R>. A_ S> [pgub
L$ dyfu]$_ $]$p-rl]$pe[ dpV$ AgplApgp [_u [fa dpL$g [p epf
iM dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ dyfu]$_p dpdgpdp AgplApgp [fa ep_u[
\pe [dS> [_u r_Nfp_u A_ dpAfa[_u [pgud_p rkgrkgpdp
Agpl-Apgp\u S> d]$]$ [gb L$f A_ dyfu]$_u kp\ epf hp[Qu[ L$f
epf L$ [_y q]$g AgplApgp [fa ep_u[ lpe.
AL$ bu S>epA Ap` Ap A_yk^
p_ adpey L$, iM [fuL$[
dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ `p[p_p dyfu]$p kp\ _fdu A_ lmhpi cep h[ph
L$f.
[dS> AL$ Afie S>epA adpey L$, iM_p Ap]$pbpdp A
`Z kpdug R> L$ iM `pp[p_p dyfu]$p_u kp\ ld]$]$w L$f A_ []y$f[u
[dS> budpfu b_ lpgp[pdp [Ap_p lLL$p A]$p L$f.
[p Ap fu[ epf Ap fu[_u lfu gpeL$p[p A_ bpr[_u
kgprle[p\u kcf ùf L$pdug A_ dyL$dug L$pB
_ dmu e [p [_p\u
[f[ S> beA[ \hy S>$fu R>; L$pfZL$ lTf[ dpgp_p $d(fld[ygpl
Agel) `p[p_u d_hu ifua dp adph R> L$,
ùf fp b NytT L$ b ùf H kaf,
l[ fl `yf Apa[ h Mpap M[f.
]$pd_ D Nuf Ty [ f b Ny d p ,
[p flu AT Apa[ ApMuf Tdp.
A\p[ :- `p[p_p dpV$ ùf b_phu g L$pfZL$ ùf hNf Ap
(A\p
dpN`f dykpafu L$fhu Myb S> cecfgy A_ M[f_pL$ R>. biL$,
AgplApgp_p A Mpk b]$p_p ]$pd_ S>]$u `L$X$ S>\u [y ApMfu
Tdp_p_u Apa[p\u bQ.) A_ ùf b_ph[p `lgp _pL$uk AV$gL $ Y$pN
u
A_ gcpNy ùf_u MfpbuAp `Z Zu g.
97
*(4)_pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp

_pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp hZh[p `lgp Alu lz L$u[pb
L$azdlTyb L$ S> kyaud[ `f gMpegu kp\u `lgu apfku cpjp_u
Lu[pb R> . A_ lTf[ Agu bu_luThfu ]p[pN S bi
gplpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)_u S>N rhep[L$r[ R>, [dp Ap` Alg
Tdp_ L$p iuL$hp A iujL$ lW$m `p[p_p eyNdp `]$p \eg Y$pNu kyauAp
A_ ùfp_u afuep]$ L$f[p S> ]$e e\pAp W$pghu R> [ `L$u b aL$fp_p
cphp_yhp]$ [dS> Ap L$u[pb_y rhhfZ gM[p [_p rhhfZL[p lTf[
dpgp_p AlpS> L[p_ hplu]$ bi kplb rkepghu-rQ[u-kpbfuA
[_p S> Mygpkp fSy> L$ep R> [ fSy> L$fy Ry> S>_p \L$u hpQL$ _pL$uk ùf AV$g
L$ Y$pNu ùf_u epep_ bfpbf kd iL$i.
lTf[ ]p[p NS>bi gplpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph R>
L$, AgplApgpA Ap`Z_ Ahp eyNdp `]$p L$ep R> L$ S>dp gpL$pA
gpgQ A_ hprlip[_u `fhu_y _pd ifuA[ fpMu ]$u^y R>, dp_
d[bp_u BR>p, dpV$pB A_ OdX$_ BT[ A_ Bd. ]$c
_p ApQfZ_
_L$ L$pe, q]$gdp L$`V$ fpMhp_ lud, qa_pAp A_ akp]_ dy_pTfp,
gX$pB TOX$pAp_ byTyNu, r_apL$_ ]y_uep\u r_g`[p, _k_u
hprlip[p_ TpL$, e\ bL$hpk L$fhp_ dpAfa[, _k_p S>Tbp[p
[dS> hprlip[p_ dplb[ Bgplu, b]$u_u _ a$ [dS> _padp_u_y
_pd ]$p [u, Lpaufp S>hu Qpg QgN[_ a_p, ifuA[_ R>pX$u ]hp_y _pd
[fuL$[ [dS> S>dp_p_u Apa[p_ dyl]$p_y _pd Apù_ lLL$hpmp gpL$p_

`fip_ L$fu ]$u^p R>, [dS> Ap L$pf_p gpL$p_p cyh [dS> Nbp_p
L$pfZ AlglLL$ gpL$p_u lpg[ Ahu \B NB R> L$ S>hu lpg[ fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u Algb[
_u dfhp__p S>dp_pdp \B
NB l[u.
[dS> dS>Ly$f L$u[pbdp AL$ Afie S>epA lTf[ ]$p[p kplb
(Ly$kufl)y adph R> L$, lz Agu bu_ Ddp_ AS>gpbu AluS>hfu
(lTf[ ]$p[p kplb_y _pd R>) My]$p [_u D`f fld L$f L$ly Ry> L$, Adpfp
eyNdp Mpk L$fu_ Adpfp ]$idp Bd lL$uL$[ Sy>_y \B Qyey R>, AV$gL$
gpL$p d_R>pApdp Xy$bu_ fTpA l$_p [fuL$p\u rhdyM \B Qyep R>,
eyN_p Apgudp A_ [fuL$[_p Sy>$p ]$ph]$pfp_u lpg[ lL$uL$[\u [_
rh`fu[ \B QyL$u R>. [d lud[ hX$ L$pd ep L$pfZL$ Mpkp_ My]$p rkhpe
`yfu k$u_u lud[ [yV$u QyL$u R>, dpAfa [_u p[u dpV$_u BR>p kdp[
98
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Laz g dl T y b _p L$[p lTf[ ]$p[pN S >bi gplp f u
(fld[ygpl Agel)S>hp dlp_ byTyN S> ]$e e\pAp D`fp
Bbpf[pdp W$pghu R> A_ [_p rhhfZ L$[pA [_u D`f S> V$u`Z fSy>
L$fu R>. [ b_dp _pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuApS> X$pL$pB flu R>. _pL$uk ùf
AV$g S> kyauhp]_p Bd\u Aop_, A`yZ, NfgpeL$ [dS> lpg_p
Y$pN L$f_pf lpe.
lTf[ dpgp_p $du (fld[ygpl Agel)A _pL$uk A_
L$pdug _u ApmM Ap`[p `p[p_u d_hu ifua dp adpey R> L$,
Ae bkp Bguk Ap]$d $A l[,
`k b lf ]$[ _ bpe]$ ]$p]$ ]$[.
lf L$ D AT L$a My]$ Npe]$ kyM]$,
L$a D fp L$ai Ly$_ bf kf b T_.
dp bfpA Bs[L$pd[ Apd]$ud,
_ è L$ap L$fpd[ Apd]$ud.
(A\p[ :- dp_hu_p h$`dp OZp i[p_p lpe R>, dpV$ `yfu
[`pk Lep hNf Nd [_p lp\dp lp\ Ap`hp _ BA. S> L$pB `p[p_p
L$a_p dpVp-dpV$p bZNp azL$ [_p L$a_p X$p [_p S> dp\p `f dpfu
]$(L$pfZL$) Ap`Z ifuA[_p lzL$dp `f dS>by[ flhp dpV$ Apep R>uA
$)
_lu L$ L$ap-L$fpd[ ]$MpX$hp dpV.$)
Dh[yhyL$p lTf[ hpTp dpld]$ dpkyd (f]$uegplp Apgp
Afilp) _pLu$k A_ Y$pNu ùf_u MfpbuAp hZh[p adph R> [dS>
Q[hZu Ap` R> L$, S>_u kp\ d_dm _ \pe [hp rhfpû_u kplb[\u
bQ, A_ rb]A[u_u kplb[\u cpN, [dS> iMu(ùf`]$)_u d_]$
`f bW$p lphp R>[p S>_p Adg kyfi_[_ rMgpa lpe [_p\u lfp hM[
bQ A_ [_p\u ]y$f cpN; bL$ [ ilfdp `Z _ fl(L$pfZL$)L$]$pQ
L$pB
L$ hpf [pfy hgZ [_u [fa \B e A_ [pfp AL$u]$pApdp afL$ Aphu
e. Aphp ùf Ry>`p Qpf R> A_ i[p__u m R>. cg [_p\u
[[_p ML$-Ap]$[(QdL$pfp) hpdp Aph A_ ]y$r_ep\u `Z [_
_ug` Sy>A, R>[p `Z [y A_u kplb[\u cpN S>hu fu[ tkl\u cpN
R>.
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp _pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp_ OZu S> kpfu fu[
DNf L$fhpdp Aphu R> [dS> [_p\u ]y$f cpNhp_u Q[hZu Ap`hpdp
Aphu R>, S>_y hpfhpf_y hpQ_ [dpfu ]$ue byû_ S>$f N[ L$fi.
\B QyL$u R A_ dpV$pcpN_p ùfp A_ dyfu]$p (Alg Bfp]$[)lpg_

R>pX$u_ dp L$pg `f S> k[y$ R> [dS> ]$u]$pf_u S>epA rlTpb D`f S>
ip[u A_ych R>, kip^__ R>pX$u_ dp A_yL$fZ_p S> [gbNpf R>
[dS> lL$uL$[_ Nyd L$fu Qyep R>. kpdpfieS>_ A hp[ `f Myi R> L$ Ad
lLL$_ ApmMuA R>uA A_ Mpk gpL$p A hp[ `f Myi R> L$ Ad lLL$_p
[gbNpf R>uA, L$ [Ap_p q]gpdp _kp_u hprlip[p DR>mu flu R>
A_ R>[p `Z ]$php Ahp L$f R> L$ Ap Tp[ l$_u hplui R> A_ [Ap_p
q]$gpdp lLL$_u dplb[_u ApN S>hmu[ R>.
D`fp Bbpf[_y rhhfZ(il)hZh[p dS>Ly$f L$u[pb_u S>
il il L$azdlTb
y dp [_p rhhfZL$[p lTf[ dpgp_p AlpS> L[p_
hplu]$bn rkepghu-rQ[u-kpbfu adph R> L$, ep]$ flhy BA L$
lTf[ Agu bu_ Ddp_ AS>gpbu AluS>hfu Da lTf[ ]$p[p NS>bn
gplpfu (fld[ygpl Agel)_p eyN `pQdu k]$u rlS>fu_p R>(ApS>
`]$fdu k]$u Qpg R> AV$g L$ lf hj `lgp_u hp[ R>) epf A eyNdp
]y$r_ep_u lpg[ Aphu l[u, [p ApS>L$pg_u lpg[_p A]$pT> Ap`Z
kfm[p`yhL$ gNphu iL$uA R>uA AV$gy S> _lu `f[y Ap`Zu ApMp\u
r_lpmu fp R>uA L$ Ap`Zu iy lpg[ R>? [d R>[p `Z Ap`Z [khya
[\p [fuL$[ A_ ApguepA L$ufpd_u dplb[ [dS> [pb]$pfu_p b_u
bW$ gp ]$ph]$pfpA [fuL$[_u S> dL$ DX$pX$u R>, [_y $p[
L$pB
S>epA
_\u dm[y ! Ap`Zu lpg[ A R> L$ [khya_u L$V$guL$ L$u[pbp hpQu_
rhgpe[_p ]$ph]$pfp b_u Nep R>uA. byTN
y p_
p Ofdp `]$p \B_ Ap`Z
Algygpl [dS> dgyL$_p lp]$u b_u bW$p R>uA. \d [p Ap`Z kygLy $
Aggpl `f Qpghp_y [p AL$ bpSy fy, `f[y [_p _pd\u `Z ZL$pf
_\u. A_ _pd kpcmu `Z gBA R>uA [p kyygyL$ [e L$fhp_p _ [p
d[gb kdA R>uA L$ _ [p [_u fu[ ZuA R>uA [dS> _ [p [_ L$iy
dlh ApùA R>uA ! L$pfZL$ Ap`Z_ dyfu]$p dmu e R>, lp\ `N
]bphhphpmpAp_u rh`yg[p lpe R>. MpZu-ùZu_u ]$ph[p_u cfdpf
lpe R> A_ dpV$ S> kygLy $ [e L$fhp_u S>fp `Z S>$f[ dlkk
y \[u _\u.
My]$ `p[S > rl]$pe[_p dpl[pS> lpe R> A_ buAp_ [ beA[dp
gB_ [Ap_ `Z fpl lLL$\u hQu[ L$fuA R>uA. bk, ApS>L$pg Ap_y
_pd S> [khya A_ [fuL$[ fpMu ]$u^y R>, Ap_y _pd S> rl]$pe[ R> A_
Ap_y _pd S> ùf`]$ A_ ùfu-dyfu]$u R>. dyfu]$p_
p V$pm
_ V$pm
p ]$f ]$pg
[
`f Mpgu lp\ Aph R> A_ Mpgu lp\ `pR>p af R>.
99
100
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
lTf[ dpgp_p $d(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$ bu S>epA

adph R> L$,
]$[ _pL$uk ]$[ i[p_[ h ]$h,
Tu$ A]$f ]$pdp [L$gua[ fh.
(A\p[ :- _pL$uk_p lp\ i[p__p lp\ R>, S>dp `yfu fu[ R>mL$`V$ A_ [L$gua R>.)
_pL$uk ùf AV$g Ahp ùf $L$ S>dp Ap Z L$pf_u MpduAp
lpe *(1) _ [p [Z [fuL$[_p dpN, AV$g L$ kygyL$ [fuL$p `pf L$ep lpe
*(2) _ [p [Z [fuL$[_p L$pe]$p L$p_y_ A_ Dkygp dySb BT[ dmhu
lpe A_ *(3)_ [p [ ifuA[ [dS> kyfi_[_p `pb]$ lpe. A_ Ap S>
L$pf_p _pL$uk ùfp_u MfpbuAp_ hZh[p lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u
dyS>u]$ Aajp_u (f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `p[p_p d[ybp[
ifua _p ]$a[f Ahg_p d[yb _.-23 dp adpey R> L$,
l L$dpg lf \hp_u gpeL$p[ ^fph[p dpfp re cpB!
AgplApgp [dpfu is[_ L$pe [fa MQu gph. [d_ Z lphu
BA ]yr_ep ApMf[_u M[u R>, [p [_u D`f Aakpk L$ S>Z [dp L$iy
S> hpey _lu A_ gpeL$p[$ù S>du__ Mpgu fpMu [dS> Adgp$ù
buS> hX$au _pey.
A_ A `Z Zhy BA L$ S>du__ bfbp]$ L$fhu A_ bL$pf
R>pX$u ]$hu b fu[ R> *(1) [p [dp L$iy S> _ hph A_ *(2)> A L$ [dp
Mfpb [dS> _p`pL$ buS> hph A_ A hp[ [p OZu `$ R> L$ buS>_
hX$au _pMhp_p Ap bu L$pf bfbp]$u dpV$ Ar[ _yL$ip_L$pfL$ [dS>
h^y Mfpb R> A_ Ap buS>_y Mfpb [\p _p`pL$ lphy A fu[ R> L$ L$pB
_pL$uk ùf\u [fuL$p NlZ L$f A_ [_p dpN]$i_
dpZ Qpg, L$pfZ L$
_pL$uk ùf `p[p_u _akp_u hpk_pAp_p [pb A_ [_y A_ykfZ
L$f_pfp lpe R> A_ S> h[ydp _k_u hpk_pAp [dS> d_R>pAp_y
dmhZ lpe [ epfe AkfL$pfL$ b_u i[u _\u. A_ Akf L$fi
[p `Z [ _k_u gpgkpAp_y S> `pjZ L$fi A_ Ap fu[ A^L$pf `f
A^L$pfdp S> h^pfp \i.
A_ bu Mfpbu A R> L$ _pL$uk ùf AgplApgp kyû
`lpQ_pfp dpNp A_ _lv `lpQ_pfp dpNp hQ_p c]$ `pfMu iL$[p
_\u, L$pfZL$ [ `p[ S> hpkug(dmp` `pdgp) _\u [dS> Ap _pL$uk
ùfp [pgubp_u rhrh^ L$pf_u Ap[qfL-is[Ap [dS> gpeL$p[p
101
hQ_p c]$ `pfMu iL$[p _\u. A_ epf [ S>Tbpl A_ kygLy $_p [fuL$p
hQ c]$ kd iL$[p _\u [p A hp[_u `yfu ie[p R> L$ AL$ [pgub_u
gpeL$p[ pfcdp S>Tbpl _p f[p `f Qpghp_u lpe [dS> kygyL$_p
dpN [_p dpV$ A_yL$y m _ lpe; epf _pL$uk ùf rhrh^ dpNp A_ AgN
AgN gpeL$p[p hQ_p c]$ `pfMu _ iL$[p lphp_ L$pfZ [_
([pgub_) kygyL$_p f[p `f Qgphu ]$ [p Ap fu[ [pgub_ `Z
Nydfpludp _pMu ]$u^p L$ S> fu[ My]$ `p[ S> Nydfpludp `X$gp R>.
Alv d[ybp[ ifua _u Bbpf[ `yfu \B. dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)A
_pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp `V$ OZuS> rhi]$ [dS> KX$u $QQp fSy> L$fu R>, S>
`L$u OZp MygpkpAp lz ApNm gMu Qyep Ry> dpV$ Alv [_y `y_fph[_
L$f[p _\u.
_pL$uk ùf_u MfpbuAp A_yk^p_ AL$ ke OV$_p [dS>
`p[p_ \eg AL$ A_ych lTf[ ùf ke]$ NpjAguipl kplb
L$p]$fu,
L$g]$fu `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A `p[p_u L$u[pb [TL$fpA
Npjuepl dp fS>y L$ep R> S> lz Alu i]$i: fSy> L$$ Ry>, A_ epfbp]$ dpfu
Ap QQp_ `yfu L$fy Ry> :Ap` dS>Ly$f L$u[pbdp adph R> L$, `R>u afuhpf Ad epf
ùfp_ L$guef(L$guef ifua) `lpep [p ep lTf[ bpbp afu]y$u_
NS>iL$f(fld[ygpl Agel)_u Apgp]$dp\u AL$ byTyN tdep
Nygpdafu]$ `p[p_p L$V$gpL$ dyfu]$p kp\ [ifua gpep l[p. [Ap_p ]$fL $
dyfu]$_ AL$ AL$ rM]$d[ kp`pegu l[u. kNp hkp[ S> dyfu]$_ OpX$p
dpV$ Opk gphhp_y L$pd kp`pegy l[y [_ k[ [ph Aphu Nep S>_p
L$pfZ rbQpfp ùf_p OpX$p_y Opk gphu iep _lu. Ap hp[ `f
ùf_p NTb [ dyfu]$ `f _pTug \ep A_ adpey L$, , [_ df]y$]$
L$ep A_ 14 Mp_hp]$pApdp\u(kyauhp]$_p 14 dilzf Mp_hp]$pAp)
blpf aL$u ]$u^p. Ap kpcmu_ [ rbQpfp dyfu]$_p lpi L$pi DX$u Nep,
[ MybS> fX$hp [dS> R>p[u Ly$V$hp gpep A_ [pbpl [\p A[apf L$ep,
`f[y ùfA [_u AL$ `Z _ kpcmu. R>hV$ [ fX$[p$ fX$[p dpfu `pk
(l. Npj Agu) Apep A_ L$lhp gpep L$, lTf[, ApS> [p NTb
\B Nep, dpfy W$L$p L$pB
S>epA _ fy A_ lz b_ S>lp_dp r[fL$pf_
`p b_u Nep. [p d L$y L$, dyM, [dp fX$hp_y iy R>? [pfp ùf_p
[p dp 14 Mp_hp]$pAp S> l[p Ad_ 36 ep]$ R>. lz ApS> [pfu 15 dp
102
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

dS>Ly$f rlL$pe[dp lTf[ ke]$ ùf NpjAguipl kplb L$p]$fu,
L$g]$fu, `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A _pL$uk ùf_u Mfpbu `V$
[dS> L$pdug ùf_u MybuAp [dS> kgprle[p `V$ O-O L$lu ]$u^y R>,
S>_p Mygpkp_u S>$f[ _\u, `f[y [_u D`f tQ[_-d__ S> [dpfu
d_$ù ApM_ S>$f Mpgu _pMi. [dS> [d_ ]$ue$u p[ \i.
Ap ùfu-dyfu]$u_u ApV$gu dlp_ `rh gpB_dp ApV$gu l]$ MfpbuAp
A_ ]y$jZp Oyku Nep lphp\u S> L$pd_ L$lhy `X$ R> L$,
Ae L$pd S>]$ N My]$pL$u L$kd [yT,
Ly$R> kpQ q]$gd L$bk S>Np[ le ld [yT.
A[dp ]y$Ap R> L$ AgplApgp lzTyf Mp[dufi_rbeu_
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p k]$L$p A_ [yag\u Ap`Z_ Aphp
_pL$uk ùfp_u Mfpbu\u bQph A_ L$pdug-dyL$dug ùf_u bpfNpldp
`lpQpX$ L$ S> gpgN^L$_u S>d AL$kuf kdp_ R> A_ ]$fL$ gpMX$_ kp_y
b_phu ]$_pf R>, A_ [_p \L$u `p[p_u bpfNpldp Ly$b( r_L$V$[p)_kub
adph. Apdu_... R>g L$lhy `X$ R> L$,
A ] $ L $ èi [y Ny a [d Nd ]$ug [fku]$d,
L$ ]$ug ApTyf]$pl ihu h_p kyM_ rbepf[.
(A\p[ :- d dpfp ]$e_u e\p \pX$uL$ S> W$pghu R>, d_ X$f R>
L$ [pfy ]$ug ]y$cpi _lv[f [p hp[p OZu S> R>.)
lL$_p [gbNpfp dpV$ AL$ S>$fu rl]$pe[
L$pB l$$_p [gbNpf_ `p[p_u kdS> dpZ L$pdug
ùf_u [gpi L$fhp R>[p [ _ d m hu _ iL $ [p [ h p [pgub
r[gph[-L$gpd`pL$ A_ ]$$]$ifua_p Tu$ h^y dpZdp L$fhp
BA S>\u Ap Tu$_p Afihpfp [_ My]-b-My]$ S> L$pdug ùf
kyû `lpQpX$u ]$i.
*(5) Alhpgykp]$L$u_ _p Vy$ L$p cphp_yhp]$*
L$pdug ùf_u lfu gpeL$p[p A_ bpr[_u kgprle[p `V$ OZu
hp[p,byTyNp_ ]$u__p AL$hpgp A_ Alhpgp dS>Ly$f L$fZdp Ap`Z
ep, R>[p `Z Ap L$fZdp L$iy MyV$[y lphp_p Alkpk k[[ \[p
fl[p l[p, S> A_yk^p_ lTf[ ùfp dyiw]$ L$ugp(]$pd[ ayeyTp
bfL$p[plz) _u bpfNpl ifuadp AT L$f[p Ap` L$y L , lTf[ Bdpd
A]y$g hlpb ipAfp_u (fld[ygpl Agel)_u dilzf L$r[
Mp_hp]$pdp cf[u Lfu gD Ry>, [y Ncfp _lv. [y $A_ [pfp ùf_

kp\d A hp[ `yR> L$, lTf[, [d d_ epf 14 Mp_hp]$pApdp ]$pMg
Lep l[p epf lz ep_p bp]$ipl, hTuf L$ `R>u hguA L$pdug b_u Nep
l[p A_ lh epf [d d_ L$pY$u dyep R> [p dpfy iy gyV $pe Ney? lz [p S>hp
epf l[p Ahp S>(L$pfpL$V$) Aepf Ry>. lp, [d d_ L$pY$u dyep [p AL$
ape]$p S>$f \ep L$ Opk_p bpS>_u S>hpb]$pfudp\u dpfp Ry>V$L$pfp \B Nep.
A_ [Ap `R>u [_ `yR> L$, Ap hp[ [_ ep\u riMhp dmu? [p
L$lS> L$, lz S> Ap _hp 15 dp Mp_hp]$pdp ]$pMg \ep Ry> [_u Ap
rbsdgpl R> (aT_u i$Ap[ R>.) L$lh
p_y [pè A L$ [Z S>B_ Ap
S> fu[ bep_ L$ey, S> kpcmu_ ùf_p bu dyfu]$p_p L$p_ `Z Ecp
\B Nep A_ [Ap ùf\u L$lh
p gpep L$, Ap `]$fdy Mp_hp]$ [p bly
S>> kp$ gpN R>, [dp kp\u `lgp [p OpX$p_p Opk\u Ry>V$L$pfp dep A_
buSy> Adpfp\u AL$ h^y ApNm_p Mp_hp]$dp [_ rhZ[p p[ \B
dpV$ Ad `Z 15 dp Mp_hp]$dp ]$pMg \BA R>uA.
`R>u [p ùf_p `N _uQ\u S>du_ kfL$hp gpNu A_ NcfpB_
bpep L$, Ap epL$ tdep NpjAguipl `pk[p _\u `lpQu Nep_?
L$pfZL$ Ap b^pS> qa_pAp [_p S> lpe iL$ (AV$g L$ Aphu `pg`pg
Mpghpdp A eyNdp Ap` dilzf l[p) _lv[f bu L$pB_ Aphu Mbf
_ `X$. [Ap ]$pX $[p ]$pX $[p Adpfu `pk Apep A_ afuep]$ L$fhp gpep
L$, hpl, tdepkplb [d [p dpfp [dpd dyfu]$p_ afhu _pep. [p d
L$y L$, tdepkplb ! S>fp rhQpfp [ rbQpfp Of-bpf, buhu-bQpAp_
R>pX$u_ [dpfu `pk Agpl_y _pd iuMhp(Tu$-au$_p [fuL$p iuMhp)
dpV$ Apep R> _lv L$ OpX$p_y Opk Mp]$hp dpV$ !!! [d_ Agpl_y _pd
AphX$ R>(Tu$-au$_p [fuL$p Zp R>p A_ [_p Afihpfp rk_pdp D[pfu
iL$p R>p)[p [ ]$MpX$u_ [_ rh]$pe L$fp _lv[f `$ S>hpb Apù p, [
rbQpfp [p [dpfu khp-QpL$fu A_ rM]$d[ L$f A_ [d L$pB `Z fu[
[_u D`f dlfbp_u _ L$fp, Ap iy dp_h[p R> ? A_ S> hp[ dpV$ [Ap
dyfu]$ bfiep R> (Ly$b Bgplu A_ Bgpk_u p[u dpV$)[_u [p [Ap_
lhp `Z _\u gpNu. Ap` AV$gp [p S>hpb Ap`p L$, byTyNp_u Apgp]$
lphp rkhpe [d Ap Nufpl_u(dipBM L$ufpd)bu L$pB Mybu L$
kgprle[ `Z ^fphp R>p ? A_ [dpip [p Ahp R> L$ ApV$gu l]$
AZAphX$[ (_pL$uk) lphp R>[p _pTp-_Mfp_p `pf _\u, S>fpL$ [p
ifd L$fp A_ Agpl\u X$fp.
103
104
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A_ [d hp L$ [ lyL$dp `f Adg _\u L$f[p A_ d_pB L$fgu
bpb[p\u bQ[p _\u [p [_p\u ]yf cpNp.
*lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)My] adph R>
L$, [khya_p [fuL$p_p Sy>$p ]ph]pf `L$u AL$ ik L$ S> Bd hNf S>
A_ a_p A_ bL$p_u lpg[dp\u NyS>ep hNf S> MpV$u QQp A_ hp]
rhhp]dp D[f[p l[p [_u kp\ [_p AL$u][d]_u AL$ S>dpA[ l[u
A_ [ dpfu `pk Apep A_ L$V$gpL$ q]hkp kyû ]ffpS> Ap fu[ dpfu
`pk Aph[p fp AL$ q]hk d [_ L$y L$, Ap` S>fp b[phip L$ hyTy
A_ _dpT_u i[p L$B
L$B
R> ? [Z L$y L$, ly [p S>fp `Z Bd ^fph[p
_\u. epf d [_ L$y L$, cpB, Bbp][_ qL$[pb [dS> kyfi_[ dyS>b
]yfy [ L$fhy khkd
[u\u hpb R>. A_ S> es[ hpb A_ dy[lbdp
[aph[ _ L$f [dS> _ [p lfpd A_ dL$$l hQ L$ip c] fpM [ lug R>
A_ lug_y A_ykfZ _ [p lf [fuL$p(ifuA[)dp BT R>, A_
_ [p bpr[_u [fuL$pdp ([fuL$[ L$ [khyadp) Ap hp[ `f [ rbLy$g
Qy` \B Nep A_ A q]hk\u dpfu `pk Aphhp_y R>pX$u ]u^y A es[A
d_ `p[p_u b A]buAp hX$ OZu Mfpb fu[ `fip_ L$ep l[p [p Ap
fu[ AgplApgpA d_ [_p\u RyV$L$pfp Apep.
(hgl]pgugpl Agp TpguL$)
[p Ap fu[ kd ghy BA L$(A_ _ [p b_phV$u A_ Y$pNu
kyauAp(ùfp)_u flZu-L$fZu hX$ ^pMp Mphp BA A_ _ [p
_phpqL$ap_y A hp[ L$,[khya_p [fuL$p ifuA[_u rMgpa R>. [_u `f
ep_ Ap`hy BA. bL$ [khya_p [fuL$p_ A l]bûdp flu_ lpkug
L$fhp BA. S> ApNm ]MpX$g
R>. AV$g L$ qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[_u[pb]pfu
hX$. )
*(2)ApNm_p byTNp_
u [pb]pfu
L$prdg ùf_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap L$pB
`Z L$pg
L$ L$pe `f ep kyû Adg _\u L$f[p Sep kyû [Ap [_u lrke[_
qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[ A\hp [p Da (AV$g L$ ApNm_p byTN
y p_
p Adgp)_u
dyS>b kpfu fu[ kd _ g A_ qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[ [\p ka_p
A_ykfZ_p Ap^pf `f [ A`_phhy BT R> L$ _lu?[ Zu _ g
[dS> Bsd_p_ p[ _ L$fu g ep kyû [_ A`_phhp dpV$ ApNm
h^[p _\u. Alu Ad Da_p DgM L$ep R>. L$pfZL$ Da `Z ifuA[_u
]$gugp `L$u R>. Da AV$g L$ ApNm_p byTyNpA S> hp[p `f Adg Lep R>
Alhpgykp]$L$u_ L$ S>dp L$pdug ùfp A_ dipBMp_p k]NyZp A_

[_u MybuAp A_yk^p_ ka kpglu__p L$V$gpe AL$hpgp, Alhpgp
A_ rlL$pe[p fSy> L$fhpdp Aphu R>, [p [_p Vy$L$p cphp_yhp]$ Ap L$fZ
kp\ Ddfu ]$hpdp Aph S>\u Ap L$fZ `|Z[p_p Apf `lpQu iL$.
dpV$ Alv lz Alhpgykp]$L$u_ _p Vy$L$p cphp_yhp]$ fSy> L$fu fp Ry>.
dS>Ly$f Vy$L $p cphp_yhp]$dp ]$fL $ k]$NZ
y AL$ iujL$ lW$m fSy> L$fg
R> [dS> S> iujL$ A[N[ L$pB rhij _p^, V$u`Z L$ kdSy>[u_u S>$f[
`X$g R> ep [_p kL$g_L$[p [fa\u Ddfp L$fhpdp Aphg R>lTf[ Bdpd
A. hlpb ipAf p_u (fld[ygpl Agel)L$[
Alhpgykp]L$u_ AV$g
L$ ùf_p AMpgpL$ ly_p A_ [_u MybuAp :*(1) qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[_u Bbp
L$pdug (ùfp)_p k]$NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$, L$pB `Z
kNpdp Lu[pb A_ kyfi_[_ _ R>pX$ A_ ]fL$ `qfs\q[-dp [_y
A_ykfZ L$f[p fl [dS> d_] Bip](ùf_u Np]u)`f epf S>
rbfpS>dp_ \pe L$ ifuA[_p Bdp `f AV$gu rhZ[p lpkug L$fug L$
S> dTlbp _pi `pep R> A_ S> `Qqg[ R> [ [dpd\u kpfu fu[ ZL$pfu
`p[ L$fu g A_ dy_pTfp_u dS>gukdp [Ap_p DdpAp_ Mpdpi L$fu
iL$.
*ke]y[pBap Abyg L$pkud Sy>_] bN]$p]$u(f]$uegplp Apgp
Afilp)A adpeyL$, Adpfu qL$[pb AV$g Ly$Ap_ [dpd qL$[pbp_u
kf]pf A_ kp\u h^y kd A_ kh W R> A_ Adpfu ifuA[ [dpd
ifuA[p\u kp\u h^y `$ A_ kp\u h^y bpfuL$pBhpmu R> [dS> Adpfp
[fuL$p AV$g L$ kyauepA-qL$fpd_p [fuL$p qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[ hX$ Apcyju[
R>. dpV$(Ap [fuL$p_u fl_ydpB A es[ S Lfu iL$ R> S> qL$[pb A_
kyfi_[_p ZL$pf R>.)S> _ [p Ly$Ap_ `Y$gp lpB A_ _ [p l]ujp_p
lpauT lpe A_ _ [p [_p A\p_u ZL$pfu lpe [_y A_ykfZ epe
_\u.
*[]y`fp[ Ap` `p[p_p ]$p[p_ Ahy `Z adph[p l[p L$,
[d L$pB
_ lhp `f `gpWuhpmu_ bWgp Sy>Ap [p `Z [_y A_ykfZ
_ L$fp ep kyû L$ [d A B _ ep L$ Ahpdufp-_hplu(ifuA[_p
lyL$dp A_ d_pBAp)`f Adg L$f[u hM[ iy L$f R> ? lh [d hp L$ [
[dpd Ahpduf Bgpluepl(Agpl Apgp_p lyL$dp_y)[dpd d_pB
L$fg
u bpb[p\u bQu_ A_y-kfZ L$f R>. [p [_p AL$u][d] b_u h
105
106
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

_lu L$ L$pB h^pfp_p L$pe `f(ApS> gpLp ]$u__p dpdgpdp d|mcy[ A_
dyL$dug \B QyL$gp ]u_dp OZp S> h^pfp_p L$pep ]pMg L$fu ]u^p R>.
A_ [_ ]u__u `fu`|Z[p kdS>hp gpep R>. Sepf L$ ]u_[p lyTyf
_buA`pL$ (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p Sdp_pdp S `fu`|Z \B
Qyep R>, [p `R>u [y h^pfp Lf_pf L$ dyL$dug Lf_pfp L$pZ
? (Agpl_u
`_pl) [y iy L$fu fp R>p, [_y [_ cp_ _\u !)
ka kpglu_ Apd gpL$p_ A_ Mpk L$fu_ `p[p_p ]$p[rbfp]$fp_ qL$[pb [dS> kyfi_[_u `pb]u A_ rb]A[
p\u AmNp flhp_u
[pL$u] L$f[p l[p A_ [ dpV$ fNb[ `]$p L$f[p l[p [dS> Ap dpdgpdp
OZu S> k[u L$f[p l[p. ep kyû L$ Adu$gdpAd_u_ ke]_p Ddf
bu_ M[pb(f]uegplp Afilp)AL$ hp[_p Bfp]p L$f[p [dS> [_ dS>by[
L$fu g[p `R>u [Ap_ L$pB
L$l[
y L$ S>_pb fkyg dL$bg
y (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_ [p `p[ Aphy Ley A_ _ [p bu_ Aphp lyL$d Apep l[p S>
hp[_p `p[ `pL$p Bfp]p L$fu L$fu QyL$ep l[p [ b]gu _pM[p l[p AL$hpf
epf Ap`_ Z \B L$ AdyL$ L$`X$p bpg AT (AL$ L$pf_p ]$p\
)hX$
fNhpdp Aph R> [p Ap` Bfp]p L$ep L$ gpL$p_ Ap L$`X$p D[pfhp_p lyL$d
L$ $ S> _ [ A p `l f R> . epf L$p B L$ AT L$fuL$ , S>_pb fky g
dL$byg$(kggplp Agel hkgd)Aphp L$`X$p `p[ `Z `lep R>
A_ Ap`_p eyNdp buApA `Z Aphp L$`X$p `lep R>. Ap kpcmu
[ApA My]p\u A[apf L$ey A_ `p[p_p Bfp]p afhu _pep.
[p Ap S> [fuL$p dipBM qL$fpd A_ ka kpglu__p fp R>;
epf ]u__p dpdgpdp qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[_u rMgpa L$pB hp[ ]pMg
L$fhpdp Aph R> [p ]$u__p peyTp bfL$p[ A_ Afihpfp [_ d] `X$u
e R>. A S> fu[ [fuL$[_p dpdgpdp epf ka kpglu__u [fuL$p\u
lV$u_ L$pB _hu hp[ D`hu L$pY$hpdp Aph R>, [p [_p apeyTp bfL$p[
_pi `pd R> A_ Afihpfp A^L$pfdp `gV$pB e R>.
(hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_)
*(3) `p[p_p ]fL$ L$pep AgplApgp_ kp`
hp
L$pdug ùfp_p k]$NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap `p[p_p A_
`p[p_u Apgp] [dS ]$p[-Albpb_p dpdgp-Ap_ Ar^L$dppdp
My]$p_ lhpg S> L$fu ][p lpe R>.
lTfp[ kyraep `lgp [p L$pB hprli S> ^fph[p lp[p _\u
bL$ ]$fL$ dpdgp My]p `f R>pX$u ] R> L$ S> [pfu _L$$ bl[f R> [ L$f A_
[. A_ Alu Da\u dyfp] A S> Da R> L$ S> qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[ dpZ lpe,
_lu L$ S> [_u rhfy lpe.
[p Alu A hp[ `Z Zhp dmu L$ kyauepA qL$fpd `p[p_p
AL$hpgp A_ AaApgpdp dp `p[p_p eyN_p qfhp_ S> `yf[p kdS>[p
_\u, L$pfZL$ [dp rb]A[p hihp_p kch R> bL$ S> qfhp qL$[pb
A_ kyfi_[ dpZ lpe [_S> dlh Ap` R>. lq]jifuadp R> L$,
L$epd[ ep kyû _lu Aph L$ Sep kyû L$ kyfi_[(S>_p `f Adg RpX$u
]hp_p LpfZ gpLp_u _Sfdp)rb]$A[
b_u _ e A_ A lpg[ _ \B
e L$ epf L$pB
qb]$A[
R>pX$u ]hpdp Aph [p gpL$p L$li
L$ kyfi_[ R>pX$u
]hpdp Aphu. (A_ Aphy b_hy kchu[ R>)L$pfZL$ Apgp] `p[p_p
dp-bp` `pk\u AL$ rb]$A[
g R> `R>u epf rb]A[p `f AdguL$fZdp
gpbp kdeNpmp `kpf \B e R> [p gpL$p kdS> R> L$ Ap `Z AL$
kyfi_[ R> A kyfi_[p `L$u S>_ S>_pb fkyg AL$fd(kggplp Agel
hkgd)q_r[ L$fg
R>. (A_ Ap S> fu[ R>pX$u ]u^gu kyfi_[_ rb]A[
kdS>hpdp Aph R> A_ qfhpS>>`pdu QyL$g
u rb]A[_ kyfi_[ [p Ap fu[
Ap kyauepA qL$fpd dp qfhpT_ rbLy$g [yR> kdS> R> bL$ A hp[_u
[lL$uL$ L$f R> L$ iy [ qfhpS> `pdu QyL$g
qb]A[p `L$u R> L$ `R>u hpfkp$`
`p[ kyfi_[p `L$u )?
kyauepA qL$fpd `L$u AL$ A `Z S>dpA[ R> L$ S>_p Adg_p
[fuL$p Ahp R> L$,S>epf [Ap_ AL$ Adg_u ]gug qL$[pb A_ kyfi_[
hX$ L$ S> lq]jp A_ rkf[_u qL$[pbpdp kpbu[ R>, _\u dm[u [p [Ap
`p[p_p L$bp hX$ Ap lTf[ (kggplp Agel hkgd)[fa ep_u[
\pe R>. `R>u S>epf [Ap($lp_u A_ L$au lyTyfu hX$)Ap lTf[
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u bpfNpldp lpS>f \pe R> [p Ap L$pe
kb^ `yR>`fR> L$f R> A_ S> Ap`(kggplp Agel hkgd)[_
lyd Apù ] R> [_u D`f Adg L$f R>. `f[y Ap dpV$p gpL$p_u hp[ R> S>
b^p dpV$ _\u [dS [ApA gpLp_ Ap L$pe L$fhp_p lyL$d Ap`hp _
BA L$pfZL$ Ap L$pe klul A_ kpbu[ lphp\u h^pfp_y R> A_ Ap
fu[ [ es[ gpL$p_ q_r[ L$fgu l]p\u ApNm h^hp_u [L$guadp
_pM R> L$pfZL$ ]$u_ [p S>_pb fkyg AL$fd(kggplp Agel
hkggd) _u lep[udp S> `fu`|Z \B Qyep R>. lh [dp afapf L$fhp_u
fp-b]g L$fhp_u L$ h^pfp L$fhp_u S>fp `Z NyBi _\u AV$gp dpV$
[dpd gpL$p_ Ap ]u_ `f kpbu[ flhp_u [L$gua Ap`hpdp Aphu R>
107
108
d_L$u ApM Mpg

epfe hprli L$f R> [p epf `Z [_u _Tf [p dp AgplApgp_u Tp[ [fa S> lpe R>, N$gpl [fa L$]$pù lp[u _\u L$pfZL$ [
S> L$fhphpmp R>, A_ [ S> L$fi.
(Ap_y _pd kyauhp]_u cpjpdp Al]ue[ dyS>f]p_u [hSl
L$l R>,S> _ib]u byTyNp_u Mprke[ R>.)
epf bp] lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u(fld[yggpl Agel)A
]fL Lpedp My]$p_ lhpg L$fu ]hp rhi AdyL hpL$A
p[p bep_ L$fu_ L$Ly $,
dpfp `y A]yfldp__ Bd_u [gb dpV$ L$pB fNb[ _lp[u A_
[_u [fa\u ly OZp S> [N l[p. [p AgplApgpA d_ Blpd adpey
L$, lz Ap dpdgp AgplApgp_ kpù ]D. [p d Ahy S> L$ey [_y
`qfZpd A Apey L$, A S> fp[\u [ My] `p[p_u [ S> d_ L$p hNf
Bd iuMhp gpep A_ A S> fp[\u [_ Bd_u kdS> A bpmL$p\u
`Z hû NB S>Ap hjp `lgp\u Bddp diNyg l[p [p Ap fu[ d [_p
dpdgp My]$p_ ky`] Lep [p d_ [Z Ap dp\pLy$V$\u Ry>V$$L$pfp A`Z L$ep
S>dp ly r_fpi \B QyLep l[p. AgplApgp [_ DdpA bp Adg `L$u
b_phu ]. Apdu_...
*(4) Bd [dS> Adgdp r_:hp\[p
L$pdugùfp_p k]$NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap_p Bd A_
Adgdp `yL$m dppdp Bgpk(r_:hp\[p)lpe R>. A_ [Ap [dp
qfep ]c_ hihp\u X$f[p fl R>. L$pfZL$ Bd [dS> Adgdp Bgpk
k[ S>$fu R>,[_p hNf Adg dLbyg \[p _\u A_ Ap Bgpk_u
p[u dpV$ S> kyraepA qL$fpd_p rhrh^ [fuL$pAp As[hdp Apep R>.
Ap A_yk^
p_ lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u (fld[ygpl
Agel)A OZuS> rlL$pe[p fSy> L$fu R> S> `L$u L$V$guL$ Alu fSy> L$$ Ry>,:*lTf[ lk_ bkfu (fld[ygpl Agel) `p[p_p _k D`f
`yL$m dppdp Ap i]p hX$ MaNu lf L$f[p l[p A_ dgpd[ L$f[p
fl[p l[p L$, l _k, [y hp[p[p _L$pL$pf, afdpbf]pfp A_ Apbu]p
S>hu L$f R>. `f[y L$pe [p apkuL$p, dy_pauL$p A_ qfepL$pfp S>hp L$f R>. ([p
[y Bgpk_p ]ph]pf L$B
fu[ R>p?) dygukp_u hp[p Aphu _\u lp[u.
* lTf[ epp bu_ dpAT\u(fld[ygplAgel) `|R>hpdp
Apey L$, Ap]du Bgpk hpmp epf b_ R>? [p Ap` adpey L$,
epf [_u Mg[(V$h
-Ap][)]y^ ù[p bpmL$ S>hu b_u e R> L$ [
A hp[_u `fhpl _\u L$f[p L L$pZ [_u ikp Lf R> A_ L$pZ [_u
109
d_L$u ApM Mpg

qV$L$p?
* lTf[ ayTg
bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L, ep kyû Ap]du gpL$p_u dplb[dp k`X$pegp fl R> epkyû
kgpd[ _\u fl[p AV$gp dpV$ L$ S> esL$[$ qfep\u bQhp BR> [Z
AgplApgp\u dplb[ A_ dMgyL$\u ce A`_phhp BA.
*lTf[ Bfi[pL$u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R>L$, kyipcu[
\_pfpAp Z L$pf_p R> :- *(1) S>Ap Bd hX$ ipcpedp_ b_ R>.
*(2) S>Ap Adg hX$ kyipcu[ \pe R> A_ *(3) S>Ap iZNpf_p
epN hX$ Apcyju[ \pe R> A_ Ap u L$pf_p gpL$p kp\u h^pf
^pMbpS> R> [dS> kp\u h^y i[p__ `k] R> L$pfZL$ Ap gpL$p i[p_
dpV$ \d b L$pf_p gpL$p L$f[p L$pd Aph_pfp R> AV$gp dpV$ L$ [Ap_p
hf rhMf hpm_p L$pfZ gpL$p [_p (Ap[qfL$) lpg_u [bplu\u OZu S>
dysL$g\u ZL$pf \i [dS OZu S>]u [_p a]pdp akpe S>i.
*lTf[ eykay bu_ Abp[(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, d epf `Z dpfp _ak_p rlkpb gu^p [p d_ Ahy gpey L$ ly
`yf`|fp qfepL$pf Ry>.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu (fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S> esL$[ gpL$p_p kydl hQ `p[p_u qV$L$p L$f R> [ lL$uL$[dp `p[p_u
kip S> L$f R> A_ Ap `Z qfep_u Agpd[p `L$u AL$ Agpd[ R>.
*lTf[ A]ygplbu_ dybpfL$ (fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, AL$ es[ Mp_A L$pbp_p [hpa L$f R> A_ Myfpkp_ A Ape `pdu_
hpmpAp_( S> Alu\u AL$kp NpD ]yf R>)]MpX$ R>. L$pB
khpg L$ep L$, Ap L$hu fu[? [p Ap` adpey L$, [ A fu[ L$
Myfpkp_hpmpAp [_p qhi Ahy L$l L$, agpZp ik [hpa A_ kB dpV$
d$pdp fpL$pep R> [_ dybpfL$ \pe.
([p Ap_p\u kpbu[ \ey L$ qfep dp gpL$p_u dpy]Nu kyû
rkdu[ _\u, `f[y [Ap_u NflpS>fudp `Z kcrh[ R> A_ [_u kyf[
A R> L$ Ap]du AL$p[
dp L$pB
Adg L$f A_ [_u hprli A lpe L$ L$pi!
gpL$p d_ Ap lpg[dp Sy>A A_ dpfu kip L$f.)
*lS>f[ ayTg bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$,
`lgp [p gpL$p_ Ad Ahu lpg[dp ep l[p L$ [Ap A _L$uepdp
qfep L$f[p l[p S> [Ap L$f[p l[p A_ lh gpL$p_
u A lpg[ R> L$ A hp[dp
qfep L$f R> S> [Ap L$f[p _\u AV$gL$ `lgp gpL$p dMgyL$ dpV$ _L$ L$pd
110
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

l[p. [_p L$pfZ L$[bpl L$ley L$, Ap` kya_p Tcp L$d `lep R>?
S>_p eyfdp dpld] Mpdpi \B Nep. S>_p L$pfZ [ApA L$y L$,
iy hp[ R> ? L$ ly Ap`_p\u hp[ L$fy Ry> A_ Ap` Mpdpi R>p. S>_p
eyfdp [ApA L$y L$, ([dpfp khpg_p S>hpb `V$) ly Ahy L$ly
L$ ]yr_ep [L$_p L$pfZ d Aphy Ley R> [p [ dpfu kapB R> L$ ly ]yr_ep\u
b`fhp Ry> A_ ly L$ly L$ _p]pfu_p L$pfZ d Aphy Ley R> [p Ap My]p_u
riL$pe[ R> A_ Ap b_ hp[p d_ `k] _\u dpV$ S> Qy`L$u]u khhp
rkhpe L$pB S> dpN _ l[p.
*lTf[ ayTg
bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, L$kd`|hL $ L$ly Ry> L$ lp$_ fiu] dpfu `pk Aphhp_u BT[ Qpl
[p ly [_ BT[ _lu Ap`y A `qfs\q[ qkhpe L$ Ap dpV$ d_ dS>byf
L$fhpdp Aph L$ ly ]yhi
_\u, [p `R>u Ap ]yhi
L$h
p R> S>Ap My]bMy]
[_u `pk e R>.
[p Ap fu[ kyauepA qL$fpd ldip `]hu BRy>L$ gpL$p A_
Ddfphp [dS> bp]ipl `pk S>hp\u ]yf fp R>, [p ùfpdp `Z Ap
L$pf_u Mybu lphu S>$fu R> L$ [ dpg]pfp `pk S>hp\u bQ A_ `p[p_u
dlaugpdp Nfubp A_ rdLu_p [dS> _p]pf dyfu]p_ AN[p Ap`.
*(6) r_apL$(`pMX$[p)\u ]yfu
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ [Ap r_apL$_ R>pX$u ]hp dpV$ A fu[ Adg L$f R> L _L$udp [Ap_y
lf A_ bpr[_ b_ AL$kfMy S> lpe R>.A_ Ap S> L$pfZkf [Ap
`L$u L$pB AL$_p `Z Adg Ahp _\u lp[p S>_p L$pfZ L$pg ApMf[_p
q]hk fyyhp A_ bApb$ \hy `X$. (L$pfZL$ [Ap ep kyû ie lpe
ep kyû byfy L$pe L$f[p S> _\u A_ L$]$pQ dp_h klS> cyg_p L$pfZ L$pB
Ny_pl \B `Z e [p [f[ S> A[apf A_ [pbpl L$fu g R> S>_p

L$pfZ Ny_pl _[p_pby] \B e R>.)
*Abyg Abpk MuTf(Agelukgpd)Ddfbu_ A]yg
ATuT (f]uegplpApgp Afilp)_ hkue[ adphu l[u epf L$ [Ap_u
Ap`_u kp\ d]u_pA dy_hfpdp dygpL$p[ \B l[u,S> Ap l[u L$$, Ddf,
Mbf]pf Ahy _lu L$f[p L$ lfdp [p My]p_p ]p[ b_p A_ bpr[_dp
My]p_p ]yd_ L$pfZ L$ S>_u lfu A_ bpr[_u lpg[ AL$ kdp_ _ lpe
[ dy_pauL$p ]pTM_p kp\u _uQgp [b$pdp li. Ap kpcmu_ lTf[
L$f[p l[p A_ lh _L$ L$pd `Z L$f[p _\u bL$ _L$ gpL$p_

u kyf[ b_phu_
A hp[_y eL$u_ A`phhp BR> R> L$ [Ap _L$ L$pd L$f R>,[p Ap fu[ Ap
gpL$p ANpD_p qfepL$pfp\u OZp S> b][f R>.
* lTf[ Bbplud rb_ A]$ld(fld[ygpl Agel)> adph[p
l[p L$, S> esL$[ A hp[_ `k] L$f R> L$ gpL$p [_ kpfp L$l [ _ [p dyL$u
R>, A_ _ [p Bgpk hpmp.
*lTf[ ]$pD] [pB(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$hpf L$`X$p DV$p
`lfu gu^p [p gpL$pA L$y L$, Ap` [_ ku^p L$d _\u L$fu g[p.?
S>_p S>hpbdp$ Ap` adpey L$, d [_ My]$p dpV$ `lfg
R> AV$gp dpV$ [_
_lv b]$g.y
(L$lhp_p l[y A L$ `lf[u hM[ Mygyk l[p Sepf lh b]$ghp
A rhQpf\u l[p L$ gpL$p bhLy$a _ kdS> A_ [Ap_ Mfpb _ gpN AV$gp
dpV$ Mygyk_ qfep hX$ b]$gu iL$[p _\u.)
*lTf[ ip] bu_ lL$ud(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, S>_u A]f Ap Z hp[p lpe [Z BA L$ [ [pgud Bd dpV$
bk, _lu[f ]k_u Myfiu `f bkhp_y R>pX$u ]. *(1) [p A L gpL$p_
My]p_u _Ad[p ep] L$fph S>\u [Ap [_p iy$ A]p L$f *(2) A L$ [Ap_p
Ny_pl ep] L$fph S>\u [Ap [pbpl L$f A_ *(3) A L$ [ [Ap_ [_p
]yd_ Bsgk_u ep]$u Ap` S>\u [_p\u bQ.
[p Ap fu[ l cpB ! Ap byTyNp_p AL$hpgp A_ L$pep Zu
gu^p `R>u [y `p[p_p Bd A_ Adgdp `p[p_p _ak_ aapk A_ L$
[dp [_u iy lpg[ R> ? `R>u [y [dp ]c L$ epr[_u hprli yA [p
`p[p_u [ `f $]_ L$f A_ [_ R>pX$hp_u L$piui L$f.
*(5) `]hu BR>[p gpL$p\u ]yf flhy
L$pdugùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_
p A `Z AL$ k]NZ
y R> L$
[Ap `p[p_p cpB\u _kul[$` L$ rlapT[_p [pf `f kb^ L$pù _pM
R> epf L$ [Ap L$pB
ifB dgl[ L$ S>$f[ hNf DdfpAp\u dm-dugp`
fpM R>. A_ [_y L$pfZ Ap l]uj`pL$ `f Adg L$fhp R> L$ S>lfi_ddp
AL$ hp]u R> S>_y _pd lyblyb R> A_ AgplApgpA [_ kfL$ip A_
A Alg Bd dpV$ [epf L$fg R> S>Ap Tpgud kpûip `pk e R>.
*lTf[ dpld]bu_ hpkA(fld[ygpl Agel) L$[bpl
bu_ dygud_u `pk Nep, epf [ApA kya(D_)_p Tbp `lfgp
111
112
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

*(7) lpL$udp_p Tyd `f kb L$fhu
L$pdug ùfp A_ AgplhpmpAp_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$, [Ap kpûip_p Tydp `f OZu S> kb L$f R> A_ ûfS> ^f R>.
[dS> A hp[ `yfu fu[ dlkyk L$f R> L$ Ap [ k\u OZu S> ApR>u k
R L$ S> [_ `p[p_p Ny_plp_p L$pfZ dmhu BA.
*lTf[ kpgl dyfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R>L$, epf
gpL$p_y bpr[_ A_ lf AL$kdp_ _ lpe [p [Z BA L$ S> L$pf_u
`Z dyiub[p A_ Apa[p [_u D`f _pTug \pe [_ _hpBS_L _
kdS. (L$pfZL ,Ap hNf LpfZ Aphgu dykub[ _\u L$ [_u `f _hpB
gpN bL Ap [_u b]ApdpguAp_p S LpfZ R.)
*lTf[ dpld]bu_ eykya(fld[ygpl Agel)_p cpBA
[Ap_ `p[p_p ]i(dyL$)_p lpL$udp_p Tydp_u aqfep]$ L$f[p AL$ `
gep. [p lTf[ dpld] bu_ eykya(fld[ygpl Agel) A [Ap_
Ap i]pdp eyf Apep. Ad_ [dpfp ` dep dpfp cpB
[dpfp\u A hp[ Ry>ù _\u L$ S> esL$[A Ny_pl L$ep R> [_p A Ar^L$pf
_\u L$ [ k_u kcph_p `f L$ip A[fpT L$f S> dykub[dp [d akpegp
R>p [_ dp Ny_plp_u S> aqfep] kdSy> Ry>. hkgpd....
*Mguap lp$_ fiu] AL$ esL$[_ MpV$u fu[ L$]L$fu gu^p. [p
[Z [Ap_ Ap i]pdp AL$ ` gep, l lp$_, [y kd g L$ dpfu
L$] A_ dpfu [L$gua_p S> q]hk `kpf \B fp R> A S> fu[ [pfu ]Nu
A_ [pfp Aip-Apfpd_p `Z AL$ q]hk `kpf \B fp R> A_ A hp[
OZu _L$ R> S>fp `Z ]y$f _\u (OZp _L$_p kdedp dpfu dykub[
A_ [pfp Aip-Apfpd_p eyN kdp[ \B S>i)A_ AgplApgp
dpfu A_ [pfu hQ akgp L$fu ]i. qfhpe[ L$f_pf L$l R> L$, epf
lp$_ fiu] Ap ` hpep [p [f[ S> [_ R>pX$u dyL$ep A_ [_u kp\ L$B
L$
kpfp kygyL$ `Z L$ep.
*lTf[ B_ykudpL$(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
epf [d Ahp Apdpgpdp diNyg \B h L$ S> [dpfp `fhf]$uNpf
`k] _\u L$f[p A_ `R>u `p[p_u rhhi[p lf L$f[p Ahy L$lp L$,
AgplApgpA [_ [L$]ufdp gMu ]u^y l[y S>dp Adpfp L$pB
hpL$ _\u.
[p [d `p[p_p lpL$ud_ `Z dS>byf dp_p L$pfZL$ Tyd [ [dpfu D`f L$f
R> [_ `Z Agpl ApgpA S> [_u [L$]ufdp gMg R> L$pfZ L$ [Ap
`L$u ]fL$ ik Ahu S> q]$guhprli ^fph R> L$ [Ap [dpfp `L$u L$pB_u
Ddfbu_ A]yATuT AV$gu l] fXep L$ ApkyAp\u ]pY$u-dybpfL$

cuB NB.
*lTf[ eppbu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, q]$g lpX$u(]N) S>hy R> A_ q]ghpmpAp_u S>bp_ [_p X$pe
p(AV$g
L$ S> fu[ lpX$u_y ipL$ X$pep hX$ L$pY$hpdp Aph R> A S> fu[ r]g_u hp[
Tbp_ \L$u lf \pe R>)[p S> fu[ kpg_(ipL$)_y Akgu WL$p lpX$u
lpe R> A S> fu[ b]p lphp_y Akg WL$p L$b R>. AV$gL $ S> fu[ [d dyl
hX$ b]p R>p A S> fu[ ]ug hX$ `Z b]p b_p. (AV$g L$ Ahy _ lphy
BA L$ Tbp_ hX$ [p Ab]$ue[(b]p`Zp)_p A_ b]Nu_p huL$pf
L$fp A_ q]g\u BfiL$pf \d q]g\u b]p b_p A_ `R>u Tbp_\u.)
*lTf[ D[bp bu_ Apduf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, epf Ap]du_y bpr[_ [_p lf dpZ lpe R> [p AgplApgp
`p[p_p aqf[pAp_ adph R> L$, Ap MfMf dpfp b]p R>.
*lTf[ Aby A]ygpl Bsfi[gpL$u($fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, [dpd Apdpgpdp kh W Adg Ny[ Ny_plp-_ R>pX$u
]hy R>. L$pB
A L$y L$, [ L$h
u fu[? Ap` adpey L$, epf Ap]du
Ry>`p Ny_plp_ R>pX$i [p [ lfu Ny_plp_ [p [_u L$f[p h^y QuhV$pB\u
R>pX$i. `R>u adpey L$, S>_y bpr[_ [_p lf L$f[p W R> A [p
OZp dlp_ ]f R>, A_ S>_y lf A_ bpr[_ b_ AL$kdp_ lpe [
ded dpN R>, `f[y S>_y lf [_p bpr[_ L$f[p ApNm h^gy lpe [p
A Tyd R>.
*lTf[ Tybf bu_ Ahpd(f]uegplp Afilp)adph[p l[p
L$, [d `p[p_p _L$ L$pep_p `Z Ny[ kNl L$fp S> fu[ [dpfu `pk byfp
Apdpgp_p Ny[ kNl R> .
[p l cpB ! lh epf [_ [L$ r_apL$ A_yk^p_ byTyNp_
ka_p OZp S> AL$hpgp A_ rlL$pe[p_u ZL$pfu lpkug \B[p [y [pfp
_ak_ aapk A_ , L$ iy [pfy lf A_ bpr[_ AL$kdp_ R> L$ _lu ?
A_ R> [p, Agpl_p iy$ A]$p L$f A_ _\u [p, A_ iLe[p [p A
S> R> L$ li S> _lu [p, [_ AL$kdp_ b_phhp_u L$piui L$f A_ ]fL$
`qfs\q[dp A[apf_u Ar^L$[p L$f A_ kd g L$ S> gpL$p_u kpd
`p[p_u lpg[ `p[p_p bpr[_\u rhfy lf L$fi [ AL$NZp dy_pauL$ R>
A_ [dp r_apL$_p AL$ Ai R> AV$gp dpV$ [_p l dy_pauL$ kp\ \i,
Ap hp[_ Myb S> kd g.
(hl]pgugplfbuApgdu_)
113
114
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

_\u L$f[p A_ _ [p L$pB_u kN[ A`_ph R> ep kyû L$ [Ap Zu _
g L$ [dp My]p_u fTp(kfi_[p)R>. A_ AV$gp dpV$ S> [Ap L$pB
_u kp\
_ [p ]yfiehu hp\ dpV ]p[u fpM R> A_ _ [p ]yd_u (A_ Ap S>
[Ap_p Bdp__u AL$ dS>b|[ ]gug R>) L$pfZL, l]ujifuadp Apeyy R>
L$, My]p dpV$ dplb[ A_ My]p dpV$ A]ph[ Bdp__p b dS>b|[ [cp
R>. dpV$ L$pB
es[ [dpd fi_p[p A_ Bfikp_p_u Bbp][p bfpbf
`p[p_p `pg_lpf_u Bbp][ khpb_p Bfp]p\u L$f A_ [ fTpA
Bgplu\u Npaug lpe [p [ kyauep_p [fuL$p\u aL $pe Negp R>.
(L$pfZL$ kyauepA qL$fpd_u _L$ ]fL$ L$pe_u `pR>m_p l[y
fTpA Bgplu A_ AgplApgp_u Tp[ R A_ [_p \L$u [_p
BfiApdp[p_p ape]$p EW$phhp R>, epf dS>Ly$f esL$[A dL$ky]-
buTTp[_p R>] DX$pX$u_ dp ape]p_ S> dL$k]y buTTp[ b_phu gu^g
R> dpV$ [ Ap [fuL$p\u ]yf aL$pe Nep R>.)
*lTf[ A]ygplbu_ dD](f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph R> L$, epf L$pB_u kp\ [pfp dm-m lpe [p [y [_ A _ `|R>
L$ [_ dpfp\u dplb[ R> L$ _lu? bL$ My] `p[p_p q]g_ aapk A_
L$ [pfp q]g A_ [pfp _akdp [_p dpV$ iy R> ? (iy dplb[ R> L$ buSy> L$B
R> ?) L$pfZL$ S> [pfu A]f li [ rbLy$g Ahy S> li S>hy L$ [_u A]f
R>. (lh [pfu A]f dplb[ li [p [_u A]f `Z dplb[ li
A_ buSy> L$pB li [p [_u A]f `Z buSy> L$pBL$ S> li.)
*lTf[ Aby lyffpl(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)adph[p l[p
L$, L$epd[_p q]hk AL$ esL$[_ My]$pAApgp_u kpd gphhpdp
Aphi A_ AgplApgp [_ adphi L$ iy [ Mpk dpfp dpV$(L$pB`Z
[_p `p[p_p hp\ rh_p) L$epfe L$pB
]p[ kp\ ]p[u L$fu R> L$ ly [_
[_p lhpg L$fu ]D. (A_ [ [_ S>fi_[dp gB e.) [dpf Ap l]uj\u
kbL$ lpkug L$fhp SpBA A_ _L$ gpL$p\u dplb[ L$fhu BA A_
`p[p_ [_p Alkp_p[p_p lLL$]pf b_phhp BA L$pfZL$ L$ ApS> [
[dpfu kp\ L$iu cgd_kpB L$fhp_ `p _\u, `f[y Lepd[dp [_p
]b]bp li epf [Ap [d_ L$V$gpe ape]pAp `lpQpX$u iL$ R>.
[p Ap R> AgplhpmpAp_u Bgpd dpV$_u Nf[ [Ap_p ]fL$
Adg Agpl_u fTp dpV$ S> l[p. [ApA L$pB`Z dpdgpdp L$epfe
`Z ]yfiehu NfTp L$ hprlip[p_ p^pfie Apey _\u `f[y ]fL$
dpdgpdp dp A_ dp Agpl_u fTp _ S> dlh Apey R>.
D`f `Z Tyd _ L$f. `f[y [dpfp Apdpgp S> [dpfu D`f Tyd L$fhp_y
L$pfZ b_u e R>. (L$pfZL$ [d epf byfp Apdpgp L$fpR>p [p
AgplApgp [dpfu kTp dpV$ [Ap_ Tpgud b_phu ] R> lh [L$]uf
Bgplu [dpfp dpV$ dS>byfu R>, [p lpL$udp dpV$ `Z dSbyfu R> A_
lpL$udp dpV$ _\u A_ [d `Z dp_p R>p L$ _\u [p `R>u [L$]uf Bgplu
[dpfp dpV$ `Z dS>byfu _\u. AV$g L$ [dpf `Z byfp L$pep R>pX$u ]hp
BA.)
*lTf[ hlb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$,
epf lpL$ud Tyd L$fhp_p Bfp]p L$f R>, [p lLL$Apgp [_u fe[dp
[Nu _pMu ] R ep kyû L$ bTpfpdp, fpTuApdp, M[fpdp, ampdp A_
ApQmpdp(]y^dp)AV$g L$ ]fL$ h[ydp AR>[ `]p L$fu ] R>. (L$lh
p_p
A\ A R> L$ lpL$udp_p Tyd\u fe[dp `Z L$du Aphu e R> A fu[ L$
`]pBi ApR>u \B e R>, dfZp hû e R> A_ bTpfpdp AR>[
h[php gpN R> A_ D`p]_dp ApR>` Aphu e R> [dS> _hfp_p
]y$^ kyL$pe e R>)
*lTf[ AbyApguepl(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$ q]hk lp$_
fiu]_u `pk Nep [p [_ A _kul[ adphu L$, dTgyd_u b]]yAp\u
bQ L$pfZL$ AgplApgp [_ f] L$f[p _\u. `R>u cg_ [ b]L$pf_u S
[fa\u lpe. A_ AL$ qfhpe[ dp R> L$, cg_ [ L$pauf_u S> [fa\u
lpe.
[p Ap fu[ l dykgdp_cpB ! ([y `Z [pfp _ak A_ [pfp
ANp_p lpL$ud R>p dpV$) lh [y [pfp q]gdp rhQpf L$ [ [_p\u `p[p_p
AL$p[dp `p[p_u fe[ AV$g L$ _ak A_ [_p ANp_p lLL$ A]$p Lep R>
A_ A Ahu fu[ L$ [ [_p\u fTpA-Bgplu_y L$pe gu^y R> A_ [_
_pafdp_uAp\u fpLep R>, L$ `R>u [ [pfp _ak A_ `p[p_p ANp kp\
Mep_[ L$fu R>. (dpV$ rhQpfhp_u S>$f[ R>)L$pfZL, ]$fL$ r_Nlbp__
[_u r_Nlbp_u _uQ Aph[u h[y kb^ `|R>`fR> L$fhpdp Aphi.
*(8) Bgpd_y kfidp_
L$pdugùfp A_ kyauepA qL$fpd_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R>L$, epf lLLApgp_u L$pB Al[fpd_ gpeL$ QuT (S>d L$ AlL$pd
hNf) _u lpku DX$phhpdp Aph [p [Ap_ My]$p dpV$ A_ `rh ifuA[_u
d]] dpV$ Nf[$ù Sy>kp lpe R>. A_ Ap L$pfZkf S> [Ap L$pB L$pe
115
116
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

rgbpk [p _L$ gpL$p_
p R> A_ lkhy Npaugp_u S>h.y
*lTf[ hlb bu_ A_hf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, e\ lkhyy A R> L$ S>dp dp ]p[ Mygu e A_ AhpS> kcmpe
A_ ayTyg MQu rh_p_p MpfpL$ A R> L$ S>_p hX cyM fpL$pe e A_ `V$
_ cfpe.
*lTf[ A]yATuT bu_ Abu ]pD](fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, epf kplbpA qL$fpddp lku dTpL$ lf \B [p
lLL$ApgpA Ap Ape[ _pTug adphu L$, Agd eA_ gugTu_ Apd_y
A_ [iA L$pgybplyd g Tu$ugpl. (A\p[ :- iy dykgdp_ dpV$ lSy
A kde _\u Apep L$ My]p_u ep] hX$ [Ap_p q]g L$ù DW.) Ap
kpcmu_ [ApA lku dTpL$ R>pX$u ]uû A_ [Ap X$fu Nep.
[p l ATuT, Ap b^p hpL$Ap[p_p r_QpX$ A R> L$ Algygpl
A_ Nf-Algy gpl hQ_p [aph[ dp b hp[p R> *(1) ApMf[ [fa
ep_u[ \hy A_ *(2)[_p hpL$A
p[p dpV$ [epf flh;y [p Sdp S>V$gu l]
Ap b hp[p hp dmi AV$gu S> l] [_p kdphi Algygpldp \i
A_ S>dp S>V$gu l] Ap hp[p _lu lpe AV$gu S> l] [_u NZu
Algygpldp _lu \pe. [p lh l cpB, [y `p[p_p _ak A_ Ap cygp
A_ Nag[p `f rQ[_-d__ L$f A_ S> $L$phV$p Ly$b Bgplu lprkg L$fhp
dpV$ [pfu A]f R> [_p\u A[apf A_ AplpTpfu L$f [dS> [_ ]yf
L$fhp dpV$ cf`yf L$piui L$f.
*(10) ApMf[_y ApL$jZ
L$pdugùfp A_ Alg [khya_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A >`Z
R>L$ [Ap ]yr_ep `f ApMf[_ `yf`yfu aTug[ Ap`_pfp l[p. epf
[Ap_ L$pB Ahp L$pedp akpB S>hp_p ce gpN[p L$ S>_p L$pfZ My]p
[_p\u _pfpS> \pe [p [Ap dp[_u ApfTy L$f[p l[p.
*lTf[ Apbuk Napfu(f]uegplp Afilp)[pD_ (hbpgN)_p Tdp_pdp adph[p l[p L$, l [pD_, d_ gB g. A_ Aphy
hpfhpf adph[p l[p S> kpcmu_ [Ap_p AL$ ù[fpB cpBA L$y L$, l
Apbuk d fkygygpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u kpcey R>
L$, Ap` adph[p l[p L$, L$pB
esL$[ [dpfp `L$u dp[_u [dfi_p _ L$f,
L$pfZL$ [_p L$pfZ [_p Ly$Vy$buS>_p(Ap[S>_p)Sy>]p \pe R> A_ Ap
Sy>]pB_p L$pfZ [Ap_ [L$gua \pB R>. dpV$ Ap]duA `p[p_p Bs[epf
hX$ L$pB
Ahy L$pe _ L$fhy BA L$ S>_p L$pfZ buAp_ A_ Mpk L$fu_
*(9) ]yr_ep\u r_g`[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_p AgpL$p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ [Ap lk R> ApRy> A_ ]yr_ep_u L$pB QuT\u Myi \[p _\u bL$
]yr_ep_p S> L$B
kp-kpdp_ `Z [Ap_ p[ \pe R> Qpl [ L$`X$pA
p
lpe, L$ khpfuAp lpe L$ buhuAp lpe L$ d_kbp lpe [_p\u [Ap
]yr_ep]pf_u fu[\u rhfy fu[ [Nu A_ych R>. Ahp ce_p L$pfZL$ L$]pQ
[ ApMf[_u _Ad[ lpe; S> [_ ]yr_epdp S> Apù ]hpdp Apù lpe
A_ [_p L$pfZ [Ap ApMf[_u _Ad[p\u hrQ[ \B S>i. A_ A
rkhpe ]yr_epdp Myiu_p L$pB
dpL$p `Z _\u; L$pfZL$ dpdu_ ]yr_ep$ù
L]$Mp_pdp S>L$X$pB_ q]$]$pf Bgplu\u hrQ[ R> A_ [ esL$[ L$hu fu[
Myi \B iL$ R> L$ S> L$]$Mp_pdp S>L$X$pB_ q]$]$pf Bgplu\u hrQ[ lpe.
Ap\u S> fu[ L$pB esL$[_ Of S>hp\u L$ Of_p gpL$p kp\
dmhp\u fpL$u ]hpdp Aph R>, A_ [_p L$pfZ [Ap f-Nddp Xy$bgp
lpe R> A S> fu[ Ap gpL$p `Z f-Nddp Ofpegp lpe R>, L$pfZL$
AgplhpmpAp_ `p[p_u gpbu Dd A_ ]yr_epdp S>L$X$pB_ q]$]$pf
Bgplu\u hrQ[ flhp_p Nd lpe R>.
*l]uj ifuadp R> L$, S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel
hkgd)adpey, L$kd R> A Tp[_u S>_p L$Tpdp dpfu _ R> [d_
A hp[_u ZL$pfu lp[ S> ly Ry> [p [d \pXy$ lk[p M|b fX$[p A_
[d_ Apf[p_u kp\ rb[f `f dTp _ Aph[u A_ [d My]pApgp\u
aqfep] L$f[p L$f[p f[pAp `f _uL$mu `X$[p. (A_ S>_y dpYy$ S> [fa
EW$[y NcfplV$_p L$pfZ A S> [fa cpN[p.)
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dD](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, d_ lkhphpmpAp `f _hpB gpN R> (L$ [Ap L$B fu[
Myi \pe R>) L$ [_u kpd dp[ `Z R> ?
*lTf[ A_k bu_ dpguL$(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, dS>gukdp ]fL$ M|b lkhphpmp_u kp\ AL$ i[p_ lpe R> S>
[_ ApMf[\u Npaug L$fu_ lkhp dpV$ pkplu[ L$f R>.
*AL$ q]hk lTf[ dApTpl A]huep(f]uegplpApgp
Afilp) Ahp S>hp_p `pk\u _uL$ep L$ S>ApA kya (D_)_p rgbpk
`lfgp l[p A_ lku fp l[p [p Ap` adpey, Ab hp[ R> L$
117
118
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[p S>epf ApS>\u 1000 hj `lgp_p eyN Ahp lpe L [dp dp[
]$Nu L$f[p $kpfy lpe [p ApS>_p Ap lmplm Sy>WpZpAp A_ [y[-a[yfp_p
eyNdp [p ]Nu L$f[p dp[ L$V$gu l] kpfu li ? L$pi, lTf[ kyauep_
kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)Ap eyNdp dpS>y ] lp[ [p [_p dpV$ iy adph[p?
* lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dD](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, ]y_uep_p kpa ky\fp eyN kdp[ \B Qyep [dS> N]$p
A_ Mfpb eyN flu Nep. AV$gp dpV$ ApS>L$pg ]fL$ dykgdp_ dpV$ dp[
[plap_u S>d `k] L$fhp gpeL$ R>.
* lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, ly A hp[ `k] _\u L$f[p L$ d_ dp[_u k[uApdp
S>fp `Z fpl[ Ap`hpdp Aph L$pfZL$ [ Ahu Ar[d h[y R>, S>_u D`f
dpdu__ b]gp Ap`hpdp Aphi. (A_ epf `R>u L$pB Ahu OV$_p
[_u kpd OV$u[ \hp_u _\u L$ S>_p `f b]gp Ap`hpdp Aph A kde
S>V$gp b]gp dmu e N_ud[ R>.)
* lTf[ Aby ]f]p(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p
L$, L$pB cpBA d_ ApS> kyû Ahp lq]$ep _\u dpL$ep S> kgpd \u
h^y kpfp lpe A_ L$pB cpB rhi d_ L$pB Ahp kdpQpf _\u dep L$
d_ [_p dp[_p kdpQpf\u h^y `k] lpe. (bL$ [_u dp[_u Mbf
[_u bu bû Mbfp\u h^y `k] L$fhp_ `p R>.)
* lTf[ gyL$dp_(Agelukgpd) `p[p_p kplbTp]p_
adpey L$, bV$p, d hS>_]pf `\fp `Z DQL$ep R>. A_ gpMX$ `Z
D`pX$ey R>. `f[y d L$T\u h^y L$pB h[y h^y hS>_]pf _ e. A_ d
Dd]p MpZp `Z Mp^p R> [dS> lku_p\u (buhuAp)ld ApNpi `Z
\ep Ry>, `f[y Apaue[(Apfpd)\u h^y dT]pf h[y AL$ `Z _\u e
A_ d ]fL$ L$pf_u L$X$hpi QpMu R> `f[y gpL$p_u `pk `p[p_u S>$f[
gB S>hp\u h^y Afie L$pB h[y L$X$hu e _\u.
*(11) Mpa [dS> Miue[ Bgplu
L$pdug ùfp A_ AgplhpmpAp_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ Ap lTfp[p `p[p_u pfcuL$ lpg[dp [dS> kygyL$_u dTugp `pf
L$ep `R>u Ar[d lpg[dp Ad b_ lpg[dp My]pApgp\u bl] X$f R>,
`f[y b_ lpg[dp aL$ A R> L$ pfcuL$ lpg[dp [p Ny_pl A_ ATpbp_p
L$pfZ X$f R> A_ Ar[d lpg[dp ATd[ [dS> S>gpg My]ph]u_p L$pfZ
Mpa lpe R>. L$pfZL$ epf [_ ATd[ A_ S>gpg My]$ph]$u_p q]$]$pf
Ap[S>_p_ [L$gua \pB; epf L$ [ ifuA[_u $uA Ap hp[ `V$

S>hpb]pf _\u. [p `R>u [d (lyL$d _bu_u rhfy) Aphy ip dpV$ L$fp
R>p? S>_p S>hpbdp lTf[ Apbuk L$y L$, d `Z Ahy S> kpcey R>
`f[y ly A L$pfZpkf Ahy L$fy Ry> L$ d_ A hp[_p X$f R> S>_p rhi d lyTyf
_buA L$fud(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u kpcey R> L$, [Ap
Ap hp[_p `p[p_u Dd[ `f ce fpM[p l[p L$ *(1) bhLy$a A_ dyM
gpL$p_u lyLy$d[ *(2) `yL$m dpZdp if[p *(3) rlL$d[p_y hQpZ
*(4) kbûAp\u qf[p L$p`hp *(5) My_ L$fhp_ rbLy$g kpdpfie
hp[ kdS>hu *(6) A NpeL$ (fu])S> Ly$Ap_ _ fpN b_phi AV$g L$
_dpTdp Ahp gpL$p_
ApNm h^pfi S>Ap ]$u_u lkue[\u kpa bep_
_lu lpe (AV$g L$ kpfy `Y$hphpmp _\u lp[p L$ [ ApNm h^hp dpV$
lLL$]pf lpe) bL$ [Ap [_ AV$gp dpV$ ApNm h^pfi L$ [Ap_ Npe_
kcmphu ]. (Agpl_u `_pl)
* lTf[ Aby]f]p(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p L$,
Qpl L$pB dpdu_ lpe L Lpauf ]$fL dpV$ dp[ bl[f R>. (dpdu_ dpV$
AV$gL $ [_ ApMf[_u _Ad
[p dmi) ApMf[_u _Ad
[p AN adp_
Bgplu R> L, hdp$ Bfi]gpl MefyguAbfpf. AV$g L$, My]$p_u `pk
S> _Ad
[p R> [ _L$ gpL$p dpV$ bl[f R>. A_ L$pauf dpV$ AgplApgp
adph R>L$, Ad [_ AV$gp dpV$ dplg[ Apù R> L$ S>\u [ h^y Ny_pl
L$f A_ [_p dpV$ ApMf[dp $hp L$f_pfp ATpb R>. Ap LpfZpkf
[_y S>]u dfu S>hy ApR>p Ny_plp_y L$pfZ b_i dpV$ dp[ [_p dpV$ `Z
bl[f R>.
* lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[yggplApgp Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, AL Ahp Sdp_p l[p L [dp Ap`Zp dipBMp dp[_u ApfTy
L$f[p l[p[p d_ [_u _hpB gpN[u l[u(L [Ap ip dpV$ Aphu ApfTy L$f
R>?) A_ lh _pb[ ep kyû `lpQu R> L$ lh ly [ gpL$p `f [pASyb
L$fy Ry> L$, S>Ap dp[_ `k] _\u L$f[p.
(L$lhp_p l[y A L$ Ap eyNdp A_ ApNm_p eyNdp S>du_
Apkdp_ S>V$gp afL$ Aphu Nep R>.A eyN Ahp l[p L S>dp ]Nu dp[\u
kpfu l[u A_ S> eyN lh R> A Ahp R> L [dp dp[ ]Nu\u kpfy R>.)
* l ATuT, Alu [y rhQpf L$ lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu (fld[ygpl
Agel)_p eyN ApS>\u 1000 hj `lgp_p eyN R> S>_p dpV$ Ap` adph
R> L$, lh ly A gpLp dpV [pASyb Lfy Ry> L$ S>Ap dp[_ `k] _\u L$f[p
119
120
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Tug[ khpf_p kde S>$f [_p Qlfp `f lf \B e R>.S>_
$uhpmp(Ap[fuL$ $uhpmp) dlkyk L$fu g R>.
lTf[ ayTg bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel) Agpl
Apgp_p L$pg
, ..gpepNp]fp kNuf[h L$buf[_ Bgp Alkpfp.. kb^
adph[p l[p L$, [d gpL$p L$bufp Ny_plp\u `lgp kNufp Ny_plp\u
lpidp Aphp(L$pfZL$ dS>Ly$f Ape[ L$fudpdp kNufp\u bQhy L$f[p
L$bufp\u bQhp_ ANud[p Ap`hpdp Aphu R> S>_p dL$k] A R> L$
kNufpAp\u bQhp dpV$_
u [epfu L$bufp\u h^y lphu BA L$pfZL$ gpL$p
[_ [_ dpdygu kdS> R> A_ [_p\u Sfp `Z Alr[ep[ Lf[p _\u
A_ Ap b Alr[ep[u_p L$pfZ [Ap Ny_pldp k`X$pB e R>. epf
L$bufp Ny_plp\u [p dpVpcpN_p Alg Bgpd kphQ[u fpM R>.
* lTf[ Ahpd bu_ lpib(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, Ny_pl `R>u Qpf hp[p A`_phhu Ny_pl\u `Z Mfpb R>. (1)
A L$ Ny_plp\u dp dpMuL$ A[Napf L$f R> A_ [_ R>pX$hp_p d$d
Bfp]p _\u L$f[p (2) lyL$d My]$ph]$u \u ^pL$p Mpe R> AV$g L$ Ny_pl `f
]y_uepdp L$pB k dm[u _\u, [p Ny_pl L$fhp\u fpL$p[p _\u (3)
Ny_plp\u [pbpl _\u L$f[p `f[y hpfhpf Ny_pl L$f R> A_ (4) A L$
epf Ny_pl `R>u L$pB _L$ L$pe L$fu g R> [p Myi \B e R> L$ [_p hX
Adpfp Ny_pl dpa \B Nep L$ Ap [_u bly S> dpV$u cyg R>. L$pfZL$
epfL$ Agpl-Apgp dp S>$fu Bbp][ hX$ ApNm_p Ny_pl dpa _\u
L$f[p bL$ [_p dpV$ k[[ [pbpl_u S>$f[ R>.
* lTf[ bif lpau(fld[yggpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
AL$ kde Ad Ahp ep R> L$ S>dp gpL$p `lpX$p S>hp _L$ L$pep L$f[p
A_ R>[p `Z [Ap ky[ \[p _ lp[p(A_ Adg bfpbf Qpgy
fpM[p)A_ AL$ kde Ad A `Z B fp R>uA L [dpfu `pk Apdpg
rbLy$g _\u R>[p `Z [d ky[ R>p (A_ Adgp dpV$ e_p _\u
L$f[p)My]$p_u L$kd Ap`Zu hp[p [p [pfuLy$_
z uep(]y_uep epN L$f_pf)
gpL$p S>hu R> `f[y Ap`Zp Lpep kfL$ip A_ dy_pauLp S>hp R. (L$V$gul]
Aakpk_u hp[ R>.)
[p Ap fu[ l cpB ! [y Ap hp[p_ kpfu fu[ kd g A_
Mbf]pf epf [_ Ny_pl L$fhp_u AL$ Ahû `kpf \B e [p epf
`Z [y A[apfdp S>fpe ky[u L$ Apmk _ L$f L$pfZL$ [_ Ny_pl_y [p
eL$u_ R> A_ [_u dpaudp iL$p. A_ eL$u__ Ap fu[ iL$p_p Ap^pf
\pe R> [p [_p dyL$pbgpdp [Ap `p[p_u Bbp][p_ rbLy$g lL$u kdS>
R> A_ `p[p_ kfp`p Ny_l Npf kdS> R> A_ Ap S> L$pfZkf X$f R>. A_
Ap b_ lpg[p dpV$ S>$fu R> `p[p_p L$kyfp dpV$ p[p`.
* lTf[ AbykB] My]fu(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph R>
L$, Qpf h[ydp epf Ap]du Ar[fL$ L$f R> [p [ [_ Npf[([bpl)
L$fu ] R> A_ [_p lpi lhpk _ Nyd L$fu ] R> (1) qS>dpA(kcpN)_u
AûL$[p (2)riL$pf (3)Sy>Npf A_ (4) Ny_pl.
* lTf[ Aby [yfpb _iu(fld[ygpl Apgp Agel)
adph[p l[p L, Sepf Ap]$du Ny_pl R>pX$u ]$hp_p dS>by[ Bfp]$p L$fu g
R>, [p AgplApgp_u d]$]$ [_ ]$fL $ [fa\u dm R>$ A_ AgplApgp
[_ Ny_pl R>pX$hp dpV$ ]$fL $ fu[ d]$]$ L$f R>. A_ r]$g L$pmy `X$u S>hp_u Z
r_ip_uAp R>. (1) [p AL$ Ny_plp\u NcfplV$ _ \pe (2) A L$ Bbp]$[
dpV$ q]$gdp Sep _ lpe A_ (3) A L$ _kul[ r]$gdp NcfplV$ `]$p _
L$f.
* lTf[ Aby dpld]$ dfpTu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L, Bguk `pQ V$h
p_ L$pfZ b]b[ \B Nep (1) [p AL$ L$ [Z
`p[p_p Ny_pl_p huL$pf _ L$ep (2) A L$ [_ [_u D`f p[p` _ \ep
(3) A L$ [Z `p[p_u D`f dgpd[(auV$L$pf)_ L$fu (4) A L$ [Z
[pbpl_u [fa `lg _ L$fu A_ (`) A L$ [ My]p_u fld[\u _pDdu]
\B Nep. [ApA A `Z adpey L$, [_p\u DVy$ lTf[ Ap]d
Agelu-kgpd_u lpg[ R> LpfZL$ [Ap `pQ Mg[p_ LpfZ _Lb[
bfiep *(1)A L$ [ApA `p[p_p Ny_pl_p huL$pf L$ep *(2)A L$ [Ap_
A hp[ `f `[php \ep*(3)A L$ [ApA Ap hp[ `f `p[p_p auV$L$pf
hfkpep *(4)A L$ [ApA S>]u\u [pbpl L$fu *(5)A L$ [ fld[
My]$ph]$u\u _pDdu] _ \ep.
* lTf[ af bu_ dpld
](fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, AgplApgp S>_ Ny_plp_u qTg[dp\u blpf L$pY$ R> [_ dpg
hNf S> N_u L$fu ] R>(AV$g L [_p ]ugdp br_epTu_p(b`fhpB_p)>NyZ
`]p L$fu ] R>)[dS> L$bugp L$ Ly$Vy$b hNf S> Nbp A[p L$f R> [dS>
`p[p_pdp diNyg L$fu_ Ap]duAp hNf S> [_y q]g blgph R>.
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
My]p `p[p_p _pafdp__ ]y_uep [dS> ApMf[dp gpL$p_
u kpd Tgug
Lep hNf _lu fl A_ L$pB fp[_p A^L$pfdp `Z Ny_pl L$f [p [_u
121
122
d_L$u ApM Mpg

_S>f A]pS> L$fhy bhLy$au R>. [p [y fp[-q]hk A[apfdp gpNu .
*(12) b]p_p lLL$p A]p L$fhp_u DL$W$p
L$pdugùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$, [ gpL$p Myy]p\u Ae[ X$f R>; L$ L$]$pQ A_pepk S> My]p [Ap_p
Ny_plp `f ATpb ] S>_ [ApA `p[p_p _k D`f f Tyd L$fu_ L$
buAp_p lLL$ dpfu_ kp]f L$ep R>. cg_ `R>u Ap lLL$ dpfhp_p kb^
dp AL$ rMgpg L$fhp_u kmu L$ _p_u Ahu kpe S> kp\ lpe. Mpk
L$fu_ [Ap `L$u LpB Ahp lpe R> L$ S>_u $udp `pp[p_p _L$ Adgp
MybS> ApR>p lpe R> [p [_ h^y Mpa A_ bQ_
u \pe R> L$pfZL$ ([Ap_u
$udp) [Ap_u `pk _L$uAp `Z _\u lp[u S>_ Lepd[dp ]$ph]$pfp_
Apù ] A_ Ahy `Z b_u iL$ R> L$ AL$ dTgyd Lepd[_p ]$uhk gpgQ
L$f A_ dpg L$ Apb$_u lLL$ [au A\hp [p AL$ \`X$_p b]gpdp
Tpgud_p [dpd _L$ Apdpgp gu^p `R>u `Z fp _ \pe([p A
`qfs\q[dp [p S>V$gu `Z _L$uAp lpe ApR>u R> A_ ]fL$ es[ dpV$
X$fhy S>$fu R> Qpl [_u `pk h^y _L$uAp lpe L$ ApR>u.)
* l]uj ifuadp Apey R> L, S>_pb fykg AL$fd (kggplp
Agel hkgd)adpey R> L, iy [d Zp R>p L Lepd[_p q]hk dpfu
Dd[dp kp\u h^y dyaguk LpZ li? gpL$pA AT L$fu L$, lyTyf,
Ad [p dyaguk [_ kdA R> L$ S>_u `pk _ $qèp lpe _ Aifau L$
_ [p kfpkpdp_ ([_p\u h^y Ad Z[p _\u) [p Ap` adpey L$,
dyaguk A R> S epd[dp _dpT, fpTp, TL$p[, lSS gB_ Aphi
A_ [Z L$pB_ Npm Apù li, L$pB_p dpg Mp^p li, L$pB_y My_
hlhXpey li, LpB_ dpep li A_ Ap S LpfZ [_u LV$guL _L$uAp
AL_ Apù ]hpdp Aphi L$V$guL$ bu_ A_ `R>u [_u _L$uAp lLL$_u
A]peNu Lep `R>u `yfu \B S>i [p dTgydp_p Ny_pl gB_ [_u D`f
_pMu ]hpdp Aphi.
([p Ap fu[ Lepd[_p q]hk Dd[_p kp\u dyaguk gpL$p Ap
Lpf_p b]pAp_p lLL$dpfhphpmp A_ Tyd L$f_pfpAp li, cg_ [
`R>u [Ap_u `pk `lpX$p S>V$gu _L$uAp lpe.)
* lTf[ hlb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$,
b_u BfpBg_p AL$ eyhp_ [dpd Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$fu guû A_
Agpl_u Bbp][ L$fhp gpep. A_ ku[f(70) hj kyû Ap S> fu[
Bbp][ L$fu L$ q]$hk fpTy fpM[p A_ fp ib-b]pfu L$f[p A_ _ [p
123
d_L$u ApM Mpg

epfe R>pepdp Apfpd L$f[p l[p A_ _ [p hp]u$ cpS>_ gu^y `R>u
epf [_p Bsfi[L$pg \B Nep [p [_p L$pB ]p[ [_ hpbdp `yRey L$,
My]pA [pfu kp\ iy dpdgp L$ep? [Z S>hpb Apep L$, dpfp\u
lukpb gu^p A_ dpfp [dpd Ny_plp_ dpa L$fu ]u^p dp A AL$ [ZMgp
rkhpe S>_p hX$ d [_p dpguL$_u `fhp_Nu hNf rMgpg L$ep l[p(]p[
kpa L$ep l[p) A_ [_p L$pfZ S> ly lSy> kyû S>fi_[dp S>hp\u fpL$u
]hpdp Apep Ry>. ly L$ly Ry> L$, [_u [pB]dp(kd\_ `V$)l]ujifua
`Z R>L$, AgplApgp A Z h[yAp_ Z h[yApdp Ny[ fpMu
R. `p[p_u fTp (kfi_[p)_ `p[p_u afdpbf]pfudp, `p[p_p Nykp_
`p[p_u _pfadp_udp, A_ `p[p_p ]p[p(hguAp)_ `p[p_p b]pdp..
l]uj_p A[ kyû. [p Ap fu[ epfe lLL$Apgp `p[p_p LpB b]$p `f
`p[p_u _pfpTNu_ Ahp Ny_plpdp k`X$php kp\ X$u ] R> L$ S> [_u
_S>fdp rbLy$g kpdpfie gpN[p lpe S>d L$ ]p[p_p rMgpg dpV$ kmu gB
ghu. S> fu[ D`f_u rlL$pe[dp Aphu Qyey. (hgplp Apgd...)
* lTf[ lpfuk dylpkbu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, Ad_ Zhp dey R> L$ L$pB hS>_ L$fhphpmpA hS>_ L$fhp\u
[pbpl L$fu guû A_ AgplApgp_u Bbp][dp gpNu Nep `R>u epf
[_p Bsfi[L$pg \B Nep [p [_p L$pB
]p[ [_ hpbdp ep A_ L$y L$,
l agpZp ! [pfu kp\ My]pA iy dpdgp Lep? [p [Z Ly L$, AgN
AgN A_pS>_p `]f [pg d S> Lep l[p [_p rhi dpfp\u `yR>`fR>
L$fhpdp Aphu A_ adpey L$, b[php Ap iy hp[ R>? [Z L$y qL$kp
A R> L$, ly A hp[_y ep_ L$ QuhV$ fpM[p _ l[p L$ pS>hp_ ^ym\u
kpa L$fu gD A_ AV$gp dpV$ [_p [mue L$V $guL$ dpV$u QpV$u NB l[u S>_p
L$pfZ ]fL$ [pgdp [ dpV$u_p LpfZ ApR>y Mpey. (S>_u D`f dpfu `$X$
L$fhpdp Aphu)
* Adu$dpAd_u_ Agu B_ Abu [pgub(L$fdgplp
hSlyg L$fud)adph[p l[pL$, lL$uL$[dp L$pB
_ [p L$pB
_u D`f Tyd L$f
R> L$ _ [p L$pB
L$pB
_p\u byfy L$f R> L$pfZL$ AgplApgp adph R> L$, S>
kpfy L$f R> [ `p[p_p dpV$ S> L$f R> A_ S> byfpB L$f R> [_u hbpg `Z [_u
D`f S> R>. ([p Ap fu[ kprb[ \ey L$ S> L$pB L$pB_u D`f Tyd L$f
A\hp [p S> L$pB
L$pB
_u kp\ byfpB L$f R> [ lL$uL$[dp `p[p_u kp\ S> L$f
R>.)
* lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[yggpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
124
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

S>) blpi
\B Nep. Sepf lpi
Apep [p hTy Ley A_ _dpT i$ L$fu afu
hpf A S> kyf[ Ade[kpAgy_ `Y$u A_ blpi \B Nep Ap fu[
khpf kyû Apd S> L$f[p fp `f[y kyf[ `yfu _ L$fu iep.
(Ap R> AgplhpmpAp_y Qpgy _dpTdp blpi \hy A_ Qpgy
_dpT_u $lp_u L$aue[ A_ Afihpfp_u lpg[...S> ]fL$ dp ]Mph$`
_dpT L$ dp fdp-Ap][ dyS>b _dpT `Y$[p _dpTuAp_ lpkug \[y
_\u AV$g rbQpfpAp Ahy L$l R> L$, Af Qpgy _dpTdp A_ dsS>]dp
[p Aphy L$B
\[y li Ap [p AL$ L$pf _p Y$pN
R>. `Z S> AgplhpmpAp
R> [_ Y$pN L$ ]$c kp\ iu ghp ]hp.?)
* lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) AL$hpf
BTiiLy$hf[ (kyf ik)`Y$u fp l[p epf ATkplpap_pif[
`f `lpep [p blpi \B_ `X$u Nep A_ OZu hpf kyû Tdu_ `f
ApmpV$[p fp.
* lTf[ fbuA bu_ Akud(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)A AL$
`Yhphpmp_u `pk Ap Apep[`pL$ `Y$[p kpcmu, ATp fpAlyd
dudL$p_u_ bB]u_ kdD glp... [p blpi
\B_ `X$u Nep blpi
\B
Nep `R>u gpL$p [Ap_ [_p dL$p_ `f gB Nep ep `Z [Ap_ lpi _
Aphu A_ Ap S> blpi
u_u lpg[dp [Ap_u _dpT Tplf, Akf, dNfub
A_ Bip L$Tp \B NB A_ [Ap `p[p_p dplgp_p Bdpd l[p. AL$
qfhpe[dp R> L$ Ape[ `Y$_pf lTf[ A]y gpl B_ dD]
(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)l[p.
* lTf[ ayTg
bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel) A AL$ q]hk
khpf_u _dpT `Y$u [p [dp kyf-A-epku_ `Y$u `R>u [Ap epf
B_L$p_[ Bgp kel[hpl][_ aATplyd S>duDg]$_p dpl]fy_
kyû `lp ep [p [Ap_p kplbTp]p Agu(fld[yggpl Agel)blpi
\B_(Qpgy _dpTdp)`X$u Nep. A_ [ygyA Apa[pb(kyep]e)kyû

lpi _ Apep [dS> Agu dS>Ly$f_u lpg[ A l[u L$ epf L$pB kyf[
`Y$hp BR>[p [p [_ `yfu L$fu iL$[p _l[p A_ blpi \B S>[p l[p.
lh l cpB, [y Ap`Zp ApNm_p byTN
y p_
p lpgp[p `f rQ[_d__ L$f A_ rhQpf L$ iy [y [pfp `pg_lpf_p L$gpd kpcmu epfe
blpi \ep R> Mfp?!? L$pfZL$ ]c A_ hp\u-`Zp_ L$pfZ [pfy q]g
`\f \B Qyey R> dpV$ [pfp D`f blpi
u ep\u R>hpe A_ Ap_p BgpS
>[p A S> R L$ L$pB
Agplhpmp A_ kplb q]g_y ]pd_ `X$u g A_ [_p
[dpfy My]p_u `pk Ahp kuf(70)Ny_pl gB_ S>hy L$ S>_p kb^

dp [dpfu A_ Agpl hQ R> A [_p L$f[p h^y M[f_pL$ R>L$ [d dp
AL$ Ahp Ny_pl gB_ h L$ S>_p kb^ [dpfp A_ b]pAp_u hQ
lpe. (L$pfZL$ AgplApgp b`fhp R>, buS>y [ flud `Z R> AV$gp
dpV$ [_u _L$ kuf (70)iy bL$ kp[kp(700)Ny_pl dpa L$fu ]hp
L$pB
dpV$u hp[ _\u)epf b]p_p dpdg [_p\u DV$p R> L$ [Ap _L$uAp_
dpl[pS> A_ `p[p_p Ny_plp\u Ry>V$L$pfp lpkug L$fhp_u [dfi_p ^fph[p
lpe R> AV$gp dpV$ [_p\u AL$ Ny_pl_u dpau_u `Z Ddu] fpMu iL$p[u
_\u.
[p l cpB ! [y byTyNp_ ka_p Mpa_ B_ [dp [Ap_y
A_ykfZ L$f; L$pfZL$ [y lgpL$[_p qL$_pf Ecp R>p A_ MpaM
]y p [_p\u
bQhp_p D`pe R>,[p Ap fu[ S> esL$[ L$f[u fl [ lgpL$[\u bQu NB.
(Agl]pgugpl fbug Apgdu_.)
*(13)ApMf[_p lpg_pL$uAp\u fX$hy A_ X$fhy
L$pdugùfp A_ AgplhpmpAp_ k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R>
L$, epf [Ap Lepd[_p lpg_pL$(]e lQdQphu ]_pfu)OV$_pAp
ep] L$f R> [p My]p\u MybS X$f R>. [dS> Ly$Ap_ [dS> Afie Tu$ Bgplu
kpcm R> [p [Ap `f blpiu A_ dyR>p R>hpB e R> S>_pb fkyg
AL$fd(kggplp Agel hkgd) AL$ q]hk Ap Apep[ `Y$u. Bfi_
g]e_p AfiL$pgh S>ludh [Apd_ Tp Nyk[uh ATpb_ Agudp.
A kde Ap`_u ApNm lTf[ lydfp_ bu_ ApAe_ (f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp) l[p [p [ kpcmu_ [d_u $l `fhpT L$fu NB A_ [Ap
dyX$]y b_u_ Y$mu Nep.
*lTf[ lyk_
bu_ kpgl(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$hpf ATp_
Apù fp l[p [dp epf Al]p Agp Bgplp Bggplp `f `lpep
[p [_p L$pfZ S> ATd[ My]ph]u lf \B [_p\u blpi
\B Nep gpL$p
[Ap_ rd_pfp `f\u DWphu_ _uQ gB Apep A_ Ap`_p cpBA
D`f QY$u_ ATp_ Apù A_ _uQ Aphu_ _dpT `Y$phu epf lyk_
bu_ kpgl [p lSy> kyû blpi S> l[p Mbf _\u epf lpi Aphu li.
lTf[ Aby kygdp_ ]$pfp_u(fld[ygplAgel)adph R>L$,
d lyk_
bu_ kpgl\u hû_ h^y MyiAhpmp (ApS>Tu-hpmp) L$pB
_
_ ep AL$ fp[_u OV$_p R> L$, [Ap _dpT `Y$hp Dcp \ep A_
Ade[kpAgy_ `Y$u A_ kyf[ `Y$[u hM[ hQ S>(Qpgy _dpTdp
125
126
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dpN]i_ dyS>b [auepA-L$b A_ [TL$uepA-_ak dp gpNu [p

S> [y Ap $lp_u L$aue[_u Aplgp]L$[p_ dpZu iL$ui, _lu[f [p Ap S
fu[ fdp-qfhpT A_ Ap][$ù Bbp][dp diNyg flui `f[y [_u
$lp_u L$aue[p A_ Afihpfp\u hrQ[ S> flui; A_ Aphp lpghpmp
gpL$p_
B_ [_p rhfp^ L$f[p flui [dS> `p[p_u ApLb[ Mfpb L$f[p
flui. Agpl_u `_pl...
*(14) rbdpfuApdp Agpl[fa ep_u[ \hy
L$pdug ùf A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R>L$, [Ap epf `Z L$pB rbdpfudp k`X$pe R> [p [Ap_p q]$g ifuf\u
DQpV$ A_ychhp gpN R> A_ [Ap ipqffuL$ []$bufp\u bauL$f b_u_>
ApMf[_u ]yfy [udp gpNu e R>; A_ [_y L$pfZ A R> L$ [Ap_p epg
A lpe R>L$ L$]$pQ rbdpfu ]y$r_ep\u Ly$Q dpV$_p k]ip$` lpe A_ Ad
[_ [_ kpdpfie rbdpfu kd_ bauL$f fluA. A_ [_y `fuZpd A
AphL$ _ [p Ad_ [pbpl _kub \pe A_ _ [p S> l$p A]p L$fhp
hpb R> [_u A]$peNu \B iL$. bL$ Ad Ap S> fu[ _pafdp_u_u
s\[udp Apgd ApMf[ [fa fhp_p \B S>BA A_ Adpfu lpg[ [_
A Nygpd S>hu \B e L$ S>Z `p[p_p ApL$p_u l]bûdp b]L$pfu L$fu
lpe A_ AV$gp dpV$ ApL$p [_p\u MybS> Nykpdp A_ _pfpS> lpe; A_
Ap S> NTb A_ Nykp_u lpg[dp gpL$p A Nygpd_ [Ap_u kpd gB
Aph A_ A S> fu[ epf Adpfp l A S> \i L$ S> dS>Ly$f Nygpd_u \B.
AV$gp dpV$ Ap`Z [_ Ar[d lpg[ [khyf L$fu_ kaf ApMf[_u
[epfudp diNyg \B S>hy S>$fu R>. (L$lh
p_p l[A
y L$ Ap L$pfZ lpe R> L$
S>_p Ap^pf ]fL$ rbdpfuApdp [ gpL$p_p q]$gp [Ap_p ifuf\u DQpV$
A_ych R>. lh, [ A_yk^p_ L$V$gpL$ hpL$Ap[p kpcmp.)
* AL$hpf lTf[ lkp_ bu_ k_p[(fld[ygpl Agel)
rbdpf `X$u Nep [p [Ap_p ]$p[-Albpb [Ap_p Mbf-A[f `yR>hp
u R> ? [p
dpV$ [Ap_u `pk Apep, A_ L$y L$, [rbe[(rdT)L$h
adpey L$, ]pTM\u bQu J [p rdT kpfp kd. (_lu[f
rdT-rbT LB S> _\u) S> A_yk^p_ [ApA afu_ `yR>ey L$,
Ap`_y d_ iy BR> R>? adpey L$, dpfy d_ BR> R> L$ dpfp dey
`lgp d_ AL$ Ahu gpbu fp[ dmu e L$ S>_ ly _dpT A_ A[apf
hX$ h[ L$fy.
* lTf[ dprgL$ rb_ q]_pf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
127
L$, dpfp AL$ `X$piu b]Apdpg l[p [ dfhp gpep. [p ly [_u `pk
Nep A_ S>B_ L$y L$, [d My]p\u hpe]p L$d _\u L$fu g[p L$ lh ly
Ny_pl _lu L$fy L$pfZL$ L$]pQ [d Ap S> hpe]$p_u s\q[dp NyS>fu h.
(A_ dey `R>u Ap hpe]p [dpfp dpV$ ae]pL$pfL$ kprb[ \pe) dpguL$
L$l R>L$, Ap hp[_p S>hpb [Z [p L$ip Apep _lu `f[y Of_u A]f\u
AhpS> Apep L$, S>_pb Ap` [_p\u `Z Ahp hpe]p L$fhp Qplp R>p
S>hp L$ Ap` Adpfp\u L$fp R>p L$ ApS> hpe]p L$ep A_ L$pg [pX$u _pep [p
Ahp hpe]p_p LpB S> ape]p _\u bL$ [_p\u [p [ h^y NTb_ gpeL$
A_ bpfNpl_p ^yL$pfgp \B S>i. Ap kpcmu_ lTf[ Bdpd
dprgL$(fld[ygpl Agel)blpi \B_ `X$u Nep.
* lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
dpV$p gpL$p rkhpe Afie gpL$pd
p bly ApR>p rbdpfp Ap Qpf rbdpfuAp\u
AmNp fl R>. (1) gpgQ (2) Sy>$ (3) riL$pe[(aqfep]$) (4)
qfep(]c).
* lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp) epf
rbdpf `X$[p [p [bub_u kgpl dyb LpB BgpS> L$f[p _lp[p. AL$hpf
gpL$pA
AT L$fu L$, Ad [bub_ bpgphu gphuA. [p Ap` adpey,
lfNuT _lu My]$p_u L$kd, d_ A hp[_u Mbf `X$u e L$ L$p__p
ì L$fhp\u ly kpfp \B S>Bi,[p ly dpfp L$p__ `Z _lu ì L$fy dpV$
My]$p S> L$f A S> kpfy R>.
* lTf[ ]$pD] [pB(fld[ygpl Agel)_u rbdpfu_p
kdedp AL$ Aduf [Ap_u `pk Apep A_ [Ap_u kpd AL$ lTpf
q]_pf fpMu ]u^p [p Ap` adpey L$, dpf S>$f[ _\u fpMp Agpl
dpfp gpeL$
[d_ Aprae[ A[p L$f. S>_p S>hpbdp [Z L$y L$, L$pB
khp lpe [p adphp. [p Ap` adpey L$, lp R>, A_ [ A L$ afu
`pR>p dpfu `pk `^pf[p _lu. A_ epfbp] lpS>f S>_p [fa ep_u[
\B_ adpey L$, Ap lTf[ Ahy BR> R>L$ dfhp\u `lgp d_ bpr[__u
kapB_p dpL$p _ Ap` bL$ dpfp lpg_p dg D`f dg_p h^pfp L$f.
* lTf[ D[bp[yAgpd(fld[ygpl Agel)_u dp[_u
rbdpfu_p kde [Ap_u `pk Nep A_ `|R>ey L$, Ap`_u lpg[ L$hu
R>? [p [ApA Ap ifp `Yep S>_p A\ A R> L$, dpfu lpg[ A R> L$ ly
]yr_ep\u $k[ \hp Qply Ry> A_ S> q]hk EWphhphpmp dpfp S>_pTp
EW$phi A S> q]hk dpfu Lepd[ Aphu S>i A_ dpfp ATuTp dpfp dpV$
128
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`Z `pR>mhpmp_ Bb[ lpkug _\u \[u. (A_ [ rhQpf[p _\u L$
AL$ q]hk Ap fu[ Ad `Z Qpep S>Bi)y (A_ S>_pTp_ B_)[Ap_u
lpg[ L$V$gpe q]$hkp kyû Ahu fl[u L$ Z L$pB `pNg lpe.
* lTf[ Ake] bu_ lTuf(f]uegplpApgpAfilp) adph
R>L$, epf ly L$pB
S>_pTp_ h Ry> [p d_ dp A lpg[_p epg Aph
R> S> [_u \_pfu R>.A_ [ rkhpe Afie L$pB S> rhQpf _\u Aph[p.
AV$gy S> _lu [Ap(S>_pTp r_lpmu_) L$V $gpL$ q]hk kyû Mphp-ùhp_y
R>pX$u ][
p l[p; AL$hpf_u OV$_p R> L$, [Ap L$pB
S>_pTp_u kp\ L$b [p_dp
Nep epf de[_ L$bdp D[pfhpdp Apey [p [Ap blpi \B Nep.
A_ gpL$p [_ A `gN `f EWphu_ gpep S>_u `f [Ap de[_ L$b [p_
gB Nep l[p.
* lTf[ AdiL$(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p L$,
Ad S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \[p [p A ApmMu iL$[p _lp[p L$ de[_p
Ofhpmp L$pZ
R>? L$ S>_p\u ipL$ ]iu[ L$fu iL$pe. L$pfZL$ [dpd gpL$p_

fS> \[p l[p. (S>\u de[_p Ofhpmp ApmMu iL$p[p _lu)(`f[y
Aakpk L$ ApS> [_p\u [_ DV$y hp dm R>. L$pfZL$ ApS> [p S>_pTpdp
S>hy dp Ap`QpqfL$[p, kpdpL$ qfhpT A_ ]Mp]Mu rkhpe buSy> L$iy
S> _\u. dpdu_ dpV$ S> kp\u dpV$u Bb[ R> [_ kpdpL$ qfhpT b_phu
_pep A_ gpL$p_
p q]g AV$gu l] Ap^mp \B Q|ep R> L$ S>_pTp\u S>fp
`Z Bb[ lprkg _\u L$f[p,bL$ S>_pTpdp lku-dTpL$_u hp[p L$f[p
lpe R>.q]g_p dp[_u Ap_p\u h^y LB r_ip_u lpe iL$ ?!?)
[p l cpB, [y Ap hp[p_ kd g. A_ [y `Z Ap fu[ Bb[
lprkg L$f S> fu[ Ap AL$pbufp L$f[p l[p A_ M|b S> fXep L$f A_ M|b
S> Qukp `pXep L$f, L$pfZL$ [pfu kpd A ]$e lQdQphu ]_pf OV$_pAp
R> S>_y hZ_ \B iL$[y _\u. kL$fp[, dp[, S>_pTp, L$bhNf.
*(16) dp[_u k[u A_ [NuAp_ ep] L$fhu
L$pdug ùf A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ epf [ gpL$p dp[ A_ kL$fp[ dp[_ ep] L$f R> [p byfp Mpdp_p
X$f\u fNd L$f R> ep kyû L$ Nd_u k[pB_p L$pfZ [Ap_u A$gp
^ EW R>.
* lTf[ L$pAb Albpf(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, epf lTf[ epLy$b(Agelukgpd)_u `pk lTf[ eykya
S>]u L$b Mp]phi A_ [_u [fa d_ S>]u gB S>hpdp dpfu [pATud

kdS>i dpV$ S>V$gu l] S>]u \B iL$ d_ L$bdp `lpQpX$u ]i A_ S>
q]hk dpfp dey_p q]hk A_ [_u fp[ dpfu D`f Aphi A r]hk
[Ap_u A lpg[ li L$ Z [Ap d_ ApmM[p S _\u.
* epf lTf[ kgdp_ apfku(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)_p
Bsfi[L$pg_p kde Aphu Nep [p Ap` fX$hp gpep A_ adpey L$,
Ad_ S>_pb fkyg`
pL(kggplp Agel hkgd)hrke[ L$fu l[u
L$ [dpfu `pk ]yfiehu kpdp_ AV$gp lphp BA L$ S>V$gp khpf_p [pip.
A_ dpfu lpg[ A R> L$ d ApV$gp kpdp_ AL$Wp L$fu fpep R>; [p `R>u ly
L$d _ fX$y? (`R>u epf [Ap hap[ `pep [p [Ap_p kdp__u Ly$g
qL$d[ `]f q]fld \B) (Ap_p D`f\u A gpL$p_p Mpa A_ [Ap_u
Alr[ep[_u Mbf `X$ R>.)
* lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$ bpmL$ `pk
Nep. S> kL$fp[_u lpg[dp l[p. A_ [_p dp-bp` [_u `pk bku_
fX$u fp l[p [p A bpmL$ L$y L$, [d gpL$p fX$p _lu ly S>_u `pk S>B
fp Ry> [ dpfu D`f [dpfp\u `Z h^y dlfbp_ R>.
lh l cpB ! [y [pfp _ak_ aapk L$pfZL$ [y ]fL$ nZ dey `f
bWgp R>p. A_ AL$hpk `Z [pfp L$Tpdp _\u; L$ [pfp Ar^L$pf\u
blpf Aph L$ A]f Qpep e. A_ fp[-q]hk M|b S> A[apf L$ep
L$f. L$pfZL$ [y Ahu OpV$u_p qL$_pfp D`f R>p S> ^khp_u [epfudp R> A_
AgplApgp [pfu rl]pe[ dpV$ `|f[p R> A_ [ S> _L$ gpL$p_u qL$ape[
L$fR > A_ [_u D`f S> cfpkp R>.
*(15) S>_pTp r_lpmu_ Bb[ lpkug L$fhu
L$pdug ùf A_ Alg [khya_p k]$NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$
epf [Ap L$pB S>_pTp_ yh R> [p [_p\u M|b S> Bb[ lpkug L$f R>.
A_ fX$ R>. [dS> dp[ dpV$ M|b S> Al[dpd ([epfuAp)L$f R>.
* lTf[ Aby lyffpl(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)epf L$pB
S>_pTp_ gB S>[p [p [p S>_pTp kbpû_ L$l[p L$, rdep My]$p_u
`pk h, Ad `Z [dpfu `pR>m `pR>m AphuA R>uA.
* lTf[ dL$lyg ]$duL$u(fld[ygpl Agel)epf L$pB
S>_pTp_ [p [p adph[p L$, [d khpf h. kpS> Ad `Z Aph_pfp
R>uA(A_ adph[p L$) dp[ `Z OZu S> hrhe-kcf A_ Vy$L $u _rkl[
R>(A_ Ap`Zu Nag[ `Z)OZu S> Mfpb Nag[ R> L$ ApNgp e R>
129
130
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(Agelukgpd)_y ]p [dS> Myiu dTpdp lphp_u Mbf Ap`hphpmp

Apep A_ Aphu_ [Z Ap MyiMbfu kcmphu [p Ap` adpey L$,
cpB, dpfu `pk L$pB h[y _\u L$ S>_p hX$ ly [pfu MyiMbfu_p b]gp
QyL$hy. lp, ly A ]yAp L$fy Ry L$, AgplApgp [pfu D`f dp[_u kL$fp[
Apkp_ adph. ([p Ap hp[ `f\u [d A]$pT gNphp L$ dp[_u kL$fp[
L$V$gu l] cecu[ L$f_pfu h[y R> A_ [_p\u L$V$gu l] X$fhy BA?)
* []y`fp[ lTf[ L$pAb Albpf(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, dp[_y $p[
Ahy R> L$ S> fu[ AL$ L$pV $pmp TpX$_ Ap]du_p
ifufdp My`
phu ]hpdp Aph A_ [_p ]fL$ L$pV $p ifuf_u AL$ fN(_k)_
`L$X$u g A_ `R>u [_ L$pB f\u bm`|hL$ MQ S>_p L$pfZ L$V$guL$ fNp
[yV$u e A_ L$V $guL$ hpL$u-QyL$u b_u_ flu e R>.
* lTf[ kgdp_ apfku(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, epf dp[_p kde dpdu__u ìp_u(L$`pm)`f `fkhp Aph
A_ ApMpdp QdL$ lpe [dS> _Lpfp aygu e [p Ap kpfu r_ip_uAp
R>. A_ [_p\u Mbf `X$ R> L$ de[ dflyd(fld L$fg
p `L$u)R> (L$pfZL$
ìp_u `f_p `fkhp _TpA(kL$fp[)_u k[u `f ]$gug$` R>, S>
Ny_plp_p L$apfp R>, A_ ApMp_u QdL$ [dS> _L$pf p_y ayghy A hp[_u
]gug R>L$ de[_ ApMf[_u _Ad
[p_p q]$]$pf \B Nep R> S>_p L$pfZ
Myiu p[ \B R>) A_ epf [ A fu[ MfMf (MffpV$u)L$f S> fu[ L$
Nmy OpV$pB fy lpe A_ [_u fN[ TpMu `X$u e A_ dpY$pdp TpN
(auZ) Aphu e [p Ap r_ip_uAp Mfpb R> [_p\u Mbf `X$ R> L$
de[ ATpbhpmpAp `L$u R>.
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)epf `p[p_p
L$pB cpB_u $l L$T \hp_p kde lpS>f fl[p, [p [Ap `f [_u AV$gu
Akf \[u l[u L$ L$V$gpe q]hkp kyû L$iy Mp[p-ù[p _lu A_ dp
fX$[p A_ Qukp `pX$[p fl[p l[p. A_ adph[p l[p L$, dpdu_ Z
h[y_ epfe cyghu _ BA, (1)]y$r_ep (2)[_u lpgp[p_p A[
A_ (3)dp[. (]y$r_ep_ _ cyghp_p A\ A R> L$ [_p ]$fL$ nZ
kph^p_ flhy BA AQp_L$ S> epf ^pMp ]$B ] [dS> [_p lpgp[p_p
A[ A_ Ad_ _ cyghp_p A\ A R>L$ [_u Myiu [dS> Nd_ ldip
fl_pf _ kdS> [dS> Myiu\u _ [p r_q[ \B e [dS> Nd\u _ [p
rQ[u[ bL$ Ahy kdS> L$ Ap b^y S> Md \_pfy R> [dS> dp[_ _ cyghp_p
A\ A R> L$ ]fL$ `m [_p dpV$ [epfu L$f[p fl.)
131
* lTf[ iauL$ Tplu](fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,

gpL$pA ]$u_dp AdyL$ hp[p_u k[ dyMpgua[ L$fu R> A L $ [p A L$
[Ap(]$u_u lrke[\u)BL$fpf L$f R> L$ My]$p Adpfu fpTu dpV$
`yf[p(L$aug)R> `f[y [Ap [_u D`f Adg _\u L$f[p A_([Ap_
My]pApgp_p L$pau lphp `f cfpkp _\u bL$)[Ap S> AL$Wy L$fu g R>
[ _ p `f S> Bsd_p_ p[ L$f[p lp e R> . buSy > ([ A p ]$u_u
lrke[\u)BL$fpf L$f R> L$ ApMf[ ]yr_ep\u bl[f R> `f[y([Ap [_u
`f Adg L$f[p _\u AV$g)Ad [Ap_ BA R>uA L$ [Ap dpg AL$Wp
L$f R> `f[y [Ap([_p hX$ ApMf[dp ape]p lpkug L$fhp dpV$)[_ MQ
L$f[p _\u. uSy > [Ap BL$fpf L$f R> L$ Adpf dfhy S>$f R> `f[y [Ap
(`p[p_p Adgp hX$ [_u `Z dyMpgua[ L$f R> A_) Ahp gpL$p S>hp
L$pd L$f R> L$ S>Ap_ dp[_p epg S> _\u.
* lTf[ lk_ bu_ Bdfp_(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, dp[ L$fh[ hX$ Qufhp\u A_ lpX$uApdp `L$phhp\u
h^y [L$gua Ap`_pfu R>. A_ de[_p AL$ hpm_u [L$gua [dpd
]yr_ephpmpAp D`f _pMhpdp Aph [p [_p\u [ AV$gu l] [L$gua
A_ych L$ [Ap Mphp-ùhp_u cp_ cygu e.
* lTf[ lpdu] guapa(fld[ygp Agel)adph[p l[p L$, S>
esL$[ dp[_ h^y ep] L$fi [_ Z _Ad[p p[ \i, (1) [p A L$
`p[p_p Ny_plp\u S>]u [pbpl L$fi (2) A L$ [_ k[yW_ak(_ak
dydBfi_l)lpkug \i A_ (3) A L$ [ q]$g Mpgu_ Bbp][ L$fi.
* lTf[ hlb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, Ap]du ep kyû _\u df[p ep kyû L$ [ Adgp gM_pf
aqf[pAp_ _ B g. lh [Z [_u kp\ kpfu fu[ ]p[u r_cphu R>
[p [Ap L$l R> L$, My]p [pfp S>hp kp\u]pf_ Dd b]gp A`Z L$f L$ [y
Adpfp kpfp kp\u]pf l[p. [y Ad_ OZuhpf kpfu dS>gukpdp `p[p_u
kp\ gB Nep R>p A_ [pfu ]c flu[ Bbp][ hX$ OZuhpf Ad Dd]p
Myby kyO
u R>. A_ [Z [_u kp\ byfpB_u kp\ ]p[u L$fu R> [p L$l R>
L$, My]p [_ kpfp b]gp _ Ap` [y Adpfp byfp kp\u l[p [ OZuhpf
`p[p_u kp\ Ad_ Ny_plpdp dpSy>] flhp_p dpL$p Apep R> A_ Ad
[pfp\u OZuhpf b]$by kyOu R>. [dS> [Ap Ahy `Z adph[p l[p L$,
My]p_ A S> esL$[ fp L$fu iL$ R> S> lfOX$u Ahy kdS>[p lpe L$ My]p d_
B fp R>.
132
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$f_pfp lpe R>.)
S> esL$[ ]yr_ep_u lpgp[p `f rQ[_ L$f A_ [_p\u Bb[ lpkug
L$f, [_p _L$ Apdpgpdp L$du _lu Aph. A_ lTf[ Akd(fld[ygpl
Agel)\u L$pB
A `|R>ey L$, Ap]$du A hp[_ gpeL$ epf b_ R> L$ [_
]yr_ep\u Bb[ lpkug L$fhphpmp kdS>hpdp Aph.? Ap` adpey L$,
epf Ap]du ]yr_ep_u ]fL$ h[y_p A[ bfbp]u kdS> A_ [_p
dpguL$ dpV$udp S>i. (AV$g L$ Ap Bd [_u r$ kpd k[[ lpS>f
lpe A_ [_p [L$pAp `f Adg L$f_pfp lpe _lu[f ApV$gu hp[[p
]fL$ esL$[ Z S> R.)
* lTf[ lpr[d Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S> Ofdp\u S>_pTp _uL$m A_ [ [_p\u Bb[ lpkug _ L$f [p _ [p
[_p dpV$ ape]pL$pfL$ Bd(Bd_paA)R> _ rlL$d[ R> L$ _ _rkl[ R>.
* lTf[ Ald] bu_ lfb(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, S>du_ b esL$[Ap_u lpgp[ `f [pASy>b L$f R>. AL$ esL$[ S>
`p[p_p kyhp dpV$ hpbNpl(bX$$d)[epf L$f A_ rb[f `p\f [_p\u
S>du_ L$l R>L$, [y A ep] L$d
_\u L$f[p L$ [pf dpfu A]f M|b gpbp kde
kyû rb[f hNf S> flhp_y R>. A_ bu A es[ L$ S> `p[p_p L$pB
cpB kp\ L$pB
S>du__p Vy$L$X$p rhi TOX$p L$f R> [_p\u S>du_ L$l R L$, [y
A esL$[Ap_u lpgp[p `f L$d
rhQpf[p _\u S>Ap Ap `lgp [_p dpguL$
flu QyL$ep R>, L$pfZL$ L$V$gpe Ahp gpL$p NyS>fu QyL$ep R> S> [_p dpguL$
bfiep `f[y [dp _ flu iL$ep.
* lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]$u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel) afdph[p
l[p L$, S> esL$[_ lfu A_ bp[u_u ApM Ap ]yr_ep\u Bb[ lprkg
_ L$fu A_ ApMf[ [fa `pR>p _ `V$ep [_p q]g D`f `X$]p _pMg
p R>
A_ [ Adg ApR>p L$fi.
* lTf[ kpbu[ b_p_u(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, lTf[ ]$pD]$(Agelukgpd)AL$hpf AL$ []y$f (c$u)_u
`pk\u `kpf \ep S> cX$L$phhpdp Aphu flu l[u. S>_ B_ Ap`_ ]
pTM_u ep] Aphu NB [ ep] Aph[p S> Ap` `pR>p aep A_ blpi
\B
Nep [dS> My]p_p Mpa_p L$pfZ [Ap_u A lpg[ \B S>[u l[u L$ [Ap_p
Ahehp A_ kp^p AL$bu\u AgN \hp_u AZu `f Aphu S>[p A_
gpL$p Ap`_p Ahehp_ fku hX$ bpû ][p l[p S>\u [Ap [_ lfL[
(Ap dL$pd_ dL$pd lyTyfu L$l R>. _ib]u kygyL$dp [_ ]hpd

lyTyf L$lR> S> ùf_u [hSl hX$ Ap [fuL$pdp kfm[p`|hL$ lpkug \B
e R>.)
* lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S> esL$[ Ahy kdS> L$ [ L$pg `Z hu[ fli [ dp[ dpV$ [epf
_\u. []y`fp[ [Ap adph[p l[p L$, afdpbf]pfu My]$p_u ep]$ hX$
`]p \pe R. A_ Ny_pl (_pafdp_u)[_ cyghp\u.
[p l cpB, [y Myb kd g L$ [filpB [dS> DdpA bpAdg
(dipBM)A_ Apbu]$p A_ Tplu]$p_
u kplb[ A`_ph [dS> Npaugp
A_ ]y$r_ep [fa fNb[ ^fph_pfp_u kplb[\u M|b S> `flT L$f L$pfZL
[Ap_u kp\ dm-rdgp` q]gdp A^L$pf `]p L$f R> A_ L$epd[_u
Mpa_pL$ OV$_pAp r_lpmhpdp $L$phV$ b_ R>.
* (17) ]yr_ep `f Bb[_u r$
L$pdug ùf A_ AgplhpmpAp_p k]NZ
L$ [Ap ]yr_ep [dS> [_u hprlip[p_ Bb[_u r$A fpM R> _lu L$
dplb[_u r$A. AV$gp dpV$ [dpd kakpglu_ Ap S> [fuL$p D`f
Qpg R>.
* lTf[ kA]bu_ Abu hL$pk(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)
AL$hpf S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u rM]d[dp
lpS>f \ep Ap` adpey, kA] L$ep l[p? [ApA AT L$fu L$, lyTfy
ly S>Ngdp Ahp gpL$p_u `pk l[p S>Ap_ Mphp-ùhp A_ ilh[pdp
diNyg flhp rkhpe bu L$pB
hr[ _ lp[u. S>_p S>hpb lyTfy _buA
`pL$ (kggplp Agel hkgd) adpey L$, [d_ [Ap_u lpgp[
`f [pASy>b R>? [d L$lp [p [Ap\u `Z h^y [pASSy>b_ `p hp[
b[phy? [p [ApA L$,y S>$f b[php. Ap` adpey L$, S> esL$[
Ahu hp[p_u MfpbuAp_ Z[p lpe S>_ [d A gpL$p kb^
hp^pS>_L$
gldp hZhu R>, A_ `R>u [ Ap L$pf_u hp[p L$f [Ap_u lpgp[ [_p
L$f[p `Z h^y _hpBS>_L R>.
(AV$g L$ S> esL[ Mphp-ùhp A_ dpS>dTp DX$phhp_u
MfpbuAp_ Z[p lphp R>[p [dp diNyg fl [ OZu S> _hpBS>_L$
bpb[ R>. L$pfZL$ Bfikp_ ]yr_ep_u ]fL$ bpb[p\u Bb[ A_ _rkl[
lpkug L$fhu BA. dpdu_ ]y$r_ep_u ]fL$ bpb[pdp\u Bb[ lpkug
133
134
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
Apù iL$. A_ \pX$pL$ q]hkp kyû Ap S> fu[ bp^gp fl[p. [dS>
Nfdu_p kdedp adph[p l[p L$, Bgplu Adpfp\u [p kyfS>_u Nfdu
`Z kl_ _\u \[u Ad [pfu ApN_ L$B fu[ kl_ L$fu iL$iy ?
(l cpB, Ap Ahu ikue[_u lpg[ R>, S>Ap dpkyd R> S>_p
dpV$ Ny_pl_u L$`_p L$fhu `Z Ly$ R> R>[p`Z [Ap_p Mpa My]p Sy>Ap
epf Ap`Zp dpV$ L$pB S> NfV$u _\u, Ap`Zp Ny_plp_u L$pB l] _\u
A_ R>[p M]yp_p Mpa\u ApM
dp\
u AL$ Apk
y `Z V$`L$[y _\u. [p Ap`Z
Ap`Zu [_ iy kdA R>uA ? S> Ap`Z rhQpfhp_y R> A_ Bb[
lpkug L$fhp_u R>.)
* lTf[ Ald] bu_ lfb adph[p l[p L$, d L$pB_ `Z
_\u ep L$ Ap`Zu L$f[p h^y L$df A$ghpmp lpe. Ap`Z gpL$p
[X$L$p_p dyL$pbgpdp R>pep `k] L$fuA R>uA `f[y ]pTM_p dyL$pbgpdp
S>fi_[_ A`_ph[p _\u L$ ]pT
M [X$L$p\u `Z h^y [L$gua Ap`_pfy
R> A_ S>fi_[ R>pep\u L$V$gye h^pf fpl[ Ap`_pf R>.
([p l cpB, Ap hp[_ kd g A_ kr$_u ]fL$ h[y L$ S> [y
ApMp hX$ r_lpm R> [_ Bb[_p rhje b_ph AV$gL$ S> L$B [y [_p
hX$ Bb[ lpkug L$f. dpdu__y AL$`Z L$pe Bb[\u Mpgu lp[y _\u.)
(Al]pgugpl fbuApgdu_.)
*(18)dk
y gdp_p_
u cgpB Qplhu
L$pdug ùf A_ kyauepA bpkap gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R>L$ [A
p gpL$p_
[_
p\u bQph[p l[p L$ [A
p [d
_p A bfyp L$pep L$
S> [d_p\u cyg L$ Nag[_p L$pfZ L$epfe kpq]$f \B S>[p l[p, [_y
A_k
y fZ L$f. A_ [_
p\u [ gpL$p_
p l[
y [ gpL$p_
u cgpB BR>hu l[u.
]Nudp `Z(L$ [A
p dpfp Ap L$pep\
u bQ)A_ dep `R>u `Z(L$ [_
p
byfp `qfZpd\u bQ) [dS> Ap bpb[dp [Ap_p AL$ l[y A `Z l[p
L$, A gpL$p_p L$pfZ S>ApA [d_u A byfu hp[p_y A_ykfZ L$ey l[y S>
[A
p\
u Nag[ L$ cg
y _p L$pfZ kpr]f \B NB l[u S>d
p M]y Ap lTfp[p
Ny_lNpf _ \pe.
Ad_ Zhp dey R> L$ rkL$]f TyL$f___p eyNdp `yfdp AL$
kp_
p_u L$b lf \B S>_
u gb
pB A_ `lpm
pB ]k ]k lp\ S>V$gu l[u.
gpL$pA Ap L$b_ Mpgu [p ey L$ AL$ esL[ Ahp [[ `f ky[gp R> L$
S>_
p `pep kp_
p_p R > A_ fdu Qp]f ApY$g
u R > A_ [_
p Nmpdp `fi_p_u
AL$ [[u `X$gu R> S>dp gey R> L$, bBdu hpbyhSy>] h
135
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
Bg[yAgg. (Ap rbdugpl..._p b]g R> A_ epfbp] Akg

y u i$Ap[ R > [_
p A[
`Z R>. AV$gp dpV$
dL$k] S > R > [ Ap R>) S > h[_
ly AL$ lTpf hj k^
y u ]ry_ep_p Qpf MX$p_
p dpguL$ fp A_ dpfp dyL$_u
fpS>_u AphL$ ApV$gy kp_y l[y S>V$gu L$ dpfu L$bdp gpNgy R>.Agpl
Apgp_u rhipm dgyL$ D`f dpfu lyLy$d[ l[u Ap b^p S>> dpfp afdpbf]pf l[p. Ap kh L$pB l[y R>[p `Z ly Apkdp_ bpgp `f Qpep
Nep(dey `pep) A_ [dpfu hQ dpfy Ap ifuf R>pX$u Nep, S> `Z
L$epfL$ a_p \B S>i. S>\
u dpfp `R>u Aph_pfu `Y$u [_
p \L$u kbL$ lpk
ug
L$f.
Alu Ap OV$_p gMhp_y L$pfZ A_ l[y A R> L$, A bp]ipl
gpL$p_ [_p\u bQphu gu^p, L$ [Ap ]yr_epdp diNyg \B_ Npaug
b_hpdp [_y A_ykfZ L$f.
* lTf[ eppbu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph R> L$,
d_ gpL$p `f Ape \pe R> L$ [Ap _L$uAp `f AV$gu l] k[u L$f R>
L$ [ rbQpfp L$pB
db
y pl(bu_ hp^
p S>_L$) L$pe L$f R > [p Ap gpL$p [_

byfy kdS> R> epf My] `p[p_u [ dpV$ AV$gu _fdu A`_ph R> L$
Ae[ byfp Ny_plp L$f R> A_ Lepfe rhQpf[p _\u L$ Ad gpL$p Mfpb
L$fu fp R>uA; AV$gL$ [ gpL$p Nub[ L$fR>, QyNgMpfu L$f R>, Bjp L$f
R>, L$`V$ fpM R>, [L$byf L$f R>, Ald_ `pj R>, L$lhp_p l[y L$ ]fL$
L$pf_p Ny_pl L$f R> `f[y Lepfe kpQp ]e\u A[apf L$f[p _\u.
A_ L$pB byTyN dybpl L$`X$p `lfu g L$ dybpl duWpB L$ dybpl kpL$f
MpB g [p [A
p `f hp^
p-hQL$p fS>| L$f R>. A_ L$V$pn L$f R > (L$ Ap [p L$h
p
bT
y N
y R > L$ S > Aphy Aphy L$fR>. Agpl bQph ApAe[
Mfpb rLpZ
A_ Ae[ Mfpb kdS>\u.)

* lTf[ kpgl dyfu(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$hpf adpey
L$, L$pB AgplApgp_p ]fhp MV$MV$ph[p fli, [p L$epf_
L$epf [p S>$f Mg
y u S>i. Ap kpc
mu_ AL$ Apf[ L$y L$, L$d
lTf[,
iy AgplApgp_p ]fhp L$epfe
L$pB
_u D`f b^
`Z \ep R > Mfp?
[p [Ap_ `p[p_u cyg kdZu A_ adpey L$, l Apf[ [y kd
NB, `Z Ap by$ p kd _ iL$ep. (Ap l[y [ gpL$p_
y lLL$_y A_k
y fZ
A_ [Ap_u lpg[ A l[u L$ gpL$p_ `p[p_u gNTuip_p A_ykfZ\u
bQph.)
* lTf[ Bkp(Agelukgpd)adph[p l[p L$, _bu L$
136
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
byTN
y _
A gpL$p S> byfp L$l R> L$ S>Ap [_p ilfhpkuAp L$ `pX$pi
uAp R>.
L$pfZL$ [Ap [_ _ukl[p L$f R> A_ [ kpcmhp BR>[p _\u. AV$gp
dpV$ [Ap [_(byTyN_)byfp kdS> R> A_ byfp L$l R>. (A_ Ap
S>dp_pdp [p lpgp[ [_p\u `Z h^y Mfpb \B NB R> L$ Algygpl
(Agplhpmp)_p ilfhpkuAp A_ `X$piuAp [dpe Mpk L$fu_ [_p
opr[cpBAp dp Bjp_p L$pfZ S> [Ap\u bm R>. AgplApgp Ap
`yf-a[_]pf\u Ap`Z_ bQph.)
* lTf[ lp[ud Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, S>
esL[ q]fld($qèp)\u [_u Tp[_p L$pfZ dplb[ L$f R> [ `Z
p_p A\ A R>L S>_
[_p\u ApMf[_p L$pfZ S> dplb[ L$f R>. (L$lh
My] $rèp\u dplb[ R> Ap dplb[ `Z Mfpb$ _\u, L$pfZL $rèp
`Z AL l] My]$pApgp_u Tp[_u _Ad[ R>. A_ My]p_u ]fL$ _Ad[
dplb[ L$fhp_ `p R>. A_ [_u dplb[ Alu ifuA[_u r$A
d[gb ^fph_pfu R>. lp LpB $rèp\u AV$g dplb[ L$f L$ [ [_
Ny_plp_p Tfuep b_ph A_ `p[p_u ilh[p A_ hprlip[p_y `pjZ
L$f [p Qp$k [ Mfpb R>.)
[p l cpB, Ap rhje_ kpfu fu[ kd g A_ My]p\u ]yAp
L$fL$ AgplApgp Ap`Z_ bu dpV$ Bb[_y L$pfZ b_ph A_ Adpfu
MpduAp ]MpX$u ]. Apdu_....
*(19) _d[p A_ ApS>T
u
dipBM qL$fpd A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap `p[p_ kp\u h^y aprkL$(Ny_lNpf)kdS> R>. A_ Ahy
dp_ R>L [Ap Ahu gpeL$p[ ^fph[p _\u L$ Agpl Apgp [Ap_u ]yAp
L$byg L$f A_ Ap S> L$pfZpkf [Ap `L$u AdyL$ lTfp[p hfkp] dpV$_u
]yAp [dS> bgpAp ]ap L$fhp dpV$_u ]yApAp dpV$ gpL$p_u kp\ _lp[p
S>[p (Ap [Ap_u _d[p A_ ApS>Tu_p L$pfZ l[y. _rl[f [Ap
AgplApgp_p dyL$fb b]pAp `L$u R>.)
* lTf[ kA] qb_ bf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[pL$, b_u BfpBg_p bp]iplp `L$u AL$ bp]ipl_p S>dp_pdp ]yL$pm
`Xep gpL$pA hfkp]_u dpNZu L$fu `f[y hfkp] hfep _lu, S>
A_yk^p_ bp]ipl L$y L$, My]$p Apgp A Ap`Zu D`f hfkp]
hfkphu ]u^p [p WuL$ R> _lu[f ly [_ k[phui. L$pBA [_ L$y L$, [y
137
[_ L$B fu[ B `lpQpX$u iL$ui L$pfZL$ lL$Apgp_y Apkdp_dp lphy

`Z AiLe R> L$pfZL$ [ Tdp_p A_ dL$p_\u `pL$ R>. ([p [y [_ L$B
fu[ BTp `lpQpX$ui)[p [Z L$y L$, ly [_ A fu[ BTp `lpQpX$ui L$
[_p ]p[p A_ adpbf]$pfp_ L$g L$fu ]Bi A_ Ap S> [_u BTp R>.
(L$ Ap hp[ OZu S> bbpL$ A_ r_ce[p `f ]gug$` R> dpV$ [ bp]ipl
k[ k_ `p R>)`f[y AgplApgpA dp `p[p_p aTgp L$fd
hX$ [_ hfkp] A[p adpep.
* lTf[ dpguL $bu_ q]_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)\u gpL$pA
AT L$fu L$, [d Bs[Lp(hfkp]_u ]yAp A_ _dpT) dpV$ ip dpV$
_\u `^pf[p? [ApA adpey L$, ly AV$gp Ny_lNpf Ry> L$ d_ Ahp
ce R> L$ dpfp L$pfZ [dpfu D`f `\fp _ hfk? A_ adph[p l[p L$,
[d gpL$p Ahy kdS>[p lip L$ hfkp]dp L$d hpf gpNu ? A_ ly Ahy
kdS>[p flui L$ `\f_u hjpdp rhgb \B Nep.
* lTf[ hlb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel)adp[p l[p
L$, lTf[ Bkp(Agelukgpd) Bs[L$p (hfkp]_u ]yAp)dpV$
[ifua gB Nep. A_ S>B_ M|b S> $]_ A_ Ayhl_ L$e,y `f[y hfkp]
_ hfep epf Ap` adpey L$, S> L$pBA Ny_pl L$ep lpe [Ap Qpep
e. Ap kpcmu_ [dpd gpL$p `pR>p aep. A_ dp AL$ esL[ flu
tdep [d L$pB
Ny_pl_y ApQfZ Ley S>
Nep. [_p\u Ap` adpey L$, L$d
_\u? [Z L$y, , lp(My]p_p iy$ R> L$ d L$pB Ny_pl _\u L$ep) dp
AL$hpf Ahy bfiey l[y L$ d AL$ u_u [fa B gu^y l[y [p `R>u epf [
Qpgu NB [p [_p b]gpdp A L$ey L$ dpf ApMdp ApNmu OpQu_ [_
blpf L$pY$u _pMu. epf lTf[ Bkp(Agelukgpd)L$y L$, kpfy gpL$p
dpV$ My]p\u ]yAp L$fp. [Z ]yAp L$fu [p [f[ S> `yfp Apkdp_ `f hp]mp
R>hpe Nep A_ gpL$p_ hfkp] A`Z L$fhpdp Apep.
* lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu$(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
b_u BfpBg `f kp[ hj kyû ]yL$pm `X$ep S>_y `qfZpd A Apey
L$ gpL$p dy]$p _hf A_ `p[p_p bpmL$p_
Mphp gpep epf Alu _pb[
`lpQu [p gpL$pA Ahy L$ey L$, `lpX$pdp S>hp gpep `f[y [Ap_u ]yAp
L$pB
`Z fu[ L$bg
y \[u _lp[u.(epf gpL$p l]$\u h^y `fip_ \ep)epf
AgplApgplA lTf[ dykp (Agelukgpd)[fa hlu dpL$gu L$,
Ap` [Ap_ adphu p L$ [d dpfu AV$gu Bbp][ L$fp L$ kyL$pB_
kpW$uL$X$p S>hp \B h [p `Z ly ]yAp L$byg _lu L$fy ep kyû L$ [d
138
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
_pBT [fuL$p\u lpkug L$fg dpgp A_ bu l$p [_p l$]pfp_

`pR>p _ afhu p. [p lTf[ dykp(Agelukgpd) Ap lyL$d [Ap kyû
`lpQpX$u ]u^p, S>_p S>hpbdp [ApA L$y L$, Aphp l$p [p l]
blpf(Ake)R> Ad [_ L$B fu[ `pR>p afhu iL$uA? [p epf [ApA
Ap fu[ lyL$d_p A_p]f L$ep [p AgplApgp_p L$lf ldip fp A_
[Ap c|ep [fep dfu Nep.
l cpB, [y ka kpglu__u lpg[ L$ [Ap `p[p_p _akp `f
l]\u h^y [pld[p gNpX$[p l[p [p [y `Z [Ap_y A_ykfZ L$f A_
L$]$pù Bs[L$p dpV$ S>hpdp S>]u _ L$f. lp, [y Ahy kdS>[p lp L$,
My]pA dpfp [dpd Ny_pl dpa L$fu ]$u^p R> [p L$ip hp^p _\u. (`f[y Aphy
A_ydp_ L$h
u fu[ \B iL$? epf L$ AV$gp dpV$p A_ dlp_ byTN
y p `p[p_u
Tp[_ [_ nygL$ A_ _L$pdu kdS>[p l[p A_ `p[p_ kp\u h^y Ny_l Npf NZph[p l[p [p [y L$B NZudp? bL$ Bfikp__y `p[p_u Tp[_
kpfy kdS>hy A S> kp\u dpV$p Ny_pl R>.)
*(20) ]fNyS>f L$fhy A_ dpau Ap`hu
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u Ap AL$
[Ap_p Mpk k]NyZ R> L$, S> esL[ [Ap_ dpfu_ A\hp [p [Ap_p
dpg R>u_hu_ A\hp [p [Ap_u Apb$ `f lydgp L$fu_ A\hp Ap S>
fu[ bu Afie L$pB [fuL$p hX$ [Ap_ [L$gua Ap` [p [Ap AgpL$
dpld
]$u(kggplp Agel hkgd)hX$ Apcyju[ lphp_p L$pfZ [_
dpa L$fu ] R> A_ [_p\u ]fNyTf L$f R>. L$pfZL$ S>_pb fkyg
AL$fd(kggplp Agel hkgd)`Z `p[p_u Tp[ dpV$ Lepfe b]
gp g[p _ l[p, bL$ epf b]$gp g[p l[p L$ epf AgplApgp_u
Al[fpdp_ gpeL$ L$pB
QuT_u([ AlL$pdp lpe L$ Agpl_u r_ip_uAp
`L$u)bBT[u L$fhpdp Aph.
A [dpfu bBfikpau R> L$ epf bu gpL$p My]p_u _padp_u L$f [p [d
[_p\u A]$ph[ fpMp. A_ epf [dpfp _ak My]p_u _pafdp_u L$f [p
[_p\u A]$ph[ _ fpMp; ly L$ly Ry> L$ `p[p_p _ak\u A]$ph[ fpMhp_p
d[gb A R> L$ [_ cyM A_ [fk hX$ A_ rb[f `f _ kyB_ A S> fu[
Ap L$pf_u hp[p hX$ k Ap`hpdp Aph A_ [_u kp\ Ahp dpdgp
L$fhpdp Aph L$ S>hu fu[ Ap]du [_u kp\ L$f R>, S>_ [ _p`k] L$f R>
139
A\p[ [_u D`f Nykp L$f R> A_ dlfbp_u _\u L$f[p. A_ [_u kp\
dpdgp _ L$fhpdp Aph S>hu fu[ ApiuL$ `p[p_p dpiyL$\u L$f R> L$ [_u
]$fL$ hprli `yfu L$fhpdp Aph.
(ApS> [p gpL$p_
u A lpg[ R> L$ [_ `p[p_u _ak [fa [p hp_u
ayfk] S> _\u, L$ [_u A]f L$V$gu l] MfpbuAp A_ ]y$[pAp cfgu R>
bk dp Afie_p S> ]pj hp dpV$_u ayfk] R>. [p Ap_p\u hû_
bBfikpau L$B lpe iL$.?)
* AL$ Apf[ lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ q]_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)_u
Qp]f A_ Ly$Ap_ ifua Qpfu gu^y epf [Ap_u Mbf `X$u [p `pR>m
`Xep. A_ [Ap ]pX$[p S>[p l[p A_ L$l[
p S>[p l[p L$, bl_, X$f _lu
ly [_ L$pB S> _lu L$fy [y Qp]$f gB A_ Ly$Ap_ ifua d_ Apù ]$.
* lTf[ AbykB] dL$bfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, `yf`yfu dpau A R> L$ Tpgud\u b]$gp _ ghpdp Aph A_ [_u `f
fld L$f. [dS> My]$pApgp\u [_u dpau dpV$ ]fMp[ L$f[p fl.
* epf lTf[ Bdpd dpguL$(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)_
L$pfX$p dpfhpdp Apep l[p [p Ap` ANpD\u S> dpfhphpmp_ dpau
Apù ]uû l[u.
* lTf[ Bdpd Ald] lbg(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)_
epf L$pf X$p dpfhpdp Apep l[p [p `Z dpfhphpmp_ dpa L$fu ]u^y l[y
A_ adph[p l[p L$, Ap]du_y iy _yL$ip_? [_p L$pfZ Agpl
Apgp L$pB
_ ATpb\u bQphu g.
* lTf[ L$Ab bu_ Albpf(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, S> esL[ `p[p_u `_u_u [L$guap `f kb L$fi [p
AgplApgp [_ lTf[ Aeyb (Agelukgpd)_p kb_p khpb
A`Z L$fi. A_ S> u `p[p_p `r[_u f-Tyd `f kb L$fi
AgplApgp [_ A khpb A`Z L$fi S> Apriep bufi[ dyTplud
AV$g L$ aufAp__u `_u_ Ap`hpdp Apep.
* (21) Alg Bgpd_u BTT[ L$fhu
dipBM qL$fpd A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap dykgdp_p_u BTT[_p bly S> epg L$f[p l[p A_ [_u
ATd[_ ldip r$ kdn fpM[p l[p L$pfZL$ [Ap [ Agpl_u
r_ip_uAp `L$u R> S>_u bBTT[u L$ [_ bApb$ L$fhy lfpd R> [dS>
dykgdp_p_u cgpB_ `k] L$f[p l[p
140
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
* lTf[ Abyb$ kuuL(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p

l[p L$, L$pB esL[ L$pB dykgdp__ lgL$p _ kdS> L$pfZL$ kpdpfie
L$np_p dykgdp_ `Z My]p_u r_L$V$ d[bpdp dpV$p R>.
* lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, `p[p_p ld_iu_p(]p[p)_u BTT[ L$fhu, M|b EQp
L$pf_u _L$u R>. [dS> [Ap L$pAbp_u [fa [p A_ adph[p l[p L$, l
L$pAbp AgplApgpA [_ dpl[fd A_ ifpa[hpmp A_ BL$fpd_
gpeL b_pep R>. `f[y dpdu_ My]p_u _L$ BT[dp [pfp\u `Z
hû_ R>.
* lTf[ Aby lyffpl(f]$uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p
L$, dpdu__u lrke[ My]p_u _L$ AdyL$A aqf[pAp\u h^y R> S>
dyL$fb (r_L$V$ fl_pf)R>.
* lTf[ lpr[d Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)\u `yR>hpdp
Apey L$, lp\_u ][ (My__p b]$gpdp Ap`hpdp Aph[u fL$d)[p
`pQkp q]$_pf R> [p `R>u iy L$pfZ R> L$, `pQ ]ufldp_p Qpf_p lp\ L$pù
_pMhpdp Aph R> ? [p Ap` adpey L$, lp\ L$p`hpdp dp ]ufldp_p
S> epg _\u lp[p bL$ [_u kp\ `]p]pfu(Ab Ry>`phhp), Tyd, A_
b]p_p dpg_p Al[fpd_ R>pX$u ]hy hNf `Z ep_dp fpMhpdp Aph
R>. A_ Ap L$pe Qp$k M|b S> dlp_ Al[fpdp `L$u R> dpV$ lh L$iu S>
iL$p fl[u _\u.
lh l cpB, [y [pfp _ak_u lpg[ `f rQ[_ L$f, A_ rhQpf L$
Ddp A_ _L$ gpL$p_u [p WuL$ `Z Apd dykgdp__u `Z [pATud L$
BTT[ L$fu R>, L$ S> fu[ Ad bep_ L$ey [ [Ap_ lL$uf kdSep A_ [_u
Apb$ `f lydgp L$ep A_ Ap fu[ [y apkuL$dp ]$pMg \B Nep; dpV$ [y
My]$p\u A[apf L$f A_ lh `R>u Ahy _ b_ [_p\u [pbpl L$f.
hl]pgugpl fbuApdu_
*(22) OfhpmpAp\u k]$h[_
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap `p[p_u `_uAp A_ Ly$Vy$buS>_p_u [L$guap `f kb L$f
R>. A_ kdS> R> L$, [Ap_u buhuAp A_ Ly$Vy$bu S>_p\u [Ap_u S>V$gu
dyMprga[ \pe R AV$gu S l] [Ap_p My]pApgp kp\_p dpdgp
dyMpgua li dpV$ S> My]$pApgp [_u `_uAp A_ Ly$Vy$buS>_p_ [_p
dyMpgua b_phu ] R>. (Ap [Ap_u AN[ dpfie[p R>, L$pB Ahp L$p_y_
141
_\u.)A_ Ap L$pe]p Ai[: R> k`Z

| _\u L$pfZL$ OZuhpf AsbepA
qL$fpd_u buhuApA `Z dyMprga[ L$fu R>,epf AsbepA qL$fpd [p
lLL$Apgp_u dyMprga[\u dpkyd R>. dpV$ Alu L$]$pQ L$pB
bu dgl[
lpB iL$; S> L$B lpe [ `f[y Ap lpg[ Mpk kakpglu__u l[u epf
Apd gpL$p ApV$gu bpfuL$r$ ^fph[p _\u lp[p dpV$ [Ap Ap hp[_
kd iL$[p _\u `f[y AV$gy S>$f L$ [Ap Ap kpcmu_ kl_ L$f[p l[p
A_ kdS>[p l[p L$ [_p _yL$ip_ L$ [L$guap L$f[p ape]p h^pf R>. AV$g
Ap fu[ Apd [dS> Mpk b^p S> Apf[p_p lLL$ `yfp A]p L$f[p l[p; A_
[ZuAp_u dyMprga[ [Ap dpV$ Ap L$pe(l$_u A]$peNu)dp $L$phV$
`]p L$f[u _ lp[u. L$pfZL$ [Ap_y l[y Ap l]uj`pL$ `f Adg L$fhp_p
l[p L$, S>Z [d_ Adp_[]$pf b_pep R>, [d [_ Adp_[ A]p L$fp
A_ S> [dpfu kp\ Mep_[ L$f, [_u kp\ Mep_[ _ L$fp [p Ap fu[ Ap
l]uj_p Ap^pf `f [Ap uAp_p [dpd l$p kpfu fu[ A]p L$f[p
l[p, A_ `p[p_p lLL$ Ry>V$u S>hp_u `fhp L$f[p _ l[p.
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p l[p
L$, Qpf hp[p$ b]b[u `L$u R>, (1) bpg- bQpAp_y h^y lphy (2)
dpg_y ApRy> lphy L$ [N][u (3) ldip flhp_p \m `X$piu_y Mfpb
lphy A_ (4) Mfpb Apf[ S> `p[p_p `r[ kp\ Mep_[ L$f.
* l]uj ifuadp R> L$, AgplApgp Apf[p `f ifd$ù
`X$]p _pM[p _lu [p [ dy$ucf dpV$u bfpbf `Z _ lp[. (L$pfZL$
Ae[ b]L$pf lp[)([p S> Apf[ bifd R>, ep b]L$pfu S>$f R>. lep
S> u_y Of R> A_ [_p `X$]p R>.)
* lTf[ Agu bu_ Abu[pgub(L$fdgplph S>lzL$fud)
adph[p l[p L$, `pQ hp[p Ap]du_u `qf`|Z Myi_kubuAp `L$u R>.
*(1) A L$ [_u `_u [_p hcph dpZ lpe *(2) A L$ [_u Apgp]
_L$ lpe *(3) A L$ [_p ]p[ Albpb _L$ lpe *(4) A L$ [_p `pX$pi
u
kpfp lpe A_ *(5) A L$ fpTu [_p dpV$ h[_dp S> lpe, A_ [_p dpV$
[Z blpf S>hy _ `X$.
* lyTyf _buA `pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey L$,
l Agpl [pfp\u ly Z L$pf_p Ap]duAp\u `_pl dpNy Ry> (1)AL$
A Ap]du\u S> ]u_\u Npaug R> (2) buSy> Mfpb `ppX$pi
u\u A_ (3)
uSy> A buhu\u L$ S> `q[_ k[ph.
* lTf[ Ald] bu_ lfb(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
142
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Ap`[p _ l[p rkhpe L$ Ahu `qfs\q[dp L$ [dp My] Apf[_u S> cgpB
flgu lpe.
*(23) dpV$pB [dS> `]$hu\u r_g`[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_u kpfu Ap][p A_ ly_
AgpL$ `V AL$ A `Z R> L$ ep kyû kf]pfu (ApNhp_u, _[ h)My]b-My] [Ap_ dm[u _\u [Ap `p[p_u [ [_p dpV$ L$pi
ui L$f[p _\u.
bL$ gpL$p My] S [Ap_ `p[p_p kf]pf dp_hp gpN R> A_ [Ap L$l R> L$,
Ad Ap Bdpd[_u `]hu hNf dpV$ gpeL$p[\u A_ gpL$p L$l R> L$, Ap`
S>$f [_ gpeL$ R>p, bL$ Ap `]$hu \L$u [dpfu ip_ Myb S> EQu R>.
S> ik kf]pfu_ [_p My]-b-My] dmhp `lgp [gb L$fi [p [
[_p\u cpN R A_ [_p\u O S> Bd Ry>V$u e R>. (L$pfZL$ epf [
kf]pfu_u `pr[ dpV$ e_p L$fhpdp gpNgp fli [p Bd lpkug L$fhp_u
[L$ [_ ApR>u dmi. A_ dpV$ Bd\u [ hrQ[ \B S>i A_ [Z
Bd_u pr[ L$pB `]hu dm [_p dpV$ L$fu A_ [ L$pfZpkf [ Bd_u
pr[dp gpNgp fp [p [ Myb S> dpV$p Bd\u hQu[ fp L$pfZL$
S>V$gu l] lL$uL$[p My]p dpV$ Bd `p[ L$f_pf `f dyfiL$iua \pe R>, [
[_u `f dyfiL$iua \[u _\u S> ]yr_ep dpV$ Bd lpkug L$f. [p Ap fu[ [
OZp S> Bdp\u hrQ[ flu Nep_y kpbu[ \B Ney.)
* [dS> [Ap Ahy `Z adph[p l[p L$, kuf hj kyû
dyl]$p L$ep `lgp Ap]du A kf]pfu dmhhp_p e_ _ L$fhp BA
(S>_p d[gb A _\u L$ kuf hj_p dyl]p `R>u e_p L$fhp BA
bL$ [_p d[gbA R> L$ ep kyû kuf hj kyû dyl]pAp _ L$fu
ghpdp Aph Ap]du_u A]f kf]pfu_u gpeL$p[ `]p \[u _\u.)
* lTf[ Bfi[pL$u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
kf]pfu S>X$ R> ]c e_p `d cph_u A_ dpiyL$ R> _ak_u A_
i[p__u ApMp_u WX$L$ R>. (AV$gL$ kf]pfudp Z Ab R> (1) A L$
[_p\u ]c A_ ]MpX$p L$fhp_p gNph `]p \pe R> (2) A L$ [_p\u
_ak aygpe R> A_ (3)A L$ [_p\u i[p_ Myi \pe R. L$pfZL$ [_p
pfp [_ dL$k]dp OZu S> d]] lpkug \i.)
* lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, [d `|R>X$u b_p, dp\y(kf)_ b_p. L$pfZL$ dp\y lgpL$ \B
e R>. (AV$g L$ dp\y A Apa[p_y L$fi L$ D]ch\p_ R> epf `|R >X$u
L$, S>epf L$pB u_u A]f Ap R> (6) hp[p AL$W$u \B e [p [ `yfu
_L$ R> *(1) A L$ [ `S>Np_p _dpTu_u `pb] lpe *(2) A L$ `p[p_p
Mphu](`q[)_u afdpbf]pf lpe *(3) A L$ `p[p_p `q[_ Myi fpM
*(4) A L$ `p[p_u c_ Nub[ [dS> QyNgu\u kyfnu[ fpM *(5) A
L$ ]yr_ep_p kp kpdp_(OfZp-L$`X$p hNf)\u gNph _ lpe *(6)
A L$ dyiub[p `f kb L$f.
* lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dybpfL$(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, Apf[p_p A ra_p L$ S>_p\u lyTfy (kggplp Agel
hkgd)X$fph[p l[p [ Ap R> L$, [Zu d]p\u kb^p kN`Z [pX$hu
_pM R>(L$A fld)[dS> Ahp Tgug L$pep dpV$ dS>byf L$f R> S> [_u
Tp[u _akp_u hprlip[p A_ fNb[p_p qa_p\u h^pfp_p lpe R>.
(Mygpkp A R>L Apf[p_p ra_p `L$u AL$ [p A R> L$ [ d]p_ dp-bp`,
cpB-bl_ hNf\u Sy>]p L$f R> [dS> buA L$ [Zu [_ Ahp L$pep dpV$
dS>byf L$f R> S>_ Ap]du `p[p_p _ak_u hprlip[p_
p L$pfZ L$fu iL$[p
_\u L$pfZL$ [Zu rbLy$g e\ afdpBip L$f R> A_ [_u afdpBi `yfu
L$fhp dpV$ Ap]$duA ]fL$ iL$e lpe [hu []bufp L$fhu `X$ R L [
`p[p_u Tp[u hprlip dpV$ Aphy L$fu iL[p _\u.)
* lTf[ A]ydguL$ bu_ Ddf adph[p l[p L$, epf
Apf[p_u Dd hû e R>, [ [_p fld(Nc)bpmL$p `]p L$fhp\u fpL$pe
e R> A_ [_u c bNX$u e R> A_ Ap][ Mfpb \B e R> A_
epf d]p_u Dd hû e R> [p [_u A$g ùY$ \B e R> A_ [_u
Q`m[p S>[u fl R> A_ Ap][ kpfu \B e R>.
* lTf[ Aby d[uA bMu(fld[ygpl Agel)A Aeyb
bu_ Ma\u `p[p_u `_u_u riL$pe[ L$fu [p Ap` adpey L$, epf [y
[_u [L$gua `f kb _\u L$fu iL$[p [p `R>u [y L$h
u fu[ ]php L$fu iL$ R> L$
[y [_u L$f[p QqY$ep[p R>p (L$pfZL$ _ [p [pfpdp kl_is[ R> _ [p
[Zudp) A_ _ [p [Zudp A$g R>, _ [p [pfpdp ; [p lh [d b_
bfpbf.
* lTf[ lpr[d Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)`p[p_p Ofdp
Ahu fu[ fl[p l[p L$ S>hu fu[ bp^g
y _hf(`pg[y _hf) L$pB
A
L$iy [_u kpd fpMu ]u^y [p MpB gu^y _lu[f Mpdpi cyep fl[p.
[p l cpB, lTfp[ kakpglu_ Ap [fuL$p `f S> Qpg[p l[p L$
[Ap Apf[_u [L$guap `f kb L$f[p l[p A_ [ZuAp_ b]gp L k
143
144
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A]b_p `yf`yfp epg fpM R>.) A_ [Ap `L$u L$pB _kul[_p L$pfZ
AL$bu e OZp L$f[p _\u A_ Ap L$pf_u [Ap_u fu[-cp[
ApS>L$pg_p OdX$u gpL$p_u fu[-cp[_u rh$ R>. L$pfZL$ [Ap_
ApS>L$pg_p Ap OdX$u A_ `pMX$u gpL$p_
) L$pB
_kul[ L$f R> [p byfy dp_
R> A_ [_ dpWy gpN R>. lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u My] adph R> L$, A S>
fu[ d AL$hpf Ap kde_p iM(ùf)_ _kul[ L$fu l[u S>_y `qfZpd
A Apey L$, df[p ]d kyû dpfp\u _pfpT fp A_ d_ dep _lu.
([p l cpB rhQpf,A eyNdp gpL$p_u A_ ùfp_u Ap lpg[
l[u [p ApS>_u [p L$`_p S> L$ep\u \B iL$.?!?)
* lTf[ A_k bu_ dpguL$(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, My]pApgp_ kp\u h^y A S>hp_ `k] R> S by$p_
_kul[ L$f A_ A by$p `k] R> S> S>hp__ _kul[ L$f A_ Ap S>
L$pfZpkf A S>hp_ L$ S> Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f My]p_ dlbyb R> L$pfZL$
[Z _ak_ _kul[ L$fu.
* S>_pb fkyg AL$fd(kggplp Agel hkgd) adpey
L$, ly [d_ S>hp_p_u kp\ Dd]p h[ph_u _kul[ L$fy Ry> L$pfZL$ Ap
gpL$p _fd q]g_p lpe R> (S>_p L$pfZ Akf _ S>]u L$bg
y L$f R>) lh
[d [_ kpfu hp[ iuMhip [p [ kpfp b_u S>i A_ byyfu hp[p
iuMhip [p byfp b_u S>i. (dpV$ [d [_ kpfu hp[ L$fp)
Ap A_yk^p_ AL if `Z R S>_p [Sy>dp Ap dyS>b R>.
epf [d X$pmuAp_ _fd L$fip [p [ kuû \B S>i A_
epf [d kyL$u gpL$X$u_ _fd L$fip [p [ _fd _lu \pe. ([p Ap fu[
Ap ifdp S>hp_p_ X$pmu_u kp\ A_ by$pAp_ kyL$u gpL$X$u kp\
kfMphg R>. A_ L$y R> L$,S>hp_ X$pmu_u S>d Akf L$byg L$fhp_ `p
A_ by$p kyL$u gpL$X$u_u S>d Akf huL$pfhp\u `pR>p `X$_pf R>)ùR> lW
L$f_pf R>.
* lTf[ Ald] bu_ lfb(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, Ap]du dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ Ap kdeNpmpdp Mg-L$y] [dS> Ny_plp_
R>pX$u ] (1) epf Qpguk hj_u Dd \B e. (2) epf hpm ka]
\hp gpN (3) epf Mp_A L$pAbp_u lSS L$f. (4) epf r_L$pl \B
e. L$pfZL$ r_L$pl `R>u Tu_p (ercQpf)Mfpbdp Mfpb R>. (lh
Alu Ap`_p L$lhp_p l[y A R> L$ S gpL$pdp Ap hp[p kpdyluL$ fu[ L$
esL$[N[ fu[ hp dm [Ap_p Ny_pl OZp S> Ab]pf R>.A_ [_p
Apa[\u OZu ]yf R> dpV$ [d dp\y _ b_p `f[y `|R>X$u b_p AV$g L$
kf]pf _ b_p `Z [pb]pf b_p.)
* lTf[ ayTg
L$, S> esL$[ kf]pfu_ `k] L$f R> [ A hp[_ `k] L$f R> L$ gpL$p_u
MpduAp A_ Abp hZhhpdp Aph S>\u [ L$dpgdp kp\u QqY$ep[p
S>Zpe (A_ Ap fu[ [_p l[y kf]pfu lpkug \B iL$) A_ A hp[_
_p`k] L$f R> L$ gpL$p L$pB
_ kpfp L$l. (L$pfZL$ [_p\u [_p dL$k]_ Wk
`lpQ R>) A_ S> esL[ kf]pfu_p ApiuL$ \B Nep kd ep L$ [Z
`p[p_u cgpB_ Agrh]p L$fu ]uû. (ApS> Ap `L$pf_u S>dp]$pfu_p
gpL$p_ OZp S> ipM R> A_ [_y `qfZpd R>hV$ [bplu A_ bfbp]u S>
lpe R>. L$pB_ My]_p _ak D`f kfkpB L kf]pfu lpkug L$fhu _\u,
`f[y gpL$p `f kf]pfu lpkug L$fhu R> dpV$ S> [Ap rhrh^ L$pf_p WL$pAp
gB_ af[p lpe R> S>d L$ L$pB
]u__p WL$] pf b_u Nep, L$pB
kyfi_ue[_p
WL$]pf b_u Nep, L$pB dsS>]$_p WL]pf b_u Nep, L$pB kdpS>_p WL$]pf
b_u Nep, L$pB [khya_p WL$]pf b_u Nep, `f[y `p[p_p _ak_p [p
WL$p gu^p S> _lu.?)
kf]pfu_ R>pX$hu A_ u_u dplb[_p epN L$fhp Aghp\u `Z
h^y L$X$hy R>. (Aghp AL$ Ahy am R> L$ S> kp\u duWu h[y d^_ `Z
L$X$hy Tf b_phu ] R>.)
kp\u `lgu esL$[ L$ S>_u [pb]pfudp gpLp dsS>]$$\u Of kyû
Qpep R> AAj bu_ L$e
k l[p. A fu[ L$ [ khpf \[p l[p A_ Nygpd
[_u ApNm-ApNm Qpg[p l[p [p epf A kde_p gpL$p [_ [p [p
L$l[p l[p L$ My]p Ap buf_ [bpl L$f.
[p l cpB, [y L$pB Ahp L$pedp S> hp[p hNf L$ hp[p hX$
]yfiehu lpe [dp kf]pf b_hy Lepfe `k] L$f[p _lu (hp[p hNf
]yfiehu L$pe lyL$y d[_p L$pep R> A_ hp[phpmy ]yfiehu L$pe A_pd[ hNf_
p
L$pep R> L$ Ap L$pe My] ]u_u R> `f[y epf [dp `]hu_p l[y lpe [p
`Z ]yfiehu S> b_u e R>.)
*(24)dykgdp_p_ _kul[
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap gpL$p_
p AgpL$p A_ k]NZ
y p
`L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$, [Ap Afk-`fk AL$bu_ _kul[p L$f R> dpV$p
_p_p_ A_ _p_p dpV$p_. (`f[y epf _p_p dpV$p_ _kul[ L$f R> [p
145
146
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d[gb Ahp _\u L$ Qpgukhfk_u `lgp Ny_pl dybpl R> bL$ Alu
L$lhp_p A\ A R> L$ S>d L$ fpT]pf dpV$ Nub[\u bQhy kpfy R> [p A_p
A\ Ahp _\u L$ S> fpT]pf _\u [_p dpV$ Nub[ dybpl R>. `f[y Alu
L$lhp_p d[gb A R> L$ fpT]pf dpV$ Ap Ny_pl_y kp]uf L$fhy bu_p
dyL$pbgpdp h^y Aepe R>.)
AL$ by$p\u `|R>hpdp Apey L$, bX tdep iy lpg[ R>? [Z
S>hpb Apep L$, lpg[ A R> L$ S> Ap Adgpdp dpfu kp\ l[p [Ap lh
ApNm hû fp R> A_ S> `pR>m l[p [Ap bfpbf \B Nep R>. A_ S>
kpfu hp[ kpcmy Ry> [_ cygu h Ry> A_ epf Ecp \ph Ry> [p S>du_
dpfu r_L$V$ Aphu e R> (L$pfZL$ ku^p Ecp \B iL$[p _\u)A_ epf
bky Ry> [p ]yf \B e R> A_ AL$_ b hp gpep Ry>. A_ S>_y ly ka]
lphy `k] L$f[p l[p [ L$pmp `X$u Nep R> (AV$g L$ fN L$ by$p`pdp gplu_u
L$du_p L$pfZ fN[dp L$pmpi Aphu e R>) A_ S>_y L$pmy lphy `k]
L$f[p l[p [ ka] \B Ney R> (AV$gL$ hpm)A_ S>_y _fd lphp_y `k]
L$f[p l[p [ k[ \B Ney R> AV$gL$ q]$g. A_ S>_y k[ lphp_yy `k]
L$f[p l[p [ _fd `X$u Neg R> AV$gL$ ifuf_p Ahehp.
[p l cpB, S> hp[p d D`f hZhu R> [_u D`f rQ[_-d__
L$f A_ `p[p_u S>hp_u_ N_ud[ kdS> A_ `p[p_p by$p`p_y `yL$m
A[apf hX$ _yL$ip_ cf`pB L$f S> NpbXy$ [pfp ]$u_dp `X$u Qyey R> [
[_p hX$ b^ \B S>i.
`p[p_u A]$f _yL$ip_ A_ MpduAp [dS> buAp_u A]f L$dpg_p

dyipl]p L$f. (A_ A hp[ [p lf R> L$ S>_u A]f S>V$gu l] Ap hp[ li
AV$gu S> l] [_p d[bp EQp li A_ S>_u A]f Ap hp[ ApR>u li
[_p $bp _uQp li.)
* lTf[ Abyb$ bu_ A]ygpl dTu(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, epf [y `p[p_p\u dpV$p_ Sy>A [p [_u [pATud L$f
A_ Ahy kdS> L$ [Z [pfu `lgp Bgpd [dS> _L$ L$pep A`_pep R>
A_ [y epf [pfp\u _p_p_ Sy>A [p [_u `Z [pATud L$f A_ epg
L$f L$ ly [_u `lgp Ny_plp-dp k`X$pegp Ry A_ gpL$p epf [pfu [pATud
L$f [p [y kdS L$ Ap My]p_y [pfu D`f BfiApd R> A_ epf [Ap [pfu
[plu_ L$f [p kdS> L$ Ap dpfp Ny_plp_p b]$gp R> S> d Lep R>. A_ epf
[y `p[p_p `pX$pi
u_p Ly$[fp_ Y$g
y L$ `\f dpf [p kdS> L$ [ [pfp `X$pi
u_
B `lpQpX$u.
Z hp[pdp gpL$p_p AgpL$(k]NyZp-r_[ud[p)dp ApR>` Aphu
NB R>. *(1) A L$ `p[p_p cpBAp_p ik_ue k]NyZp_u BTT[
L$fhu. *(2) [Ap_u MpduAp Ry>`phhu A_ *(3) [_u [L$gua bf]p[
L$fhu. (`f[y L$pB Aphy L$f[y _\u bL$ DV$p_y ik_ue k]NyZp_u
BTT[ L$fhp_ b]g [_p\u bm R>, [dS> [_u Mybu_ Mpdu [fuL$
b[phhp_p e_p L$f R> [dS _ [p LpB LpB_u [L$gua kl_ L$f R bL
DVp_u [L$gua Ap`hp_p e_p L$f R>.)
* lTf[ epp bu_ dpAT(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, A gpL$p `Z Mfpb gpL$p R> S>_u lpg[ A lpe L$ [Ap_u
hQ L$pB dykgdp_ dpg]pf \B e [p [_u kip L$f A_ L$pB
dyaguk-Nfub \B e [p [_ Tgug L$f.A_ S> L$pB _p_p dpV$p_u
ApNm Qpep R> [_ S>$f k Ap`hpdp Aphu R> L$ cgpBAp\u [_
hrQ[ L$fu ]hpdp Apep.
* lTf[ ayTgbu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel)_u kpd AL$
esL[_u [pAfua L$fhpdp Aphu A_ L$lh
pdp Apey L$, agpZp esL[
Mybuj Mp[p _\u. (Mybuj AL$ L$pf_u hp_Nu R> S>_ MSy>fdp\u
b_phhpdp Aph R>) [p Ap` adpey L$, Mybuj _ Mpe [p Adp iy
_hpB_u hp[ R> ? `f[y [d Ad Sy>Ap L$ rkgpfldu(qf[]pfp kp\_p
h[ph)_p dpdgpdp [_u h[L $ L$h
u R>? [dS> Nykp ù S>hp_p dpdgpdp
*(25) ]fL$_p Al[fpd

L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bp-hL$pf_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap _p_p dpV$p, [Ap kp\ kb^
^fph[p L$ A`qfQu[, Apgud
L$ lug [dpd kp\ A]b\u h[ R>.
SyAp AgplApgp A lTf[ dykp A_ lp$_ (Agelukgp[phkgd)_ rafAp__u kp\ A]$b_u [L$]$pfu fpMhp_u [pgud
adphu l[uA_ adpey l[y L, [_u kp\ _fdpi\u hp[Qu[ L$fip.
L$ aufAp_ OZp S> b]$L$pf l[p ([p Ap fu[ epf A]$b_u kphQ[u
rafAp__u kp\ S>$fu \B [p buAp [p [_p\u h^y l$]pf R>)A_
AL$hp[ A `Z R> L$ Ap hp[ khkd
[u ^fph R> L$ EQp ]f L$ d[bp
A]$bdp Myb S> h^pfp L$fhp\u lpkug \pe R> AV$gL$ S>_u A]f S>V$gu
l] A]b h^y li AV$gu S> l] [_p d[bp EQp li. A_ [_y fle A
R> L$ A]b_p l[y A R> L$ Ap]du ApR>u A]$b ^fph[p gpL$p_u rh$^
147
148
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Sepf Ap esL$[ [Ap\u [p kpfp S li A_ d_ `Z A S> iL$p R> L$ L$]pQ
ly `Z A gpL$p `L$u lpJ S>Ap A_[L$pm kyû ]pTMdp fli A_ ly [_
`k] L$f[p _\u A_ dpV$ S> ly [dfi_p L$fy Ry> L$ A_[L$pm kyû
flhphpmpAp `L$u ly _ lphy L$ S> L$epfL$ [p [dp\u _uL$mi. Qpl A S
esL[ lpD L$ S kp\u R>gp _uL$mi L$pfZL$ [ Ap bgp\u [p Ry>V$u S>i
cg_ buAp\u `pR>m `Z L$d _lu.?)
* lTf[ fbuA bu_ Mkud(fld[ygpl Agel) adph R>
L$, Ap]du_u $l A S> lpg[ `f `fhpT L$f R> S> [_u D`f dp[\u
`lgp Npgub lpe R> [_u kprb[u `V$ [ApA Ap OV$_p hZhu L$ ly AL$
dey_u r_L$V$ `lpQg esL$[_u `pk Nep [p ly epf [_ gpBgplp
Bggpl _u [Lu_ L$f[p l[p [p [ $rèp_p rlkpb L$f[p l[p. (L$
ApV$gp $rèp dpfp agpZp_u S>hpb]$pfudp R> S> lSy> kyû Apep _\u.
hNf... hNf...)
* lTf[ dy[fa bu_ A]ygpl(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, d_ lgpL$ \B S>_pfp `f Ape _\u \[y L$ [Ap L$B fu[ lgpL$
\B Nep. `f[y d_ bQu S>_pfpAp `f Ape \pe R> L$ [Ap L$B fu[
bQu Nep. (L$pfZL$ ]yr_epdp flu_ Bdp_\u lp\ ^pB _pMhp dyL$g
_\u bL$ [_p\u bQhy dyL$g
R>.) AV$gp dpV$ My]$p_y kp\u dpV$y BfiApd
b]p `f A S> R L$ [ [_ Bgpd `f dp[ Ap`.
* AL$hpf lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) AV$gu
l] fX$ep L$ blpi \B Nep. S>_u D`f AL$ Nygpd [_y L$pfZ `|R>ey? [p
Ap` adpey L$, cpB, `lgp [p Ad Ny_plp `f fX$[p l[p lh Ad
Bgpd `f fX$uA R>uA. L$ Sy>Ap Bgpd `Z bQ R> L$ _lu. A_
adph[p l[p L$, L$V$guhpf Ap]du by[-`f[u L$f R> `f[y Agpl_u
r_L$V$ [ _L$b[p A_ kAp]$[d]p `L$u lpe R> A_ L$V$guhpf Ap]$du
AgplApgp_p bl] afdpbf]pf lpe R> `f[y AgplApgp_p Bddp
[ b]b[p `L$u lpe R>. L$pfZL$ l]ujifuadp Apey R> L$, AdyL$ gpL$p
S>fi_[ dpV$ Adg L$f R>, ep kyû L$ [_u A_ S>fi_[_u hQ AL $lp\_y
A[f flu e R>, `f[y [L$]uf Bgplu Npgub lpe R> A_ [ S>fi_[_p
Adgp R>pX$u_ ]pTMuep_p L$pep L$fhp gpN R> A_ ]pTMdp Qpep e
R>... (l]uj_p A[ kyû) Ap A hp[ R> L$ S>_p\u A$g ]N flu e R>
A_ L$pB
S ak
gp L$fu iL$[p _\u L$ agpZu esL[_p Ad iy Aphi.?
A_ l]ujifuadp R>L$, dpdu_pdp kp\u h^y kp]$uLy$Bdp_ A esL$[
[_p h[ph L$hp R> ? [dS> Sy>Ap L `pX$piu, rh^hp, e[ud A gpL$p `f
[_u dlfbp_u L$hu R> ? [dS> Sy>Ap L$ `p[p_p cpB kp\ k]$h[ph_p
dpdgpdp [_u iu lpg[ R>? (L$lh
p_p l[y A R> L$ ifuA[_p L$dpgp[p
`f r$ ]pX$phhu BA A_ Apd gpL$p_u _S>fdp S> L$dpgp[p R> [_
_Tf A]pT L$fhp BA.)
* lTf[ epp bu_ dpAT(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$
esL[_ dpg_u [dfi_p L$f[p ep. [p Ap` adpey L$, rdep dpg_y
iy L$fip? [p [Z L$y L$, ly Nfubp_ Apùi. S>_p S>hpbdp Ap`
adpey L$, Nfubp_p cpf My]p `f flhp p. S>_p\u [d_ [Ap [fa
dcph fli. A_ [Ap_p cpf [dpfu D`f Aphu `X$i [p [d
[Ap_ Mfpb kdS>hp gpNip. A_ [dpfp q]$g D`f bpSg gpNhp
gpNi. [dS> Ap` adph[p l[p L$, dykgdp_ cpB_u AL$ [pATud
A `Z R> L$ epf [ bu ilfdp lpe A_ [_ ep L$pB
de[ \B e
[p [_p ipL$-]i_ A_ q]gpkp dpV$ kaf A`_php. (A_ [_p Of
S>B_ q]gpkp A_ ipL$-]i_ L$fhpdp Aph.)
[p Ap fu[ l cpB, [y [dpd dykgdp_ cpB_u kp\ bpA]b
fl Mpk L$fu_ aLufp, duLu_p_u kp\(L$pfZL$ dpg]pfp A_ dp_dpcphpmp kp\ [p kp L$pB
A]b\u h[ R.) Ap S> rbQpfpAp Ahp R> L$
S>_u kp\ A]b h[hp_u L$pB `fhp L$f[y _\u dpV$ [Ap_u kp\ A]b
h[hp_p Al[dpd h^y S>$fu R>. (hl]pgugpl fbuApdu_)
*(26) byfp Mpdp_p ce
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ k]NZ
y
A `Z R> L$, [Ap AgplApgp\u X$f[p fl R> L$ [_p Mpdp byfp _ L$fu
]. A_ ]pTMdp S>B_ [_p\u `X$]$p `X$u e (AV$gL$ [_p q]]pf\u
hrQ[ flu S>hpe) A_ [Ap `L$u L$V $gpL$ [p Ahp l[p L$ Ap S> raL$f A_
rQ[pdp AV$gp NdNu_ A_ X|$bgp fl[p l[p L$ [Ap_ A `Z Mbf
fl[u _ lp[u L$ [Ap_u `pk L$pZ bWy R .?
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)epf Ap l]uj
kpcm[p L$, kp\u R>gp esL[ S> ]pTM\u _uL$mi [ A li L$ S>
lTpf hj `R>u _uL$mi. [p adph[p, l L$pi, ly S> A esL$[ Ry> .
L$pBA [Ap_ L$y L$, lTf[ [d Aphu [dfi_p L$d L$fp R>p? [p Ap`
adpey L, iy [Ap ]pTMdp\u _uLmi _lu? (L$lh
p_p l[y A l[p L$
R>hV$ Ahp gpL$p `Z li S>Ap ldi
p dpV$ A_[L$pm kyû ]pTMdp fli
149
150
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
R> S> ]yr_ep_u lpgp[p `f kp\u h^y tQ[_-d__ L$f R>. (A_ [_p\u
Bb[ lpkug L$fhp_p Ap]u R>. A_ S>fi_[dp kp\u h^y A esL$[ Myi
li S> kp\u h^y ]yr_epdp `p[p_p Apdpgp `f Mfpb Mpdp_p X$f\u
fX$[p fp.)
* lTf[ epp bu_ dpAT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, rQ[_-d__ A_ Bb[ lpkug L$fhu Ap b h[y dpdu__p
L$b$ù MTp_pdp\u Ab rlL$d[p L$pY R> A_ Ap]du [_p\u Ahu
Ahu hp[p kpcm R> S>_ qlL$d[-hpmpAp(lyL$dp)`k] L$f R>. A_ S>_u
kpd DdpAp_u Nf]_ TyL$u e R> A_ S>_p\u ayL$lpAp _hpB `pd R>
A_ S>_ ep] L$fhp dpV$ Alg A]b(kprleL$pfp)]pX$ R>.
dpdu__p Mpa A_ [_p Nd [_u _yf bkuf[ _p A]pT dyS>b lpe
R>. ([p S>V$gu l] _yf bkuf[ (Ap[qfL$ `L$pi) li AV$gp S> Mpa A_
Nd li.)
*lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, S> fu[ ipqffuL$ rbdpfuAp_y pNV$e\p_ ipqffuL$ fpN R> A
S> fu[ q]g_u rbdpfuAp_u S>X$(dym)Ny_pl R>. A_ AgplApgpA
]fL$ rbdpfu_u ]hp `]p L$fu R> AV$gp dpV$ [Z q]$g_u rbdpfu_u `Z ]hp
`]p L$fu R> A_ [ f Nd R>. [p `R>u epf(`p[p_p Ny_plp_p
L$pfZ)Ae[ NdNu_ \i A_ [_p Apky [_u ApMpdp\u q]$g [fa
`fuh[u[ \B S>i AV$gL$ [ ApMp_ b]g q]g\u fX$i [p [_y b]$_
(ifuf) Mygu S>i. (AV$gL$ [ rbLy$g []yf[ \B S>i.)
* lTf[ bif bu_ lpfuj(fld[ygpl Agel)\u L$pBA
`|R>ey L$, iy hp[ R> L$ Ap`_ ldi
p NdNu_ S> BA R>uA. [p Ap`
adpey L$, tdep hp[ Ad R> L$ ly A esL$[ Ry> S>_ lpqL$d(kpûi)
[fa\u kfL$pfu [dS> NfkfL$pfu l$p_
p kb^
bpgphhpdp Apep R>.
(A_ lSy> kyû fSy> L$fhpdp Aphg _\u AV$gp dpV$ [ X$f R> L$ yAp Ap
A_L$ dyL$dpAp(L$k
)_y `qfZpd iy Aph R> S> dpfu D`f ]pMg L$fhpdp
Apep R>. AV$gp dpV$ dpf NdNu_ flhy S>$fu R>) [dS> [Ap adph[p
l[p L$, ]fL$ Nd hlgp dpX$p `Z ]yf \B e R> `f[y Ny_plp_p Nd
]fL$ hpk `f [pTp \pe R>. (L$pfZL$ bu Ndp_u lpg[ A R> L$ [_p
Abpbp S>[p fli A\hp [p Sy>_p \[p fl R> AV$gp dpV$ Nd ]yf \[p fl
R> `f[y Ny_plp_p Nd Ahp R> L$ S>d S>d kde `kpf \[p e R> AV$gu
151
S l] [_p kbb_ dS>by[u dm R> L$pfZL$ dp[ [\p Agpl_u bpfNpldp

fSy> \hp_p S>dp_p r_L$V$ Aph[p e R> AV$gp dpV$ [_y ]fL$ hpk `f
h^hy S>$fu R>.)
*lTf[ lpr[d bu_ A]yS>gug(fld[ygpl Agel) _p
r_ed l[p L$ S> q]$hk B] lpe ([dpd gpL$p Myi \[p `f[)y [Ap `p[p_p
dp_hphpmp_ AL$Wp L$f[p A_ [dpd AL$ S>epA cNpdmu_ $]_
L$f[p. L$pB
A `|R>ey L$, lTf[ iy hp[ R> L$ ]yr_ep B]_p q]hk Myi \pe
R>, `f[y Ap` fX$p R>p? [p Ap` adpey L$, cpB, ly b]p Ry> S>_
My]pApgpA afdpbf]pfu_p lyL$d Apep R> A_ Ny_plp\u d_pB adphu
R> [p d_ Mbf _\u L$ d Ap Adp- _lu(Ap]i A_ r_j^)_p lLL$ A]$p
L$fu ]$u^p R> L$ _lu? ([p ly L$h
u fu[ Myiu d_phu iLy$? )B]_u Myiu [p A
gpL$p dpV$ ipcp`] R> S>Ap_ ATpb_p L$pB A]$ip _ fp lpe.
* lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ q]$_pf(fl d [y gpl Agel)_p
MpaM
]y p_u A lpg[ l[u L$, [Ap adph[p l[p L$, ly Bfp]$p ^fphy Ry> L$,
ly dpfp OfhpmpAp_ hkue[ L$fu ]D L$ epf dpfp Bsfi[L$pg \B e [p
d_ Nmpdp [pL A_ lp\ `Ndp bX$uAp A_ kpL$mp `lfphu_ L$bdp
fpM S>hy L$ A L$kfy hpf Nygpd_u kp\ L$fhpdp Aph R> S> `p[p_p dpguL$\u
cpNu Nep lpe. A_ [d gpL$p A b[php L$ [d ]pTM_p lLL$]pf A_
lgpL$dp `X$g
p lphp R>[p Lep dpY $ `p[p_p _ak_ S>fi_[dp S>hp\u [dS>
lyfp A_ brl[u dlgp_u gpgQ ]hX$php R>?
[p l cpB, Ap rlL$pe[p hX$ Ap lTfp[p_p Mpa_p A]$pTp gNphu
ep L$ L$V$gu l] MpaMy]p [Ap_p q]gdp l[p. L$ Ap gpL$p AgplApgp_p dyL$fb
b]pAp `L$u A_ dlp_ ]fAp ^fph[p gpL$p `L$u R>
A_ [Ap_u Bbp][p, qfepT[p A_ dyl]pAp AV$gp k[ l[p L$
S>_u L$`_p `Z _ L$fu iL$pe, R>[p `Z Mfpb Mpdp_p X$f\u L$p`[p
l[p. epf ApS> Ap`Zu lpg[ [Ap\u [_ DV$u R> R>[p `Z My]p_p
Mpa L$ Mfpb Mpdp_p X$f\u Ap` hpXy$e afL$[y _\u. Aakpk....
k]$Aakpk....Ap MpaMy]p `]p L$fhp dpV$ S> L$pdug-dyL$dug ùf_u
S>$f[ R>, S> `p[p_p dS>by[ Apdbm hX [pgub_p q]g_u ]fL$
byfpBAp\u kapB L$fu_ [_u A]f MpaMy]p cfu ]$, `R>u S Ap L$pf_u
]pg[ _kub \B iL$ R>, ]$fL$ Y$pNu, gcpNy, _ak`f[L$ A`|Z A_
Aepe ùf hX$ Ap ]pg[ p[ \[u _\u L$pfZL$ [ My] S> Ap ]pg[\u
hrQ[ R>, [p bu_ L$ep\u A`w iL$i, bL$ Aphp ùf_u MpduAp
152
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`pR>mhpmpAp ùfu-dyfu]u_ V$pù A_ iS>fpl `f S> kdV$u_ fpMu
]uû R>) A_ (lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u (f]pegplp
Apgp Afilp)_p kde `Z 400 hj `lgp_p R>, [p epf `Z Ap
ùfu-dyfu]u_u Aphu ]y]ip lpe L$ dp [_ Ly$gpl(V$pù)`lfphp A_
iS>fp Ap`hp `f S> kdV$u gu^gu lpe [p ApS>_p eyNdp Ap k]cdp
L$B S> QQp L$fhp S>hu _\u. ApS> kyfi_ue[_ kp\u dpVy$ _yL$ip_
[khya_p Bd\u _phpL$ua dphu R>p` ùfp L$, S>Z dp A `lpQpXey
R> dpV$p dpV$p Tcp Lycp A_ fp_L$]pf V$, gpL$p_u hpl hpl A_
ip]uL$ cfdpfphpmu [L$fufdp S> ùfu-dyfu]u kdV$u_ fpMu ]uû R>.
L$ AapV$ fZ_u hQ `Z L$pB S>epA fZu` `Z lpe R> A S> fu[
ApS> `Z L$pdug-dyL$dug ùf R> Mfp, `f[y [_ ApmMhp dpV$ OZu S>
hL$ r$_u S>$f[ R>. lp, AL$hp[ S>$f R> L$ S> lLL$_p kpQp [gbNpf
R> A_ MfMf [_ lLL$$ rkhpe(Agpl rkhpe)L$pB_u S> [gb _\u
[_ Aphp ùf `Z S>$f dmu_ S> fli. L$pfZL$ Ap ]yr_ep AgplhpmpAp\u Mpgu _\u. kL$g_L$[p)
* lTf[ iMkpgl(fld[ygpl Agel)S>Ap ifL$uepl
Npd_p flhpku R>. [Ap epf iM ke]u dpld] bu_ A_p_
(fld[ygpl Agel)L$ S>_p DgM d D`f L$ep, [Ap_u `pk Aph[p
[p adph[p, fpBkpleb dlbp. A_ fpBkpleb [Ap_ AV$gp dpV$
L$l[
p l[p L$ [Ap Lepdygg([lSy>])`f ldi
Nu L$f[p l[p A_ [Ap_p
dpdyg l[p L$ WX$u_u F$$[d
y p [lSSy>]$_u _dpT L$pW p D`f QY$u_ `X$[p l[p
A_ l]uj ifuadp Apey R> L$, [d L$epdygg([lSy>])`f ldiNu
A`_php. L$pfZL$ [dp OZp S> ape]pAp R> AL$ A L$ [ [dpfp\u `lgp_p
_L$ gpL$p_u kyfi_[ R>. buSy> A L$ [ Ly$b My]ph]u_p Tfuep R> uSy> A L$
[_p hX$ Ny_pl_p L$apfp \pe R> A_ Qp\y A L$ [ Ny_plp\u fpL$ R> A_
`pQd
dy A L$ [ ifufdp\u rbdpfu_ ]$ap L$f R>.
* lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_p
r_ed l[p L$ [Ap fp Ly$Ap_`
pL$_u ]r_L$ r_ed dpZ epf r[gph[
L$f[p l[p A_ [dp L$pB ATpb hNf_u Ape[ Aphu S>[u [p blpi
\B_ `X$u S>[p A_ L$V$gpe q]hkp kyû [Ap_u A fu[ Mbf-A[f
`|R>hpdp Aph[u S>hu fu[ rbdpf_u `|R>hpdp Aph R> [dS> [Ap `p[p_p
rMgpa[_p eyNdp _ [p fp ky[p l[p _ [p q]hk bL$ L$epfL$ bWpbWp
TpLy$ MpB g[p l[p A_ adph[p L$, ly fp kyB h [p d_ `p[p_
A_ MfpbuAp DV$u [pgub_p ]ug_ Mfpb L$fu_ [_u epe[p_ [bpl

L$fu ]i. ApS> gpL$pdp MpaMy]p dp _pd `yf[p A_ OZp S> _luh[
dpZdp hp dm R>. S>_p L$pfZp `L$u kp\u dpVy$ L$pfZ Ap _pqL$k
ùf_u Mfpbu R>.
*(27) _dpT [lSy>] _u `pb]u
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA Alg q]g_u kpfu V$h
p A_ k]NZ
y p
`L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap Nfdu lpe L$ WX$u ]fL$ `qfs\q[dp Lepdygeg
(fp[_u _dpTp, [lSy>] hNf) `f ldi
Nu A`_ph R>. A_ aT_u S>d
[_ `p[p_u D`f S>$fu kdS> R>. [dS> Ap dpdgpdp AV$gy l]\u hû_
f Ap` R> L$ [Ap L$l R> L$, S> kyau r_]f_p Nbp hNf S> fp[ kyh R>
[_p hX$ [fuL$pdp L$iy S> \B iL$hp_y _\u. lp,`f[y ApS>L$pg Ap k]NZ
y p_
OZp kyauApA R>pX$u ]$u^p R> [dS> Apd gpL$p A_ ]yr_ep]pfp_u S>d
r_ce`Z fp rb[f `f kyh R>. (A_ Lepdygeg_p rhQpf `Z
_\u Aph[p) A_ AdyL$_u _TpL[_u L$aue[[p Ahu R> L LpB `Z
Lpf_u S$f[ hNf dp _TpL$[_p [pf `f (Adufp A_ dpg]pfp_u
S>d) khpf \[p S> ldpddp(Nyg L$fhp)e R> A_ k|ep]e \[p kyû
ep\u _uL$m[p _\u. ùf \B_ ]ffpS> khpf ldpddp e A_ Ahpd
[dS> dyfu]p [_u Ap lpg[ Sy>A S> O S> Mfpb L$lhpe. (Aphp _pTp
_Mfp ùf dpV$ epe _\u)A_ Ap Ae[ Mfpb ùf R L$pfZL$ Ap_p\u
[p [ My] S> Mfpb _\u \[p, `f[y Ahpd [dS> dyfu]p_ `Z `p[p_u
kp\ Mfpb L$fu fp R>. fpu_p d]p__p ilkhpf$` [p d S> iMp_u
dygpL$p[ L$fu R> A `L$u AL$ lTf[ iM dpld
]bu_ A_p_(fld[ygpl
Agel)R> S>Ap_p dpdyg ]fL$ fp[ `pQkp fL$p[p `Y$hp_p l[p.
(Ap hp[ qL$[pb_p dy k fi_ua lTf[ Bdpd ip A f p_u
(fld[ygpl Agel)fSy L$fu R>. Ap`_p eyN gNcN 800 hj `lgp_p
eyN R>, [p A eyNdp ùfu-dyfu]u_p Ap dyL$k dpNdp A_ ùfdp
ApV$gu MfpbuAp agpZu lpe [p lh ApS>_p Ap lmplm Sy>$pZp_p
eyN_u ùfu-dyfu]u rhi [p iy L$lu iL$pe? lh ùfu-dyfu]u dp fdprfhpS> rkhpe L$iy S> fy _\u. A_ Ap A_yk^p_ S> lTf[ Bdpd
fbp_u dy u] Aa j p_u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp ) `p [ p_p
dL$[ybp[ ifua -dp ]a[f-Ahg_p dL$[yb _-221dp adph R> L$,
lp L$ D_d k dy[pMfu__ ùfu-dyfu]u L$p Ly$gpl h iS>fp `f dy_lkuf
A\p [ : - e p ky ^ u L$ [ A p d p \ u(ùfp d p \ u)
L$f ]uep l . (A\p
153
154
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[p l cpB, Ap R> byTN
y p_ ka A_ dipBM qL$fpd_u Bbp][
A_ L$epdygeg _p S>Tbp A_ [_p dpV$_
p M[ A_ Mh_p [Ap fp[fp[cf ky[p _lu R>[p `Z Agpl_p Mpa\u L$p`
[p l[p epf ApS> [p
dyL$g
\u `S>Np_p _dpT A]$p \[u _\u R>[p `p[p_ iy dp_hp gpN R>?
[p `p[p_p _ak_u dpV$pB MpV$u ApX$pm
pB_ [pX$hp dpV$ byTN
y p_] u__p
lpg[p Ap fu[ [p flhp BA A_ `p[p_u L$p[
pluAp A_ MfpbuAp
`f r$ep[ L$f[p flhp BA, [dS> [Ap_u Ap rlL$pe[p \L$u Bb[
lpkug L$fhu BA. L$pfZ L$ AgplhpmpAp_p L$gpd Agpl_p gL$fp
`L$u AL$ gL$f R>,S>_u A]f budpf q]gp_u iuap flgu R>.ep kyû
L$pdug-dyL$dug byTN
y p_u kplb[ _kub _ \pe ep kyû [Ap_p L$gpd
\L$u d]] lpkug L$fhu BA.
*(28) _ak D`f r_eZ A_ ApS>T
u
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bp-hL$pf_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap _ak_ MybS> ]bphhp_u A_ [_ bugLy$g [yR> kdS>hp_u
L$piui L$f R> ep kyûL$ [Ap `L$u AdyL$ lTfp[p [p `p[p_p ipNu]p
`pk\u bfL$[p lpkug L$f R>. L$ ([Ap_u ]yfiehu BT[_u A lpg[
lpe R> L$)[Ap_ bu gpL$p(`pgMu hNfdp)EWph[p lpe R,(`f[y
[Ap Ap BT[_u `fhp L$f[p _\u,[dS> _ [p [ gpL$p_u A hp[ `f
r$ lpe R> L$ ly ipNu]p\u h^y Apgud R>.A\hp [p Adgdp [Ap\u
ApNm h^gp R>.)`f[y Ap bû hp[p ifuA[_u l]$pdp flu_ lpe R>
A_ epf lpe R> epf L$ [ ipNu]_y au_p (AV$gL OdX$ [dS> dpV$pB)dp
akpB S>hp_p X$f _ lpe. lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u (fld[ygpl
Agel)My] adph R> L$ Ad_ Ap A_yk^
p_ Zhp dey R> L$, epf
lTf[ Bdpd ipaB(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)A lTf[ Bdpd Ald]
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u `pk `p[p_p k]iphplL$A k]i
p gB_
dpL$ep L$, [d OZp r_L$V$_p kdedp AL$ k[ dyiub[dp akpe
S>_pfp R>p `f[y [_u kp\ A `Z R> L$ Ap` [dp\u ]u__u kgpd[u kp\
Ry>V$L$pfp lpkug L$fu gip. [Ap_p l[y Ap_p\u Ly$Ap__y dgyL$ L$ NfdgyL$ lphp rhi_p dAgp [fa Bipfp l[p [p epf k]iphplL$ Ap
k]ip `lpQ
pXep [p [ApA [_p Aphhp_u Myiudp `p[p_y `rh `lfZ
D[pfu_ [_p lhpg L$fu ]u^y.y
* lh epf k]iphplL$ Ap Tcp(`lfZ)gB_ lTf[ Bdpd
ipaB(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)_u `pk `lpep A_ [Ap_ Ap
MpB bky Ry>.(AV$g L$ dpfy L$epdygeg Ry>V$u e R>)A_ q]hk kyB

h Ry> [p fe[_ MpB bWy Ry> A_ d_ Ap A_yk^p_ `Z `|R>[pR>
\i. (dpV ly _ [p fp kyhy Ry> _ [p q]hk.)
* lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)epf L$epfe
Shg `p[p_p _ak_u [fa\u Npaug \B S>[p A_ h^y MpB g[p [p
`yfu fp[ _dpTdp hu[ph[p A_ afdph[p L$, epf N^X$p_ Qpfp h^y
Ap`hpdp Aph R> [p [_p\u dl_[_y L$pd gB_ [_ \L$hu `Z h^y
]hpdp Aph R>.
ka kpglu__u A lpg[ l[u L$ S> ik [lSy>]_u _dpT _
lp[p `Y$[p [Ap_u kyf[ B_ S> ApmMu g[p A_ afdph[p L$, tdep
fp[ Ad [d_ My]pAApgp_p ]fbpfdp ep _lu `f[y agpZp lpS>f
l[p A_ [Ap_ BfiApd Ap`[p l[p.
AdyL$ bTyNp_p hpL$A
p R> L$ epf [Ap kaf\u Apep [p bu[f
`f bku Nep \L$phV$_p L$pfZ L$df kuû L$fhp dpV$ gpbp \ep [p _u]f
Aphu NB Ap _u]f_p L$pfZ [Ap_p fp[_p dpdyg(]r_L$ hTpBa)Ry>V$u
Nep A_ L$Tp \B Nep S>_p L$pfZ [ApA rS>]Nucf rb[f `f gpbp
_lu \php_u L$kd Mpû.
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)afdph[p l[p L$,
S> L$pB_p L$epd ib(fp[_u _dpT-[lSy>])Ry>V$u e R> [ S>$f L$pB
Ahp Ny_pl_u kTpdp Ry>V$ R> S> [_p\u kpq]f \egp R>, dpV$ [d ]ffpS>
fp [dpfp _ak_y `funZ A_ [`pk L$fp A_ Sy>Ap L$ ApS> [d L$V$gp
Ny_pl L$ep R>.A_ S>V$gp Ny_pl L$ep lpe [ b^p\u [pbpl A_ A[apf
L$fp S>\u [d_ L$epdygeg _kub \pe [dS> Ap` adph[p l[p L$,
fp[_u _dpTp [_u `f S> bpS>$` lpe R>, S>_u `f Ny_pl_p bpS> lpe
R>. (L$pfZ L S> fu[ lukubpS>(hS>_]pf h[y)_u ifuf `f Akf
\pe R> A S> fu[ _akp_u bpS>_u Akf $l `f \pe R>.)
* AL$ esL$[A lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]$ld(fld[ygpl
Agel)\u AT L$fu L$, ly L$epdygeg L$fu iL$[p _\u [d d_ L$pB
]hp b[php. (S>\u ly fp[_p L$epd L$fu iLy$) [p Ap` afdpey L$, tdep,
q]hk Ny_pl L$fhp_y R>pX$u p,[d q]hk Ny_pl _lu L$fp AgplApgp
[d_ fp `p[p_u kpd Ecp L$fu ]i. A_ [_u `pR>m fpT(c])A R> L$
fp Agpl Apgp_u kpd Dcy flhy M|b S> dpV$u BT[ R> A_ _pafdp_
Ap aTug[_p l$]pf \B iL$[p _\u. (dpV$ [d _pafdp_u R>pX$u ep.)
155
156
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
OV$_p_u ZL$pfu Apù [p lTf[ Bdpd ipaB (f]uegplpApgp

Afilp)A [_ `|R>ey L$, iy Bdpd Ald] `lfZ_u _uQ [p L$iy `ley _
l[y _? [Z AT L$fu L$ _lu. fphu L$l R> L$, Ap kpcmu_ lTf[
Bdpd ipaB(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A [_ bpkp Apep A_
`p[p_u ApMp\u gNpX$hy A_ AL$ hpkZ hX$ [_u D`f `pZu fX$u_ [_
Myb S> Qpey A_ `R>u [_ _uQpX$u_ [_p ^phpZ_ AL$ iuiudp b^
L$fu_ `p[p_u `pk fpey epfbp] [Ap_p dpdyg A l[p L$ epf [Ap_p
L$pB
kb^
u L$ [pAgyL$hpmp rbdpf \[p [p [ `pZu [Ap_u `pk dpL$g[p
A_ [Ap [_ `p[p_p ifuf D`f gNpX$[p A_ [f[ S> []yf[u lpkug
L$f[p l[p.
* lh [d rhQpfp L$ lTf[ Bdpd Ald](f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)lTf[ Bdpd ipaB(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_p ipNu]p `L$u
lphp R>[p `Z lTf[ Bdpd ipaB (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u h[L $
[Ap_u kp\ L$V$gu l] ApS>Tuhpmu A_ _fdpihpmu l[u.A_ Alu
Ap hp[\u [d_ A `Z Zhp dey L$ Ap lTfp[p `p[p_p Ake _L$
Adgp lphp R>[p `p[p_ L$pB
dykgdp_\u DQf kdS>[p _ l[p epf
ApS>L$pg_p b_u bWgp dipBMp(ùfp)(L$ ep _L$ Adgp_y [p _pd
r_ip_ _\u A_ OdX$ A_ dpV$pB_p [p A lpg R> L$ `p[p_p\u DQ[p
AL$bpSy >fy `f[y L$pB_ `p[p_u bfpbf `Z kdS>[p _\u(Ap [p
ApNm_p ka kpglu__p qL$kp R>)A_ S> dipBM qL$fpd_ Ad
r_lpep R> [Ap `L$u A Aq[d byTyNp R> S>Ap `p[p_p ipNu]p_p
dpA[L$u] (AL$u][d])A_ [Ap \L$u bfL$[p lpkug L$f[p A_ [Ap_u
`pk ApM_u rbdpfuhpmpAp A_ bu L$pf_p rbdpfu_ TpX$ a|L $ dpV$
dpL$g[p l[p [Ap lTf[$ iM dpld]bu_ A_p_ A_ lTf[ iM
dpld] kfhu(fld[ygpl Ageldp) l[p.
* lTf[ iM dpld] bu_ A_p_(fld[ygpl Agel)S>
esL$[ `p[p_u rbdpfu dpV$ ]yAp L$fphhp Qpl[p lTf[ iM eykay lf[u
(fld[ygpl Agel)`pk dpL$g[p l[p L$ S>Ap Ap`_p ipNu] l[p.
[dS> lTf[ iM dpld] kfhu (fld[ygpl Agel)lTf[ iM Agu
l]$u]$u(fld[ygpl Agel)`pk dpL$g[p l[p S>Ap [d_p ipNu] l[p.
[p l cpB,Ap hp[_ Myb S> kpfu fu[ kd g. lTf[ Bdpd
A.hlpb ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)_p eyNdp dipBMp_u lpg[
Ahu lpe L$ S>_p DgM Ap` L$ep R> [dS> [ A_yk^
p_ Ap` bmp`pAp
157
L$pY$g
R> [p `R>u ApS>_p Ap _ep Sy>WpZp _p eyNdp [p Ap rhi L$iu QQp
L$fhu dy_pkub kdS>[p _\u.`f[y AV$gy S>$f L$lui L$ lTf[ A.hlpb
ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)S>hp Bdpd epf epf_p eyN_p
dipBMp(ùfp)_u Mfpbu [fa ANg
y uq_]i L$ep R> [p [_ _S>fA]pT
`Z L$fu iL$p[p _\u.]fL$ eyNdp [khya_p Bd\u _phpqL$a A_ lug
gpL$pA epf Ap `rh gpB_dp V$pN AX$pX$u R> epf Mfpbu S> agpZu
R>,A_ ApS> `Z agpe flu R>.)
*(29) S>gpg My]$ph]$u_u BS>[
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_p k]NZ
L$ A gpL$p_ Ap hp[ `f Ae[ Nef[ Aph R> L$ L$pB ik Nag[_u
s\q[dp(A_ L$pB
]yfiehu NfT dpV$) My]p Apgp_y _pd g;S>d L$ Ahp
AL$ qfhpS> R> L$ dp fp[_p kde bpmL$_p L$pfZ N[u lpe [p [_
kyhX$phhp dpV$ Tu$ Bgplu L$f R>.(AV$g L$ Agpl-Agpl L$lu_ bpmL$_
kyhX$phhp dpV$ lpgfXy$ Npe R>)[p Ap hp[ [Ap_ `k] _\u.L$pfZ L$
Tu$- My]p_u ip_ [_p\u EQu R> L$ [_ Aphp l[y dpV$ L$fhpdp Aph AL$
q]hk AL$ byTyN L$pB rbdpf_ L$y L$, rdep [d []yf[u p[ L$fhp
dpV$ ep g[uap `Y$ep L$fp. A_ A kde [Ap Nag[_u lpg[dp l[p
[p AgplApgpA Ap hp[ `f [Ap D`f hpbdp MaNu(_pfpS>Nu)
lf L$fu A_ adpey L$, [d dpfp Tu$_ Mg [dpip b_phu ]u^p R>.
[p l cpB,ka kpglu_ Agpl_u ep] dp fTpA-Bgplu
dpV$ S> L$f[p l[p A_ [Ap_u [hl ldip Al]$ue[-dyS>f]p
(AV$gL$ dp AgplApgp_u Tp[)[fa S> fl[u l[u. [Ap Tp[_
R>pX$u_ rkap[ [fa L$epfe `gV$_pfp _ lp[p A_ Ap_y _pd S> q]g `f
AgplApgp_p _i bp^hp R>. L$pdug-dyL$dug ùf `p[p_u [hl
A_ Apdbm hX$ [pgubp_u q]$gp `f Agpl_p _i bp^ R>,A_
[_u [hl_p qL$gp Tp[ Bgplu b_phu ] R>.`R>u [_y ]fL$ L$pe
AgplApgp dpV$ A_ [_u fTp dpV$ S> lpe R> L$pfZ L$ q]gdp epf
Agpl_p _pd_p _i b^pe S>i [p [_ r_ep_ dprkhp Agpl
lpkug \B S>i [p [ Agpl rkhpe_u bû h[y_ cygu S>i.A_
Agpl rkhpe_u bû h[y_ cygu S>hp_y _pd S> dL$pd a_p L$ rhgpe[
R>.
(30)_fdpi`|hL$_y h[_
158
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$pdug ùfp A_ A_ kyauep A DTTpd_u _L$ Ap][p A_
k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap Ae[ _fd hcph_p lpe R>.[Ap
AL$ bpmL$_u kp\ A fu[ Qpg R> L$ S>hu fu[ EV$ [_p fMhpm_u `pR>m
Qy`Qp` Qpg R> S> l]ujpdp kap(lfpm)_ bfpbf L$fhp_p Ap]i R>
[dp Ap L$pf_u _fdu_p DgM R>.AV$gL$ S> fu[ adpey R> L$, ..eu_y
aue] Bhp_L$y d..AV$g `p[p_p cpBAp_p lp\dp _fd b_u h (A_
S> fu[ [Ap [d_ Dcp L$f AS> fu[ Ecp \B h A_ L$pB
`Z L$pf_u
[N]ugu _ A_ychp)Ap hp[_u aTug[ Ly$Ap_`
pL$dp `Z Aphu R> L$ S>
fu[ adpey R>,hgh Ly$fi[ aTT_ NguTL$b gfia]$y du_ lhguL .
A\p[:- Ap` [N hcph_p A_ k[ ]e_p lp[p [p Ap gpL$p
(A\p
Ap`_u `pk\u hf huMf \B S>[p)epf [ _fdu_u Mybu [dS> [
ape]$pL$pfL$ lphp_u Z \B NB [p lh kd L$ kyauepA qL$fpd_u
_fdudp A hp[ `Z Aphue R> L$ epf [Ap `L$u L$pB esL$[ Ahu
SdpA[_u `pk e S>Ap My]p_p Tu$ A fu[ L$fu fp lpe L$ [ S> fu[
AS>du gpL$p A\hp [p dNfubu gpL$p L$ `R>u k_phuep, dy[phuep,
fapBAp hNf. (Ap A kde_p kyauhp]_p [fuL$pAp l[p)L$l R> [p
ifuA[_u l]dp flu_ Tu$_u _ue[dp [Ap_y A_ykfZ L$f[p [Ap_u
kp\ Tu$dp diNyg \ph.[dS> A S> fu[ Tu$dp `Z [Ap_y A_ykfZ
L$f;S> fu[ L$ [Ap_ dipBMpA kugkugpdp ]pMg L$f[p kde [pgud
L$fg
R>.S>dL$ _au,Abp[ A\hp [p Afie L$pB
Tu$_p [fuL$p. A_ Ahy
_ L$l L$ Ap A [fuL$p _\u S>_u [pgud Ad_ Adpfp ùf Ap`g R>
L$pfZL$ Ap L$pf_u bgpdp OZp gpL$p akpegp R>. A_ Ap_p\u [Ap_
b L$pf_y _yL$ip_ \pe R>.AL$ [p A L$ [Ap khpb\u hQu[ fl R>.A_
buSy> A L$ Mfpb Ap][p (]yNZ
y p) A_ A$X$ hcph_u bgpdp akpB
R>.(L$pfZ L$ Ap L$pf_y A_ykfZ ùf_u [L$u_ \u rhfy^ _\u.)
[p l cpB,Ap hp[_ kpfu fu[ kd g A_ lTf[ Bdpd
ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)_p L$lhp_p l[y bfpbf kd_ [_u
`f Adg L$fhp_u L$piuj L$f.
* (31) ApR>y Mphy
y p `L$u AL$ k]NZ
y
A `Z R> L$, [Ap ifB fu[ dpZ cyep fl R>(S>d L$ [Ap fpTp fpM R>
A\hp [p ApR>y Mpe R>)A_ [Ap_ lgpg MpfpL$ D`g^ \[p _\u
epf `Z [Ap L$V $L$V $gp q]hk cyep L$iy S> Mp^p hNf rh[phu ] R>.A_
159
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[_p ape]p A R L$ [Ap A Mpgu `V$_ kfp`p _yf A_ kh W A_ycey
R>.ep kyû L$ [ApA S> Y$pg rhi dilyf L$lh[ R> L$, Y$d Y$pg dpl `pg
AV$gL $ S> A]$f\u Mpgu lpe R> [_py AhpT KQp lpe R> Ap hp[_ [ApA
Mpgu `V$_u Mybu kp\ kfMphu_ [_p dpV$ ]gug$` NZg R>.
[dS> [ApA L$y R> L$, Apgud dpV$ S>$fu R>L$ [ `V$ cfu_
Mp L$]pù _ Mpe.Mpk L$fu_ epf L$ Sepf [ Bd iuMhpdp diNyg
lpe A_ [p S> [ Ly$Ap_, l]uj, auL$l, hNf_ `yfu fu[ kd_ [_p hX$
`yf`yfp ape]p DWphu iL$i, L$pfZL$ S>_y `V$ cfgy lpe R> [_u kdS>
L$df lpe R>. (A_ Ap rbLy$g klu hp[ R> S>_ `Z Ap bpb[ iL$p
lpe [ A_ych L$fu_ B g A_ lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u
(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, Ad kyauepA qL$fpd MybS> dpV$u
S>dpA[_ BR> S cyep flhp_u bpb[ Aq[dL$np_p L$dpg ^fph[p
l[p ep kyû L$ [ `L$u AdyL$ lS>fp[p [p 7-q]hkdp dp AL$ S> hpf
S>$ S>[p l[p [_y L$pfZ A l[y L$ [Ap_ AgplApgp\u ifd Aph[u
l[u L$ [Ap hpfhpf S>$ S>B_ `p[p_y k[f Mpg. )
* lTf[ iM [pASy>]u_ TpL$uf(fld[ygpl Agel)_u
lpg[[p ep kyû `lpQgu l[u L$ [Ap ]f 12 q]hk dp AL$hpf hyTy
L$f[p l[p lTf[ ke]u Agu ipl]u S>Ap TyAeb _p gL$b hX$ dilyf
l[p [Ap_u lpg[p Ahu l[u L$ S> [Ap_ dm[p Ap` [_ cyep flhp_u
_kul[ L$f[p l[p A_ adph[p l[pL$, Ap dpdu_p_y l\uepf R>.
(S>_p hX$ [ `pihu isL[Ap `f L$pby dmhu_ _k A_ i[p__p
dyL$pbgpdp kam[p dmh R>) A_ Ap` adph[p l[p L, cyep Ap]du
My]p_u afdpbf]pfu _lu L$f [p [_u _pafdp_u `Z _lu L$f.
(LpfZL [dp `pihuisL[Ap_u _fdu_p L$pfZ dyMpgua[(_pafdp_u)
_u L$[u S> _lu lpe.)
* S> lTfp[pdp _ue$d kpd]lf(r_f[f fpTp fpMhp) l[p
[ApA `L$u AL$ iM Dd$gbfi[u_u kfb flu_p (fld[ygpl Agel)
A_ bu Ap`_p QQp](ù[fpB) cpB lTf[ iM A]yg Lp]uf
kfb flu_p(fld[ygpl Agel) l[p A_ Ap b_ lTfp[p kpd ]
lf_u bfL$[p_p L$pfZ Ae[ _yfp_u bpr[_hpmp A_ MybS> DQ
L$pf_u($lp_u)lud[ ^fph[p l[p.
[p l,cpB [pf Ap dpdgpdp ka kpglu__y A_ykfZ L$fhy
BA A_ epf S> Mp Mphy BA epf L$ [_ k[ cyM gpNu lpe
160
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
A_ [pfp Ap[fX$p cyM_p L$pfZ cX$L$u DW A_ [dp ApN gpNu e. [p

Ap hp[_ kd_ [_u D`f Adg L$fhp BA.
* (32) ky^pfZp dpV$_u [epfu
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap_p AgpL$p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ [Ap_ epf ]p[p_u [fa\u> `p[p_p\u kbr^[ gpL$p_p r_apL$
A_ `pMX$[p_u ZL$pfu lpkug \pe R> [p [Ap [_ [pgud Ap`hpdp
`pR>u `p_u L$f[p _\u.(L$pfZL$ [pgud Ap`hu A ifuA[_p dL$k]$
R>.)
* lTf[ ke] Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, ]fL$ Bdhpmp `p[p_p Bd `f Adg L$f R. Qpl [p [ Ny_pl S L$f
[dS> [_p Adg `p[p_p lLLdp S> lpe A_ gpL$p_
u q_L$V$ _ lpe L$pfZL$
[ Ny_pl L$fi[p buhpf [_p\u [pbpl L$fi A_ [_u D`f `[php
\i A_ lh BdS> _ lp[ [p [ hp[_u `Z Mbf _ lp[ L$ Ap Ny_pl
R> A_ [_p\u [pbpl `Z _ L$f[p.
[p Ap fu[ Ap lkue[\u [Ap ApS> `Z [_u D`f Adg L$fu
fp R>. L$ L$]pQ gpL$p_
u r_L$V$ [Ap [_
u D`f Adg L$f_pf ]$Mp[p _
lpe, [p Ap fu[ Ap hp[_ MybS> kpfu fu[ kd ghu BA. Mygpkp
A S> R> L$, Bd ]$fL $ fu[ ape]$pL$pfL$ R> A_ A hp[[p ]$fL $ eyNdp flu R>L$
gpL$p_y Bd [Ap_p Adg L$f[p h^y lpe. [p Ap fu[ Adg_u Mpdu_p
L$pfZ Bd_ ape]$prhrl_ L$ e\ _ kdS>hy BA.
hl]$prggpl fbuApgdu_.
*(33) Bd D`f Adg
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u kp\uDd
k]NyZ A R>L$ [Ap ]fL A$ Apgud_p Bd `f Adg L$fhp dpV$ [epf
lpe R> L$ S>Ap `p[ `p[p_p Bd `f Adg L$fhp_u L$iu `fhp L$f[p
_\u. A_ Ap fu[ kyauepA qL$fpd [Ap_p Bd `f Adg L$fu_ [_p
khpb `p[p_p _pdpA Apdpgdp gMphu ] R>. (AV$gL$ Ap fu[ [Ap
[_p khpb [_(b-Adg Apgudp)biu ] R>)[dS> `p[p_p A
(b]$gp)`V$ AgplApgp aTg A_ Alkp__u hplui ^fph[p lpe
R> S> fu[ [ gpL$p_
p _ued R>L$ S>epf [Ap L$pB
Bd `X$ R> [p [_p khpb
[_p dpAgua (kL$g_ L$[p)_ bMiu ] R> A_ [dp [Ap_u ]MgNufu
L$f[p _\u. L$pfZL$ ]fL$ L$pg_p khpb [_p L$l_pfp_p lpe R> [_ Myb
161
kd ghy BA.
[p l cpB,Ap R> dipBM qL$fpd_p Bkpf A_ cgpB Qplhp_u
cph_p, [p [y `Z [Ap_p A_ykfZdp [pfu A]f Ap L$pf_p k]NZ
y p
`]p L$f.
(hgl]]pgugpl fbug Apgdu_)
* (34) rhfpûAp_u kp\ k]h[ph
L$pdug ùf A_ kyauepA qL$fpd_p k]NZ
L$ [Ap Ahp gpL$p\
u `Z dm-dugp` fpM R>. L$ S>Ap bpr[_dp [Ap_u
Mpdu ip^_pfp lpe R> A_ bp fu[ ]$p [u_p ]$php L$f_pfp lpe R> A_
`p[p_p Adg_u fu[ hX$ [Ap `f lf L$f R> L$ [Ap_ [d_u ]$p[u_p
]$phpdp S>fp`Z iL$p _\u [dS> [Ap Aphp gpL$p_p Bgpk_p ]php_p
lfdp BfiL$pf `Z L$f[p _\u [dS> Aphp gpL$p epf [Ap_u r_L$V$[p
BR> R> [p [_ ^y[L$pf[p `Z _\u L$pfZL$ [_p\u [Ap_u ]yd_u A_
au_p h^y cX$L$u DWi.
`f[y ly(AV$gL$ lTf[ A]yg hlpb ipAfp_u fld[ygpl
Agel)L$ly Ry> L$, S> esL$[ `p[p_p ]yd_\u dm-rdgp` fpM [_p
dpV$ kph^p_u h[hu Ae[ S>$fu R> A_ kgpd[u_u hp[[p A S> R> L$
ep kyû A gpL$p kp\ dm-dugp` fpM S>Ap Mygyk A_ dplb[_u
kp\ [Ap_p AL$u][d] lpe.
* (35) Alg Bgpd e kpfp rhQpfp
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_p AgpL$p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap dp gpL$p_
u MybuAp_ S> yA R> A_ [Ap_u byfpBAp\u
ApM b^ L$fu g R> ep kyûL$ [Ap L$pB
dygdp_ cpBdp L$pB
`Z L$pf_u
byfpB _ulpm[pS> _\u.L$ S>_p hX$ [Ap[_
u byfpB L$f A_ ApS> L$pfZkf
[dpd dygdp_p [Ap_u r_L$V$ _L$ S> lpe R>. A_ Ap_p\u A hp[ `Z
Zhp dmu Ap lTfp[p _akp_ue[_p L$pfZ L$pB_p\u ]yd_u L$f[p
_\u;bL$ My]$ gpL$p S> Ap lTfp[p\u Bjp A_ k[pdZu dpV$ ]yd_u L$f
R>. lh L$B Ahy L$l L$ S> gpL$p Ap d[bp_p R> [Ap_p gpc [d_p dyfu]$p
A_ AL$u]$[d]$p_ S>$f ApR>p dmi. L$pfZL$ _ [p [Ap L$pB_ _kul[
L$fi _ [p L$pB_ byfu hp[p\u bQphi,dpV$ ldip Ny_plpdp k`X$pegp
fli, A_ [_p\u bQhp_p dpN dmhi _lu. L$pfZL$ Sepf Ap
lTfp[pA [Ap_u byfpBAp_ _Tf A]$pT L$fu ]$uû R>, [p [Ap_u A]$f
byfpB _ulpm[p S> _\u dpV$ _kul[ i_p Ap^pf `f L$fi?
162
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[ [_p S>hpb A R> L$,[Ap `p[ L$pB_p dpV$ b]$Nydp_u L$f[p

_\u,`f[y kcrh[ R>L$,[Ap_ klu Blpd \L$u gpL$p_u MfpbuAp_u
Z \B e A_ [Ap kp\_p kb^_p L$pfZ [d_ byfpB\u fpL$u g.
[dS> bu hp[ A R>L$ Blpd hNf `Z [Ap `p[p_u lpg[p_ gpL$p_
u
lpg[p `f A_ydpr_[ L$f A_ kdS> R>L$ S> fu[ `p[p_u A]$f MpduAp
A_ MfpbuAp kcrh[ R> A S> fu[ [Ap_u A]$f `Z kcrh[ R> S>\u
[Ap dp Ap Ap^pf `f S> gpL$p_ _kul[ L$f R> A_ kyauepA qL$fpd
`p[p_p ]$p[p_u byfpBAp Mpa My]$p_p L$pfZ ]$iph R> _lv L$ Bsd_p_
A_ AL$u]$[_p L$pfZ A_ [Ap Ahy A_ydp_ `Z _\u L$f[p L$ Ap
byfpB [dpfpdp QpLL$k`Z R> S> L$pfZ L$ [Ap Aphu b]$Nydp_uAp\u
dyL[ R>, [Ap (kyauepA qL$fpd)Ap[qfL$ QnyAp ^fph R> A_ [Ap
`p[p_u Ap Ap[qfL$ r$ hX$ Bfikp__p rk_p_u MfpbuAp_ B g R>
([p l cpB,lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u (fld[ygpl
Apgp Agel)_u D`fpL QQp_p kpfpi A S> R>L$ , L$pdug-dyL$dugùf(iM)_u ip_ A R>L$ dyfu]$_u bpr[_u MfpbuAp_ B gR> A_
[_ `p[p_u bp[u_u rld[ A_ Ly$h[ [kfya hX$ ]y$f L$fu ]$ R>. L$pfZL$
dipBM_ Alv ApMhpmp L$p R> AV$g L$ ùf ldip fpi_Tduf S>
lpe R>. A_ [p S> [ dyfu]$_ Agpl_p f[p `f Qgphu iL$i A_ [_u
MpduAp A_ [dS> MybuAp\u ApNpl L$fu iL$i.A_ ùfdp Ap
L$pf_u gpeL$p[ _lv lpe [p dp L$pV $pmp \pf `f lp\ afhhp S>hu hp[
R> Agpl Apgp S> ùf fpi_Tduf kyû `lpQpX$_pfp R> A_ [_p
hrkgp \L$u `p[p_u Ly$b[
_p f[p ]$MpX$_pfp R>.)
*(36)lpku]$Mpfp dpV$ Agpl iy$ A_ A[apf
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bp-hL$pf_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R>L$,Sepf [Ap_p lpku]$p(BjpmyAp)A_ ]yd_p h^y lpe [p
Agpl Apgp_p iy$ A]$p L$f R> A_ epfbp]$ My]$pApgp\u A[apf
L$f R>. iy$_y L$pfZ [p A R> L$ My]$pA [_u `f Alkp_ Lep S>_p L$pfZ [
Bjp_ `p \ep. A_ A[apf_y L$pfZ A lpe R>L$ VyL $dp, [Ap Ny_plp_y
L$pfZ bfiep. L$pfZL$ [ _ lp[ [p [Ap `f BfiApd L Alkp_ S> _
\[y A_ Alkp_ [dS> BfiApd _ \p[ [p gpL$p [_u `f lk]$ `Z _
L$f[p A_ lfpd L$pe kpq]$f `Z _\[y,[p Ap fu[ Ap lk]$ù lfpd
L$pe_p OV$u[ \hp_p$ kbb [Ap bfiep dpV$ S> [Ap A[apf L$f R>.
A_ S> fu[ `p[p_p dpV$ A[apf L$f R> A S> fu[ BjpmyAp
163
dpV$ `Z A[apf L$f R> L$ S>Ap Bjp L$fu MpV$u fu[ `p[p_p ]$u_ bfbp]$
Lep A_ L$l R> L$, l Agpl Adpfp BjpMpfp_p Ny_plp biu]$. L$pfZL$
[ rbQpfpAp rhhi,gpQpf A_ dS>byf R>, [pfp S> Alkp_p Adpfu
D`f R> [_u `p[p_u kLy$rQ[[p_p L$pfZ [Ap B iL$[p _\u A_
Ap gpL$p ]$e_u rhipm[p ^fph[p lp[ [p Adpfu Bjpdp Lepfe
k`X$p[p _lv. A_ Ap AL$ Ahp k]NyZ R> L$ S> MybS> ApR>p gpL$p
^fph R> ,L$pfZL$ dpV$pcpN [p s\[u AS> lpe R> L$ [Ap `p[p_p BjpMpfp
dpV$ iLe lpe [V$gu(h^ydp h^y)byfpB_u BR>p S> ^fph[p lpe R>.
[p l cpB, [y `Z Ap fu[ [pfp lpku]$p kp\ k]$h[_ L$f A_ [_p
dpV$ A[apf L$f [dS> Agpl_u _Ad[p_p MybS> iy$ A]$p L$f.
* (37)fiepeu h[yZ
L $
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ k]NZ
y
A `Z R> L$, [Ap A gpL$p kp\ fiepeu fu[\u h[ R> S>ApA [d_u
Ar_R>p lphp R>[p [d_p dpV$ Adufp A_ lpqL$dp_ ep\u fpTu, lq]$ep
L$ Nuf_u p[u dpV$ e_p L$fg
p lpe. [dS> Ap S> L$B qfTL$, Nuf
L$ l]$uep [ gpL$p_p e_p \L$u dm [dp\u Ap byTyNp [ gpL$p Myi \pe
[V$gp rlkp S>dL$, AX$^p, `p L$ [_p\u `Z h^y [d_ Apù ]$ R>.
OZuhpf[p S>V$gy gpep lpe A b^y S> `yf`yfy Apù ]$R> L$pfZL$ [ gpL$p
`p[ dl_[ L$fu_ gpep lpe R> A s\[udp iM Ahy _ L$fhy BA L$
My]$ `p[S> bOy lS>d L$f e.bL$ L$piui L$fhphpmp dpN [V$gy [_
Apù ]$ [dp Sfp `Z gpc _ Lf.L$pfZL$ lL$uL$[dp [p [_u(dl_[ L$f_pf_u)S> L$dpBdp NZ[fu \i. AV$gyS> _lv `f[y bl[f [p AS> R> L$
[dp\u My] L$iy S _ g. lp,ifuA[_u l]$dp flu_ ghpdp L$ip S hp^p
_\u.
* lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Apgp
Agel)adph R>L, AdyL$ dipBMp(ùfp) [p (Ap L$pe dpV$)`p[p_p
DOfphhphpmp _udu ]$ R>.S>Ap Adufp A_ Apfb iMp_ epS> flu_
dpg lpkug L$fhp_u dl_[ b]$piu L$f A_ `R>u Sepf [Ap dpNu_ L$B
gph [p `p[ S> b^y lS>d L$fu e A_ S>Z [_u pr dpV$ dl_[p A_
[L$guap kl_ L$fu l[u [_ L$BS> Ap`[p _\u. A_ Ap OZpS> dpV$p Sd
R>. A_ d AdyL$ Aphp DOfphhphpmp esL[Ap_ ep R> L$ [ApA
iM_u Ap L$pf_u k[pdZu\u [N Aphu_ iM rhfy^ afuep]$ L$fu_
[Ap_ A]$pg[dp lpS>f L$fpep R> A_ [_u `rh[p_u Myb Myb `pgp
164
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

* (39) D[p]_p A]b
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL A `Z
R> L$,S> ik [Ap_ bpm`Zdp Ly$Ap__u AL$ kyf[ L$ Ape[ `Y$phu ]
R>,[_y `Z [Ap Myb S> kfidp_ L$f R>. [dS> S> ik [Ap_ Bd_y AL$
L$fZ iuMhu ] R> [Ap_u [Ap AV$gu l] [pATud L$f R>L$ [Ap_u
`pk\u khpfu D`f _uL$m[p _\u [dS> [Ap_u [gpL$i]y p uAp kp\
ip]u L$fu iL$[p _\u,cg_ `R>u [Ap iMyBgpdL$ iM [fuL$[_p
]f `f `lpQu Spe.$
[dS> [Ap_u kp\ S> A]bp\u h[ R> [Ap `L$u AL$ A `Z R>
L$ [Ap `p[p_u lkue[ dyb [d_ lq]ep Apep L$f R> [dS> [d_p
OfhpmpAp A_ kb^
uAp dpV$ L$`X$p hNf b_ph[p fl R>.A_ Ap b^y
[Ap_u Myiu dpV$ L$f R>.
* lTf[ Aby Te] L$ufhp_u kplb rfkpgp (fld[ygpl
Agel)_u rlL$pe[ R> L$, epf [_p bpmL$_p D[p] [_ Ly$Ap__u
AL$ dTug `Y$phu ]uû [p [Ap_ kp q]_pf Apep. [p [Z [ ghp\u
L$pe L$ey _\u L$ S>_p dpV$ ly ApV$gu
blp_y L$pYey. A_ L$y L$, d Ahy L$pB
dpV$ fL$d_p l$]pf b_y. [p [ApA `p[p_p bpmL$_ [_u `pk\u EWpX$u_
bu dpAgud _ kpù ]u^y A_ afdpey L$,[ ik Ly$Ap__ lL$uf
kdS R>.
* lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u(Agelufld[)My] adph R> L$,
lu.k.918_u OV$_p R>.ly AL$ q]hk lTf[ iM ikyu_ ]duep[u_u
kp\ S>B fp l[p A ]fduep_ [ApA AL$ _pbu_p(A^)ik_ ep
S>_ [_u R>pL$fu gB S>[u l[u.[_ B_ [Ap OpX$p `f\u D[fu `X$ep.
[dS> [_p lp\ bpkp Apep A_ ]yf kyû [Ap_u kp\ Qpep.epf
Ap` `pR>p aep [p d [ ik kb^ khpg L$ep L$, Ap L$pZ esL$[
l[u? [p Ap` adpey L$, A ik [ R> L$ S>_p \L$u d bpm`Zdp
Ly$Ap_ iuey l[y. A_ dpfp\u Ahy \B iL[y _\u L$ ly khpfu D`f [_u
`pk\u _uL$my.(Ap lpg[ l[u [Ap_p A]b_u) L$ iM ikyu_
]duep[u_ OZu S> dpV$u `]hu, gpL$p_
u AL$u][ A_ Bd [dS> kgplL$pf
[fuL$ _p ]f kyg[p_p A_ [_p\u _uQuL$np_p gpL$pd
p lpkug l[p.
dpfu r$A Ap`_ S> `]hu A_ dp_-d[bp lpkug l[p [ [Ap_p
kdL$pgu_ `L$u L$pB_ lpkug _ l[p. epkyû L$ AL$ q]hk d [Ap_ b
aL$ufp_u hQ A lpg[dp r_lpep L$ gpL$p lp\ Qydhp dpV$ [Ap `f
Mpgu R> ep kyû L$ lpL$ud iM_ L$y L$, [y MybS> gpgQu R>p.
[p l cpB,[y Ap L$pf_p dipBMp(ùfp)_u lpg[ B_ Ahy
_ kdS>[p L$ `lgp_p S>dp_p_p dipBMp Aphp S> l[p [Ap rhi Mfpb
A_ydp_ _ L$f L$pfZL$ [ gpL$p MybS> Tplu]$ A_ `flTNpf l[p A_
[Ap_u lpg[ L$]$pù `Z Ap kde_p dipBMp(ùfp)S>hu _ l[u.Ap
hp[_ Myb kd ghu BA.
(D`f_u hp[ lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u (fld[ygpl
Apgp Agel)`p[p_p eyN_u AV$g L$ rl.k.900_u Apk`pk_u hp[
L$lu R> A_ [ eyN_p dipBMp_u MfpbuAp fSy> L$f R>.[p lh iy `fus\[u
li [_p A]$pT My]$S> gNphu ep.ApS>`Z L$V$gpe Ahp Y$pNu A_
_pL$uk ùfp AS>fiV$_d
y p MguapAp_u r_dL$p L$fu_ rhrh^fu[ gpL$p_
y
dyX $_ L$fu fp R>....Ap L$pf_u MfpbuAp ]$fL $ eyNdp agp[u flu R>.`f[y
Aakpk A S> R> L$ Bd A_ Adg_p $l kdp_ Bgpk_u pr[ dpV$_
p
Ap `qh dpN AV$g L$ ùfu-dyfu]u_ gpL$pA ^^p]pfu b_phu ]uû
R>.epk^
y u L$ Ap_gpB_ AV$g L$ BfiV$f_V$ `f dyfu]p b_phu_ X$p_
i
_p
DOfphhpdp Aph R>. Agpl_u `_pl...)
* (38) ifuA[_y A_yk
fZ
L$ [Ap ]fL$ dpdgpdp A_ ]fL$ `qfs\q[dp ifuA[_p AlL$pdp_y
A_ykfZ L$f[p l[p,ifuA[_u rhfy^ hpm bfpbf Qpghy `Z [ gpL$p
`k] L$f[p _ lp[p.L$pfZL$ ifuA[ S> S>X$ R> bpL$u b^y [_u ipMpAp
ipMpAp R>; S>dL$ [Ap epf L$pB Apf[_ ip]u_p èNpd dpL$g[p
[p kyfi_[ `f Adg L$f[p l[p A_ [Zu_p Qlfp A_ lp\ B g[p
l[p. L$ Ap hpdp `Z Ddp_p Bs[gpa R>.AdyL$ [p L$l R> L$ Ap
r_lpmhy ilh[(hpk_p)hNf lphy BA.L$pfZL$ lSy> A Apf[ ape]p
lpkug L$fhp dpV$_
y \p_ _\u.epf dpV$pcpN_p [_u rhfy^dp R>(A_
[_y L$pfZ L$ A b[ph R> L$ ifuA[ _S>f_u BT[ Apù ]uû R>.A_
Ap q\q[dp ilh[_y `]p \hy A L$ Ly$]f[u bpb[ R>.)[p Ap fu[ Ap
kyfi_[ `f Adg L$fhp BA.
[p l cpB,Ap kakpglu_ ifuA[_p dpdgpdp OZp S> Qy[
l[p L$pfZ L$, [Ap Z[p l[p L$, L$pg L$epd[_p q]hk ifuA[ rhi S>
khpg \i _lu L$ L$ap L$fpd[ rhi.
165
166
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Okpfp L$fu fp R> A_ S>Ap [d_p kyû `lpQ

u iL$[p _\u [Ap `p[p_u
Qp]fp Mpgu_ [Ap `f aL$u fp R> S>\u [ iM_p L$`X$p_ ìu e
A_ `R>u [_ Qyd[p l[p,S> fu[ L$ gpL$p L$plufp\u `kpf \[u hM[
L$pb[ygpl_p Nugpa kp\ L$f R>.
[p l cpB, [y Ap hp[_ kpfufu[ kd g. A_ A]bhpmp_y
A_ykfZ L$f.My]pApgp A]bhpmpAp\u fp \pe.
bpA]$b bp-_kub,bA]$b b]$-_kub.
(hl]pgugpl fbugApgdu_)
* (40)`p[p_p Apdpgp_ [yR> kdS>hp
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_
p k]NZ
y p `L$uA `Z R>
L$,[Ap `p[p_p kb^ A hp[_p epg _\u L$f[p L$ _ag Bbp][p_p
khpb `yf`
fy p [Ap_ S> dm.L$ _hpaugp dpV$ [ gpL$pA
cf`yf L$pi
ujp
L$fu lpe R> L$ [Ap_p `Ndp `Z kp Aphu Nep lpe.bL$ [Ap [p Ahy
kdS> R L$ Ap Bbp][ dp $[ L$du_ `yfu L$pfhp dpV$ R> S> [Ap_p aTpdp
flu NB R>. (L$pfZL$ Ny_plp\u [Ap dpkyd _\u dpV$ [Ap_p aTpdp Ap
`L$pf_u L$duL$ _yL$kp_ S>$f li S>_u `|q[ Ap _hpaugp hX$ L$fhu S>$fu
R>)A_ _hpaugp [p MfMf [d_p dpV$ R> L$ S>_u aTp `qf`|Z lpe.A_
[dp L$pB`Z `L$pf_u nq[ _ lpe.(A_ Ap L$pf_p nq[frl[ aTp [p
dp lyTfy _buA `pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd_p S> R>)A_ Ap\u S>
lLL ApgpA h du_geg a[lS>] blu _pag[gL$ dp A hp[ [fa
Bipfp afdphu ]u^p R>.A_ ]MpXu ]u^y R>L, Ap lTf[(kggplp Agel
hkgd)_u [lSy] [Ap_p afpBTp\u h^pfp_u li.(AV$g L$ [dp
`yf`yfp khpb li A_ [_p hX$ aTp_u [L$dug(`y[u)L$fhpdp _lu
Aph)L$pfZL$ Ap`_p aTp bugLy$g `qf`|Z R> A_ [_y L$pfZ A R> L$
Ap` dpkyd R> L$ Ap`_u Bbp][dp L$pB S> Mpdu _\u.
A_ Ap\u S> lTf[ iM S>gpgy]u_ kye|[u(fld[ygpl
Agel)A Ap rhje_ `p[p_u MkpBk(MkpBk Ly$bp )A_ [ rkhpe
Afie qL$[pbpdp hZhu R>.A_ dp_u `Z ghpdp Aph L$ L$pB
hgu_u
Bbp][ `Z _yL$ip_\u Mpgu lpe iL$ [p [ _bu_p hpfkp `V$
li.(L$pfZ L$ hgu _bu_p hpfk]pf R>) [p Ap fu[ L$dpg Bbp][_u
rhij[pdp Ap lTf[ kggplp Agel hkgddp L$iu Mgg _ `X$u.
[p l cpB, kyraepA qL$fpd A_ dipBM qL$fpd_p Ap k]NZ
y _
kpfu fu[ kd ep A_ [_u D`f Adg L$fp.
167
* (41) lq]$ep_u q[np _ L$fhu
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ Dd
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$ [Ap L$]pù lq]$ep_u r[np L$f[p _\u L$ ApS>
agpZu S>epA\u lq]ep Aphi.[dS> q]gdp Ahp rhQpf `Z _\u
L$f[p L$ agpZu-agpZu esL$[ Ad_ ApS> agpZu h[y dpL$gi.bL$
[Ap Aphp rhQpfp\u `p[p_p q]dpN_ Mpgu fpM R.A S> fu[ [Ap
epf `p[ L$pB
kaf\u `pR>p af_pf esL$[_ L$pB
lq]$ep hNf Ap` R> [p
[Ap_ Ahp rhQpf _\u Aph[p L$ [Ap Ad_ [_p b]gp QyL$h,bL$
[Ap_y r]dpN Ap rhQpf\u `Z buLy$g Mpgu lpe R>. A_ L$pB esL[
e b]$ Nydp_u L$f[p _\u (L$ agpZp esL$[[p Alkp_ adph R>) bL$
[Ap_y l[y gpgQ\u bQhy R>.
* dpfp kf]pf lTf[ Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel) epf
uAp_ ep\u ^ydpX$p
L$pB
es[ `pk Ahy kpcm[p L$, [ `p[p_p `pX$pi
_uL$m[p [p fl[p l[p. A_ S>_ ep ^dpX$p _uL$m[p ]Mp[p ep
Mphp dpV$ `lpQu S>[p. [p adph[p L$, My]p [_u D`f fld L$fL$, [_
`p[p_p `X$pi
uAp e k]cph_p l[u(A_ [ kdS>[p l[p L$ dpf L$pB
`pX$piu L$Sy>k _\u.A_ d_ Mp Ap`hpdp Aakpk _lu L$f)[p Ap

fu[ My]pApgp [_ S>TpA Mf A[p L$f. A_ [_p l[y A l[p L$ `p[
`p[p_u k]cph_pdp ikp `p R>.A_ [dpf kd ghy BA L$ [d
epf L$pB
_u `pk lq]$ep dpL$g A_ [d [_u A V$h
\u dprl[Npf R>p L$ [
[dpfu `f Alkp_ L$fi AV$g L$ [ Ap lq]ep_p b]gp S>$f QyL$hi [p
lq]ep_u kp\ `p[p_p k]i
p hplL$ kp\ A `Z L$lh
X$phu ]hy BA L$ ly
S> Ap h[y dpL$gy Ry> [ AV$gu bû `p[phpmu _\u L$ [_p b]gp dpV$
rQ[u[ \hy `X$. A_ ly [d_ L$kd Ap`y Ry> L$ [d b]gp QyL$hhp_p rhQpf
L$]pù _ L$fp _lu[f dpfy q]g ]ycpi. A_ Ap AV$gp dpV$ L$ [_p L$pfZ [
b]gp QyL$hhp_p rhQpf A_ [_p `qfd\u bQu e cg_ `R>u \pX$uhpf dpV$ L$d _lu.?
*l]uj ifuadp R> L$, d lq]ep_u gZ]Z Ap`kdp fpMp
[dpfp hQ dplb[ `]p \i. A_ Dd]p lq]$ep L$ S> Mygk
y (q_:hp\)
`f Ap^pfu[ lpe [_u Akf A R> L$ [_p\u rk_pdp\u Afk-`fk_u
MfpbuAp ]yf \B e R>.[p Mygpkp A S>R> L$ [dpf ifuA[_p L$p_y_
dpZ(AV$g L$ []_ r_:hp\[p A_ dcph_p\u)l]uep Ap`hp_u
168
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
i$Ap[ L$fhu BA.[dS> L$pB

]yf ]fpT_u kaf\u `pR>p af [p [_p\u
A gpgQ _ fpMhu BA L$ [ Adpfp dpV$ L$iy gpep li.A_ [d S>_
lq]ep Ap`p [_p\u _ [p b]gp_u Ddu] fpMhu BA. A_ [d
Ap hp[p_u rh$^ h[_ L$fip [p [d [dpfp ka kpglu__p [fuL$pdp\u
_uL$mu S>ip dpV$ Ap hp[_ Myb S> kd ep.
*(42) dldp_ _hpTu
y p `L$u A Mpk k]NZ
y
R> L$ [Ap dldp_p_ k[ [pL$u] L$f R> L$ [Ap Mp Afie L$pB S>epA
_ Mpe L$pfZL$ [Ap Z R> L$ [ S> L$B
[Ap_ ep Mpi `p[p_p [L$]uf_y
S> Mpi.(A_ [dp [Ap_y L$iy S> _yL$ip_ _\u.)
*lTf[ iM A]yglgud bu_ dgpl(fld[ygpl Agel)
`p[p_p dldp_p_ L$kd Ap`[p l[p L$, ep kyû [d Ap ilfdp flp
bu L$pB
_ ep MpZy Mp[p _lu A_ [Ap_p Ap ApNl_p L$pfZ gpL$p
[Ap_ ep dldp_ `Z ApR>p \[p l[p. d AL$hpf [Ap_u kp\ hp[Qu[
L$fu [p [ [ApA adpey L$, Alu Ap [pL$u]_p L$pfZ Ad_ Myiu
lpkug \pe R> Adpfp ]php kpbu[ \B Nep A_ dldp_ [p `p[p_u
[L$]$uf_y S> Mpe R> ([p `R>u Ad da[_u cgpB ip dpV$ _ L$fuA)A_ ly
Ap fu[_u fu[cp[ _ A`_ph[p A_ gpL$p_ ApV$gu l] [pL$u] _
L$f[p [_y `qfZpd A Aph[y L$ [_u [L$]ufdp dpfp Of_y Mp gMgy
lp[ [p [ dpfu _pfpTNu_u s\q[dp `Z S>$f Mp[p. A_ Ap fu[ ly
[_u_L$ `Z Mfpb b_[p A_ My]p_u _L$ `Z byfp kpbu[ \[p
A_ dgyL$_u _L$ `Z Mfpb L$lhp[p.
* lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel)My]
adph R> L$, d `Z Ap S> `dpZ_y h[_ lTf[ iM dpld] i_phu
A_ iM A]yfTpL$ byMpfu_u Apgp] kp\ L$ey l[y epf [Ap dpf ep
Z drl_p kyû dldp_ [fuL$ fp l[p.Ap\u epf [Ap A_pepk
L$pB S>epA Mp MpB g [p ly [Ap `f Nykp L$f[p l[p.A_ [_p\u
[Ap_ Myiu \[u l[u A_ [Ap_p A epg ]yf \B S>[p l[p L$ dpfu D`f
[ gpL$p bpS>$` R>.A\hp [p [ApA dpfu D`f bpS> gp]u ]$u^p R>.
[p l cpB,Ap hp[_ Myb S> kdS>hu BA A_ dldp_\u
L$]pù `Z q]gdp [Nu `]p _ \hu BA.
169
*(43) lgpg fpTu dpV$_p Al[dpd

L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ [Ap Mphp ùhp_p dpdg Ae[ kphQ[u fpM[p l[p,ep kyû L$
AdyL$ lTfp[p [p [dp AV$gu l] f Ap`[p l[p L$ ep kyû [Ap A
Zu _ g[p L$ Ap Mp hNf kp[ A\hp [p ApR>pdp ApR>y Z
Ap]duAp_p L$Tpdp lgpg fu[ Apey lpe epkyû [Ap [ Mp[p _
lp[p.A_ L$]pQ [Ap_ Aphy Mp _ dm[y [p epkyû [ [Ap_p
Bfp]p `dpZ_y Mp dm[y _lu epkyû cyep fl[p l[p.
* lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph R> L$, iM AaTgyu_(fld[ygpl Agel)A kphQ[uhpmp
gpL$p `L$u R>gu esL[R> L$ S>_u d kN[ lpkug L$fu R>. [Ap_p r_ed
l[p L$ ep kyû L$pB Mp AL$ `R>u AL$ kp[ eq[_p L$Tpdp lgpg
[pf `f Aphg _ lpe [Ap [_ Mp[p _lu.(AV$g L$ S> esL$[ [Ap_
MhX$ph [_u `pk lgpg fu[ Apey lpe...Ap fu[ kp[ hp[p kyû
lgpg fu[ Apey lpe)A_ [Ap_ Ahy Mp dm[y _lu [p [Ap
D`fp D`fu L$V $gpe q]hkp kyû cyep fl[p l[p ep kyû L$ k[ cyM_p
L$pfZ [Ap_p Ap[fX$p AL$ bu_ Mphp gpN[p l[p A_ [Ap_u A$g
[dS> ]u_ bfbp] \B S>hp_p ce `]p \B S>[p epf [Ap `p[p_
epLy$m[phpmu esL$[ kd_ S> dmu S>[y A S> MpB g[p l[p.A_ Ap
gpL$p dyL$(]yr_ep,]i]i)dp \_pfp afapfp `qfh[_p_ L$a hX$ B
g[p l[p A_ lLL ApgpA d_ `Z [Ap_u A_ykfZ_y k]cpe
A`Z L$ey R>. `f[y kp[ [p _lu lp, Z p]iuL$ `qfh[_p_p rQ[pf ly
`Z(L$a hX$) B iLy$ Ry> A_ L$iy lfpd L$ iL$piug lpe R> [p d_
[f[ S> DV$u \B e R>.A\hp [p L$epfe AgplApgp [fa\u S>
ZL$pfu lpkug \B e R>. (L$ Ap Mp [pfp dpV$ Mphp epe _\u,[y
[ Mp[p _lu.)
[p l cpB, Mphp ùhp_p dpdgpdp Myb S> kphQ[u fpMhu
S>$fu R>. L$pfZL$ iL$piug A_ lfpd MpZp\u bQhp_p L$pfZ Bfikp_
L$a_u ]pg[ hX$ dpgpdpg \pe R>. byTN
y pA [p L$fpl[\u `L$phgy Mp
`Z dL$$l L$y R> L$pfZ L$ S> `Z L$pe L$fpl[\u L$fhpdp Aph [dp L$iu
S> cgpB lp[u _\u. (L$fpl[\u AV$g L$ Agpl_u ep]\u Npaug b_u_
AZNdp fpMu_, b]fL$pfu`|hL $ A_ S>bf][\u L$pB
L$pe L$fhy. )lTf[
hp bpL$u bugpl(fld[ygpl Agel)L$]pù L$fpl[_u kp\ `L$phgy
170
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Mp Mp[p _ l[p, epf Ap`_u kpd Ap `L$pf_y L$fpl[\u `L$phgy

Mp Aph[y [p Ap` adph[p l[p L$, Ap Mp dpfp gpeL$ _\u,
L$pfZL$ [ L$fpl[ A_ Nag[\u `L$phgy R>, S>_p L$pfZ q]gdp A^L$pf
A_ Nag[ `]p \pe R>. [p rhQpfp L$ dp Nag[ L$ L$fpl[\u `L$phgp
MpZp_u q]gp `f Akf \[u lpe [p S> MpZy lfpd S> lpe [_u
Mfpbu L$V$gu l] q]g_u [bplu _p[fi.(Agpl_u `_pl)
*(44) dyfpqL$bp A _ak_u rlapT[
y p `L$u A `Z R> L$
[Ap ]fL$ `m `p[p_p _ak_u ]Mcpm fpM R> ([_y _pd S> dyfpqL$bpA
_ak R>)S>\u [Ap `p[p_pdp\u dy_pauL$`Zp_p Ap AhNyZ ]y$f L$f
(A_ Ap fu[ `p[p_pdp dpdu_p_p k]NyZ `]p L$f)L$pfZ dpdu_ lphy
A dy_pauL$`Zp_u rh$^ R>. dpV$ [_ dy_pauL$`Zp kp\ AL$u[ L$fu
iL$pe _lv. lh dpdu_p_p k]NZ
y p_ kdS>hp BA L$ [ L$ep L$ep R>. [p
[ `L$u AdyL$ [p A R> S>_ AgplApgpA L$pg A[pAby_Apb]y_
A_ L$]AaglydpAd_ygTu_ lyd kgp[lud MpiD_ dp [dS> Ap
S> fu[_u bu Apep[pdp bep_ adpey R>. A_ AdyL$ k]NyZp A R> L$
S> Alpq]jpdp Apep R>. Ap k]cdp AL$ l]uj `pL$dp R> L$, [dpfp `L$u
L$pB
L$pdug dpdu_ _\u \B iL$[p ep kyûL$ [ `p[p_p cpB dykgdp_
dpV$ A h[y S> `k] _ L$f S> `p[p_p dpV$ L$f R>, A_ bu l]ujdp R> L$,
[dpfp `L$u L$pB ik ep kyû dpdu_ L$pdug _\u \B iL$[p ep kyû
L$ [_p `pX$piu [_u bgpAp\u ([L$guap\u)kfnu[ _ lpe. gpL$pA
AT L$fu L, lyTfy , bgpAp\u iy dyfp] R>? [p Ap` adpey L$, ep_[
A_ Tyd. (Ap S >fu[ dpdu_p_p k]NyZp bu Alpq]jpdp
DgMpeg R>)
*lTf[ Ddf B_yMpb(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, epf [d d_ Sy>Ap L$ ly hpL$pQ
Ly $p Qpgy Ry> [p d_ ku^p L$fu p.
A_ d_ _kul[p L$fp L$pfZL$ dykgdp__u ip_ A R> L$ [ `p[p_p cpB_
_kul[ L$f R>.
*lTf[ eppbu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel)A dpdu_p_p
L$V$gpe k]NyZp `p[p_p rfkpgpdp hZep R> A_ adpey R> L$,
dpdu__u ip_ A R> L$ [ Ae[ ifdpm lpe R> A_ bu_ [L$gua
ApR>u `lpQpX$_pfp lpe R>, A_ [dp cgpB h^y lpe R> A_ byfpB
171
ApR>u, S>bp__p kpQp lpe R>, ApRy> bpg_pfp lpe R>, _L$ Adgp h^y
L$f[p lpe R>, cygp bly ApR>u L$f_pf lpe R>, [dS> e\ hp[pdp Myb
ApR>p k`X$pe R>. Myb _ap p[ L$f_pfp lpe R>, kugp-fldu h^y L$f_pf
lpe R>, hL$pfhpmp A_ iy$ Nyf lpe R>. epf [_u `f qfTL$_u [Nu
lpe R> epf `Z My]p\u bly Myi lpe R>, kl_iug lpe R>, `p[p_p
cpBAp kp\ _fd lpe, Ae[ dlfbp_ lpe, gp_[ L$f_pfp [dS>
LVyhpZu bpg_pfp _\u lp[p _ [p Nub[ L$fhphpmp lpe, _ QyNgMpf
lpe, _ S>]bpS> lpe, _ Bjpmy lpe, _ [p L$`V$u lpe , _ [p OdX$u
lpe, _ Ald ^fph_pfp lpe, _ [p ]yr_ep\u fNb[ fpMhphpmp, _ [p
gpbu-`lpmu Ddu]p fpM_pf lpe R>, _ [p h^y EOhphpmp L$ _ [p h^y
Npaug lpe R> A_ _ [p ]c L$f_pfp, _ dy_pauL$ lpe, _ [p L$S|>k lpe,
_ [p Mpdu _pfp lpe A_ My]p dpV$ S> dplb[ L$f A_ My]p dpV$ S>
A]ph[ L$f_pfp,My]p dpV$ S> Myi \_pfp A_ My]p dpV$ S> _pfpS> \_pfp
lpe R>, [_y cp\y `flTNpfu R> A_ [_p dL$k] ApMf[ lpe, [_p
ld_iu_ [_u ep]My]p lpe A_ [_p dlbyb(re)[_p dpgp(My]p)
lpe. [_p [dpd e_p ApMf[ dpV$ lpe. Ap S> fu[ Ap` gNcN
100 k]NZ
y p fS|> L$ep R>.
*lTf[ lyTapl(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p L$,
Ap]du S>_pb fkyg AL$fd kggplp Agel hkgd_p S>dp_pdp
dp AL$hp[ L$l[
p l[p [p [ `p[p_u r$dp [_p \L$u dy_pauL$ \B S>[p
l[p lh A S> hp[_ ly [dpfp pfp AL$ S> dS>gukdp ]khpf kpcmy Ry>
`f[y [d_ Mbf `Z lp[u _\u L$ Ap kpfu hp[ R> L$ Mfpb hp[
Agpl... Agpl... L$V$gu l] [aph[ `X$u Nep R>.
lTf[ Ddfbu_ A]ygATuT(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[pL$, dpdu__p q]gdp [pL$p[ lpe R> A_ dy_pauL$_p lp\dp.
(L$pfZ L$ dpdu_ bp[u__u ky^pfZp dpV$ dyl]pAp L$f R> S>_p L$pfZ
[_p q]gdp Ly$h[ A_ ifufdp _bmpB hû e R>. epf dy_pauL$
bp[u__u ky^pfZp R>pX$u_ ifuf_ y$`y$ b_phhp_u rQ[pdp fl R>
dpV$ [_p q]gdp L$dfu A_ ifufdp [pL$p[ lpe R>.)
[p l cpB, Ap bû hp[p_ Myb S> kd ghu BA A_
df[p `lgp `p[p_p L$b_y( q]g_y) bpfuL$pB\u r_funZ L$fu ghy BA
A_ [dp dy_pauL$p S>hp AhNyZp hp dm [p [_u `f Myb S> $]_
A_ Ayhl_ L$fhy BA [dS> Myb S> A[apf L$f[p flhy BA.
172
d_L$u ApM Mpg

c hX$ L$B
L$ bpghy A_ q]gdp [_p\u rhfy^ lphy A\hp [p S>_y lf
A_ bp[u_ b_ AL -$-bu_p rhfy^ R> [_ dy_pauL$ L$lh
pdp Aph R>.
[p Ap b_ hp[p `f Myb S> rQ[_-d__ L$fp L$ dy_pauL$_p AhNyZ L$V $gu
l] Mfpb A_ rh_pi _p[f_pfp R>. L$pfZ L$ dy_pauL$p ]pTM_p kp\u
_uQgp [b$pdp li.
*(45) S>$f[_p kde dpV$ dpg_p kNl
L$fhp
L$pdug ùfp A_ Alg [khya gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap kygLy $_u pfcuL$ Ah\pdp ]ufld L$ ]u_pfp fpM[p _\u,
`f[y A[dp `lpQu_ MQ dpV$ [_ AL$Wp L$f R>. L$pfZ L$ epf [Ap
dy[]u AV$g p\duL$ QfZdp lpe R> epf [Ap_u lpg[ ]y^ù[p bpmL$
S>hu lpe R> A_ bpmL$_u A lpg[ lpe R> L$ [_y ]y^ R>pX$phhpdp Aph R>.
`f[y epf Aghp(AL$ Aq[L$X$hy am)_p L$pfZ [_ ]y^ ùhp\u _af[
`]p \B e R> A_ `R>u [p Ap _af[ A L$npA `lpQu e R> L$ [_
My] ]y^\u S> _af[ `]p \B e R> A_ `R>u Aghp hNf_
u S>$f[ fl[u
_\u. bk A S> fu[ kyau dpV$ pfc ]yr_ep\u _af[ `]p L$fhp dpV$ A
eysL[_u S>$f[ lpe R> L$ [_u `pk $rèp-`kp flhp ]$hpdp _ Aph `f[y
Sepf A[dp Ap _af[ Myb S> dS>by[ b_u e R> epf Ap $rèp `kp
[_p dpV$ _yL$kp_ L$pfL$ _\u lp[p. A_ epf [_p dpV$ L$dpg A S> R> L$ [
`p[p_u `pk $rèp-`kp fpM S>\u gpL$p `pk dpNhp\u bQgp fl A_
My]p_p f[p `f MQ `Z L$fu iL$.
l[p L$, dL$pd kyau epf L$pdug b_ R> L$ epf [ ]yr_ep `f gp[ dpfu
]. A_ ]yr_ep_p A_yk^
p_ `p[p_p cpBAp_ `p[p_p _ak `f AN[p
Ap` R> rkhpe L$ A kNdp L$ [_ [_u h^y S>$f[ lpe. A_ AL$
esL[A lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)_ ]fMp[
L$fu L$, d_ Ap` `p[p_p dyfu]pdp ]pMg L$fu ep. [ApA L$y,
bly kpfy `f[y if[ A R> L$ [d `p[p_p dpg `f dpfp\u h^y l$]pf
_lu flu iL$p. [p [Z L$y L$, A [p dpfp\u _lu b_u iL$. A_ Apd
L$lu _ Qpep Nep.
*A_ lTf[ epp bu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, A hp[ M|b kd ep L$ ]ufld huR>u R> A_ S>_ [_p d(huR>u
D[pfhp_p d)AphX$[p _ lpe, [_y Tf [_ dpfu _pM R>. gpL$pA
`|R>ey, lTf[, [_p d iy R> ? [p Ap` adpey L$, [_p d A R>
173
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$ BT fu[ p[ L$fhpdp Aph A_ epe S>epA hp`fhpdp Aph.
* lTf[ Bkp (Agelukgpd)adph[p l[p L$, Ap]du ep
kyû _L$ _\u b_u iL$[p L$ ep kyû [_u r$dp kp_y A_ dpV$u b_
bfpbf _ \B e.
*lTf[ Agu B_ [pgub(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)]ufld_
lp\dp gB_ afdph[p l[p L$, [pfu D`f [ya R> L$ ep kyû [y MQp[p
_\u ep kyû d_ [pfp\u L$pB S> ape]p dmu iL$[p _\u.
*lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)OZuhpf Ap
Afbu AApfp `Y$[p fl[p l[p S>_p A\ A R> L$, d_ A bpb[_u
`yfu ZL$pfu dmu QyL$u R> dpV$ [d [_p\u rhfy^ _ kdS>ip L$
hfpA(`flTNpfu)$rèp_u bpb[dp cfpkp L$fhp_ `p R>, [p Ap
fu[ [d epf [_u `f L$pby dmhu ep A_ [ lphp R>[p [_ gp[ dpfu
ep. epf kd L$ Ap`Zp [L$hp kpQp dpdu__p [L$hp R>.
(A_ ep kyû Ap hp[ _ lpe ep kyû [L$hp _\u bL$ dp
[L$hp_p `pL$m ]php S> R>.)[p l cpB, [pfp dpV$ Ap fu[ S>$fu R> L$ S>$f[\u
h^y ]yr_ep\u bQ. A_ [_p\u OZp L$fhp bpb[ `p[p_p ka kpglu__y
A_ykfZ L$f S>_p\u [y [_u Apa[p\u bQgp fl.
*(46) dyfu]_u cgpB BR>hu
R> L$ [Ap dyfu]p dpV$ AgplApgp_u afdpbf]pfu_ `p[p_u rM]d[
`f AN[p Ap` R> A_ Ap hp[ `V$ epf [Ap `p[p_p L$pB dyfu]p_
bpgph A_ [ r[gph[ Ly$Ap_ L$ Tuy$gpldp diNyg lphp_p L$pfZ _
Aph [p [Ap_ [Ap \u L$iu _pfpTNu `]p _\u \[u L$pfZL$ My]pApgp_u
b]Nu [Ap_u _L$ `p[p_u S>$f[p\u, Qpl [ Myb S> S>$fu lpe S>d L$
gpV$ ]mhp, L$ fpV$u `L$phhu hNf\
u, ANk
f lpe R>. A_ Ap A k]NZ
y
R> S>_u D`f A gpL$p S> Adg L$f R> S>_u A]f Ny$f L$ OdX$ _\u, A_
S>Ap_ lLL$Apgp_u Myiu AV$gp l] re R> L$ [Ap `p[p_u [dpd
hpluip[p `f [_ AN[p Ap` R>(fp A gpL$p L$ S>Ap_u Ap lpg[
_\u [p [Ap dyfu]_p Ap L$pe_ Ny[pMu A_ _pafdp_u kd_ [_p\u
_pfpT \pe R>.)
*(47) ]yr_ep `f ]u__ AN[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap gpL$p_u kpfu Ap][p `L$u
174
d_L$u ApM Mpg

AL$ A `Z R> L$ [Ap ApMf[_p L$pdp_ ]yr_ep_p L$pdp `f AN[p Ap`
R>. A_ Ap A_yk^p_ S> khpf_u _dpT `R>u `p[p_p r_e$d(Tu$au$ hu]-hTpBa hNf) _ bu S>$f[p `f AN[p Ap` R> S>hu fu[ L$ WX$u
fp[pdp [l
Sy>]_ fBdp kyhp L$f[p AN[p A` R>. A_ kakpglu__p
Ap S> r_e$d fp R>. dpV$ S> esL$[_p Akgu l[y ]yr_ep lpe [ Ap
[fuL$p\u AgN R>.
*lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel) My]
adph R> L$, AL$hpf d AL$ iM(ùf)_ ep L$ [ afhp dpV$ bpNdp
S>hp BR>[p l[p. A_ [_p dpV$ [Z rh]$-hTpBap A_ khpf_u
S>dpA[_ R>pX$u ]uû [dS> kyauep_p [fuL$p dyS>b [Z Adpdp bp^gp
l[p A_ [_p R>X$p ùW `pR>m gV$L$pep l[p. epf d [_ L$y L$,
rbfp]f, [d ^pfu]pf Adpdp bp^[p A_ ^pfu]pf L$`X$p `lf[p
S>hy L$ fu] gpL$p L$f R>, A_ [d R>[p kp\ kp\ khpf_u _dpT bpS>dpA[ A]p L$f[p A_ [dpfp r_e$d(rh] -hTpBa hNf) `|fp L$f[p
[p [ [dpfp dpV$ kpfy lp[. Ap kpcmu_ [ Mdpi fp A_ L$ip S>
eyf _ Apep.
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, S> ik ]yr_ep\u fu[p bpî [p [ [_p\u dlf `V$ `yfp ]u_ S>
dpNu gi. A_ R>[p `Z [_p\u Myi _lu \pe.
* lTf[ iM Abyg lk_ ipTgu(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, ]yr_ep i[p__u `yu R>. [p S> ik [_p\u kN`Z
bpî [p [_p bp` i[p__u Ahf S>hf [_ ep hû S>i. lh [
[_p\u ldbu[f \i [p [_ ep [ bugL$g flu S>i.
(ly L$ly Ry> L$ kN`Z bp^hp\u dyfp] Alu ]yr_ep_u ApfTy A_
Qpl[ R> A_ ld rb[fu\u dyfp] [_y L$pB ifB L$pfZ hNf L$ rh_p
S>$f[ Ofdp fpMhy R>.)
[p l cpB, Ap `f\u Zhp dey L$ S> esL$[ Ahy BR> L$ [_u
`yu\u ip]u L$fhp R>[p i[p_ [_u `pk _ fl [ [gb buLy$g Aie
R>. [p Ap fu[ S> i[p_\u bQhp Qpl [_p [fuL$p A S> R L$ [ ]yr_ep\u
]yf fl. A_ ep] fpM L$ ]yr_ep_u epep byTyNpA A Apù R> L$, S>
h[y L$ S> Lpe [_ Agpl_u ep]\u Npaug L$fu ] [_y _pd S> ]yr_ep R>.
[p ]yr_ep\u ]fy flhp_p L$ ]ry _ep R>pX$u ]h
p_p d[gb Ahp _\u L$ ]y$r_ep_p
epN L$fu_ S>Ngp `lpX$pdp Qpep S>hy `f[y [_p A\ A R> L$ Npaug
175
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$f_pfu h[yAp\u bQhy, e\ L$pdp\u bQhy. L$pfZ L$ l]uj ifuadp R>
L$, b]p_y ayTyg(e\)L$pdpdp diNyg \hy A AgplApgp_u
_pfpTNu_u kp\u dpV$u r_ip_u R>. [p Ap fu[ e\ L$pdp _y _pd S>
]$yr_ep R>. e\ L$pdp, e\ hp[p, e\ MQpAp Ap b^y S> ]yr_epdp
]$pMg R>. [p Ap fu[ Npaug L$f_pfp L$pep R>pX$u ]hp_y _pd S> [L$ ]yr_ep
R>.
*(48) kMph[ A_ dpg_y MQ L$fhy
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_p AgpL$p `L$u AL$ AgpL$
A `Z R> L$, [Ap_ `p[p_p Bsfi[L$pg `R>u bpg-bQpAp hNf_u
bfbp]u_p X$f lp[p _\u A_ AV$gp dpV$ S> [Ap_p r_ed l[p L$ S>V$gu
l] ]yr_ep [Ap_p lp\dp Aph[u [Ap [_ [f[S> MQ L$fu _pM[p l[p;
A_ bQphu_ L$iy S> fpM[p _ l[p A_ [Ap_ `p[p_p bpgbQpAp_u bfbp]u_p X$f lp[ [p [Ap `f gpgQ,L$S >y kpB hNf cyh
S>dphu g[p A_ [ kyraepA qL$fpd_p h[ymdp\u blpf aL$pe
S>[p.(Ap_p\u A `Z Zhp dey L$ L$pB
gpgQ A_ L$S >y kpB hNf\
u
kyfrn[ flu_ `p[p_p bpg-bQpAp_p epg fpM [p [ Mfpb hp[
_\u.)
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, l
Ap]d_u Apgp] M|b MQ L$fp A_ apX$u Mp_pf S>Ngu _hfp AV$g L$
Apgp], `_uAp A_ Afie kNp-kbûAp A_ Mpq]dp\u ^pMp _
Mph. L$pfZL$ [dpfu Apgp] if _u S>d R> S> [dpfu lyLy$d[dp [dpfu
kpd gX$ R>, S>\u [_u D`f [ L$ L$fu g A_ [d_ AL$ ayV$uL$pX $u `Z _
Ap`, L$pfZL$ _ [p [Ap dep `R>u [_ [dpfu [fa\u k]L$p L$fi L$ _ [p
[dpfu ]Nu ]fduep_ [dpfp L$Tpdp flhp ]i, S>\u [d `p[ My]p_u
My_y]u dpV$ [_ MQ L$fu _pMp. flu [dpfu `_uAp [p [_y $p[ Ahy
R> L$ S>d L$ Ly$[fpAp S> [dpfu kpd `|R>X$u `V$`V$phu A_ Ly$D L$f[u fl
R>(AV$g L$ Apgp] f Tyd\u hkyg L$f R> A_ `_uAp Myipd] A_
_pTp _Mfp hX$)lh fp kNplpgpAp [p [Ap_u lpg[ A R> L$ AL$
q]fld S> [dpfp dep `R>u [_ dmi [ [_ [dpfu Tu]Nu\u h^y re
gpNi. lh bpL$u fp [dpfp Mp]ud [p [ Qpgbp A_ Qpfudp gpdX$u
(riepm)_u S>hp R>, [p Ap fu[ epf [dpd_u lpg[ Zu guû [p
[_p\u dplb[_u Apip _ fpMp A_ _ [p [Ap dpV$ dpg AL$Wp L$fp,
A_ _ [p `p[p_u L$df `f ApL$b
[_p bpS> fpMp L$pfZ L$ Ap [dpd gpL$p
176
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Dd R>. L$pfZL$ A]b hX$ [_ dpg-]pg[, dp_-d[bp A_ gpL$p_u
dplb[ p[ \B S>i. A_ [ (A]$b) [_p dpV$ ]yr_ep A_ ApMf[_u
cgpBAp AL$Wu L$fu ]i. flu hp[ dpg_u [p [ Myb S> S>]u _pi
`pd_pfp R> A_ [_p S>[p fp `R>u [Ap ]yr_ep A_ ApMf[ b_\u
hQu[ flu S>i. A_ Ad hpfkpdp dmgp dpg_p dpV$p cpN A_ych
L$ep R> L$ [dp L$iu S> Mfp-bfL$[ lp[u _\u. L$pfZL$ [ hpfk]pfp_p
L$dpegp lp[p _\u.(L$ S>_y [_p q]gdp ]] lpe. AV$gp dpV$ [Ap dpgdy[ q]$g-bfld _u S>d lpe R>.)[dS> OZuhpf hpfkp ^fph_pfp A
dpg_ `p[p_p Ly$Vy$bu S>_p hNf `f MQ L$fhpdp L$Sy>k lpe R>. A_
AV$gp dpV$ [Ap(hpfk]pfp)[epf fl R> L$ Ap df [p Ad [_ DX$phuA.
`R>u epf [ dfu e R> [p hpfk]pfp_p OZp kde_u [unp_p A[
Aph R> A_ [Ap Myb S> q]g Mpgu_ `p[p_p Afdp_p `|fp L$f R>. dpV$
[(dpg) S>]u `yfp \B e R>. dpV$ l cpB, Ap hp[_ Myb S> kpfu fu[
kd g. A_ dpg AL$Wp L$fhp_u [epfu L$epfe _ L$fhu BA.
*(49) L$bp_
u qTepf[
R> L$ [Ap S>_pb fkyg AL$fd kggplp Agel hkgd_p Ap Bip]
`f Adg L$fhp dpV$ L$, [d L$bp _
u qTepf[ L$epL$fp L$pfZL$ [ ApMf[_u
ep] A`ph R>. [Ap S>]u S>]u L$bp_u qTepf[ L$ep L$f R>. A_
ApS>L$pg Ap k]NZ
y `f Adg L$fhphpmp OZp ApR>p gpL$p flu Nep R>.
A_ L$pB A_pepk L$b_u qTepf[ L$f `Z R> [p Bb[_u ps[ dpV$
L$f[p _\u, bL$ dp fdp qfhpT $` L$f R>. S>hy L$ `lgp SyAp_p q]hk
A\hp [p drl_p `yfp \[p gpLp de[_uL$b_u qTepf[ A r_e[\u
L$f R> L$ _lu S>BA [p de[hpmp_ MpV$y gpNi A_ Mpk L$fu_ epf
A gpL$p Tuepf[ L$f R> L$ S>_u D`f de[_p qTepf[ dpV$ l$ `Z lpe
R> S>d L$ bpp` `p[p_p `y_u L$b_
u qTepf[ L$f R> A\hp [p `y `p[p_p
bp`_u L$b_
u. [p Alu [p Bb[ dpV$ _lu bL$ dplb[_p L$pfZ A\hp
[p b]_pdu\u bQhp dpV$ L$fhp_y `$ fu[ lf \B fy R>. Nd [
fu[ `Z Ap rTepf[ D`fpL$[ l[\
y u Akb^
u[ R>. L$pfZL$ Ap`Zp l[y
A R> L$ qTepf[ hX$ Bb[ p[ \pe, [p [ ApS>L$pg O S> ApRy> hp
dm R>. (Ap hp[ ApS>\u 600 hj `lgp_u R>.)
* lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel)My]
[pfp\u ^pMpbp L$fu fp R>(S> ApS> [pfu kp\ rd[p L$ ]p[u S[phu
fp R>)A_ lL$uL$[ A R> L$ epf [_ L$bdp fpMu ]i [p `p[p_p Of
`pR>p afu_ ([Ap)L$`X$p_
Mybydp [fb[f L$fi A_ `p[p_u `_uAp
kp\ ldApNpi \i A_ Myb S> Mpi ùi A_ [pfp dpg `f Myb S>
AL$X$pi. (A_ [_ [p cyg\u `Z ep] _lu L$f A_ kp\u h^y ]y$:M]$peL$ [p A li L$ dTp [Ap EX$phi A_ `yR>-[pR> [pfp\u \i AV$g L$
cpNhhy [pf `X$i.)
*lTf[ kpgd bu_ Abu S>A](fld[ygpl Agel)_p Lpe]p
l[p L$ S> L$B [Ap_p lp\dp Aph[y [ bfpbf [_ MQ L$f[p fl[p AL$
q]hk [_u `_uA [Ap_u dgpd[ L$f[p L$y L$, [dpfpdp Ap L$hu
Mfpb V$h R> L$ S>Apey [ b^y S> MQ L$fu _pMp R>p. [p [ApA adpey
L$, ly ]yr_ep\u kpfu lpg[dp J(A_ [_ Mfpb q\q[dp R>pX$u
J)[p A [_p L$f[p kpfy R> L$ ly Mfpb lpg[dp J A_ [_ kpfu
lpg[dp R>pX$u J.
*lTf[ dpld
] bu_ eykay (fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, `p[p_p _L$ cpBAp(rbfp]f [fuL$[ hNf..) `f MQ L$fp A_
`p[p_p hpfkp]pfp dpV$ dpg R>pX$u S>hp_u L$piui _ L$fp L$pfZ L$ [ _L
$cpBAp [dpfp dpV$ [dpfp hpfk]$pfp L$f[p h^y gpc]peL$ R>. epf [d
L$bd
p ]a_ \B S>ip [ kde [Ap [dpfp Alkp_p[p_ ep] L$fu_ [dpfp
dpV$ ]yAp L$f[p fli.A_ iL$e R> L$ [_y `qfZpd A Aph L$ epf [d
L$epd[_p q]hk L$b\u _uL$mip [p [_u ]yAp_p L$pfZ [dpfu D`f
AL$`Z Ny_pl _ lpe. lh fp [dpfp hpfk]pfp [p [Ap_u lpg[ A R>
L$, ...dpg hlQ
u gi A_ [d_ cygu S>i A_ [dpfp S>fp Alkp_ `Z
_lu dp_ A_ L$li L$ Ap dpg [p Ad_ My]pA Apep R>, [dp [_p iy
Alkp_ ?
* lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$ _dpT
dpV$ L$[
p__p Vy$L$X$p A_ AL$ Ly$Ap_ [dS> hTy hNf dpV$ AL$ gpV$p rkepe
Ofdp buSy> L$iy S> fpM[p _ lp[p AL$hpf AL$ esL[A [_ AL$ _hp
dL$uTp(hTy dpV$_
p gpV$p) Apep [p epf khpf `X$u [p [ApA `p[p_p
AL$ ]p[_ Apù ]u^p. A_ adpey L$, cpB, [_ [d gB h L$pfZ
L$ [ QpfpB S>i A epgdp dpfy q]g [dp S> gpNgy fy.
lTf[ d]pe_u(fld[ygp Agel)adph[p l[p L$, Apgp]$_
A]b_p hpfk]pf b_phhp [Ap_ dpg_p hpfk]pf b_phhp L$f[p
177
178
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

* lTf[ Aby ]f]p(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p L$,
epf [dpfp Apdpgp [dpfp dyX$]pAp kyû `lpQ
R> [p LepfL$ [p [_u
Myiu \pe R>, L$epfL$ fS>. (Myiu [p kpfp Apdpgp hX$ \pe R> A_ fS>
Mfpb Apdpgp \L$u)A_ adph[p l[p L$, l Agpl ly [pfp\u Ahp
Adgp\u `_pl dpNy Ry> S>_p L$pfZ dyX$]pAp hQ dpfp dyX$]pAp $hp
\pe.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)epf L$pB
de[_u ]a_dp ifuL$ \[p [p blpi \B S>[p A_ lpi Apep `R>u
adph[p L$, S> h[y_p A[ Ap lpe [ [_ gpeL$ _\u L$ [_u kp\
`lg\u S> r]g gNphhpdp Aph. (dpV$ `p[p_p A[\u X$f[p fl.)
*lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel) My]
adph R>L, []y$`fp[ Zhy BA L$ lTfp[ Algygpl (AgplhpmpAp)_p k]NyZp `L$u A _\u L$ [Ap `p[p_u ]Nu ]fduep_ S>
`p[p_u L$b [epf L$f. L$pfZ L$ [Ap Agpl Apgp_p Ap L$pg
_p A]b
A\p
[
:
L$f R>. hdp []fu _akyd bAe Af]u_ [dy[ (A\p -L$pB_ Mbf
_\u L$ [ Lep dfi A_ Lep ]a_ \i.)( L$ Ap byTyNp_p Ahp ]php
_\u lp[p L$ Ad Alu S> dfuiy A_ Ap S>epA S> ]a_ \Biy. _lu[f
Ly$ \B S>[y.)bL$ Ap L$b Mp]hp\u [Ap_p dp lfu l[y l[p A_
[_u `pR>m dL$k] A l[p L$ Ad Alu dfu S>BA [p ApS> L$bd
p ]a_
L$fhpdp Aph. A_ dpV$ S> [_ [L$- A]b L$y R> L$pfZL$ [dp d[-d[p[f
lphp_p kch R>, `f[y Adpfp kyû A Mbf `lpQu R> L$(hgplp
ApAd [kpQu R> L$ MpV$u R>)lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT
(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)A `p[p_u fe[_u dlpb[dp ]ubfkAp_
kAp_dp (L$b[p__y _pd) `p[p_u L$b Mp]u l[u. A_ lTf[
Ddfbu_ A]ygATuT (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)`p[ S> Mp][p l[p
A_ [Ap_p Ap]du dpV$u DWph[p l[p, ep kyû L$ [Ap Ap L$pe `yfy L$fu
QyL$ep A_ kp[dp q]hk [dp S> Ap` ]a_ \ep. ( Ap OV$_p kpQu
lpe [p A AL$ A`hp]$` OV$_p R>, S>_p\u Ahy kpbu[ _\u \[y L$
byTN
y p_u Ap][ Ap dpZ l[u.)
*`R>u lTf[ Bdpd kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)ApNm adph
R> L$, d dipBM AS>d `L$u AL$ iM(Y$pNu A_ _pL$uk ùf)_ ep
L$ S>Z `p[p_u qL$[pbp, `p[p_p L$`X$p A_ `p[p_p Of_p kdp_ hlQ
u_
`p[p_p dpV$ L$b A_ AL$ [pby[ [epf L$fpep A_ ]fhp `f `X$]p
adph R> L$, S>Ap_ d Ap k]NyZ `f Adg L$f[p ep R> [Ap `L$u
Aq[d ik lTf[ iM dpld] bu_ A_p_(fld[ygpl Agel)R>,
[Ap rdkf_p L$b [p_ L$Tpauepl _u ]f Sy>Ap_p q]hk rTepf[ L$f[p
l[p, A_ [dp [Ap `qfrQ[ L$ A`qfrQ[_u L$bp lphp_y dlh Ap`[p
_ l[p, bL$ Ap` `qfrQ[-A`qfrQ[ [dpd L$bhpmpAp_u qTepf[
AL$ kfMu S> L$f[p l[p. A_ epf L$bp D`f r$ `X$[u [p fX$hp gpN[p
l[p [dS> ]yApA dpkyfpl `Y$[p l[p A_ `R>u adph[p l[p L$ Ap [dpd
gpL$p Ahy BR> R> L$ ApR>pdp ApR>u b fL$p[ A\hp [p AL$ S> hpf gpBgplp
Bggpl dpld]yfkygygpl `Y$u g. (`f[y buQpfp dS>byf R>)[p
Ap\u l gpL$p, [d [dpfu qT]Nu_ N_ud[ Zp. (A_ S>V$gu l]
[dpfp\u _L$ Adgp \B iL$ L$fu ep, _lu[f [d `Z Ap gpL$p_u S>d
_p_p _p_p Adgp dpV$ [fkip, `f[y [ iL$e _lu lpe.)
* lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]yATuT(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
`p[p_p bp`-]p]pAp b_u Ddepl_u L$bp _
u rTepf[ L$f[p A_ adph[p
L$, l dpfp bp`-]p]pAp Ahy gpN R> L$ [d L$epfe ]yr_ep]pfp kp\
dpS -d A_ Ap_]-dp]dp cpNu]pf S> _ lp[p. A_ adph[p
l[p L$, Ap L$bp_u lfu lpg[ L$hu kpfu gpN R>, `f[y [_u A]f
dyiub[p cfgu `X$u R>. (L$pfZL$ dpV$pcpN_p b_u Ddepl ]u__p
dpdgpdp buLy$g L$dTpf l[p.)
*lTf[ eTu] f$pku(fld[ygpl Agel)epf L$b [p__u
rTepf[ L$f[p [p $]_ L$f[p A_ adph[p L$, L$pi, d_ Mbf `X$u e
R> L$ [d Lep Adg hX$ Myi \ph R>p. (S>\u ly `Z A Adg L$fy)A_
Aphy adphu_ A fu[ Qukp `pX$[p S>hu fu[ bm] L$ ApMgp QuM R>.
* lTf[ lyipd ][hpB(fld[ygpl Agel)epf L$bp_u
qTepf[ L$fu_ dL$p_`f `pR>p af[p[p q]hkp kyû Ofdp rQfpN
kmNph[p _lu A_ adph[p l[p L$, [_p hX$ ly L$b_p A^L$pf_ ep]
L$fy Ry>.
*AL$hpf lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Ddf(f]uegplpApgp
Afilp) AL$ dL$bfp `pk\u _uL$ep [p Ap` `p[p_u Qp]f buR>phu A_
b fL$p[p `Y$u gpL$pA [_y L$pfZ `|R>ey. Ap` adpey L$, d_ rhQpf
Apep L$ L$bh
pmpAp_ Bbp][\u [p fpL$u ]hpdp Apep R>. AV$gp dpV$
d BR>uey L$ [Ap_u hQ b -fL$p[ `Y$u_ AgplApgp_p Ly$b lpkug
L$fy. (S>\u [_u bfL$[ [Ap kyû `lpQ.)
179
180
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
hNf _Mpep [dS> _Npfp `Z fMpep. A_ Ap bû h[y `pR>m

`yL$m MQ Lep A_ epfbp] L$b_p ]fhpSp `f Ap Anfp gMpep.
([Sy>dp:- AV$gL $ Ap ]fhp `f _du_ Dcp flp A_ _L$ Nydp_ fpMp
A_ lpS>[ `yfu \hp_u Ddu] fpMp. Ap ]fhp lpS>[p_p `yfp \hp dpV$
hpfhpf AS>dphgp R>. [p l cpB, Y$pNu A_ _pL$uk ùfp Aphp [fLV$p
fQu_ gpL$p_ ^pMpAp Ap` R> A_ k[u gpL$re[p lpkug L$fhp_u
L$pi
ui L$f R>. [dS> Aphp [fL$V$p fQhp `pR>m A gpL$p_
y AL$ l[y A `Z
lpe R> L$, ]Nudp Ap`Z_ L$pBA `yR>ey _lu [p dep `R>u L$ep\u
`yR>i? AV$g L$ Aphp `Qp A_ eysL$[Ap hX$ gpL$p_ `p[p_u [fa
ep_u[ L$fhp_y _pV$L$ L$f R>. Ap R> ApS>\u600hj `lgp_u Ap ùfudyfu]u_p `rh dpNdp Oykgu Mfpbu_p rQ[pf.
*(50) Tu$ Bgplu_u rh`yg[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA qL$fpdp_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$ [Ap S> dS>gukdp `Z bk R> Tuy$gpl A_ ]y$]ifua\u Npaug
_\u fl[p L$pfZL$ [Ap S>_pb fkyg dL$byg kggplp Agel
hkgd_p Ap Bip] D`f Adg L$f R> L$, S> gpL$p L$pB Ahu dlaug
(bWL$) fQ S>dp [Ap _ [p My]p_p qT$ L$f A_ _ [p `p[p_p _bu D`f
]y$] dpL$g. ..[p A dlaug [_p dpV$ L$epd[_p q]hk ^f`L$X$ A_ b]$gp
QyL$hhp_y L$pfZ b_i.
*[]y$`fp[ lyTyf _buA `pL$(kggplpAgel hkgd)_p
Ap Bip] Nufpdu `f Adg L$f R L$, Alg S>fi_[_ L$pB QuT `f
lkf[ _lu \pe, qkhpe L$ S> OX$u [ApA Agpl_u ep]\u Nag[dp
rh[phu.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
A\p[:--[d d_ ep] L$fp, ly
lLL$ ApgpA aTLp$fy_u AT L$pfLy$d (A\p
[d_ ep] L$fui.)adphu_ [dS> [dp L$pB
Mpk S>ep_u L$] _ gNphu_
Ap`Zp dpV$ kfm[p L$fu ]uû. S> [_y Ar[dlp_ Alkp_ R>. L$]pQ
[ Tu$ dpV$ L$pB
S>ep r_r[ adphu ][
p. S>d L$ [Z lS> dpV$ L$pAb[ygpl
r_q[ adphu ]u^g R>, [p `Z Ap`Z [_u [fa S>hy A_ ep S>B_
Tuy$gpl L$fhp hpb lp[. cg_ `R>u [ \m kp hfk_u kaf S>V$gy
]yf lpe. [p Ap fu[ [_p iy$ A_ Alkp_ R>. (A_ epf lL$uL$[ Aphu
R> [p S> gpL$p Ap kfm[p_u s\q[dp `Z My]p_p rT$ L$f[p _\u [Ap
181
L$B fu[ dpTyf li.)

*S> esL[ lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)
_p dyfu] b_hp_p Bfp]p L$f[p [p Ap` [_u kp\ i[ L$f[p l[p L$,
cpB, Adpfu dlaugdp Tuy$gpl \u Npaug _lu fl[p.
*lTf[ A[p kgdu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
Ny_lNpf dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [pbpl A_ A[apf Lep `R>u My]p_p Tu$
L$f. L$pfZ L$ Ny_l Npf epf Ny_plp `f AX$g
p lpe R> A lpg[dp My]p_p
Tu$ L$f R> [p [ Tu$ [_u D`f gp_[ L$f R>.
*lTf[ ]pD][pB(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, S>
Ap]du ]yr_ep\u e R, [ [fep lpe R, rkhpe L$ TpL$f u_ [Ap [fep
_\u lp[p, L$pfZL$ [Ap Tuyy$gpl hX$ [jp R>u`phu QyL$ep lpe R>.
*lTf[ kpbu[ b_p_u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, ly A Zu gD Ryy> L$ Lepf My]p d_ ep] L$f R>. gpL$pA `|R>ey
L$, A L$h
u fu[ ? [p Ap` adpey L$, Agpl Apgp adph R> L$, [d
d_ ep] L$fp, ly [d_ ep] L$fui. [p epf ly My]p_ ep] L$fy Ry> [p kd
D Ry> L$, [ d_ ep] L$f R>.
* lTf[ Abygdgul(fld[ygpl Agel)_p r_ed l[p L,
epf [Ap Tuy$gpl L$f[p [p hS]dp Aphu S>[p l[p A_ adph[p L$,
d_ A hp[ `f hS] Aphu e R> L$ d_ My]pApgp ep] adph R>.
L$pfZL$ [ adph R> L$, [d d_ ep] L$fp ly [d_ ep] L$fui. []y`fp[
[Ap_p L$pe]p l[p L$ epf [Ap f[pdp Qpg[p lpe A_ L$pB
L$pfZkf
My]p_u ep]\u Nag[ S>B S>[u [p `pR>p af[p `R>u cg_ AL$ dTug(AdyL$
qL$gpduV$f_y A[f)`pf L$fu QyL$ep lpe A_ buhpf ep]-Bgplu kp\
Qpg[p A_ adph[p L$, ly BRy> Ry L$ S> S>du_ D`f ly Qpgy L$epd[_p
q]hk [dpd dpfp qTy$gpl_u Nhplu Ap`.
(Al]p g ugpl, Ap ]hpd - Tu$(Tu$ `f l d i Nu)
hpS>Np_ _Lib]_p [fuL$pdp(_Lib]u rkgrkgpdp_p) OZu S>
kfm[p`|hL$ lpkug \B e R>. L$pfZL$ Ap [fuL$pdp Tu$_y S> _yf
dipBMp_p ku_p-b-ku_p ùf_p ku_p kyû `lpQ
g
y lpe R>, [ `p[p_u
[hl A_ Apdbm hX$ [pgub -_p L$bdp D[pf R> A_ S>_p
L$bdp Tu$_y _|f \peu \B e R> [_ Tu$ `f ldi
Nu A_ r_f[f[p
lpkug \B e R>. `R>u [ Nd [ s\q[dp lpe [_p Tu$ L$bu i$ fl
R>. Ap [fuL$p AgplApgpA dlT `p[p_p aTgp-L$fd hX$ lTf[
1482
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$pf_u kam[p lpkug L$fu iL$i bL$ Ap S> kam[p_u Qphu R>. L$pfZL$
AgplApgp Ly$Ap_ `pL$dp kyf Sy>Ap
Apdp adph R> L$, hTL$pfygpl
A\p [ :- A_ Agpl_ Myb S> ep]
L$kufgAgLy$d [yagl|_. (A\p
L$fp(Tu$ L$fp)A Ddu] `f L$ [d kam[p lpkug L$fp.)
*(51) ApR>y JOhy
R> L$ [Ap S>du_ `f ep kyû L$df V$L$h[p _\u,L$ Sep kyû [Ap gpQpf
L$ rhrhi _ b_u e [dS> [Ap_ A hp[_u Mpu lpe R> L$,
AgplApgp Ap s\[udp Ad_ dpa L$fu ]$i, L$pfZL$ [Ap Ap
s\[udp dS>byf lpe R>.
*lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph R> L$, A Ar[d esL[ L$ S>_ d Ap fu[cp[ `f r_lpmu [ ke]u
iM [pSy>u_ TpL$uf(fld[ygpl Agel)l[p L$pfZ L$ S> fp [Ap_p
Bsfi[L$pg \ep, [ fp [ApA `p[p_p ]p[p_ adpey L$, d k[phui
(27)hj\u S>du_ `f L$df V$L $hu _\u. (Ap hp[ [ApA fNb[ `]p
L$fhp_p l[y\u L$lu l[u _lu L$ `p[p_p L$dpg_ lf L$fhp dpV$)
*Ap S> lpg[ lTf[ ke]u iM AbykD] lu(fld[ygpl
Agel)_u l[u. [dS> ApNm_p byTyNp `L$u lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]yg
ATuT(f]uegplp Afilp), lTf[ bif lpau, dpld] bu_ BdpBg
byMpfu, lTf[ Bdpd Ald] bu_ lbg, lTf[ Bdpd Aby l_uap,
lTf[ fpbuep A]huepl, lTf[ AhTpB (fu]hp_ygpl Apgp
Agelud AS>dB_)l[p [dS> AL$ bu S>dpA[ `Z l[u S>_p DgM
Ad [b$p[
[b$p[(qL$[pb_y _pd)dp L$fg R>.
*lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)_p
r_ed l[p L$ epf [Ap_ _u]f Aph[u l[u epf dL$p_dp ]pX$[p l[p
A_ Ap if `Y$[p l[p, S>_p [S>ydp R>. AV$g L$ A ApM kyMQ_\u
L$hufu[ EO L$ epf [_ Mbf _\u L$ [ ]pTMdp S>i L$ S>fi_[dp.?
(A\p[ :- [Ap Ap fu[ _u]f_ cNpX$[p l[p A_ Ap S> lpg[
lTf[ fpbuep A]huepl, A_ ap[dp flguepl(fu]hp_ygpl
Agelydp AS>dB_)hNf_u l[u. [Ap adph[u l[u L$, Ad AV$gp
dpV$ DO[u _\u L$ My]p _ L$f Adpfu AQp_L$ S> ^f`L$X$ L$fhpdp Aph.
(A_ Ad Adpfu rhhi[p, [pbpl A_ A[apf hNf `Z _ L$fu
iL$uA.)
hpA hpS>Np hp blpDu_ipl _L$ib] (f]uegplp Apgp

Afilp)_ Ap`_u Bs[ `f A[p afdpep l[p. lTf[ hp
blpDu_ipl (Ly$]kufly)_ Agpl ApgpA AS>g\u S> Dd[_u
Apkp_u dpV$ `]p adpep l[p. Ap` gpL$p_
p q]g `f Agpl_p _pd_p
_L$i bpû ][p l[p A_ Ap fu[ dy]p q]gp_ h[ L$fu ][p l[p. dpV$ S>
Ap` _L$ib] _pd\u dilyf \ep A_ Ap _pd S> Ap`_u Ap dlp_
L$fpd[_y kyQL$ R, L$pfZL$ dy]p ifuf_ h[ L$fhp L$f[p dy]p q]g _
h[ L$fhp A kp\u dpV$u L$fpd[ R>.
A_ _Lib]u [fuL$pdp Ap Tu$_u kfm[p_p L$pfZ S> lTf[
Bdpd fbp_u dyu] Aajp_u(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)A `p[p_p
dL$[ybp[ ifuadp `p[p_p AL$ Mguap_ gMu S>Zpey R> L$, L$pB
[pgub l$ _Lib]u rkhpe(bu L$pB
) dybpfL$ [fuL$pdp beA[ \hp
BR> [p apq[lp hX$ Bkpg khpb L$fu_ [ S> [fuL$pdp bAe[ \hp Qpl
R> (S>d L$ L$p]fu, rQ[u hNf. ..)[ S> [fuL$p_p byTN
y p_p hkugp\u [d
`p[p_p dpV$ [dS> [pgub dpV$ AgplApgp_u bpfNpldp kam[p
dpV$ ]yAp L$fp A_ `R>u [ [pgub_u dpN dyS>b [_ A S> rkgrkgpdp
beA[ L$fp, `f[y [_ Tu$ [p _Lib]u [fuL$p_p S> iuMhp L$pfZL$ A
Apkp_ R> A_ Agpl kyû S>]u `lpQpX$_pf R>. kL$g_ L$[p)
*lTf[ hlpb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, gpL$p `Z Ab R> A hp[ `f [p fX$ R> S>_y ifuf dfu Ney lpe A_
[_u `f _\u fX$[p S>_y q]g dfu Ney lpe. L$ q]g_y dfu S>hy ifuf_p
dfu S>hp L$f[p h^y Mfpb ]yOV $_p R>. (q]g_p dfu S>hp_p A\ A R> L$ [
Agpl_u ep]\u Npaug \B e. Nag[ S> q]g_u dp[ R>, epf q]gdp
Agpl_p _pd_p _Li b^pe S>i [p [ h[ \B S>i. Ap fu[ _Lib]
i] S> q]g_u h[[p [fa Bipfp L$fu fp R>. l]uj ifuadp R> L$,
Bfikp__p rS>ddp AL$ Np[_p Vy$L$X$p R>, S> ky^fu S>i [p `yfy ifuf
ky^fu S>i A_ [ bNX$u S>i [p `yfy rS>d bNX$u S>i A_ [ q]g R>.
[p epf q]g D`f Agpl_p _pd_p _Li b^pe S>i [p [_y q]g h[
\B S>i A_ S>epf q]gdp h_ hii [p [_ Ny_plp_p Alkpk \i
Ap fu[ ifuf_u ky^pfZp_y L$pfZ b_i. kL$g_ L$[p)
[p l cpB, Ap hp[p_ M|b kd ghu BA A_ Nag[_u
S>epAp [dS> Npaug L$f_pfp L$pdp\u bQhy BA A_ Tu$ `f
r_f[f[p lpkug L$fhu BA L$pfZ L$ ]hpd-Tu$ hX$ S> Bfikp_ ]fL$
183
184
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[p Ap fu[ Ap bep_\u kpbu[ \ey L$, S> esL[ Tpl]p [L$hp_p

]php L$f[p lpe A_ fp[_p kde L$iu S> dS>byfu rh_p DO[p `Xep fl,
[ Sy>$p R>. Ap hp[_ M|b kpfu fu[ Zu ep.
*(52) qfL$L$[ L$b A_ _ak_p rlkpb
R> L$ [Ap_y q]g Myb S> _fd lpe R>. A_ `p[p_u A MpduAp L$ S>
AgplApgp_p l$p_ A]p L$fhpdp flu NB lpe, [_u D`f M|b S>
$]_ L$f R>. A rhQpf\u L$ L$]pQ AgplApgp [_u `f fld L$fu ].
*Ap dL$pd lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf, lTf[ Ddf bu_ Mpb A_
lTf[ Aby ]$f]$p(fu]hp_ygpl Agelud AS>dB_)_ lpkug l[p.
*lTf[ Ddf bu_ Mpb(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u lpg[
A l[u L$, Apky hlhp_p L$pfZ [Ap_p Qlfp `f b L$pmu guV$uAp `X$u
NB l[u. A_ Ap S> lpg[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk, Ddf bu_ A]yg
ATuT(fu]hp_ygpl Agelud AS>dB_)_u l[u.
*lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
_p r_ed l[p L$ [Ap fp[cf fX$[p fl[p l[p. A_ Ofdp ]pX$[p fl[p
l[p. [dS> khpf kyû AplpTpfu(rhgp`, Ap$] ) L$f[p fl[p l[p. A_
OZuhmp blpi \B_ `X$u S>[p l[p A_ [Ap_p r_ed l[p L$ dlg_u
R>[ `f _dpT `Y$[p A_ kS>]pdp AV$gu l] $]_ L$f[p l[p L$ Apky
hlu_ `f_pmpdp\u kyhphpmpAp `f V$`L$[p l[p S>_p\u kyhphpmp Ap_ Ahp hld `X$[p l[p L$ L$pB
hp]m `kpf \pe R> A_ hfkp] hfku
fp R>.
* lTf[ fpbuep A]huepl(fld[ygpl Agelp)_p AL$
r_ed l[p L$ [ fX$[u fl[u l[u A_ Apky gRy >u gRy >u_ `p[p_u Apk`pk
R>pV$[u fl[u l[u A_ [_p L$pfZ Tdu__u lpg[ Ahu \B S>[u L$
Aph_pfp Ahy kdS>[p L$ [ZuA Alu hTy L$ey R.
* lTf[ L$Ab bu_ Albpf(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, dpfy My]p_p Mpa_p L$pfZ AL$ Apky hlhX$phhy d_
[_p\u h^y rè R> L$ ly k[ q]g b_u_ kp_p_p `lpX$ MQu _pMy.
*lTf[ ayTg
L$, fX$hy A _\u L$ ApMp\u Apky hlhhp gpN, bL$ Akgu $]_ [p
q]g\u fX$hy R>, L$pfZL$ Ap]du LepfL$ ApMp hX$ $]_ L$f R> `f[y q]g
185
D`f S>fp `Z Akf \[u _\u, [p Ap fu[ dy_pauL$_y $]_ dp lfu

ApMp hX$ S> lpe R>, _lu L$ r]g_u ApMp hX$.
*lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
fX$hp_p ]k cpN R>. S>dp _h cpN [p dp ]c (qfep)kp\ kbr^[
R> A_ AL$ rlkp My]p_p Mpa kp\ Ap\u `yfp hj ]fduep_ a[
AL$hpf `Z A kde Aphu e L$ dp My]p dpV$ fX$ [p Apip R> L$
BfiipAgpl Apgp [_u _[ \B S>i.
*lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)My] adph R>
L$, ly L$ly Ry> L Ap]du_y fX$hy epf S> L$dpg lpkug L$f R> L$ epf [_y
fX$hy ApM A_ q]g b_ hX$ lpe. L$pfZL$ dp AL$ hX$ fX$hphpmp
_pqL$k lpe R>, Mpk L$fu_ epf L$ [ iM (ùf)lpe. A_ [_u [pb]pfu
L$f_pfpAp `Z lpe [_ [p b_ hX$ fX$hp_u h^y S>$f[ R>. (AV$g L$
q]g A_ ApM b_ hX$.)
* lTf[ ke]$u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, aL$uf ep kyû L$pdug \B iL$[p _\u, ep kyû L$ A lpg[ _ lpe
L$ L$epd[_u lpg[p fp[ q]hk [_u r$ kdn fl S>\u [ ]yr_epdp\u S>
[_p dpV$ [epfu L$fu_ e. [dS> [Ap OZuhpf afdph[p l[p L$ S>
esL[ L$bd
p kyL$_
y L$b(q]g_u ipq[)BR>, [_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ L$pB
Ahu Ly$V$h _ fpM S>_p L$pfZ L$epd[_p q]hk bApb$ \hy `X$. A_
ep kyû [_u A]f L$pB
Ly$V$h
li ep kyû [_p D`f ce Tmyb
u fp R>
ep kyû L$ L$bd
p\u `Z cecu[ lpg[dp S> EWi. (L$pfZ L$ [_ A
hp[_p M[fp fli L$ L$]pQ dpfu Ap Ly$V$h
`f `|R>[pR> \pe A_ d_ k
dm.)
* Ap S> L$pfZkf lTf[ gyL$dp_(Agelukgpd) `p[p_p
`y_ adph[p l[p L$, l `y, S> fu[ [d kyhp R>p A S> fu[ dfip A_
S> [d Np R>p, A S> fu[ L$bd
p\u EWip. A_ epf hp[huL$[p Ap R>
[p [dpf _L$ L$pep L$fhp SpBA; S>\u [dpfy kh
y y A_ Nhy b_ ]yl__u
S>d lpe. A_ L$pB byfy L$pe _ L$fp _lu[f [dpfy kyhy A_ Nhy
dyS>fud(Ny_lNpf)S>hy li. L$ S>_ bp]ipl L$g L$fhp dpV$ bpgph R>.
AV$g L$ [d DOip `Z cecu[ ]ipdp A_ EWip `Z cecu[
]$ipdp.
* lTf[ Aby Bdfp_ Sy_u(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, epf lehp_p[(_hfp, ìy-`MuAp)A h[ph_ r_lpmi L$ S>
186
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Lepd[_p q]hk Ny_lNpfp_u kp\ L$fhpdp Aphi [p L$li L$

My]pApgp_p iy$ R> L$ Ad_ Ap]du _ b_pep.
*lTf[ eppbu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, [d e_p L$fp L$ A gpL$p `L$u _ b_u h L$ S>_ Bfikpa_p [fpTy
A_ Lepd[_p rlkpb qL$[pb kde bApb$ L$fhpdp Aph L$pfZL$ d_
ZL$pfu dmu R> L$, [dpd kdyl(AL$W$p \egp kdyl)lLLApgp\u
ifdpB_ `p[p_u ApNmu ]p[p hQ ]bphu_ Ecp li. A_ ]fL$_p
Nd AV$gu l] li L$ S>V$gu l] [Z AgplApgp_p dpdgdp L$p[plu
(Apmk,ky[u) L$fu li.
*d (lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)
lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)\u kpcey R> L$, [Ap
adph[p l[p L$, Ap]du_ deyhm
pA AV$gu S> kfm[p lpe R> L$ S>V$gu
[Z lLLApgp_u My_y]u dpV$ [L$guap A_ dl_[p kl_ L$fu lpe.
*lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)AL$ bu
S>epA adph R> L$, S> esL[ bpNdp afhp, Mybkyf[ Apf[p A_
_fd rb[fp `f kyhp_u A_ Myby]pf-rgbpk `lfhp_u hplui
`p[p_u A]f Sy>A [ L$epd[_p lpg_pL$ dTf\u Npaug R>, lp,
AprgepA L$pdgu_ `L$u lpe L$ S_ b_ S>lp_u L$pB _Ad[ My]p_u
ep]\u Npaug L$fu iL$[u _\u, [p [ Ap hp[\u A`hp]$` R>.
[p l cpB, Ap hp[p_ Myb kpfu fu[ kdS>hu BA. A_
MpaMy]p\u Myb S> $]_ A_ Ayl_ L$fhy BA; L$pfZL$ dipBM
qL$fpd_u Ap][p `L$u Ap Mpk Ap][ R> L$, [Ap ldip `pR>gu fp[
Agpl_u bpfNpldp $]_ A_ Ayhl_dp S> rh[ph R>, S> [Ap_u
qf$[-L$b _u kp\u dpV$u r_ip_u R>.
* (53) gpbu ArcgpjpAp\u kphQ[u
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R L$, [Ap dL$p_p Bdpf[p hNf b_phhp_u ]fL$pf L$f[p _\u. A_
L$$]pQ [Ap `L$u L$pB dL$p_ b_ph `Z R> [p S>_p\u S>$f[ `yfu \B
e [V$gp `f S> k[pj dp_ R>. A_ [dp ipcp iZNpf_u Mh_p L$f[p
_\u S>_p b L$pfZp R>. AL$ [p A L$ lgpg dpg dmhp dyL$g R>, L$ S>_p
hX$ [ dL$p_p b_ph. A_ [_ Myb iZNpf A_ buSy> A L$ [Ap_ ApV$gu
gpbu-`lpmu ArcgpjpAp L$ ApL$pn
pAp _\u lp[u L$ S>_p Ap^pf [Ap
[_ b_phhp_u L$ iZNpfhp_u [L$guap EWph.
187
lTf[ ke]u Ald] Tplu](fld[ygpl Agel)A `p[p_u

Mp_L$pl A_ `p[p_y dL$p_ BV$Npfp hX$ b_pey l[y A_ [_u R>[ MS|>fu_u
X$pmuAp_u l[u.
[p Ap\u l cpB, Ap hp[p\u Zhp dey L$ S> gpL$p [L$hp A_
`flTNpfu_p ]ph]pf lpe A_ ]yr_ep\u Myi \B_ dS>by[ Bdpf[p
b_ph [ `p[p_p ]phpdp Sy>$p R> Mpk L$fu_ [ epf Ahp ]php L$f[p lpe
L$ ly My]p_p S> b_u QyL$ep Ry> L$pfZL$ Ap hp[ L$pB`Z s\q[dp [_u
ip__ A_y$` _\u. rkhpe L$ A s\[udp L$ [ [_ cgpB_p L$pepdp
DèpN dpV$ A_ k]L$p hNf_u fu[ dyS>b b_phu g. [dS> dS>by[
Bdpf[ b_phhp `pR>m [_p l[y A lpe L$ gpL$p [_p\u gpbu Ahq^
kyû ape]p EWph[p fl. [dS> [_p khpb dep `R>u [_ dm[p fl.
*lTf[ ke]u A]yL$p]uf gp_u, Npj ApTd ][Nuf
(f]uegplp Apgp A_lp)AL$ Ahu esL[ `pk\u `kpf \ep S>
`p[p_p dpV$ dS>by[ Bdpf[ b_phu fp l[p. [p Ap` [_ B_ L$V $gpL$
Afbu AApfp `Y$ep, S>_p [Sy>dp _uQ dyS>b R>.
AV$g L$ iy [y Ahp gpL$p_u S>hy Of b_ph R>p L$ S>Ap ldip
flhphpmp R>.([pf Aphy _ L$fhy BA)L$pfZL$ [pfpdp kdS]pfu
lpe [p [y kdS>L$ [dp [pfy flhp_y O S> A`kde dpV$ R>. Af cpB,
S>_u lpg[ A lpe L$ [_u `pR>m AL$ q]hk Ly$Q(rh]pe)gpNgu lpe.
[_p dpV$ [p ùgy_p R>pep L$pau R>. (dL$p__u S>$f[ _\u.)
epfbp] qL[pb_p dy k fi_ua lTf[ Bdpd ip A f p_u
(fld[ygpl Agel)My] adph R> L$, S> lTfp[p_ Ad Ap L$pf_u
fu[-cp[ `f ep [ `L$u AL$ Adpfp iM Agu hpk(fld[ygpl
Agel) R>, [Ap epf L$pB
aL$uf_ dL$p_ b_ph[p [p [p [_p dpV$ [
byfy kdS>[p A_ [_ L$l[p L$, S>V$gp dpg [y Ap Bdpf[ `f MQu fp
R>p, [y L$epfe Ahu `qfs\q[ kyû _lu `lpQu iL$ L$ [ Ap dpg_p b]
gpdp L$pedu hkhpV$ L$fu iL$. (AV$gL $ cpX$p_p dL$p_dp `Z fl [p
`yfu ]Nu ]fep_ ApV$gp dpg cpX$p `V$ \B iL$[p _lu.)
epf cpB AbyAbpk dbiuf(Npd_y _pd)dp `p[p_p
dpV$ dL$p_ b_pey [p [_u D`f 700]u_pf MQu _pep; S> hp[ `f
iM [_ W$`L$$p Apep. A_ adpey L$, [y cpX$p_p dL$p_dp fl[p [p
[pfp dpV$ [_p ]kdp cpN `yf[p l[p(70 q]_pf)L$ S> [ Bdpf[ `pR>m
MQep R>, A_ bpL$u_p dpg [y k]L$p L$fu iL$[p l[p. A_ Ap OV$_p_p
188
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, ]qfepdp dpR>gu_u ùW `f A_ MpfpL$_u A]f [_p
Wrmep `f gMgy R> L$ Ap agpZp_u fpTu R>. A_ [_u rkhpe [_ L$pB
MpB iL$[y _\u. A_ R>[p `Z gpgQy Ap]du L$piuipdp dfu e R>
A_ X$f R> L$ L$pB
Ahy _ b_ L$ [_ bu L$pB
gB g. [p Ap fu[ l cpB,
gpbu Ddu]p A_ ArcgpjpAp Bfikp_ dpV$ lgpL$[_y L$pfZ b_ R>,
dpV$ Ap hp[p_ M|b kpfu fu[ kd ghu BA.
hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_.
* (54) dgyL$ `f dlfbp_u
R> L$, [Ap [dpd dykgdp_p `f Qpl [ _L$ lpe L$ b] [dS> [dpd
_hfp `f dlfbp_u L$f R>. A_ A fu[ L$pd L$f R> L$ [Ap_p L$pfZ
L$pB_p ]u_dp L$pB L$pf_u Mfpbu `]p _ \pe. A_ Ap [Ap_p Ae[
DQ L$pf_p k]NZ
y R>. A_ Ap k]NZ
y hX$ A S> Apcyrj[ \B iL$ R>,
S>_ Agpl Apgp Ap[qfL$ L$pi(_yf bp[u_)A`Z L$f R>. A_ lL$uL$u
hpqfkyAqbep lphp_p _p[ [Ap `p[p_p _akp\u h^y gpL$p `f dlfbp_
R>. A_ [Ap_u `X$pidp flgp dL$p__u Mfu]u dpV$ [Ap `p[p_p
kNphlpgp_p `X$pidp flgp dL$p_ L$f[p h^y qL$d[ Ap` R>, A_ [_p
dpV$ h^y `kp MQ R>.
* lTf[ A]ygpl dNfbu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, S> esL$[ Ny_l Npfp_ fld_u r$\u _ Sy>A [ kyauAp_p [fuL$p\u
_uL$mu QyLy $ep R>.
*lTf[ dpAfy a L$Mu ( fl d [y gpl Agel)epf L$p B
Ny_l Npf_ [p [p [_p dpV$ daf[_u ]yAp L$f[p A_ [_p dpV$ fld[_u
Ddu] fpM[p A_ adph[p l[p L$, S>_pb dpld]y fkygygpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_ gpL$p_
u _[ [dS> [Ap_u `f fld[
dpV$ dpL$ghpdp Apep R> [dS> i[p__ [Ap_u bfbp]u A_ [Ap_u
[L$guap\u Myi \hp dpV$ dpL$ghpdp Apep R>. (Ap\u [d MyL$
dpld]u(_bhu k]NyZp) A`_php _lu L$ MyL$ i[p_u.(i[p_u
]yNZ
y p.)
* lTf[ Bbplud [edu(fld[ygpl Agel)_p r_ed l[p
L$, S> L$pB [ [Ap_u k[pdZu L$f[p [_p dpV$ L$epfe b] ]yAp adph[p
_lu A_ adph[p L$, [_p dpV$ [_p Tyd_p bpS> S> `yf[p R>. (ly
kp[ hfk `R>u AbyAbpk_p Bsfi[L$pg \B Nep. (A_ Ap fu[

iM_u hp[_ kd\_ dmu Ney A_ Ap fu[ iM_u L$au L$fpd[ kpQu
W$fu.)
l]uj ifuadp Apey R> L$, lyTfy _buA `pL$ (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_ A hp[_u Mbf `X$u L$ Dkpdpl(AL$ klpbu_y _pd)A
AL$ drl_p_p L$fpf `f Mfu]u L$fu R> [p Ap` adpey L$, L$kd My]p_u
Dkpdpl bly S> gpbu Arcgpjp ^fph_pfp R>. (S> A hp[_u Ddu]
fpM R> L$ ly AL$ drl_p kyû h[p flui A_ MpBi [dS> `kp
QyL$hui.)`R>u adpey L$, My]p_u L$kd, ly AL$ L$]d DWphu_ Ahy _\u
rhQpf[p L$ bu L$]d fpMu iL$ui A_ ApM Mpgu_ Ahy _\u kdS>[p
L$ ApM b^ L$fu iL$ui. A_ dpY$pdp L$pmuep dyL$u_ Ahy _\u rhQpfu
iL$[p L$ [_ Nmp _uQ D[pfu iL$ui.
*lTf[ epp bu_ dApT(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, S> esL[ cyMu fl A_ `p[p_u Ddu]p bly ApR>u fpM [_p q]gdp
i[p_ S>ep dmhu iL$[p _\u.
*lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
Ap]$du Z L$ L$V$gpL$ q]hkp_p kdyl R>. A_ AV$gp dpV$ epf L$pB
q]hk `kpf \B e R>, [p [_p AL$ Ai kdp[ \B e R>.
*AL$hpf gpL$pA lTf[ dAfya L$Mw(fld[ygpl Agel)_u
kpd _dpT_u [epfu L$fu A_ AL$ kyau_ _dpT `Y$phhp dpV$ ApNm
h^pfhp BR>ey, [p [Z BfiL$pf L$ep A_ L$y L$, d_ X$f R> L$ L$]pQ ly
_dpTdp S> dfu J A_ gpL$p_u _dpT A[ e[ \B e. [p
gpL$pA
Myb S> ApNl L$ep. Ap ApNl `f [Z L$y L$, kpfy, Aepf [p
ly `Y$phu ]D Ry> `f[y i[ A R> L$ lh `R>u _dpT `Y$phhp_y d_ L$l[p
_lu. Ap kpcmu_ lTf[ dpAfya L$Mw(fld[ygpl Agel) afdpey
L$, S>_pb [d Alu\u lV$u h, [d Bdpd[_ gpeL$ _\u. L$pfZ L$ [d
NfbX$hpmp Ap]du Rp. AL$ [fa[p [d Ahy rhQpfp R>p L$ ly _dpTdp S>
dfu S>Bi. bu [fa [d [dpfp q]gdp Ahy `Z L$lp R>p L$, ly ApNpdu
_dpT kyû h[ flui. (A_ Ap lmplm NX$bX$(dp_kuL$ Ak[g
y _)
R>) [d Ap _dpT `yfu L$fhp_u `Z Apip _\u fpM[p [p Aphy
L$lh
p_p iy A\ L$, lh `R>u d_ Bdpd _lu b_ph[p A_ _dpT kyû
h[ flhp_u Ddu] R> [p [_p iy A\ L$, lh `R>u d_ Ap _dpT `yfu
L$fhp_u Ddu] _\u. L$lhp_p A\ A S> L$ [y Bdpd[_ gpeL$ _\u.
189
190
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
b]$]yhp L$fu_ df[p_ ip dpV$ dpfy?.)

*lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT(fld[ygplAgel) _p A
r_ed l[p L$, epf L$pB dykpauf gpL$p [Ap_p dL$p_ `pk fpL$p[p [p
Ap` fp[cf N[p l[p A_ khpf kyû [Ap_p kpdp__y fnZ L$f[p
l[p A_ gpL$p_
Ap hp[_u Z \hp ][p _ l[p.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
A]pg_u r_ip_u A R> L$ [Ap Apd dykgdp_p `f Ae[ dlfbp_u
L$f_pfp A_ dpepmy lpe R>.
*lTf[ dpAfya L$Mu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
S> esL[ ]ffpS> Ap ]yhp L$ep L$f L$, l Agpl, Dd[ dpld
]uepl_u
ky^pfZp afdph, l Agpl Dd[ dpld]$uepl_u [L$guap ]yf adph.
[p AgplApgp [_ A]pgpdp gMi. (kggplp Agel
hkgd)
[p l cpB, Ap hp[_ M|b S> kd g A_ gpL$p `f dlfbp_u
L$fhp_p dpdgpdp `p[p_p ApNm_p byTN
y p_y A_yL$fZ L$f.
* (55) gX$pB TOX$p_p epN
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$
k]NZ
y A `Z R> L$, epf L$pB
Apgud Tplf [fuL$p_p L$pB
lpg_p BfiL$pf
L$f A\hp [p [Ap_ L$pB hp[_p Ap]i Ap` [p [Ap [d_y A_ykfZ
L$f R> A_ [_u kpd L$pB ]gugp fS|> L$f[p _\u. rkhpe L$ lpg[dp L$
epf [Ap_ Qp$k Mpu lpe L$ Apgud dpfu hp[ dp_u gi A_ [_p
BfiL$pf _lu L$f. (epf ]gugp fS|> L$f R>)A_ [_y L$pfZ A S> R> L lf`f[ gpL$p AL$ r_r[ h[ymdp L$] R> A_ [_p\u blpf_u h[yAp L$
hp[p_u [Ap ZL$pfu ^fph[p _\u.(A_ dpV$ S> lfu Apgud
kyraepA qL$fpd_u L$pB
hp[pdp V$pN
_ AX$pX$hu BA [dS> kyau A `Z
Apgud_u L$pB hp[dp dp\y _ dpfhy BA, L$pfZL$ qa_p_u S>X$ Ap S>
R> A_ Alu\u S> ]fL$ ra_pAp NV$ R>)Ap fu[ lfu Apgudp rbQpfp
dpTyf(rhhi)R>.
[p Ap fu[ epf [_ L$pB dp lf_y Bd ^fph_pf L$pB
Apgud L$l L$, Ly$[yb, A]pg, Ah[p] hNf L$pB QuT _\u bL$ dp
_pd S> R> Ap L$pf_u `]hu ^fph_pf L$pB
_\u [p [dpf [_ L$lh
y BA
L$ bfpbf R>.(L$pB
bu ]gug _ L$fhu BA)A_ [_p\u [dpfp l[y A
191
lphp BA L$ MfMf [dpfu r_L$V$ [_u L$pB lL$uL$[ _\u A_ Ap dp

^pfZ L$fg
y _pd S> R>. A_ epf [Ap L$l L$, AprgepAgpl [p `lgp_p
eyNdp \B Nep, lh L$pB hgu _\u. [p [dpf L$lhy BA, bfpbf L$lp
R>p AV$g L$ [dpfp AL$u]p biL$ Ahp S> R>. A S> fu[ [Ap L$l L$ MuTf
_y hSy>] _\u [p epf `Z L$lhy BA L$, bfpbf R> cg_ `R>u [ Ap
hp[_p kd\_$` L$pB bu dyrfiL$f_y L$\_ `Z fS|> L$f. A_ epf [p
[dpf [_p rbLy$g qhfp^ _ L$fhp BA. AL$ kdyl_p gpL$pA Ap
k]NyZ_ R>pX$u_ DdpAp kp\ rhfp^p _p^php_y i$ L$ey S>_p L$pfZ
[Ap hQ TOX$p `]p \B Nep. A_ AL$ buA Afk`fk AL$bu_u
Apb$_p Qu\fp DX$pX$ep A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_uS>dpA[ rhi kpfu_fku hp[p L$fu. [p Ap L$pf_u fu[-cp[ ApNm_p dipBMp_
u _ lp[u.
lTf[ iM AaTgyu_ (fld[ygpl Agel)_p L$pe]p l[p
L$, epf L$pB Apgud [Ap\u hp]rhhp] L$fhp dpV$ bk[p [p [_p
dy L $pbgpdp Ap` lTf[ Sy _ ] hiugu(fldL$p d y gplp Apgp
AS>dB_)_p L$\_p fS|> L$f[p _ lp[p, bL$ Ahy L$l[p L$ lTf[ Bdpd
NuTpgu(fld[ygpl Agel) Apd L$l R>. qL$[pb_p gML$ lTf[ Bdpd
A.hlpb ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, AL$hpf d dTLy$f
byTyN kp\ Ap bpb[ QQp L$fu [p [ApA S>hpb Apep L$, ly DdpA
Tpluf_p dyL$pbgpdp lTf[ Bdpd NuTpgu (fld[ygpl Agel)_p
L$\_p AV$gp dpV$ fS|> L$fy Ry> L$ , [Ap(Ap Apgudp)[_ dp_ R> L$pfZL$
[khya_ A`_pep `lgp [Ap `Z Ap Apgudp_p kdyldp S> l[p.
A_ ly L$pB Ahy L$\_ fSy L$fui L$ S> [Ap_p kdyl `L$u _lu lpe [p
[Ap dpfu hp[ L$]pù _lu huL$pf. ly L$ly Ry> L$ A ]gugp L$ S> A]pgp_p
As[h AN ]gug$` R>, _uQ dyS>b R>.
*S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd) adpey L$,
dpfu Dd[_p A]pgp _dpT A_ fpTp_u rh`yg[p_p L$pfZ S>fi_[dp
_lu e bL$ [Ap `p[p_u kMph[ _ak A_ Dd[_u cgpB
Qplhp_p L$pfZ ]pMg \i.
*lTf[ Adu$g dpAd
_
u_ Agu(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, A]pg ipddp R>, A_ _yL$bp BfpL$dp A_ _yS>bp
dukfdp R>. (Ap [dpd rhgpe[_u `]huAp R>.)
*lTf[ Bdpd Aby A]ygpl bu_ dp](fld[ygpl
Agel)\u khpg L$fhpdp Apep L$, Apf[pdp `Z A]pgp lpe
192
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Myb S> e_iug fl R>. (My]p A_ b]p hQ_p rlbp-$L$phV$p) S>_p
am h$` OZp rlb ]yf lV$u e R>. A_ ]fL$ dpS>y ] QuT_ h[$`
Sy>A R>. A_ [_u kp\ Ahp S> ehlpf L$f R>, L$ S> h[ kr$ kp\
L$fhpdp Aph R>. A_ Ap S> L$pfZpkf [Ap_ L$pB S>epA AL$p[hpk
_kub _\u \[p A_ Ahy kdS> R> L$ [ h[y d_ B flu R>, A_ Ap
L$pfZpkf [_p\u [Ap ifd A_ych R, A_ [_p `yfp rglpT fpM R>.
A_ Aphy AV$gp dpV$ L$ S> S>epA Ny_pl L$fhpdp Aph R>, [ S>ep
L$epd[_p q]hk [_u rhfy^dp kpnu `|fi. AV$gp dpV$ [Ap L$pB
S>epA
Ny_pl L$fhp_u rld[ L$f[p _\u. A_ [Ap_u lpg[ A lpe R> L$ epf
AL$dp[ [Ap `L$u L$pB_p dpdp\u byfu hp[ _uL$mu e R>, [p epf
ifd_p dpep `pZu-`pZu \B e R>. A_ Ahy BR> R> L$ Ap S>du_
[_ `p[p_u A]f kdphu g.
[p l cpB, Ap L$pf_p k]NZ
y p Ap S> bugLy$g _rlh[ dpZdp
hp dm R> L$ Aphp gpL$p\u S>dp_p Mpgu `Z _\u, l iMu_p
]$ph]$pf, [pfu A]f Ap L$pf_p k]NyZp Ly$V$u- Ly$V$u_ cfgp lphp BA
_lu[f [pfp ]php Sy>$p R> A_ [y Y$pNu ùf R>p. !?!
* (58) ]yAp_u L$bygue[ dpV$ L$pB [gb _lu
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA DTTpd_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap My]pApgp\u _ [p A hp[_u hplui ^fph R> L$, My]
`p[p_p dpV$ `p[p_u ]yhp L$byg L$fhpdp Aph [dS> _ [p Ahu BR>p
^fph R> L$, bu_p lLL$dp `Z [Ap_u ]yAp huL$[u `pd.
*lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, S> ik Ahy BR> L$ [_u Aepe[p_p L$pfZ [_u ]yAp f] L$fhpdp
_ Aph [p [_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [ aqf[p_u fu[-cp[ dyb Qpg, L$ S>Ap
My]p_u _pafdp_u L$f[p _\u.
*lTf[ Aby _l (fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
dpdu_ My]p_u _pafdp_u _ L$f[p [p [_u lpg[ A lp[ L$ L$pB
`lpX$ rhi L$kd MpB g L$ [ Ap `lpX$_ [_p \p_\u lV$phu ]i [p [
[_ `Z L$bg
| L$fu g[p.
*lTf[ Mpgu] fbB(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, AL$ q]hk lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)
Mp_A L$pbp_p R>pepdp bWp l[p. AQp_L$ S> AL$ ik Aphu_ Ecp
fp A_ L$y L$, l Aby BlpL$, A esL[_u ApmM iu R> S>_p dpdgp
R>.? [ApA adpey L$, lp.

A]pg _ lp[ [p S>du_ `p[p_u D`f flhphpmu kyr$_ gB_
A]f ^ku `X$[u. A_ kpQp gpL$p _ lp[ [p ]yr_ep Mfpb \B S>[u
A_ Ddp(DdpA fbp_u, DdpA ApMf[)_ lp[ [p Ap]du
Qp`Np _hfp S>hp lp[. A_ bp]ipl(k[pûip)_ lp[ [p AL$
AL$_ dpfu _pM[p A_ bhLy$a gpL$p _ lp[ [p ]yr_ep rhfp_ \B
[u. (L$pfZL$, A$gd] A S> R L$ S> ]yr_ep\u r_g` lpe A_
b^p S> gpL$p ]yr_ep\u rhdyM \B S>[p [p [_u [fa L$pB S> ep_u[ _
\p[. A_ Ap fu[ ]yr_ep qhfp_ \B S>[u.)
[p l cpB, dipBM qL$fpd A_ kyraepA DTpd Ap fu[ lf
`f[ Apgudp kp\ L$epfe TOX$[p _\u [dS> [Ap_u rhfy^ L$epfe
kyraepA qL$fpd L$ Alg r]g gpL$p_p L$\_p fS|> L$f[p _\u L$pfZ L$ Ap
hp[p [Ap_p Nm D[fhu OZu S> dyL$g$` lpe R.
(hl]prggpl fbuApgdu_.)
* (56) `p[p_u Tp[ dpV$ b]Nydp_u
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA qL$fpd_p A_L$ k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap `p[p_p _akp_u M|b S> ky^pfZp L$f R>, ep kyû L$ A
gpL$p_u lpg[ Ahu \B e R> L$, S> [_ A_yLy$m lpe [_u kpd r$
`Z _\u _pM[p. Ap fu[ [Ap epf Agpl Apgp _p Ap L$pg
kpcm
A\p[:R> L$, lg e[hugTu_ epAgdy_ hgTu_ gp epAgdy_. (A\p
Bdhpmp A_ BdhNf_p(lug) bfpbf _\u.)[p [Ap `p[p_
Apgud kd_ bu\u `p[p_ QqY$ep[p _\u kdS>[p. bL$ i$Ap[\u S> `p[p_ lug A_ `p[p_p [dpd kdL$pgu_p_ Apgud dp_
R>. A_ Ahy kdS> R> L$ [Ap `p[p_p kdL$pgu_pdp lpg [dS> dL$pddp
kp\u r__ A_ L$pB_u `Z bfpbf _\u.
[p l cpB, dipBM qL$fpd_p Ap k]NyZp_ Myb kd A_
[_u D`f rQ[_-d__ L$fp. MfMf, S>Z `p[p_u Tp[_ L$pB
_ kd,
[_u A]f S> kh L$pB lpe R>.
* (57) rlbp lV$phhp dpV$_p è_p
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap rlbp AV$g L$ AX$QZp A_ $L$phV$p_ ]yf L$fhp dpV$
193
194
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
My]p_u kp\ ]yf[ lpe ? Ap` adpey L$, [ Ap `lpX$ AbyLy$bk_

L$l L$ [y `p[p_p \p_\u lV$u [p AgplApgp [_ [_p \p_\u
lVphu ]. [Ap L$l R> L$ epf AbyLy$bkdp ^yfu D`fi_ \hp gpNu. [p
Ap` [_u [fa Bipfp L$ep L$, dpfp l[y Ap _ l[p.
*lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld
[ygpl Agel)AL$ q]hk
ilf df]fyfpT
_p AL$ `g
y _uQ bWg
p l[p. AQp_L$ S> AL$ Ap]du `g
y
`f\u _uQ `X$ep. Ap` [f[ S> ]yAp L$fu L$, Agpl [_ lhpdp ep
kyû fpL$u ] ep kyû [_ LpB bQphhphpmp _ Aphu e. Ap`_u
]h
y p\u [ lhpdp S> fpL$pB Nep ep k^
y u L$ gpL$pA
Aphu_ [_
_uQ D[pep.
*L$pB esL[A lTf[ dy[fa bu_ A]ygpl(fld[ygpl
Agel)`f L$pB Apfp` gNpXep [p Ap` adpey L$, l Agpl [
Sy>$p R>, [p [_ ldZp S> dpfu _pM. Ap`_u ]yAp_p L$pfZ [ gpL$p
[p fp_ [ dyX$]y b_u_ `X$u Nep. Ap B_ gpL$p Ap`_ huV$mpB
hep A_ `L$X$u_ bkfp_p lpqL$d `pk gB Nep A_ [_u kpd Ap
y p
OV$_p hZh
u. [Z
kpc
mu_ S>hpb Apep L$, _L$ Ap]du _u b]]A
l[u A_ [ dfu Nep. ([dp Ad iy L$fu iL$uA?.)
[p l cpB, Ap l[u kakpglu__u ]A
y pAp_
u [pL$pguL$ Akfp
[Ap ApV$gp dy[by]]pAhp[ (S>_u ]yAp Lepfe f] _\u \[u
[)lphp R>[p Lepfe `Z `p[p_u ]yAp_u L$byguep[ dpV$ AgplApgp_u bpfNpldp [gb fSy L$f[p _ lp[p A_ [Ap_u Ap ApS>Tu
A_ BfiL$kpfu S> AgplApgp_ M|b `k] Apph[u l[u.
hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_
* (59) _ak e_
p d
cph_u L$kpV$u *
L$pdug ùfp A_ kryaepA L$pdg
u__p k]N
Z
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
l[p L$ ep k^
y u `p[
p_u dplb[_u L$kpV$u Ah
u fu[ _ L$fu g L$ `p[
p_p
_ak_ Sy>A L$ [ `p[p_p AX$^p dpg A esL[_ Ap`hp dpV$ fp R> L$
_lu L$ S>_u dplb[_p [ ]ph]pf R> [_ L$pB [L$gua `X$ R>, [p [_u
bfpbf [_
[L$gua \i L$ _lu ep k^
y u [ L$pB
_u dplb[_p ]php L$f[p
_\u. (Ap fu[ ]fL$ esL[ dpV$ S>$fu R > L$ [A
p Ap S> fu[ `funp L$f)A_
[_p _ak Ap hp[ `f fpTu lpe [p Ahp ]php L$f L d_ [_p\u
dplb[ R>; _lu[f Sy>$ bpghp\u ]yf fl L$pfZL$ [ r_apL$ R> A_ Ap
L$pf_p k]N
Z
y p hX$ ApS > Mb
| ApR>p gpL$p Apcryj[ R>. [p l cpB, Ap
hp[_ Mb
| kpfu fu[ kd gh
u B
A A_ ]fL$ kde `p[
p_p _ak_p
195
dplb[_p ]php_y `funZ L$f[p flhy BA.

hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_
* (60) N_
y l
Npfp `f fld
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap gpL$p_p AgpL$p `L$u AL$

_L$ AgpL$ A `Z R > L$, [A
p_
N_
y lNpfp e ]ep Aph R>. A_ [A
p
[_ [yR>(lL$uf)_\u kdS>[p A_ [_u D`f `p[p_u _ L$ybp_ L$fhp
dpV$ [`f fl R>.
*lTf[ dpAfya bu_ A]ygpl(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, S_ Ny_lNpfp `f fld _ Aph A_ [_p dpV$ S>$fu R>
L$ [Ap [_p dpV$ [pbpl_u [pauL$ A_ dNaf[_u ]yAp L$f L$pfZL$
aqf[pAp_
p A k]N
Z
y R L [A
p S>du_hpmpAp dpV$ A[apf L$f R>.
*lTf[ Tybf bu_ _Bd(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, M]yp_u L$kd, ly A hp[ `f fp Ry > L$ dpfu QpdX$u L$p[f hX$ L$p`hpdp
Aph, `f[
y L$pB
esL[ M]yp_u _pafdp_u _ L$f. (L$pfZL$ dpfu [L$gua
[p kl_ L$fu gBi, `f[y [Ap_u [L$gua dpfp\u _lu B iL$pe.)
*lTf[ d_kfy bu_ dpld
](fld
[ygpl Agel) L$pB
_ L$ip
S> lyL$d L$f[p _ lp[p, S>_u `pR>m [Ap_p Apie fld l[u A_ Ap`
p_u rhfy^ L$pe L$fi [p N_
y lNpf \i.
adph
[p l[p L$, [ dpfp L$lh
A_ ATpbdp `L$Xpe S>i; A_ ly [_p dpV$ L$pfZ$` b_ui. S>d L$
[A
p b _dpTu\u Ah
y _ lp[
p L$l[
p L$, [y _dpT `Y$ L$pfZL$ [A
p_
A
hp[ _p ce fl[p l[p L L$]pQ [ BfiL$pf L$fu ] A_ [L$-_dpT_u kp\
BfiL$pf_p hbpg `Z [_u D`f Aphu `X$.
*lTf[ dedy_ bu_ dlfp_(fld[ygpl Agel)_u lpg[
A l[u L$, Sepf [A
p_
Z \B S>[u L$ agpZu L$pd
`f Tyd \B fp R >
Qpl [ `hu_p L$pB
`Z V$yL$X$p `f lpe
[p Ap` [_
p Nddp fp[
p l[p A_
rbdpf `X$u S>[p l[p A_ [A
p_
p Mbf A[
f A fu[ `R|>hpdp Aph[p L$
S> fu[ rbdpfp_p `|R>hpdp Aph R>. A_ epf [Ap_ L$lhpdp Aph[y L$
Agpl ApgpA [Ap_u dyiub[ ]yf afdphu ]uû R>, [p [Ap [f[ S>
[]fy[ \B S>[p l[p.
*lTf[ kpbu[ b_p_u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u lpg[
A l[u L$ epf [A
p_
u L$pB
]fMp[ L$f[y L$, dpfy agp L$pd L$fu p.
[p Ap` ]fL$ _dpT `R>u kS>]pdp `X$u_ [_p dpV$ ]yAp adph[p ep
kyû L$ [_y L$pd \B S>[y.
196
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[p l cpB, [pf `Z [pfp q]g_ aapkhy BA A_ [dp hy
BA L iy [_ [pfp cpBAp e Ap L$pf_p d,]$epcph A_
ld]$]$w_p L$$pB qlkp R> L$ _lu? A_ _ lpe [p [pf [pfu lpg[ `f
$]_ A_ Ayhl_ L$fhy BA. L$pfZL$ _L$ gpL$p_p dL$pd dp [pfp L$pB
rlkp _\u.
* (61) k[pj
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyaueppA bpkap gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, [ h[dp_ `qfs\q[ `f k[pj dp__pfp lpe R>.
[dS> Mphp-ùhp, L$`X$p-g[p, khpfu, r_L$pl [dS> dL$p_ hNf_p
dpdgpdp M|b h^pfp_u BR>p ^fph_pfp _\u lp[p.
*lTf[ hlb bu_ dbpl(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, BTT[ A_ dpg]pfu Ap b_ A hp[_u ip^ dpV$ Qpep L$ L$p_u
`pk flhy? dpNdp [Ap_ AL$ k[pju[ dmu Nep A_ [Ap [_u `pk
S> flu Nep. L$lhp_p l[y A R> L$ k[pjdp BTT[ A_ dpg]pfu b_
flgp R>.
*lTf[ dpld
] bu_ hpkA( fld[ygpl Agel)_dL(duWy)
A_ kufL$p hX$ fpV$u Mp[p l[p A_ adph[p l[p L$, S>Ap ApV$gu ]yr_ep
`f k[pj dp_ [_ `p[p_u Tp[_ gpL$p kpd Tgug L$fhp_u S>$f[ _\u
`X$[u.
*lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
S> esL[ Ap eyNdp S>h_u fpV$u `f k[pj _lu dp_, [ Aq_R>p A
`Z Tug[ A_ hpfudp akpe S>i. A_ AL$ esL[A [Ap `pk
dpg AL$u[ L$fhp_u `fhp_Nu dpNu, [p Ap` adpey L$, S> esL[
dpg AL$Wp L$f R>, [ `pQ L$pf_u LyV$hpdp akpB e R>. (1) gpbu
Ddu]p bp^hu (2)M|b S> gpgQ (3)Ar^L$dppdp L$Sy>ku (4)
ApMf[ _ cygu S>hy A_ (`)`flTNpfudp M|b S> L$du Aphu S>hu.
(lh [d [dpfp _ap-_yL$ip_ B gp.)
*lTf[ lpdu] guapa(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S>Ap dpg]pfu k[pj hX$ [gb L$f R> [ epe dpN `f R> A_ S> [_
dpg hX$ [gb L$f R> [ dpN\u cV$L$u Nep R.
*dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p gML$ lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u
(fld[ygpl Agel) `R>u adph R> L$, Apl, d Ap dL$pdhpmp gpL$p
`L$u OZp_ ep R>. [Ap `L$u Adpfp iM iMyBgpd TL$fuep
197
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Afikpfu, A_ iM Adu_yu_ [dS> iM A]yAgud bu_ dygl,
iM Agu b_u[u, iM Agu bS>fu lTf[ iM dpld] bu_ A_p_,
iM dpld] duf, iM dpld] A]g(fldL$pdygplApgp Agelud
AS>dB_)R>. d [Ap_ ep R> L$, Ap gpL$p `pZudp kyL$u fpV$u `gpmu
Mp[p l[p A_ [_u `f S> k[pj dp_[p l[p.
*lTf[ iM Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)epf Mp
Mp[p [p _h(9) L$pm
uep\u h^y Mp[p _lu A_ adph[p l[p L$, S>_pb
fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey R> L$, Ap]du \pX$pL$
L$pm
uep `|f[p R>, L$ S> [_u L$df kuû fpMu iL$. A_ L$pm
uepAp([_p
dp`_p rlkpb)Z\u dpX$u_ _h kyû lpe iL$ R>. A_ A hp[ `|f`
fy u
huL$[u `pdgu R> A_ Ap`_y Ap adp_ [_ kpQy R> AV$gp dpV$ S>
Ap`_p Bip] `f L$pdug Bdp_ ^fph R> [_p dpV$ _h L$pmuep S>$f
`|f[p \i A_ [_ h^y_u S>$f[ `X$i _lu. [dS> d [Ap_ Ahy
adph[p `Z kpcep R> L$, S>_p dpV$ q]hk-fp[ ]fep_ _h L$pm
uep
`|f[p _ lpe [p [ S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p
Ap Bip] `f `yfy Bdp_ ^fph[p _\u. epfbp] Ap A_yk^
p_ gML
lTf[ Bdpd ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel) adph R L$, ly L$ly Ry> Ap
l]uj_ A gpL$p_gpNy `X$ R> L$ S>Ap dl_[_y L$pe _\u `f[y S>Ap
dl_[_y L$pe L$f R> S>dL$ MXy$[, gylpf, _prhL$ hNf dpV$ ApV$gy `yf[y
_\u rkhpe L$ [_u [pL$[ aqf[pAp S>hu \B e [dS> [Ap_u $lpr_e[
[Ap_u ipqffuL$ is[Ap `f cyh lpkug L$fu g.
S>d L$ Alpq]j `pL$dp Apey R> L$, lTf[ bBg (Agelukgpd) lTf[ gy[(Agelukgpd)_u h[uAp_ DMX$u_ [_
Apkdp__u AV$gu _S>]uL$ gB Nep L$ Apkdp_hpmpApA dyNp_u bpNp
[ d S> Ly $ [fp ckhp_p AhpS> kp c mu gu^p L$ lTf[
bBg(Agelu-kgpd) _ [p Mp[p l[p L$ _ [p ù[p l[p. [p l
cpB, Ap hp[_ M|b S> kpfu fu[ kd ghu BA.
* (62) ]yr_ep\u r_:`l[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap gpL$p_
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$,[Ap ]y$r_ep A_ ApMf[ hQ_p lubp ]yf L$fhp dpV$ M|b
S> e_iug fl R>. ep kyû L$ [ gpL$p `p[p_u q]g$ù ApM hX$
ApMf[ A_ [_u _Ad[p_y AhgpL$_ _ L$fu g. A_ Ap e_p [Ap
198
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

]yr_ep_u r_g`[p_u hp[p dp qL$[pbpdp flu NB R> A_ [_p
L$fhphpmp Ad_ dm[p _\u. (Ap hp[ ApS>\u 900 hj `lgp_u
R>, [p ApS>_u `qfs\q[ A_ gpL$p_u lpg[ iy li? S>_u L$`_p S>
^yhu ]_pfu R>. Agpl_u `_pl...) lL$uL$[ [p A R>L$ ( ]yr_ep\u
r_g`[p L$ ]yr_ep_p epN_p A\ A S> R> L$ AgplApgp_u ep]\u
Npaug L$f_pfp L$pfZp_ ]yf lV$phhp. S> h[y `Z [_ Agpl_u ep]\u
Npaug L$f [ ]yr_epdp kdprh$ R>, A_ [_p epN L$fhp AV$g S>
]yq_ep\u r_g`[p R>, _lu L$ buhu, bpg-bQpAp A_ kkpf_p epN
L$fu_ S>Ngp A_ `lpXpdp Qpep S>hy. Ap [p flbp_ue[ R> S>_u Bgpd
d_pB L$fu R A_ d epf Ap Npaug L$f_pfp L$pfZp _ ]yf lV$phhp rhi
M|b rQ[_-d__ L$ey [p d_ _Lib]u [fuL$p_p Tu$ L$bu M|b S
ape]pL$pfL$ S>Zpep, L$pfZ L$ [_p hX$ Nag[\u k`Z
| `
Z Ry>V$L$pfp lpkug
L$fu iL$pe R>. A_ Ap Nag[\u Ry>V$L$pfp AV$g S> ]yr_ep\u r_g`[p.
L$pfZL$ Agpl-Apgp Ly$Ap_ `pL$dp AL$ S>epA adph R> L$, fugygp
A\p[:- dpfp b]pAp
[ylulud [uf[yhgp beD_ A_ Tu$ugpl (A\p
Ahp gpL$p R> L$ S>Ap_ h`pf L$ Mfu]-hQpZ dpfp Tu$\u Npaug L$f[p
_\u.) [p Ap fu[ d] A S> R [dS> Agpl_p kpQp b]p A S> R> L$ [_
]yr_ep_p LpB L$pfpbpf, ]yr_ep_u L$pB
kp-k`q L$ h`pf ^^p Agpl_u
ep]\u L$epfe Npaug L$fu iL$[p _\u. `R>u Qpl [p [ dpV$p dlg L$
bNgpdp fl[p lpe L$, Ty`
X$pdp fl[p lpe [_p dpV$ b_ bfpbf lpe R>.
_Lib]u [fuL$pdp Ap dL$pd_ S> ]hpdlyTyf (ldi
p q]g_y Agpl [fa
ep_u[ lphy )L$lhpdp Aph R>. A_ Ap [fuL$pdp ]hpd lyTyf L$pdug
ùf_u \d [hldp S> [pgub_ lpkug \B e R>. dpV$ Ap [fuLp
ApS>_p Aq[Ap^y_uL$ eyNdp [pgubp dpV$ OZp S> kfm A_ Apkp_u\u
Ly$b Bgplu_u pr[ L$fph_pfp R>. Ap [fuLp_u M|buAp A_ kfm[pAp
[dS> aTug[p_u rhij ZL$pfu dpV$ Adpfp ApNpdu L$pi_
Al h pgy Aauep au aTpBg rkgrkgpA _ L ib ] uepl _u
r[np L$fp. -kL$g_ L$[p)
* (63) Bgplu Ap]ip_u [pATud
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap_u _L$ Ap][p `L$u AL$ Ap][
A `Z R> L$ [Ap Bdpd_u `pR>m r_e[ bp^hpdp M|b S S]u Lf R>,
L$pfZL$ Aphy Lfhpdp Bgplu Ap]i_u [pATud R> A_ [dp rhgb L$fhp
[_ D[pfu `pX$hp kdp_ R>. A_ Aphu D[phm L$fhp_y L$pfZ A _\u L$
AV$gp dpV$ L$f R> L$ [Ap ]yr_ep\u r_dplu b_u_ ApMf[_p Apdpgp
dpV$ ayfk] dmhu iL$. _lu[f S> gpL$p ApMf[_p AhgpL$_\u hQu[
R>, [_p dpV$ ]yr_ep_u dpl dpep R>pX$hu AiLe R>.
*lTf[ AbyhpL]u geku(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, Ad ApMf[_p Apdpgpdp M|b S> dl_[p EWphu `f[y L$pB
Adg_
]yr_ep\u r_dprl[ \hp_p Adg\u h^y DQ ]f_p _ ep.
(L$pfZL$ l]uj ifuadp R, lyby]]yr_ep fpkp Ly$g M[uA[u_ AV$g L$
]yr_ep_u dplb[ ]fL$ Ny_pl_u SX R>. [p Ap fu[ ]yr_ep\u r_dprl[
\hy A ]fL$ Ny_pl\u bQph_pfy R>. dpV$ A hp[ kpbu[ \B L$ ]yr_ep\u
r_g`[p A kp\u W Adg R>.)
*d lTf[ ke] Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)_ Aphy
adph[p kpcep R> L$, lTf[ kygedp_(Agelukgpd)S> Aphu
lyLy$d[ dpNu l[u L$ S> [d_p `R>u L$pB_ _ dm [p [_y L$pfZ(gpgQ
_lp[y bL$) A l[y L$ [d_u ]yq_ep e_u r_g`[p k`Z
| \B e A_
[Ap_ `qf`|Z Tpl](]yr_ep\u r_g`[p) p[ \B e. L$pfZ L$
]yr_ep\u r_g`[p_u b kyf[p R>. AL$ (1)A L$ _ [p ]yr_ep lpe L$ _ [p
[_u [fa L$ip dpl L$ ApL$jZ
lpe A_ Ap L$pB
L$dpg_u hp[ _\u [dS>
(2) A L$ ]yr_ep [_u `pk lpe R>[p `Z [_u [fa L$ip dpl L$ ApL$jZ
_ lpe, [p Ap hp[ OZu DQ L$pf_p L$dpg_u R>, dpV$ S> [ApA Ap

d[bp lpkug L$fhp dpV$ ]y$r_ep lpkug \hp_u ]fMp[ L$fu l[u.
*lTf[ Bdpd ipaB(f]uegplpApgpAfilp) adph[p l[p
L$, L$pB Ahu hrke[ L$f L$ dpfp dpg [_ Ap`hp BA S> kp\u
h^y A$gd] lpe, [p ly L$lui L$ [_ Ap`hp BA L$ S> ]yr_ep\u [_
r_g` R>.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(f]uegplpAfilp)adph[p l[p L$,
[dpd gpL$p L$bpdp\u __ Ah\pdp EWphhpdp Aphi rkhpe L$
S>Ap ]yr_ep\u r_g`
R>. ([Ap_ ApAh\pdp DWphhpdp _lu Aph.)
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dD](f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, S> esL[ kp\u h^y ]yr_ep\u r_g` li, [ S> kp\u
h^y kpfp L$pep L$fu iL$i.
*lTf[ ldp] bu_ T](fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
]yr_ep_u r_g`[p\u h$û_ L$pB
h[y i[p__u L$df [pX_pfu _\u.
*lTf[ B_ykudpL$(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
199
200
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[Ap_ h^y khpb dmi A\hp [p _dpTdp AgplApgp kp\ r_L$V$[p

A_ klhpk lpe R> A_ Ap q_L$V$[p [\p klhpk OZp S> Ap_]]peL$
lpe R> dpV$ S>V$gu l] S>]u L$fhy iL$e lpe L$fu ghpdp Aph L$pfZL$ Ap
b_ l[A
y pdp _ak_u ]MgNufu R>. A_ S> esL[ `p[p_p _ak_u NfTp
dpV$ Aphy L$f R> [ `p[p_p _ak_ Myi Lfu fp R>. bL$ [ gpL$p_p Ap
D[phm L$fhp `pR>m_p l[y dp Bgplu Ap]ip_u [pATud L$fhp_p
A_ [_ lL$uf kdS>hp\u bQhp_p lpe R>.
[p l cpB, [y Ap hp[_ M|b kpfu fu[ kd g A_ lyL$d
My]ph]u `f Adg L$fhpdp ldip [`f fl [_u `pR>m_p [pfp Apie
dp lyL$d My]ph]u_u [pATud A_ [_ [yR>[p\u bQphhp_p S> lphp
BA.
* (64) ]yr_ep_p dlh_p epN
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA bpkap gpL$p_p A_L$ k]NyZp `L$u
AL$ A `Z R> L$, [Ap_u r_L$V$ ]yr_ep_u L$pB S> L$]f-qL$d[ lp[u _\u.
A_ [Ap S>_pb fkyg AL$fd kggplp Agel hkgd_p Ap Bip]
`f Adg L$fhp dpV$ L$, ]yr_ep_p `Z afT]$p lpe R> A_ ApMf[_p
`Z,[d ApMf[_p afT]$p b_p. L S>Ap ]yr_ep_ AL S TV$L$ R>pX$u].
*[ d S> l]ujifuadp Apey R> L$ , S>_pb fky g L $fud
(kggplp Agel hkgd)AL$ Lpd_u L$Qfp aL $hp_u S>ep(DL$fX$p)
`pk fpL$pep [p Ap` AL$ dfgu bL$fu B S> r_lpmu_ Ap` [_p L$p_
`L$X$ep A_ adpey L$, Sy>Ap R>p Ap `p[p_p OfhpmpAp_u q_L$V$ [_
AT L$fu, lyTfy , [_u r_\L[p_p L$pfZ S [p
r_\L$ \B NB. gpL$pA
[_ Alu aL $u ]uû R. [Ap_p Ap èyf `f Ap` adpey L$, ]yr_ep
Agpl Apgp_u r_L$V$ Ap_p\u `Z h^y r_f\L$ R>, L$ S>V$gu l] Ap
bL$fu [_p OfhpmpAp_u r_L$V$ r_f\L$ R>.
*lTf[ Aby ApTud(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S> gpL$p ]yr_ep_ bly dpV$u QuT kdS> R>, [Ap_ AgplApgp kpd
Ecp fpMhpdp Aphi A_ L$lh
pdp Aphi L$, Ap A gpL$p R> L$ S>Ap A
h[y_ kp\L$ kdS>[p l[p, S>_ My]p r_f\L$ kdS>[p l[p. Ap kpcmu_
ifd_p dpep [Ap_p Qlfp_y Np[ `X$u S>i. Mygpkp A R> L$ S> esL[
Ahp ]php L$f R> L$, [ My]p\u dplb[ L$f R>, R>[p [ ]yr_ep\u `Z
dplb[ L$f[p lpe [p [ Sy>$p R> L$pfZL$ dplb[ L$fhphpmp dpV$ Ae[
S>$fu R> L$ [ A h[y_ _p`k] L$f L$ S>_ [_p dlbb
y _p`k] L$f[p lpe.
201
*lTf[ dpqgL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygplAgel) adph[p l[p

L$, AgplApgp adph R> L$, Apgud epf `p[p_u _akp_u
hpluip_ dpfu [pb]pfu `f AN[p Ap` R>, [p kp\u dpdygu h[ph ly
[_u kp\ S> L$fy Ry> [ A R L$ [_ ly dpfu Aplgp]peL$ hpZu\u(L$gpd)hQu[
L$fu ]D Ry>. (AV$g L$ Ny_pl_u bugLy$g kpdpfie Mfpbu A R> L$ [_p\u
Tuy$gpl_u [pauL$ kb L$fu ghpdp Aph R . Agpl_u `_pl...)
*lTf[ Aby kygedp_ ]pfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p
l[p L$, kyL$u fpV$u `Z ]yr_ep\u X$f[p X$f[p Mph, A_ `p[p_ Ap
s\q[dp `Z ]yr_ep\u r_g` L$]pù epg _ L$fp L$pfZL$ S>fpL$ Ad\u
]yr_ep\u M|b S> \B e R> A_ Ap]du_ [_y cp_ `Z _\u fl[y
(Mygpkp A R> L$, Ap]du_ ]yr_ep\u S>fpL$ Ad\p S> kb^ \B e L$
S> ]fL$ dpV$ S>$fu lpe R>, [p `Z [Z ]yr_ep\u Npaug _ flhy BA
L$pfZL$ S>hp [ Npaug \ep L$ ]yr_ep [_u D`f khpf \B NB)
*lTf[ kyauep_ bu_ Ae_uepl(fld[ygplAgel)
adph[p l[p L$, kyraepA qL$fpd Tuy$gpl AV$gp dpV$ L$f R> L$ ]yr_ep
[_p\u ]yf fl L$pfZL$ [_u Mprke[ R> L$ ep kyû gpL$p My]p_u ep]dp
lpe R> ep kyû [Ap\u ]yf fl R>. A_ epf [_(Tu$_)R>pX$u_ hfq$hMf \B S>i L$ [yf[ S> [Ap_u Nf]_ `L$X$u gi. Ap hp[_ M|b S>
kd ghu BA.
* (65) gpS>-ifd
L$pdug ùfp A_ kauepA bpkap gpL$p_
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$ [Ap hpfhpf ìpb `pMp_pdp S>hp\u ifd A_ych R> A_
dpV$ S> [Ap h^yhpf S>[p _\u A_ [_u kyf[ A lpe R> L$ [Ap Mp
Mphpdp ifuA[_u l]dp fl R> [dS> h^y dpZdp [p lyTyf _buA`pL$
kggplp Agel hkgd_p A_ykfZdp ldip cyep S> fl R>.
*lTf[ A]y f l dp_ bu_ Abu _A d (fl d [y gpl
Agel)]f `]f q]hk AL$hpf Mp Mp[p l[p Ap hp[_u Z epf
lT bu_ eykay _ \B [p [Z
[Ap_ bpgpep A_ AL$ dL$p_dp b^
L$fu ]u^p epf `]f q]hk `R>u Mpey [p ey L$ [Ap Ecp \B_ _dpT
`Y$u fp l[p.
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Tybf(fld[ygpl Agel) AL$
AWhpX$uep kyû cyep fl[p l[p dp i_uhpf_p fpS> Mp Mp[p l[p.
*lTf[ Bdpd ApTd Aby l_uap(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
202
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

dpV Ap hp[ `f [y M|b S> rhQpf L$f A_ [_u D`f Adg dpV$ `|fp
e_iug fl. L$pfZL$ ldi
p bphTy flhpdp kL $X$p $lp_u, A_ rS>dp_u
ape]pAp flgp R>.
* (66) ]yr_ep\u kb^
[pX$hp
L$pdug ùfp A_ kauepA DTTpd_p Dd k]$NyZp `L$u AL$
A `Z R> L$, L$ Ap lTfp[p ]yr_ep[p R>pX$u QyL$ep lpe R>, A_ [_p\u
rbLy$g Mpgu lp\ lpe R> AV$gp dpV$ [_p\u bQhp_ [_u pr[ L$f[p
AN[p A` R>. AV$gy S> _lu `f[y [Ap [p [_p\u Mpgu lp\ flhp_,
[_ AL$W$u L$fhp A_ [_ AL$Wu L$fu_ My]p_u fpldp MQhp L$f[p `Z h^y
AN[p Ap` R>; A_ dp AL$ S> rhQpf_p L$pfZL$ AL$Wu L$ep `R>u L$]pQ
[_p lLL$ A]p _ \B iL$, dpV$ [_p\u ]yf flhy S> kpfy R> AV$gp dpV$ AdyL$
lTfp[p [p afdph R> L$, l A esL[ S> ]yr_ep A l[\
y u [gb L$f R> L$ [_p
hX$ buAp_ ape]p `lpQ
pXy$, [p [y Ahp e\ epgdp\u blpf _uL$m.
[pfy [_ R>pX$u ]hy A S> h^y _ap L$pfL$ R>.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, S>
esL$[ [dpd L$pdp_ R>pX$u_ `p[p_p `fhfr]Npf_u Bbp][dp gpNu
e A [_p\u kpfy R L$ S> Bbp][ R>pX$u_ bpg-bQpAp dpV$ L$dpZu_u
rQ[pdp gpNgp fl.
l[p L$, [dpfpdp A_ Akgu kyauepdp M|b S> [aph[ R> [Ap_u lpg[
[p A l[u L$ ]yr_ep [Ap_u [fa Aph[u l[u A_ [Ap cpN[p l[p A_
[dpfu lpg[ A R> L$ ]yr_ep [dpfp\u cpNu flu R> A_ [d ùR>p L$fu fp
R>p.
*AL$ fp lTf[ Bkp(Agelukgpd)AL$ Ahu esL$[
`pk\u `kpf \ep L$, S> EOu fp l[p. A_ ep Afie `Z L$V $gpL$ gpL$p
l[p, S>Ap Ecp \B_ _dpT `Y$u fp l[p. [p Ap` [_ adpey L$,
tdep, EWp A_ [d _dpT `Y$p. [p [Z S>hpb Apep L$, d My]p_u
Ahu Bbp][ L$fu R> L$ S> kp\u QqY$ep[u R>. [p Ap` adpey, A L$B
Bbp][ R>? [Z L$y L$, [ A R> L$ d ]yr_ep [L$ L$fu ]uû R>. Ap hp[
`f lTf[ Bkp Agelukgpd [_ adpey L$, kpfy, ky[p fl L$pfZL$
[y [dpd Bbp][p L$fhphpmp\u QqY Nep R>.
kyraepA qL$fpd Ap L$pf_p k]NyZp hX$ Apcyju[ l[p, [p l
cpB, [y `Z ]yr_ep\u r_g` b_u_ My]p_u b]Nu L$f, [p Sp[y [pfp
M|b S> A` dpdp Mp Mp[p l[p A_ AV$gy Mp[p l[p L$ S>V$gy AL$
`nu Mpe R>. [dS> [Ap_p Ofdp AL$ bpfuep rkhpe L$iy S> _ lp[y.
*lTf[ Bdpd AhTpB(fld[ygplAgel)`yfp drl_p
]fep_ dp AL$hpf S>$ dpV$ S>[p l[p A_ epfbp] Ap` drl_pdp
b hpf S>hp gpep [p [d_u hpg]pl [Ap_p ]p[p_ L$l[u l[u L$,
A]yfldp_ dpV$ ]yAp L$fp L [Ap_ TpX$p \B Nep R>. A_ lTf[
dprgL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, ly Z
q]hkdp AL$hpf S>$ J Ry>, `f[y [_p\u `Z ifd A_ychy Ry>. Ap
dpZ_u S> lpg[ lTf[ Bdpd dprgL$, A_ lTf[ Bdpd byMpfu
(fldL$pdygpl Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)_u l[u.
*lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu A_ lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld
(fldL$pdygpl Agelud AS>dB_) epf lgpg Mp lpkug L$fu
iL$[p _lu epf `]f-`]f q]hk bL$ [_p\u `Z h^y q]hkp kyû dp
f[u apL$[p l[p.
*Ad_ A hp[_u ZL$pfu p[ \B R> L$ lTf[ Aby A$pg
dNfbu(fld[ygpl Agel)]f R> drl_ dp AL$hpf Mp[p l[p d
lTf[ iM Agu dfau(fld[ygpl Agel)\u kpcey R> L$, [Ap
adph[p l[p L$, lTf[ iM Bkp bu_ _S>d(fld[ygpl Agel)
S>Ap_p dTpf cyde kdy_p rL$_pfp `f R> [Ap kf (17)hj kyû
Mp^p ù^p hNf A_ _u]f L$ep hNf AL$ S> hTy_u kp\ fp.
( [p l byTyNw_p Sy>$p ]php L$f_pf ! [y dp kf q]hk L$ kf
L$gpL$ S> AL$ hTy_u kp\ flu_ ]MpX$. ùf`] lpkug L$fhy A_ iMu_p
]php L$fhp L$pB Apkp_ hp[ _\u. ldip bp-hTy flhy A ArbepA
qL$fpd_u kyfi_[ R>. ùf ldi
p bp-hTy fli [p S> dyfu]p L$ [pgubp_
aT A_ Afihpfp `lpQpX$u iL$i. - kL$g_ L$[p)
*lTf[ Aby Ddp_ Mfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, [gb_u pfcuL$ Ah\pdp A_ dpfu kaf_p S>dp_pdp AL$ AL$
hj kyû d_ Mphp ùhp_p rhQpf `Z _ lp[p Aph[p lp, L$pB
S>epA\u
L$iy Aphu S>[y [p AgN hp[ l[u.
[p l cpB, kakpglu_ ApV$gu l] cyM, epk kl_ L$f[p
l[p A_ hpfhpf S>$ ìpb S>hp\u `flT L$f[p l[p A_ [_u `pR>m
[Ap_ l[y AgplApgp\u lep A_ ifd l[u L$pfZL$ S>$dp S>B_
hpfhpf k[fApf[(id Npl) Mpghp_ [Ap blepB kdS>[p l[p.
203
204
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`Z L$y R L$, aL$uf L$epfL$ L$epfL$ A MpfpL$_ `Z `p[p_u `pk fpMu g
R>, S>_p rhi [_ L$a hX$ ZL$pfu lpkug \B e R> L$ Ap [_u S>
[L$]uf_u fpTu R>. A_ [ bu L$pB
MpB iL$[p _\u. (AV$gp dpV$ L$pB
_
Ap`hy e\ R>) `f[y d lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)
`pk Ap A_yk^p_ kpcey R> L$, [Ap adph[p l[p L$, Apfua_p
L$dpg A R> L$ epf [_ Z \B e L$ agpZu h[y `p[p_u S> [L$]uf_u
fpTu R>(A_ bu L$pB
[_ MpB iL$[p _\u)[p [_ fpL$u _ fpM bL$ [
[f[ S> Apù ]. A_ ep kyû [ [Ap_u `pk r_q[ kde `pR>u afu_
My] S> _ Aphu e ep kyû kb L$f. L$pfZ L$ Ap hp[dp [ h[y_ fpL$u
fpMhp L$f[p ]yr_epdp Mpgu lp\ lphp_ ANud[p lpkug R>. [dS> Ap
h[y fpL$u fpMhp\u L$pB
ape]p `Z _\u.
*d lTf[ iM Agu _b[u[u bkuf(fld[gpl Agel)\u
kpcey R> L$ [Ap adph[p l[p L$, S> aL$uf lTf[ MuTf(Agelukgpd)\u dygpL$p[ BR> R>, [_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [Ap ApNm_p q]hk_y
Mp kNlu _ fpM. L$pfZL$ S>Ap ApNm_p q]hk dpV$ Mp fpM R>
[_p\u [Ap dm[p _\u.
*lTf[ MuTf (Agelukgpd)_p A r_ed R> L$ [Ap
L$pdgu_ (Aq[dL$npA `lpQ
g
dyfu]L$ [pgub)\u N[ Ah\pdp S>
dygpL$p[ adph R>. A_ dy[]uAp(`pfcuL$ L$np_p dyfu])\u hpbdp
dm R> L$pfZL$ dy[]u [Ap_u N[ Ah\p_u dygpL$p[_ kl_ L$fu
iL$[p _\u. Ap S> L$pfZkf [Ap hpbdp Aphu_ [_ [fuL$p(kyauhp]
_p A [fuL$p S>_u `f [ Qpgu fp R>)rhi A hp[p _u [pgud Ap` R>,
S>_ [Ap Z[p _\u.
*lTf[ Aby A]ygpl efikfu(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
S>Ap ]fbpf qfkpg[dp lpS>f \_pfpAp `L$u AL$ ik l[p, S>_u kp\
lTf[ rMTf (Agelukgpd)N[ Ah\pdp S> dygpL$p[ adph[p
l[p A_ OZuhpf kyû hp[Qu[ L$f[p fl[p l[p epfbp] [ApA N[
Ah\pdp dmhp_y b^ L$fu ]u^y A_ hpbdp [fua gphhp gpep.
[ApA [_y L$pfZ `|R>ey L$, Ap` N[ Ah\pdp lh L$d dm[p
_\u? [p [ApA S>hpb Apep L$, Adpfu Ap][ R> Ad A esL[\u
N[ Ah\pdp _\u dm[p S>Ap ApNgp q]hk dpV$ Mp dyL$u fpM R>
A_ [d agpZp kde [dpfu buhu_ L$y l[y L$, Ap q]fld Adpfudp
fpMu ] L$pg L$pd Aphi. S> kpcmu_ lTf[ Aby A]ygpl
]phpdp kpQp R>p, _lu[f ùf lphp_p A_ kyau lphp_p MpV$p ]php R>pX$u
].
* (67) dykgdp_p e kpfp ArcNd
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyraepA DTTpd_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$, epf [Ap L$pB_ Sy>A R> L$ [ gpL$p\u [_ rhdyM b_u_ `lpX$p
hNfd
p S>B_ flhp gpep R>, A_ `pRy> A `Z Sy>A R> L$ [ gpL$p_
u `pk
Aph[p S>[p `Z fl R>, [dS> ]ph[pdp `Z kpdg \pe R> [dS> [Ap_p
de[_u L$a_ ]a_dp `Z kpdg \pe R>, [p [Ap Ap hp[_ L$pB Mfpb
r$A _ lp[p [p L$ [_p dpV$ L$pB Mfpb rhQpf gph[p _ lp[p bL$
dykgdp_p_u kp\ _L$ h[L$ dpV$ ApheL$ [p A R> L$ [_p Ap L$pe_ A
hp[ `f A_ydp_u[ L$fhy BA L$ [ Aphy dp My]p dpV$ S> L$fu fp R> [p
Ap fu[ Mbf]pf, [d L$epfe Ahp ik dpV$ L$ S> L$pB
S>Ng L$ `lpX$pd
p
S>B_ flhp gpep R> A_ `R>u [ gpL$p kp\ lm[p cm[p `Z lpe R>,
[_p dpV$ b]-Nydp_u _ L$fp. bL$ [dpfp dpV$ S>$fu R>L$ [_p dpV$ kpfp
rhQpf L$fp. Ap hp[_ M|b kd ghu BA A_ L$pB
A]_p dykgdp_
dpV$ `Z L$epfe b]Nydp_u _ L$fhu BA.
hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_
* (68) fpTu_u pu dpV$_u eh\p_p epN
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, [Ap fuTL$_u pr[ dpV$ L$iu S> [epfuAp L$f[p
_\u. A_ epf L$pB fp[ Ahu `kpf \pe R> L$ [Ap_u `pk ]ufld L$
]u_pf _\u lp[p [p(NdNu_ L$ r_fpi \hp_p b]g)[Ap OZp S> Myi
\pe R>. A_ iy$ A]p L$f R>. (L$ ApS> My]pA Ad_ byfu bgp\u bQphu
gu^p) [dS> [Ap Aph[u L$pg dpV$ Mp `Z fpM[p _ lp[p. (bL$ S>
L$pB dm R> [_ ]ffpS> MQ L$fu _pM R>) A_ epf L$epfL$ Ahy b_ R> L$
[Ap `L$u L$pB
AL$ q]hk, L$ AL$ AWhpqX$ey L$ AL$ hfk_p MpfpL$ fpMu g
R> [p A(MpfpL$)[ gpL$p_p _pd lpe R>, L$ S>_p bpS> [Ap_u D`f lpe
R>. (S>d L$ buhu, bpg-bQp, dp-bp` hNf)A_ `p[p_p _pd L$iy
lp[y _\u. A_ [_y L$pfZ A _\u lp[y L$ My]p `f cfpkp _\u, L$ [ [_p
bpg-bQp hNf _ Mphp_y _lu Ap`, bL$ Ap_p\u(Ap kNl L$fhp\u)
[Ap_p l[y A lpe R> L$, My] bpgbQpAp_u A `fip_uAp ]yf \pe L$
S> [Ap_u `pk L$iy S> Mphp_y _lu lpe epf `]$p \i. AdyL$ gpL$pA
Ahy
205
206
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A AT L$fu L$, Ap hp[ [_ kpQu R>.

`f[y d [_p\u [pbpl L$fu guû R>. `f[y R>[p `Z epfbp] Ap`
[Ap_ N[ Ah\pdp L$epfe dep _lu ep kyû L$ [Ap_p Bsfi[L$pg
\B Nep. A_ Ap OV$_p [ApA `p[p_u deyhmp_u rbdpfudp `p[ S>
dpfu kdn hZhu l[u.(lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb iAfp_u(fld[ygpl
Agel)My] adph R>)
*AL$hpf lTf[ bpeTu] bp[pdu(fld[ygpl Agel)\u
L$pBA L$y L$, Ap` L$ep\u Mph R>p, ùhp R>p? Ap` adpey L$,
ep\u AgplApgp dR>f A_ dpMu_ fuTL$ `lpQpX$ R>. iy [d
Ahy kd R>p L$ dpMu A_ dR>f_ [p [ Mp Apì A_ bpeTu] _
cygu S>i?
*lTf[ bpeTu] bp[pdu(fld[ygpl Agel) A AL$ dy[
kyû AL$ Bdpd_u `pR>m _dpT `Y$u. AL$ q]hk Bdpd `|R>ey L$, Aluep
ly [d_ L$iy L$dp[p [p _\u, [p `R>u [d Mphp R>p L$ep\u? [_p
eyfdp lTf[ bpeTu](fld[ygpl Agel) A adpey L$, `lgp
ly A _dpTp_u L$Tp L$fu gD S> d [pfu `pR>m `Y$u R>, `R>u S>hpb Apùi.
L$pfZL$ [y My]p_ ApmM[p _\u A_ S> My]p_ ApmM[p _\u [_u `pR>m
_dpT S> \[u _\u.
[p l cpB, kakpglu_ `L$u dpV$pcpN_p fuTL$_u pr[ dpV$
L$iu S> eh\p L$f[p _ lp[p, L$pfZL$ eL$u_[f L$pdug[f A dyS>b
eL$u_ S> [Ap_u ]pg[ l[u. lh [y [pfp _ak_u `funp L$f L$ [ Aph[uL$pg
dpV$ Mp fpMhp BR> R> L$ _lu? A_ [ [_ fppMhp dpV$ DkyL$ lpe
[p [_ L$lu ]$ L$ kpglu__p dL$pdp `L$u [pfp L$pB S> rlkp _\u.
* (69) dyiub[p `f kb L$fhu
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap k[uAp A_ dyiub[p_ Myiu dTp A_ [hNfu `f
AN[p Ap` R>. L$pfZL$ [_p pfp My]p [fa ep_u[ \B iL$ R> A_ S>
esL[ `Z My]pApgp\u dplb[ L$f R>, [ Ap hp[_ `k] L$fi L$
S>_
p \L$u [ Ly$b Bgplulpkug L$fu iL$ R>.
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)`pk gpL$p
Nep [p [Ap_ A lpg[dp ep L$ AL$ A^pqfep dL$p_dp bWgp R> A_
lp\dp fpV$u R>. S>\u gpL$pA [Ap_ `|R>ey L$, lTf[, iy [dpfu `pk
207
rQfpN _\u(L$ Ap A^pfpdp bWp R>p) iy L$pB Ahu h[y _\u L$ S>_u
D`f fpV$u fpMp? (L$ S>_p L$pfZ lp\dp fpV$u `L$X$g
u R>) [ApA S>hpb
Apep L$, d_ [p dpfu cy[L$pm_u lpg[p `f `p[p` \B fp R> L$
epf dpfu `pk khL$pB
l[y. (A_ lh Ap lpg[_ `k] L$fy Ry> L$ epf
L$iy S> _\u.)
*AdufydpAd_u_ lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp afdph[p l[p L$, S>_ fp fpV$u_p kyL$p Vy$L$X$p `Z dmu
e [p [ dpl[pS> _\u, dpl[pS> [p A R> L$ S>_ L$iy S> _ dm.
*lTf[ MaT bu_ ldu]$(fld[ygpl Agel)bep_ adph[p
l[p L$, Ddp, ayL$fp, lyL$dp, ipAfp A [dpd_u A hp[ `f AL$d[
R>L$ ApMf[_u _Ad
[p_p L$dpg_p Alkpk(kh] _p) epf S> \B iL$
R> epf ]yfiehu _Ad[p [_ ApR>u dmgu lpe _lu[f Alkpk [p S>$f
\i `f[y M|b S> A` dppdp.
[p l cpB, L$pdgu_ gpL$p ]yfiepdp S> L$epd[_u Mpa_pL$ OV$_pAp
[p fl[p l[p l_ [_p L$pfZ [Ap_ ]yfiep_u L$pB
h[ydp dTp Aph[u
_ l[u; [p Ap fu[ [pf `Z Ap hp[ `f M|b S> qQ[
_-d__ L$fhy BA
A_ ]fL$ nZ ApMf[ A_ L$b_u lpg_pL$ lpg[p_ r$ kdn fpMhu
pdp
BA S>_ kyauhp]u-_u S>bp_dp dyfpL$ubpA Alhpg L$epd[ L$lh
Aph R>.
* (70) kdL$pgu_ byTN
y p_p Al[fpd
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, epf L$pB esL[ `p[p_u S>$f[ hNf A_yk^p_ [Ap\u
]yAp_u ]fMp[ L$f R>. [p [Ap `p[p_p ilf L$ dplgpdp fl[p `p[p_p
L$pB kdL$pgu_ iM_u `pk [_ ]yAp dpV$ dpL$gu ] R> A_ iM e [
esL[_p A[L $p]_ ]yf[ L$fhp_p e_p L$f R>.
*A_ Ap [fuL$p lTf[ ke]u iM Agu hpk (fld[ygpl
Agel)_p l[p. AV$g L$ epf L$pB esL[ [Ap_u `pk Aph[p A_
Ap`_p\u L$pB hp[_u ]fMp[ L$f[p [p [_p\u `|R>`fR> L$f[p l[p L$,
cpB, [y ep dplgp(ilf)_p flhpku R>p? epf [ ]MpX$[p [p
adph[p l[p L$, `p[p_p ilf_p iM `pk h L$pfZL$ Agpl
ApgpA [dpfp ilf_p iM_ AV$gp dpV$ S> ep fpep R> L$ [Ap
dplgphpkuAp (ilfhpkuAp)_u S>$f[ `|fu L$f.
([p l cpB Ap hp[_ M|b kd ghu BA. kyauhp]_p `rh
208
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

S>_pb fkyggpl kggplp Agel hkgd_u dplb[_p Ap^pf S>
]yr_ep\u Mpgu lp\ flhy R>.) A_ dpV$ S> S>_pb fkyggpl(kggplp
Agel hkgd) `p[p_u Algb[
[fa_u dplb[ A_ Algb[
_u
Ap`_p\u dplb[_p L$pfZ A ]yAp adphu l[u L$, Agpl dpfu
Apg_ bk Mphp `yf[y fuTL$ A[p adph [_p\u h^y _ Ap`. A_
fuTL$_u [Nu AV$gp dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ Ap]du My]p [fa ep_u[ fl A_
L$pB
fpL$hphpmu h[y [_p Ap ep_dp cNpZ _ k iL$. Mpk L$fu_
L$pB esL[ Ahp lpe L$ S> cyM kl_ L$fu iL$[p _ lpe, [p [_ [p A
hp[_u S>$f[ h^y R>. L$pfZL$ [ fp[ q]hk Agpl-Apgp_u [fa ep_u[
fli. A_ [_p\u bfpbf fpTu dpN[p fli. A_ [dp S>fp`Z Apmk
_lu L$f.
adph[p l[p L$, Ap]duAp `f AL$ Ahp kde Aph_pfp R L$ S>dp
dpdu_ gpd
X$u\u h^y Tgug(bApb$) li. A_ A fu[ h_ Nyfi
L$ S> fu[ L$uX$p kyfL$p_u A]f (S> fu[ kyfL$p_u A]f L$uX$p M] b][p lpe
R> A fu[.)
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, S> Ap]du\u AgplApgp Z q]hk kyû ]yr_ep_
fpL$u g(A_ [_ Z q]hk kyû Mphp-ùhp_y _ dm) A_ [ [_u
D`f kb L$f [p [_p dpV$ S>fi_[ hpb \B S>i.
*lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygplAgel) adph[p l[p
L$, epf Ap]du dpAfa [ Bgplu_p dL$pdpdp [f$u L$f R>. [p ]yr_ep
[_p\u ep kyû _af[ L$fhp gpN R> L$ [ [_ bpgph R>, [p`Z [
Aph[u _\u. L$pfZL$ [ Z R> L$ [_p q]gdp dpfu S>ep _\u, ly L$ep
flui.? (L$pfZ L$ [_y q]g My]p A_ fkyg_u dplb[ hX$ cfgy R>.)
[p l cpB, Ap_p\u Zhp dey L$, kyauhp]_p Sy>$p ]$ph]$pfp_
u
ApmM A R> L$ S>d S>d [_u Ddf h^[u e R>, AV$gp S> [_p ]yfiehu
kp-kpdp_ h^[p fl R> Ap hp[_ M|b kd ghu BA.
* (72) ]yfiehu [NuAp `f Myiu
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bpkap gpL$p_p k]NyZp `L$u AL$
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, S>V$gu l] AgplApgp [fa\u [Ap_p ]yfiehu
dpdgpApdp [NuAp Aph R>, [V$gu l] [Ap Myi \pe R>. A_ L$l R> L$
dpN[p q]g_u kapB A_ _ak_u `pL$uTNu lpkug L$fhp dpV$ R>, Ap

dpNdp L$epfe lk], L$u_p, L$`V, byT, A]ph[ hNf L$pf_p ]yNyZp
hiu iL$[p _\u. `f[y ApS> Aakpk [p A S> R> L$ Ap `rh dpN_p
Agdbf]pfp(ùfp) hQ S> Nmp L$p` lqfapB A_ lk] hpdp Aphu
flu R>. Ap fu[ Ap `rh dpN_p flbfp S> Aphu r__L$np_u q]g_u
A_ $l_u rbdpfuApdp k`X$pegp R> [p [ Afie_p q]g_u L$ $l_u
kapB L$B fu[ L$fu iL$i ? A_ kyauhp]_p Ap `rh dpNdp Ap L$pf_u
MfpbuAp A_ ]yjZp Oykhp_y L$pfZ [khya_p Lpg [dS> lpg$ù
Bd\u _phpqaL$ dphuR>p` ùfp R>. kygyL$_p dpN `pf Lep rh_p dp
rMgpa[$ù L$pNmuep lpkug L$fu ghp\u L$B [auepA L$b A_
[TL$uepA _ak lpkug \B S>[p _\u. lp, [phuT-^pNp_u ]yL$p_ S>$f
Mpgu iL$pe R>.A_ [_ S> rM]d[ ML$ (dp_h khp) kd ghpdp
Aphu R> `f[y MfMf [p [ rM]d[ My] S(`p[p_u khp)R>. L$lhp_p
A\ A S> R> L$, epf kyauhp]_p L$pe]p dyb L$pB Bfikp_ kygyL$Aggpl_p dpN_ `qf`|Z fu[ `pf L$fu_ `R>u L$pB kplb r_b[
byTyN\u rMgpa[ lpkug L$f R> A_ dyfu]p [\p [pgubp_u [fbue[
afdph R> [p S> [dp ]yNyZp_u S>epA k]NyZp `]p \pe R> A_ Aphp
Bfikp_ S> ùf`]_ gpeL$ lpe R> L$pfZL$ [ lk], L$u_p hNf\
u `pL$ \B
QyL$ep lpe R> A_ [ `p[p_p kdL$pgu_ ]fL$ byTN
y p_p `yf`
fy p Al[fpd
L$f R> A_ ]fL$_p epg fpM R>.-kL$g_ L$[p)
* (71) My]p A_ fkyg_u dplb[
L$, epf AgplApgp [Ap\u ]yr_ep_ rhdyM L$fu ] R>, [p [Ap Myi
\pe R>, L$pfZL$ Ap lTfp[p My]p A_ fkyg\u dplb[ L$f R> A_ S>
My]p A_ fkyg_ dplb[ L$fi [ ]yr_ep_ S>$f _p`k] L$fi L$pfZL$ [
Bbp][dp L$dpg_u pr[ dpV$ Ahfp^ $` R>. AV$gp dpV$ [Ap_p kp\u
DQL$np -_p k]NZ
y A R> L$ [Ap_u [fa epf ]yr_ep TyL$ R> [p [Ap_p
q]g [Nu A_ych R>. A_ [d A hp[ `f rhQpfp L$, epf kplbpA
qL$fpd(fu]hp_ygpl AS>dB_)_ epf lyTyf _buA- `pL$(kggplp
Agel hkgd)\u dplb[ l[u, [p [Ap_u lpg[p L$B fu[_u l[u?
L$ [Ap dpV$p cpN_p `pk _ [p khpf_p kde ]ufld L$ ]u_pf lp[p A_
_ [p kpS>_p kde. (A_ Ap hp[ `f qQ[_ \L$u Zhy BA L$
209
210
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
AgplApgp_ Adpfu kp\ dplb[ _ lp[ [p Adpfp Ap

dL$k]pdp [Nu L$fhpdp _ Aph[u L$ S> Ad_ [_p\u fpL$_pfp R>.
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygplAgel)adph[p l[p
L$, d_ dpfp D[p] lTf[ A]ygpl fpTu fld[ygpl Agel adpey
L$, [y My]p_u q_L$V$[p Qpl R>, [p `p[p_u A_ `p[p_u ]yfiehu
gpgkpAp hQ q]hpg Ecu L$fu ]. (AV$g L$ _akp_u d_R>pAp
[_ R>pX$u ].)
*lTf[ Ddf bu_ A]ygATuT(f]uegplp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, [d `p[p_p q]gdp `p[p_u hpluip[p_ dpfu _pMp A_
`p[p_u [_ [_u [gb `pR>m bfbp] _ L$fp. L$pfZL$ S> esL[ `p[p_u
hpluip[p_ `p[p_p `N _uQ L$QX$u _pMi i[p_ [_p `X$R>pep\u
`Z cpNi. [_p\u DgVy$, S> esL[ [_( hpluip[p)_ `p[p_p q]gdp
\p_ Apì i[p_ [_u D`f khpf \B_ S> [fa BR>i [ [fa afi.
L$pfZL$ My]pApgp [_p Ny_pl_u k$` i[p__ [_u D`f L$pby A`w
]i.
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, M|b _L$_p kdedp gpL$p `f AL$ Ahp eyN Aphi
L$ [_p l[y dp `V$ cfhp_p li. A_ [_p ]u_ [_u hplui _akp_u
(AV$g L$ `p[p_p rhQpfp A_ d_R>pAp_y _pd S> ]u_ fpMu ]i) A_
[Ap_u [ghpf [Ap_u c li. (S>d aph [d e\ bL$hpk L$ep
L$fi)
*A_ kyauepA qL$fpd_p Ap k]NZ
y L$ ]yfiehu [NuAp\u [Ap
Myi \[p l[p [ `V$ [Ap_u ]gug A R> L$, S>_pb fkyggpl kggplp
Agel hkgd adpey L$, ]pTM hprlip[p hX$ Ofpegu R> A_
S>fi_[_p `k]u]p hp[p hX$. ([p S> esL[ hpluip[p _y A_ykfZ
L$fi [ ]pTMdp `lpQi A_ S> esL[ _p`k] hp[p kl_ L$fi [
S>fi_[dp ]pMg \i.)
[p l cpB, byTyNp_ ]u_ A_ kyraepA qL$fpd Ap fu[ `p[p_p
dpV$ ]yr_ep_u [Nu AV$g A`_phu L$ S>_p L$pfZ [Ap Agpl A_ [_p
fkyg kggplp Agel hkgd_u dplb[ -dp X|$bgp fl A_
[Ap_u [hl ldip Agpl_u Tp[ [fa fl.
* (73) kp]p `pipL$
211

p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
k]NyZ `Z R> L$, [Ap M|b qL$d[u `pipL$ dpV$ L$iy ApepS>_ L$f[p _
lp[p bL$ dpV$p-V$p S>hp `Z lgpg [fuL$p\u `pipL$ dmu S>[p [_
`lfu g[p l[p A_ epf [Ap kya(D_)_p S>cp L$ Adpdp `lf[p [p
h^y qL$d[_p Mfu]$[p _ l[p. epf ApS>L$pg_p kyraAp [p epf
kya(D_)_p S>cp L$ Adpdp `lf R>, [p [ h`pfuAp_p L$`X$p\u `Z
h^y qL$d[u lpe R>. lp, A gpL$p L$ S>Ap `p[p_u [dpd []bufp Agpl
Apgp_u kpd a_p L$fu QyL$ep R>(Aphp gpL$p Ap L$pf_u V$uL$p, V$u`Z\u
`f R> A_ [Ap_ BT[ R> L$ [Ap S> BR> `lf `f[y i[ A R> L$ [
dybpl lpe. L$pfZL$ a_p augpl_p d[bp kyû `lpQu Negp gpL$p_u
`p[p_u LpB hplui lp[u _\u [_y ]fL$ L$pe Agpl_u fTp dpV$ S> lpe
R> A_ [Ap `p[p_p Blpd `f Adg L$f_pfp lpe R>.)
*lTf[ lpr[d Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)`p[ A_ [Ap_p
dyfu]p S|>_p-S>S>fu[ [dS> \uNX$p dpfgp L$`X$p rkhpe buSy> L$iy `lf[p
_ l[p.
*lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel) L$pmp
Tcp `lf[p l[p (A_ AL$hpf `lfu_ [_ D[pf[p _lu ep kyû L$ [
apV$u S>[p A_ `lfhp epe _ fl[p) AL dyiw]$ `|R>ey L$, Ap Tcp
`lep_ L$V$gp kde \ep ? Ap` adpey L$, _h hj\u d [ D[pep
_\u.
*lTf[ Agu B_ Abu [pgub(Lfdgplz hSlzgLfud) A
Adu$dpAd_u_ lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]uegplp Afilp)\u
adpey L$, Ap` S>_pb fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd) A_
lTf[ Abyb$ kuuL(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u kp\ kpdug \hp
BR>[p lp [p `p[p_p L$`X$pdp \uNX$p gNpX$p, [dpfp X$p [d S> bp^p
A_ [dpfu Ddu]p [N L$fp A_ AV$gy Mp Mph L$ `V$ _ cfpe.
*lTf[ AbyTf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_p Ofdp L$ip S>
kpdp_ _ lp[p. dp AL$ gpV$p l[p, S>_p hX$ [Ap hTy L$f[p l[p. L$pB
A
L$y L$, lTf[ \pX$p OZp kpdp_ [p Ofdp S>$f lphp BA. [p
Ap` adpey L$, dpguL$ dL$p_(Agpl Apgp)Ad_ Ap Ofdp flhp
]i _lu([p `R>u kpdp__ iy L$fhp R>?) Ap` Of [p buSy> R>, dpV$
[_p dpV$ Ad _L$ Adgp dpL$gu flep R>uA. (S> [_p kpdp_ R>)
*lTf[ AbyBui Mpgp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
212
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
L$, L$`X$p ^php dpV$ [epfu _ L$fp L$pfZL$ L$`X$p kpa lpe A_ q]g dgy
lpe [_p L$f[p q]g kpa lpe A_ L$`X$p dgp lpe A hp[ lLLApgp_
h^y `k] R>.
adph[p l[p L$, klpbp(fu]hp_ygpl Agelud AS>dB_)_p L$`X$p
h^y dpV$p(X$p MfbQX$p)A_ q]g h^y _fd l[p. A_ lh Ahp S>dp_p
Aphi L$ gpL$p_p L$`X$p _fd A_ q]g k[ li.
*lTf[ Aby Db]pl(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)adph[p l[p
L$, Ahp OZpe gpL$p R> L$ S>Ap L$`X$p_
ka], `f[y `p[p_p ]u__ dgp
L$fu fp R>.
*lTf[ kpbu[ b_p_u(f]uegplpApgp Afilp) adph[p
l[p L$, ly OZuhpf L$`X$p ^php_p Bfp]p L$fy Ry> A_ `R>u L$B
L$ rhQpfu_
fpL$pe J Ry>. dpV$pcpN A rhQpf Aphu e R> L$ [pfy q]g [p kpa _\u,
[p [y L$`X$p_ iy kpa L$f R> ? `lgp q]g_ kpa L$f. ([p Ap fu[ Ap
gpL$p_u `yfu [hl (ep_)dp bpq[__u kapB `f S> fl[u l[u. L$
S> [dpd k]NyZp_u S>X$ R>.)
L$, l Apgud, [pf fidu L$`X$p\u iu ghp ]hp ? [pf [p Qfhplp
(cfhpX$) _u S>d AL$ Qp]f A_ gpWu (gpL$X$u)_u S>$f[ R> A_ A hp[
[pfp dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ [y Agpl Apgp_p L$lf\u [_u fld[ [fa cpN
A_ `p[p_p cpBApdp lLL$ kylp_ly Apgp_u r_L$V$[p_p DdN `]p
L$f.
*lTf[ eykya bu_ Abp[(fld[ygpl Agel) afdph[p
l[p L$, lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu fld[ygpl Agel_ d d$p_p f[pdp
ep. d [_p L$`X$p_p [_p Sy>[p kp\ rlkpb gNpXep [p dpfp A]pS>
dyS>b Ly$g 1 q]fld A_ Qpf ]pN(AL$ rk$p)_u qL$d[_p l[p. A_
Zhy BA L$ lTf[ kyraep Ap L$pf_u _L$ Ap][ dpV$ Ap l]uj`pL$
]gug$` fS|> L$f R> L$ S>dp Apey R> L$, bTTp[ Bdp_ kp\ kb^
^fph R>. A_ bTTp[ _p A\ R> Sy>_p L$`X$p `lfhp. [p Ap fu[ kpbu[
\ey L$ Sy>_p L$`X$p `lfhp_p kb^ Bdp_ kp\ R>. A_ Ap S> l[y l[p L$
Aphu s\q[dp Ap]duA A hp[_u ]fL$pf _ L$fhu BA L$ [Z L$hp
L$`X$p `lep R>.
213
* (74) \pX$p `f k[pj A_ ayTygMQu_p epN

L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA DTTpd_p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ k]NZ
y
A `Z R> L$, Ap lTfp[p_ epf lgpg dpg dmu e R> [p [_u M|b S>
kphQ[u `|hL$ hp`f R>. L$pfZL$ lgpg ]fL$ Tdp_pdp iiue[_p
d[bpAp_p [aph[ dyS>b A` dppdp lpe R>. A_ d[bpApdp
[aph[_p rlkpb Ad AV$gp dpV$ L$u^y L$ L$epfL$ AL$ L$pd
_p rlkpb [_u
`qfs\q[ dyS>b AL$ h[y lgpg lpe R>, A_ bu AL$ L$pd L$ S> h^y
kphQ[u fpM_pfu lpe [_p dpV$ [ lfpd. ([p Ap fu[ ]fL$ [b$p_u
lgpg`Zp_u dep]p A_ykpf lgpg_u prdp [aph[ flhp_p. ]p.[.
S> gpL$p h^y kphQ[uhpmp R>, [Ap_u r$A lgpg M|b S> A`
dpZdp li. A_ S> ApR>u kphQ[
uhpmp R>, [_p dpV$ lgpg h^y pe
li. [p L$lh
p_p l[y A R> L$ ]fL$ [b$p_u dep]p A_ykpf lgpg_u pr
lpe R> A_ AV$gp dpV$ S> [_p MQdp `Z Ap rlkpb A_ykpf S> kphQ[u
fpMhp_u S>$f[ R>. A_ ka_p A L$pe]p l[p L$ [Ap lgpg q]fld
L$dphp_ kp\d AN[p Ap`[p l[p. L$pfZL$ Ap gpL$p q_:iL$`Z
ApMf[_p gpL$p `L$u R>. A_ A hp[ [p `$ R> L$ S> gpL$p lfpd L$
iL$piug dpg Mpe R>, [Ap\u _L$ Apdpgp \B iL$[p _\u, L$pfZL$ S>
lfpd Mpi [_p\u lfpd L$pep S> \i. A_ S> iL$piug dpg Mpi [_p\u
iL$piug L$pep S> \i. ep kyû L$ lfpd Mphphpmp A hp[_p Bfp]p
L$fi L$ [ My]pApgp_u `|f`
f| u B[pA[ L$f [p lfpd MpZp_u MfpbuAp_p
L$pfZ [ Ap Bfp]p_ `pf `pX$u iL$i _lu.
*lTf[ ey_k
y bu_ Dbe](fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, ApS> AL$ q]fld\u ApRy> `Z lgpg dpy] _\u A_ [ Ad_
dmu S>[y [p [_u bfL$[p hX$ `p[p_p dfuTp dpV$ []yf[u lpkug L$f[p.
*lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
Ap]du_p ]u_ epf R> L$ epf [_u fpV$u lgpg [fuL$p\u p[ \egu
lpe A_ ApS>L$pg S> gpL$p_p ][fMp_ `f lgpg fpV$u dm R>, [Ap
Nfub gpL$p R>.
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ Abpk(f]uegplpApgp Afilp)
adph[p l[p L$, lgpg L$dpB dykgdp_ dpV$ AL$ `lpX$\u bu `lpX$_u
[fa \m-`qfh[_ L$fhp L$f[p `Z h^y dyL$g R>.
*lTf[ Bdpd lk_(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A L$pB_ Ap
]yAp L$f[p kpcep L$, l Agpl, d_ lh Ahu lgpg fuTL A[p
214
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[d_ [dpfu fpV$u_y Bd R> [ Lep\u Aphu A_ d_ dpfu fpVu_y. (AV$gp
dpV$ S>_ S> fpV$u_u lL$uL$[_u ZL$pfu lpe, [_ [ S> fpV$u Mphu BA.)
[p l cpB, lgpg fuTL$_p dpdgpdp M|b S> kphQ[u-`|hL$
h[hy BA A_ kakpglu__y A_ykfZ L$fhy BA L$pfZL$ lgpg
fpTu S> [L$hp_u S>X$ kdp_ R>.
hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_
* (75) lLL$ hp[_u hkue[ L$fhu
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$ [Ap Afk-`fk AL$bu_ _kul[p L$f R>, A_
_kul[p_ L$byg L$f R>. A_ _kul[p L$f_pf_p Apcpf `Z dp_ R>.
*AL$ esL[A lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel) \u
AT L$fu L$, d_ L$BL$ hrke[ adphp. Ap` adpey L$, [d S> L$pB
S>epA flp Agpl Apgp_p lyL$d_u BTT[ L$fp [_y `qfZpd A
Aphi L$ [d ep `Z li My]pApgp [d_ BTT[ A[p L$fi.
*AL$ ik lTf[ Ddfbu_ A]yATuT(f]uegplp
Afilp)\u AT L$fu L$, d_ L$BL$ hqke[ adphp. Ap` adpey L$,
A hp[ \u bQp L$ [d _L$ gpL$p\
u dmp A_ [_u kplb[ hX$ ape]p _
EWphp A\hp [p Ny_lNpfp `f dgpd[ L$fp A_ My] Ny_plp\u _ bQp
A\hp [p lfu fu[ [p i[p_ `f gp_[ L$fp A_ Ry>ù fu[ [_u [pb]pfu
L$fp.
*L$pB
A lTf[ lk_ bkfu fld[ygpl Agel \u AT L$fu L$,
L$pB _kul[ adphp. [p Ap` adpey L$, Ny_pl _ L$fp L$ [d [dpfu
[ S> [d_ ApNdp aL$u fp R>p; A_ [dpfu lpg[ Ahu R> L$ L$pB
[dpfu kpd AL$ dR>f ApNdp aL$u ] [p [d [_u D`f A[fpT L$fp R>p
`f[y [d R>[p `Z [d Ny_plp L$fu_ My] `p[p_ ]ffpS> A_L$hpf ApNdp
aL$u fp R>p [d_ [dpfu D`f L$pB S> A[fpT _\u \[p.
*AL$ esL[A lTf[ kyauep_ bu_ Ae_uepl (fld[ygpl
Agel)\u AT L$fu L$, d_ L$BL$ _kul[p adphp. Ap` adpey L$,
Mbf]pf, [L$byf _lu L$f[p. A_ _plL gpL$p_
p dpg _lu Mp[p L$pfZL$
S> gpL$p `f dpVpB S>[ph R> [ [Ap_u r$dp bApb$ \B e R> A_ S>
gpL$p_p dpg_ gyV$ R> R>hV$ [ dpl[pS> b_u e R>.
*lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$ esL[_
A\p [ :- Ap]du
L$l[p kpcep L$, AdfAp dA d_ Alb (A\p
adph L$ S> rbLy$g `pL kpa lpe. [p Ap` adpey L$, l ik, `p[p_p
dpV$ A lgpg_u ]yAp L$f S>_u D`f My]p [_ k _ ] fy A lgpg S>
bugLy$g `pL$-kpa lpe [p A [p AqbepA qL$fpd_y fuTL$ R>. (Ad_ L$
[d_ L$ep\u _kub \hp_y.)
*lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)dpVp -cpN
kpS> kyû dl_[ L$f[p l[p epf [Ap_ dS|>fu Ap`hpdp Aph[u [p
[Ap [_ [p A_ `p[p_p kp\uAp_ adph[pL$, d_ ce R> L$ S>
isL[ MQhp_y L$lhphpmp dpfu `pk BR>p fpM[p l[p L$]pQ d [ `|fu
isL[ MQu _ lpe; A_ dpV$ Ap dS|>fu dpfp dpV$ lgpg _ lpe. Aphy
L$lu_ ehkpe_p lgpg`Zp dpV$ A i[ `Z gNph[p l[p L$ `p[p_p
L$pddp diNyg \B_ My]p_u ep]\u Npaug _ \B h A_ AV$gp dpV$ S>
L$pe [Ap Nag[_u lpg[dp L$f[p l[p [_u dS|>fu g[p _ lp[p.
*lTf[ dykAf bu_ L$]pd(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
S>epA lgpg _S>f Aph[y _\u rkhpe A `pZu
L$, d_ ApS >[p L$pB
L$ S> Ap]du ]Sgp A_ a|fp[ _]udp\u Mpbp cfu_ ùh.
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf fl d [y gpl Agel\u A
_bu](AL$ L$pf_y MS|>f_y ù)rhi khpg L$fhpdp Apep S> kpdpfie
fu[ gpL$p Ofpdp b_ph R>. [p Ap` khpg L$f_pf_ adpey L$, [pfy cgy
\pe. [y `pZudp _pM[p `lgp MS|>fp_ B g L$ [ L$ep\u Aphu R>.
_bu]_p khpg [p `R>u_p R>. (L$pfZL$ MS|>fp lgpg lpe epf [p
Ap khpg bfpbf R>, L$ epf [_ `pZudp _pMu_ _bu] [epf L$fhpdp
Apey, [p [_p dpV$ iy lyL$d R> ? A_ MS|>fp S lfpd lpe S>hy L$
ApS>L$pg Ap bgp kpdpfie R> [p `R>u Ap khpg S> e\ R>.) (Ap
s\q[ ApS>\u 1000 hj `lgp_u l[u.)
*lTf[ Bbplud bu_ A]ld(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p
l[p L$, d AL$ Apbu]_ ep L$ [ _dpT dpV$ `fpZ EW R>, [p [_p
L$pfZ `f d rQ[_ L$ey. d_ Zhp dey L$ [_y Mp `pL$-kpa _\u.
(dpV$ S> [_ Ap L$pf_u ky[u \pe R>)A_ [_p MpfpL$ `pL$ kpa lp[
[p Ap L$pf_u Apmk [_ \[u _lu.
*lTf[ kyraep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)epf L$pB
]ph[dp S>[p [p `p[p_u fpV$u `p[p_u kp\ gB S>[p. A_ ep S>B_
`p[p_u fpV$u Mp[p l[p A_ epf kplbMp_p(r_dL$) L$l[p L$,
S>_pb, [d dpfu fpV$u ip dpV$ _\u Mp[p ? [p adph[p L,$ rdep
215
216
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Lepd[_p q]hk [_u kp\ S> li, S>_p\u [ dplb[ L$f R>.) [p Ap`
adpey L$, l cpB [y Ap L$pg\u ^pMpdp _lu `X$u S>[p A_ Ahy _lu
kdS>[p L$ ly LBS> L$ep qh_p S> _L$p_
u kp\ kpdug \B S>Bi. L$pfZL$ [y
[Ap_u kp\ epf S> kpdug \B iL$ R>, epf L$ [y [d_p S>hp Adgp
L$fui. yAp elyy]u A_ _kpfp `p[p_p èNbfp\u dplb[ L$f R>,
`f[y [Ap [d_u kp\ kpdug _lu lpe L$pfZL$ Apdpgdp [Ap\u AgN
R> A_ [Ap_p dyMpgua b_u Negp R>.
`pQ hp[p_ `pQ hp[p\u `lgp N_ud[ kd. eyhp_u_ h^ph\p
\u `lgp, []yf[u_ qbdpfu `lgp, [hNfu (dpg]pfu)_ dpl[p\u
`lgp ayfk]_ hr[de b_u S>[p `lgp,A_ rS>]Nu_ dey\u `lgp.
[p l cpB, Ap hp[p_ M|b kd ghu BA A_ `p[p_p
_ak_u ]fL$ `m Mbf fpMhu BA L$pfZL$ i[p_[p Mygp ]yd_ R>,
epf _ak Ry>`p ]yd_ `Z R> A_ Ofdp Ry>`pegp Qpf AV$g L$ Of_p
Qpf `Z R> dpV$ [_p\u kphQ[u h^y S>$fu R>.
* (76) hrke[_u if[p_y `pg_
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap _kul[ [dS> hkue[ [_ L$f R> S>_p rhi [Ap_ Myb
r_L$V$_p kp\uAp pfp A ZL$pfu lpkug \B NB lpe L$ [ [_u _kul[p
A_ hqke[p_ L$bg
y L$fi. _lu[f [Ap Ap dpdgpdp rhgb L$f R> ep
kyû L$ [_ _kul[ dpV$ L$pB ifuA[ dyS>b_p L$pB [fuL$p lpkug \B
e, S>d L$ L$pB hpBT hNf_u dS>guk L$ S>dp [ lpS>f lpe. hNf...
*lTf[ lpdu] rgapa(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
[d S>_ _kul[ L$fp L$ S>_p\u [d_ L$bg
y L$fhp_u A`np lpe _lu[f
iLe R> L$ Ap _kul[_y `qfZpd AL$ Ahu [L$gua lpe L$ [d kl_ _ L$fu
iL$p. A_ Mbf]pf, Ap eyNdp L$pB_u D`f Aakfu _lu L$f[p L$pfZL$
ApS>L$pg ]fL$ `p[p_ dpV$p kdS> R> A_ `p[ [pb]pf b_u_ flhp_
ifd-S>_L$ kdS> R> A_ S|Ap, ]fL$ ik_u [pb]pfu _lu L$f[p L$pfZL$
_akp_u hpluip[p_u bf Nfd R> A_ Mygyk(r_:hp\[p) A_
rggplue[ M|b S> A` dpZdp flu NB R>. AV$gp dpV$ ]fL$ esL[
`f cfpkp L$fhp kpfp _lu A_ AV$gp epg fpMS> L$ [pfy fpT(fle,
c])L$pB
_u `pk Mpg[p _lu L$pfZL$ ApS>L$pg Adp_[ [_ EWu QyL$u
217
R> A_ gpL$pdp fpT]pfu_u gpeL$p[ flu _\u.

*ly (qL$[pb_p gML$ lTf[ Bdpd ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl
Agel)L$ly Ry> L$, lTf[ lpdug rgapa(fld[ygpl Agel)A rbLy$g
kpQy afdpey L$pfZL$ dpfu My]_u kpd Ap L$pf_u AL$ OV$_p b_u QyL$u
R> L$ d Ap eyN_p dipBMp `L$u AL$ iM(ùf)_ _kul[ L$fu L$ [
Tpgudp_ ep Mp _ Mpe A_ Ap hp[ dpfu A_ [_u hQ S> l[u.
L$pB u esL[_ [_u Z _ l[u,`f[y [_y `qfZpd A Apey L$,
kf hj kyû [Z dpfu kp\ hp[Qu[ _ L$fu A_ d M|b S> dyL$g\u
[_u kp\ kdp^p_ L$e.y lh [d A]p L$fu ep L$ ly [_ gpL$p_
p kdyl
hQ _kul[ L$f[p [p dpfu iy lpg[ \[u ? A _hpB_u hp[ _\u L$ [
d_ dpfu _pMhp_u L$piui L$f[p [p Ap_p\u kd ghy BA A_
`p[p_p Tdp_p_u lpg[_ ApmMu_ `p[p_p cpBAp_ eysL[`|hL$
_kul[p L$fhu BA.
l cpB, Ap R> lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u (fld[ygpl
Agel)_p eyN_p dipBMp_u lpg[, epf L$ L$h
p L$h
p dlp_ byTN
y p_-
]u_ dpSy>] l[p A_ L$V$gp kpfp eyN l[p [p lh [_u D`f\u ApS>_p Ap
Ar[_pSy>L$ eyN_p Lepk L$fu g L$ kyauhp]_p Ap `rh dpNdp _ Z
L$V$gue MfpbuAp agpZu li A_ L$hp L$hp Y$pNu A_ ^|[pfp gpL$p [dp
`]p \B QyL$ep li. ?!? (Agpl_u `_pl)
* (77) `p[p_p Adgp_u [yR>[p
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA bphL$pf gpL$p_
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL A
`Z R> L$, [Ap_u `p[p_u r$dp `p[p_p Adgp rbLy$g [yR> A_
A`dppdp S> l[p, cg_ `R>u [Ap_u Bbp][ rS>fi_p Bfikp_u kpdyrlL$
Bbp][p bfpbf lpe. A_ [Ap Ahy S> kdS>[p l[p L$ Adpfp\u AgplApgp_p l$ AL$ [ZMgp bfpbf `Z A]p \B iL$ep _\u.
*lyTyf _buA `pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u A lpg[
l[u L$, Ap` _dpTdp AV$gu l] Ecp fl[p l[p L$ Ap`_p `rh
`Npdp kp Aphu S>[p Nep l[p A_ [dp\u gplu V$`L$hp gp[y l[y.
gpL$pA AT L$fu L$, ep fkyyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)
Ap`_p [p ApNm `pR>m_p [dpd Ny_plp dpa \B Q|L$ep R>, R>[p `Z
Ap` ApV$gu l] [L$guap EWphu fp R>p. [p Ap` adpey L$, iy ly
iy$ NyTpfb]p _ b_y A_ epf lLLApgpA dpfu D`f Alkp_ adpep
R> L$ dpfu gNTuip\u ]fNyS>f adphu R> [p iy d_ A ipcp`] R L$ ly
218
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

*lTf[ B_ dL$p[ug(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
lTf[ Bdpd Aby l_uap(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A uk hj kyû
Bip_p hT|\u khpf_u _dpT A]p adphu A_ AL$ qfhpe[dp Qpguk
hj R>. A_ AL$dp 46 hj A_ AL$dp `Qpk(50)A_ A iLe R> L$
Ap [dpd klul lpe A_ ]fL$ fphuA `p[p_p S>dp_p kyû_u lpg[
hZhu lpe.
*lTf[ eykya bu_ Mpgu](fld[ygplAgel)adph[p l[p
L$, Bdpd Aby l_uap(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) i$Ap[dp dp
AX$û fp[ kyû S> N[p l[p, A_pepk S> L$V $gpL$ gpL$p [Ap_u `pk\u
_uL$ep, [p [Ap_ Ahy L$l[p kpcey L$, Ap ik `|fu fp[ N[
Ah\pdp rh[phu R>. A_ Bdpd_u [fa Bipfp L$ep. Ap kpcmu_
Bdpd kplb adpey L$, ly kdSy> Ry> L$ dpfp rhi A hp[p bep_ L$fhpdp
Aphu flu R>, L$ S> ly L$f[p _\u epf bp] Ap` `|fu fp[ L$epd adphhp
gpep A_ hap[ kyû [Ap_p A S> r_ed fp.
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ q]_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)A `p[p_p
dL$p_dp L$b Mp]u_ fpMu l[u A_ ]fL$ fp [dp D[fu_ khpf kyû
_dpT `Y$[p l[p.
*epf rMgpa[ lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp) _ lpkug \pe R>, [p [Ap_p L$pe]p l[p L$ _ fp[ ky[p l[p L$ _
q]hk A_ adph[p l[p L$, ly fp EOy Ry> [p d_ `p[p_ bfbp] L$fy
Ry> A_ ly q]hk EOy Ry> [p fe[_ bfbp] L$fy Ry>. L$ [_p rhi dpfu
`|R>`fR> \_pfu R>. (AV$gp dpV$ _ [p q]hk Apfpd Lfy Ry> _ [p fp)
[p l cpB, Ap fu[ [y Ap byTyNp_u lpg[ r_lpmu_ `p[p_u
lpg[ `f r$`p[ L$f L$ Lep kyû Ap byTyNp_p lpg[p_ A_y$` R>.
* (78) ahp Ap`hpdp kphQ[u
L$pdug ùfp A_ kyauepA L$pdgu__p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ k]NZ
y
A `Z R> L$, [Ap_ A hp[_p bly S> X$f fl R> L$, `p[p_p Bd A_
Adg L$ S>_p hX$ [ dgyL$ My]p_u ]u_ A_ ]yr_ep_u cgpBAp [fa
fl_d
y pB L$f R>, L$pB
Ahu hp[ `]p _ \B e L$ S> [_p ]$u__ bfbp] L$fu
]. (AV$g L$ dp_ d[bp_u dplb[ L$ dpg_u dplb[ A_ epf Ap
gpL$p_u lpg[ Aphu R>)[p Ap`Z [Ap `L$u L$pB_p rhi `Z Ahy
A_ydp_ _ L$fhy BA L$ [Ap ]yr_ep_p L$pB
L$pedp kf]pfu_p BRy>L$ R>
[_u Bbp][ R>pX$u ]D.

Ad Ahp Ap]du ep R> L$ S>Ap `p[p_p ]u_ A_ `p[p_u Dd kb^

L$V $gp L$S >y k l[p L$ S>V$gp gpL$p ]ufld A_ ]u_pf kb^
lpe R>. (AV$g
L$ S> fu[ [d [dpfp `kp lp\\u R>pX$hp_y `k] L$f[p _\u A S> fu[ [Ap
`p[p_p ]u_ A_ `p[p_u Ddf bfbp] L$fhu `k] L$f[p _ lp[p.)
*lTf[ D[b[yNygpd(fld[ygpl Agel)_u lpg[ A l[u
L$ epf [ApA [pbpl L$fu epf _ [p [Ap_ Mphp_y kpfy gpN[y l[y _
[p L$iy `lfhp_y L$ _ [p kyhp_y ep kyû L$ A S> lpg[dp [d_p Bsfi[L$pg
\B Nep.
*lTf[ dy lu](fl d [y gpl Agel)`p [ p_p ey N _p
Apbu]p_ adph[p l[p L$, [d gpL$p Apbu] _\u bL$ Bbp][\u
rgTT[ EWphhphpmpAp R>p. (AV$g L$ S> fu[ [d_ Mphp_u BR>p \B
MpB gu^y ùhp_u BR>p \B ù gu^y afhp_y d_ \ey afu gu^y A S> fu[
epf L$pB
_u Bbp][ L$fhp_u BR>p \B [p Bbp][ `Z L$fu guû. [p Ap
Bbp][ _\u, `f[y _ak`f[u S> R>)Ad A gpL$p_ ep R> L$ epf
[Ap_u Dd Qpguk hj_u \B [p kyhp_p rb[fp [ApA kL$gu gu^p
A_ deyè[ kyhp_y _pd `Z _ gu^y.
*lTf[ L$lk_ bu_ lk_(fld[ygpl Agel)_p L$pe]p l[p
L$, ]ffpS> lTpf fL$p[ `Y$[p l[p A_ epf [_p\u apqfN \[p [p [Apdp
Qpghp_u isL[ fl[u _ lp[u bL$ A fu[ Qpg[p l[p L$ S> fu[ \pL$g
y EV$
Qpg[y lpe A_ [d R>[p ApV$gp `f k[pj dp_[p _ l[p. bL$ `p[p_p
_ak_ adph[p l[p L$, l ]fL$ byfpB_y pNV$e\p_ [ M|b S> Apfpd
L$fu gu^p, lh bu Bbp][ dpV$ EW. A_ epf [Ap `pR>gu Ddfdp
M|b S> Ai[ bu_ Nep [p `pQkp fL$p[p `Y$hp gpep A_ fp[p fp[p
adph[p l[p L$, yAp My]pApgp dpfu L$hu N[p L$f R>, L$ d dpfu
AX$û Bbp][ ApR>u L$fu _pMu.
*lTf[ B_ySy>hfuepl(fld[ygpl Age)adph[p l[p L$,
ly OZp gpL$p_
u kplb[dp fp Ry>, L$ S>Ap fp N[ flhp_u [L$guap
EWph[p l[p, `f[y lTf[ Bdpd ApTd Aby l_uap(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)\u hû_ dyiub[ EWph_pfp dpfu _S>fdp\u L$pB `kpf \ep
_\u. ly [Ap_u `pk R> drl_p kyû fp `f[y [ kde ]fduep_ [ApA
AL$ fp[ `Z S>du_ `f L$df V$L$hu _ lp[u.
219
220
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

iL$hp_p? A_ adph[p l[p L$, S> esL[ Ahy `k] L$f[p lpe L$ [d
ape]p lpkug L$fhp dpV$ [_u `pk bWp R>p [p [_u `pk _ bkp A_ S>
esL[A hp[_ `k] L$f L$ [d [_p dpV(kfidp_ dpV$) Dcp \B h [p
[_p dpV$ Ecp _ \ph. (L$pfZ L$ [ AlL$pfu A_ hp\u R> _ [p [
kfidp__ `p R> L$ _ [p L$ip ape]p lpkug L$fhp_ gpeL$ R>)
*lTf[ epp bu_ kA](fld[ygplAgel) adph[p l[p
L$, epf L$pB_ l]uj bep_ L$fhpdp dTp Aph [p [_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L$
l]uj bep_ _ L$f. (L$pfZL$ Ap dp_ d[bp e_p dcph ]iph
R>.)
*lTf[ lp[ud Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
Mp_L$pldp(]yL$p_ NpW hu_)[ bk R>, S>_p l[y ]yr_ep AL$Wu L$fhp_p
lpe.
*lTf[ BdpBg bu_ ka(fld[ygpl Agel)lTf[
kyauep_ kpfu (fld[ygpl Agel)_ L$y L$, epf [d l]uj_p ]k
Ap`p R>p epf [dpfu [rbe[dp Myiu A_ AhpS> EQp \B e R> A_
epf Ap` l]uj_p ]k _\u Ap`[p [p epf Ap` rbLy$g dy]p S>hp \B
h R>p [_y L$pfZ iy ? Ap` adpey L$, cpB, [d_ Mbf _\u Ap
L$gpd(cpjZ, [L$fuf)dpV$ `Z AL$ ra_p R>. My]p _u L$kd, dpfu `pk
epf Z Ap]duAp\u h^y gpL$p bWgp lpe R>, [p dpfu lpg[ AgN S>
\B e R>. (d[gb A l[p L$ Ap i A_ Myiu AL$ dT L$bu(q]g_u
rbdpfu)_p Akf l[p, S>_y _pd dp_-dpcp_u dplb[ R>. (Ap
hp[ `f\u Ap lS>fp[p_p Mygyk_p A]p gNphhp BA L$ `p[p_p
Ab(MpduAp)_ L$V$gu kapB`|hL$ hZh R>.)
*lTf[ Adu$dpAd
_
u_ Agubu_ Abu[pgub (L$fd
gplp
hS>lpl)y Ly$ap_u dsS>]dp [ifua gB Nep. ep Ap` AL$ hpBT L$f_pf_
hpBT L$f[p ep, [p Ap` adpey L$, Ap esL[ iplf[(epq[)_p
BRy>L $ R> A_ Ah
y L$lu fp R> L$ d_ ApmMu ep ly agpZp Ry>. (AV$g
L$ ly agpZp-agpZp M[ub, iMy Ly$fp A_ agpZp-agpZp bygbyg A_
if Ry> [dS> _ Z L$hp L$hp BL$pbp `p[p_u dpV$ ^pfZp L$fu g R>.)
*lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
[dpfp\u \B iL$ L$ [d Ahp Apgud b_p L$ S>_ L$pB ApmM[y _
lpe, [p S>$f Ahy L$fp; L$pfZL$ gpL$p [dpfp L$dpgp[p\u ZL$pf \B
Nep [p [dpfu bpVuAp MpB S>i.
bL$ Ap gpL$p_u lpg[ [p Ahu lpe R> L$ [Ap [p ahp_ _p`k] L$f
R>.( L$ S>$f[_p kde [_ A`_phhy `X$ R>)
*lTf[ A]yfldp_ bu_ Abu gegp(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)adph R> L$, d AL$kp huk klpbuAp_ ep R>, L$ S>Ap_u
lpg[ A l[u L$, [Ap `L$u S> dpluj l[p, [Ap A hp[_u [dfi_p L$f[p
l[p L$ L$pi, l]uj bep_ L$fhp_y L$pd bu L$pB DWphu g A_ ly [_p\u
dyy [ \B D A_ S> dya[u l[p [Ap_u [dfi_p Ahu l[u L$ Ap ahp_p
L$pe_u S>hpb]pfu bu L$pB kpcmu g A_ cpf\u ly bQu J.
*lTf[ iB(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, Ad
lTf[ Bbplud [edu fld[ygpl Agel dpV$ M|b L$pi
ui L$fu L$ [Ap
dsS>]dp bku_ l]uj_p ]k Ap`. (L$pfZ L$ Ap` dpV$p dpl]uj
l[p)`f[y [ApA Ap hp[ dp_u _lu A_ epf [Ap dsS>]dp `^pf[p
[p _ [p dpV$p gpL$p_
u S>d \pcgp_ V$L $p gNpX$[p A_ _ [p q]hpg kp\.
bL$ kpdpfie dpZkp_u S>d bku S>[p l[p.
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dD](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A
AL$hpf `pRy> afu_ ey L$ L$V $gpL$ gpL$p Mu]d[ dpV$ [Ap_u `pR>m `pR>m
Qpgu fp R> A B_ Ap` adpey L$, kplbp, [d dpfp A L$pep Sy>Ap
S> ly ]fhp b^ L$fu_ L$fy Ry> AV$g L$ My]p\u Npaug \B S>hy A_ buhubQpdp diNyg \B S>hy, [p `R>u [dpfpdp\u AL$ `Z dpfu `pR>m
_lu Qpg.
*lTf[ kgdp_ apfku(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) Sepf
gpLp_ `p[p_u `pRm Qpg[p [p [p adph[p l[p L$, kplbp, Apdp
[dpfp ape]p R>, `f[y dpfp dpV$ [p _yL$kp_ S> R>. (AV$g L$ Ap_p L$pfZ
dpfpdp OdX$ A_ dpV$pB `]p \pe R>) lh [d Qplp [p `pR>p afp A_
dpfu `pR>m _ afp.
*Sepf L$pB lTf[ fbuA bu_ Mduk(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)_u `pR>m Qpg[y [p adph[p L$, kplbp, [dpfu Sybp__p
ce _ lp[ [p ly [d_ l]ujp kcmph[p. (`f[y d_ ce R>L$ [d dpfp
rhi kpfu _fku hp[p L$fip AV$gp dpV$ d Ap L$pe A`_phu gu^y R>)Ap
hp[ `f L$pB
A L$y L$, Ap` l]uj bep_ L$fhp\u ApV$gp ip dpV$ bQp
R>p ?[dp kfpkf _ap R>,iLe R> L$ AgplApgp Ap`_p A_ Ap`_p
Bd hX$ gpLp_ ape]p `lpQ
pX$. [p Ap` adpey L$, Ap hp[ [p ^Zu
]yf_u R>, L$pfZL$ Sepf d_ My] _ _ap _\u `lp ep [p bu_ iy _ap \B
221
222
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
*gpLpA lTf[ kyauep_ bu_ A_uepl(fld[ygpl Agel)

\u gpL$pA ]fMp[ L$fu L$, [Ap AL$ Mpk S>ep `f bku_ Alp]ujp
bep_ adph. Ap` [_ L$byg _ L$ey. A_ adpey L$, ly _ [p Alp]ujp
bep_ L$fhp_ gpeL$ Ry> A_ _ [p [d [_ kpcmhp_u gpeL$p[ ^fphp Rp
dpfy A_ [dpfy $p[ rbLy$g Ahy R> L$, S>hu fu[ L$pBA L$y L$, $hp
(bApb$)\B Nep [p Afk-`fk epep _$u L$fu guû. (AV$gL $,
d_ [pfp lp bNped [y dpfp L$p b Np -[y d_ lp L$l ly [_ L$p
L$l)y
(Ap S> L$pf_u lpg[p ApS> hpBTp(hpBT L$f_pfpAp) A_
hpBTp kpcm_pfpAp_u Afk `fk R> L$, S>_p rhi AV$gy S> L$lu iL$pe
L$, [fu cu Qy`,dfu cu Qy`.)
*epf lTf[ biflpau(fld[ygpl Agel)A l]uj_p ]
k Ap`hp_y RpX$u ]u^y [p gpL$pA
[Ap_ L$y L$, Ap` My]p_ ip S>hpb
Apìp, epf Ap`_p\uA khpg \i L$ [d Adpfp _bu (kggplp
Agel hkgd)_u l]ujp gpL$p_ kcmphhp_y L$d R>pX$u ]u^y ? [p
Ap` adpey L$, ly A S>hpb Apùi L$, l Agpl, [ d_ Mygyk
(r_:hp\[p, dp Agpl_u fTp dpV$ L$pB L$pe L$fhy)_p lyL$d Apep
l[p,`f[y d dpfu A]f Mygyk _ ep dpV$ d Ap L$pe R>pX$u ]u^y
L$, ly A_ kpbu[ b_p_u A_ eTu] f$piu, lTf[ A_k bu_
dpguL$(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u rM]d[dp l]uj kpcmhp dpV$
lpS>f \[p l[p [p Ap` adph[p l[p L$, [d gpL$p Alpb fkyg
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u kp\ O AL$ kfMp ` ^fphp R>p.
A_ `R>u adph[p l[p L$, ([d _lu `f[y)[dpfy dp\y A_ [dpfu
]pY$uAp. (Aluep Ap`_p l[y M|b kpfu A_ ky]f rhje hX$ [Ap_
_kul[ L$fhp_p A_ A hp[ S>Zphhp_p l[p L$ [dpfu kyf[(bp Qlfp
dlpfp)[p klpbp S>hp R>, `f[y Adgp [_u S>hp _\u.)
*lTf[ ApAdui(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, d
huk hj\u L$pB Ahp Bdhpmp _\u ep L$ S>_p Bd\u dL$k] dp
fTpA My]p(My]p_u My_y]u)lpe lh [p Bd dpl [p_p ^^p b_u Ney
R>. (L$ S>_ Mphp-ùhp_y _ dey [Z rhQpey L$ Qpgp Bd lpkug
L$fuA A_ [_p hX$ ]yr_ep AL$Wu L$fuA.)
(Ap byTN
y Ap hp[ [p ApS>\u1000hj `lgp adphg
u R>, [p
223
ApS>_p Ap lmplm S>ypZpkcf eyNdp iy `qfs\q[ li ? [_p A]p

gNphhp dyL$g R>. `f[y ApS> Ap`Z Ap b^y _S>f B fp R>uA L$
`V$c$ A_ _ak `f[ gpL$pA Bd_u L$hu Ah]ip L$fu R>; Af ApS>
[p epf L$lhp[u ]kNplp, Mp_L$plp hNf S> _u[_hp gpcpdZp _pdp
hX$ ep`pfu ^pfZ Qpghp gpNu R>, [p `R>u [dp Bd iuM_pfp [p
h`pf S> L$fi _ ?!?) Agpl_u `_pl...
ep kyû Apgud `p[p_p Bd hX$ ]yr_ep_ _ MQ
ep kyû [ ]u__p
[pgub R> A_ epf [ ]yr_ep MQ
hp gpep, epf [_u lpg[ A lpe R>
L$ [ rbdpfu_ `p[p_u [fa MQu fp R> A_ [ My]S> epf budpfu_
`p[p_u [fa MQ R>, [p bu_p MpL$ BgpS> L$fi.
*lTf[ ayTg
L$, L$pB
Dd[ `p[p_p DdpA kyA( _ak`f[, ]yr_ep]pf Apgudp)
rkhpe bu Afie L$pB
L$pfZpkf lgpL$ _lu \pe, Ap gpL$p My]p_p dpN
`f bku_ `p[p_p N]p L$pep hX$ Agpl_p b]pAp `f g|V$ apV$ Qgphu
fp R>.
(Apl, ApS> Dd[_u ApV$gu Mfpb s\q[_y r_dpZ \hp_y
L$pfZ lTf[ ayTg
bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel)_p D`fp[ afdp_
hX$ M|b kpfu fu[ Zhp dey S>_u D`f ]fL$ dykgdp_pA M|b S>
qQ[_-d__ L$fhp_u S>$f[ R> ApS> Agpl_p b]pAp_u R>X$ QpL$ g|V$
Qgphpe flu R>, `f[y [ epf N[ \i.?!?)
*lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ dNyg(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, S>_pb fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u L$pBA `|R>ey
L$, kp\u Mfpb Ap]du L$pZ R>? Ap` adpey L$, Ddp(Apgudp)
epf L$ [ bNX$u e R>.
*lTf[ dpld
] bu_ kufu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, Apgudp rh]pe \B Nep A_ [Ap_p Bd_p bQgp-Ly$Qg
p rlkp
Mfpb hpkZpdp bpL$u flu Nep. (dS>Ly$f Bbpf[_p Mygpkp L$f[p
lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u (fld[ygpl Agel)My] adph R>
L$, ApS>L$pg_p Apgudp Ap Mfpb hpkZp R> A_ [Ap_y Bd ApNm_p
DdpAp_p h^gp-OV$gp rlkp R>, _lu L [Ap_y `yfy Bd. )
*lTf[ L$Ab bu_ Albpf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)
afdph[p l[p L$, ApMfu S>dp_pdp Ddp(Apgudp)dpg]pfp_u
224
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
r_L$V$[p `f A fu[ Nh L$fi L$ S> fu[ uAp `yfyjp kb^ Nh L$f[u lpe
R>, Ap gpL$p Agpl_u dgyL$dp kp\u h^y Mfpb li.
(A_ Aphp Apgudp rhi S> lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]
Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `p[p_p dL$[b
y p[ifua_p \d
]a[f_p ` _-33dp adpey R> L$, Apgudp dpV$ ]yr_ep_u dplb[
A_ fNb[ [Ap_p ky]f Qlfp `f L$]$`p X$pO R>. dgyL$ _ L$ Aphp
Apgudp\u OZp ape]p `lpQ R> `f[y [Ap_y Bd My] `p[p dpV L$iy S>
ape]pL$pfL$ _\u. )
Aphp Apgudp `pfk_p `\f(`pfkdZu)S>hp R>, L$ S> bu_
[p kp_y b_phu ]i, `f[y `p[ [p `\f S> fli.
A_ `R>u Ap` ApNm adph R> L$, A_ A Bd [Ap_p dpV$
_yL$ip_L$[p R> L$pfZL$ S> Bd My]pApgp_u _L$ M|b S> re A_
[dpd dgyL$dp W R> [_ [ApA (Aphp ]yr_ep `f[ ApgudpA)
L$du_u ]yr_ep_p dpg-d[bp dmhhp_y dped b_pey R>.
Alu AL$ hp[ kdS>hp_u A R> L$ Ap A eyN_p Apqgdp_u hp[
l[u L$ S>Ap MfMf Apgudp A_ dlp_ rhp_p l[p.[dS> MfMf
`pfkdZu kdp_ l[p A_ bu_ kp$_y b_phu ]$hp_u isL[Ap ^fph[p
l[p. epf ApS> [p Ap L$pf_p Bdp L$ rh[p_y `Z _pd r_ip_ _\u
R>[p b qL$[pb `Y$g
p gpL$p `p[p_ Apgud [fuL$ ApmMph R> L$ [Ap_u
`pk `|fy q]_uep[_y `Z Bd lp[y _\u. dL$[ybp[ ifua_uBbpf[dp
Ap` S> Apgudp_u MfpbuAp_u hp[ L$fu R>, [ A eyN_p dlp_ qhp_p_u
hp[ L$fu R> _lv L$ ApS>_p b qL$[pb `Y$gp dpghuAp A_ dybguNp_u
L$ S>Ap `p[p_ hpfukyArbep A_ _peb fkyg [fuL$ ApmMph R> L$
[Ap_u NZ_p [p dp Ahpd(kpdpfie S>_)dp \pe R> epf A eyN_p
Apgudp [p Mpk gpL$pdp NZp[p l[p A_ [dp Ap L$pf_u MfpbuAp
agpegu l[u. -kL$g_ L$[p)
* (79) kpûip\u ]yfu A`_phhu
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, epf [Ap_p ALu][d]p Adufp\u dm R>, [p
[Ap [_ M|b S> ky[ A_ _L$pdp L$l R>. A_ S> [Ap_ _kul[ L$f R>,
[_u [Ap Myb S> L$]f L$f R> A_ S>V$gu l] [Ap `pk Bd h^pf lpe R>
AV$gu S> l] [Ap `p[p_pdp raL$(_pafdp_u)lphp `f rhhpk ^fph
R L$pfZ L$ [Ap Z R> L$ Ap]du_u dpV$pcpN lpg[ A R> L$ [Ap `p[p_p
225
[dpd Bd `f Adg L$fu iL$[p _\u A_ [ S> Bd `f Adg _\u L$fu

iL$[p [_p dpV$ [_u `f raL$ S>$f gpNy `X$i.
*lTf[ ke] Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, Ap]du_y Bd `f Adg _lu L$fhp_u AL$ r_ip_u A R> L$ `p[p_u
byTyNu_u iplf[(hp[u)`k] L$f A_ gpL$p_p A L$lhp `f L$ agpZp
]yr_ep_p QplL$ R> A\hp [p `p[p_p Bd [dS> Adgdp fuepL$pf
(]cu)R> hNf hNf `f _pL$ A_ chp QY$ph R>. [p Ap fu[ [_p\u
Zhp dey L$ S> esL[ dS>Ly$f L$pep hX$ Myi \pe A_ [_p\u DgVy$
L$fhpdp _pMyi \pe R> [ `p[p_p Bd `f Adg L$f_pfp _\u. A_ [Z
`p[p_u lpg[ `f fphy BA.
dpfu Dd[_p dpV$pcpN_p dy_pauL$p L$pfuAp li.
*lTf[ A]ygpl bu_ dybpfL$(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p
l[p L$, S> esL[ Mygp Ny_plp_p L$pfZ ]pTMdp S>i(Sd L$, Qpfu,
ifpbMpfu hNf_p L$pfZ)[Ap [_p\u ApR>p li, S>Ap [dp ]c A_
iplf[_p L$pfZ S>i. (AV$g L$ ]c (fuepL$pfu) A_ iplf[_p L$pfZ
]pTMdp S>_pfpAp h^y li.)
*lTf[ A]yg ATuT bu_ Abu fhp]p(fld[ygpl Agel)
adph[p l[p L$, S>lpg[_p eyN_p apkuL$p Adpfp eyN_p Alg
Bd(BdhpmpAp)\u h^y ifd ^fph[p l[p.
*l]$uj ifuadp Apey R> L$, gpL$p `f AL$ Ahp eyN Aph_pfp
R> L$ [dp Ap]du_y dp _pd kpcmhy, [_ dmhp L$f[p W li A_
[_ dmp [p [_ dp dmhy A hp[ L$f[p W li L$ [_u `funp L$fp
L$pfZL$ [_u `funp L$fip [p [d [_ A_ [_p L$pe_ r^$pf_u r$A
ip.
*lTf[ lyTa p bu_ edp_(f]uegplp Afilp)adph[p l[p L$,
ly Apgud dpV$ A hp[ `k] L$f[p _\u L$ [ kpûip_p ]fhpAp
`f e L$pfZL$ ]yr_epdp [Ap_p ]fhp qa_pAp_y WL$p R>. (AV$g
L$ ep ]fL$ L$pf_p qa_pAp dm R>.)
*lTf[ kB] bu_ dpkeb(f]uegplp Afilp) adph[p l[p
L$, epf [d Apgudp_ Sy>Ap L$ [ bp]ipl_p ]fhpAp `f e
R>([p kd ep L$)[ ]u__p Qpf R>. (_lu L$ rlapT[ L$f_pfp L$ [_p
fnL$)
226
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$fy? [p [ApA adpey L$, epf `Z _ ] A_ dp AV$gy L$lu ] L$,
S>ggplyATud A\hp [p kgAgp fkyggpl (kggplp Agel
hkgd), L$pfZL$ L$pB_u L$kd `|fu L$fhu epf dy[lb lpe R> L$ epf
L$ My] [_u `pk dpg lpe A_ S>_p MQ bu gpL$p EWph[p lpe [_p
dpV$ L$kd `yfu L$fhp_p lyL$d _\u.
[p Ap fu[ l cpB, [pfp dpV$ S>$fu R> L$ epf [y Sy>A L$ L$pB
kpBg L$pB
iM [fuL$[\u L$pB
L$`X$p hNf dpN[p lpe A_ [ _ Ap` [p
[f[ S> [_p\u b]Nydp_u _ L$fu ep A_ Ahy _ L$lp L$ Ap ]yhi_p
dgL$_u rh$^_u hp[ R> bL$ [_u `lgp hp[_u ke[p A_ lL$uL$[_
QL$pkp L$pfZL$ iL$e R> L$ [ iM dpV$ `Z Ap L$pf_u L$pB dS>byfu lpe
S>_y Ad hZ_ L$ey A_ [Z L$S|>kpB_ L$pfZ Aphy _ L$ey lpe.
* (81) L$fpd[p_ Ry>`phhu
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$, [Ap `p[p_u A L$fpd[p lf L$f[p _\u, S>_u D`f[Ap_p
kdL$pgu_ BfiL$pf L$f; L$pfZL$ Ap L$pf_u lfp[_p L$pB
S> ape]p _\u.
*lTf[ k e ]u i M Aby Abpk dy f ku(fl d [y gpl
[dpfp `L$u Ahp R>
Agel) `p[p_p Albpb\u adph[p l[p L$, L$pB
L$ epf [ S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)_ kgpd
L$f [p [_p S>hpb `p[p_p L$p_p hX$ kpcm. [p [_p eyfdp [Ap
BfiL$pf L$f[p A_ L$l[
p L$, Adpfp `L$u L$pB
Ahp _\u S>_ Ap L$pf_u
OV$_p_p A_ych \ep lpe. A_ [Ap_u Ap hp[ `f Ap` adph[p L$,
[d q]gp_u lpg[ `f $]_ L$fp, L$ [ Agpl A_ [_p fkyg
(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u rlbdp R>. `R>u adph[p L$,
My]p_u L$kd, ly \pX$uhpf dpV$ `Z S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp
Agel hkgd)\u lubdp Aphu J [p ly d_ `p[p_ dykgdp_
NZ[p _\u.
*`R>u qL$[pb_p dykfi_ua lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAfp_u
(fld[ygpl Agel)My] adph R> L$, ly L$ly R>y L$, ]yyhip_p dL$pddp
A_ [ ik_p dL$pddp S> S>_pb fkyggpl (kggplp Agel
hkgd)\u aT lpkug L$f R> A_ `p[p_p kgpd_p S>hpb kpcm R>
AL$ gpM R>[
pguk lf _hkp _hp dL$pdp_y A[f R> lh L$pB
Ap
dL$pd_p ]php L$f [p Ad [_u `pk [_u hQ_p dL$pdp_y rhhfZ BR>uiy.
*lTf[ TlpL$ bu_ dyTplud(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p

l[p L$, ly `|fu fp[ Ahu hp[_u ip^dp fp L$ S>_p\u bp]ipl Myi fl
A_ My]pApgp _pfpS> _ \pe `f[y d_ Ahu AL$ `Z hp[ _
dmu. (AV$g L$ bp]ipl_ Myi fpMu_ My]pApgp_ _pMyi _ \hp ]hp
Ae[ dyL$ug-$` R dpV$ [_p\u(bp]ipl\u)]|f flhy S> kpfy R>)
*lTf[ AkdB(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, kp\u
Mfpb lpL$ud A R> L$ DdpAp\u ]yf R> A_ kp\u Mfpb Ddp [Ap R> L$
Adufp kp\ M|b S> r_L$V$_p kb^ ^fph R>. (AV$gp dpV$ DdfpAp_u
aT R> L$ [Ap Apgudp\u dm[p fl A_ Apgudp_u A aT R> [Ap
DdfpAp_u r_L$V$[p lpkug L$fhp_u L$pi
ui _ L$f. )
[p l cpB, S>Ap ùf`] A_ iMu_p ]php L$f R> [ApA `p[p_u
A]f TpL$hy BA A_ rQ[_-d__ L$fhy BA L$, [Ap `p[p_p
kakpglu_ S>hp k]NyZp hX$ Apcyju[ R> L$ _lu A_ _ lpe [p
[_p dpV$ e_p L$fhp BA. (hl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_)
* (80) b]p_p l$p_u [L$]pfu
k]NZ
y A `Z R> L$, S>epf [Ap `p[
rbgLy$g _p]pfu_u s\q[dp lpe R>
A_ [Ap_p cfZ `pjZ hNf_
u S>hpb]pfu Afiep `f lpe R>. [p [Ap
bu gpL$p_ Mp, L$`X$p hNf Apù ][p _\u. (L$pfZL$ Ap [p Ahy R>
L$ lghpB(duWpB -hpmp)_u ]yL$p_ `f _p_u_p ap[lp) bL$ [Ap Ap
hp[_p e_p L$f R> L$, ep kyû ie lpe [Ap_p AL$u][d]p `f
`p[p_p bpS> _ `X$.
epfbp] dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p dykfi_ua lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb
ipAfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)Ap A_yk^p_ My] `p[p_p lpg[p
hZh[p gM R> L$, AdyL$ gpL$p_
u A Ap][ lpe R>L$ gpL$p S> L$pB
[Ap_u
rM]d[ L$f R>, [dp\u [Ap bu_u rM]d[ L$f R> A_ [_y L$pfZ A
lpe R> L$, ep kyû ie lpe [Ap L$pB_ __ Ah\pdp L$ cyep
[fep R>pX$u ][p _\u; A_ dpfp dgL$ `Z Aphp S> l[p. (`f[y Ap
dpV$u c|g R>) dpfp ùfp dyiu] iM ke]u dpld] bu_ A]ygpl [dS>
dpfp iM ke]u _y$u_(fldL$pdygplApgp AS>dB_)d_ dpfu Ap
fu[ cp[\u [pbpl L$fphu l[u. d [Ap_ AT L$fu L$, kpBg
(dpN_pfp) dpfp `f My]p A_ fkyg_u L$kd MpB g(A_ L$l L$ My]p
A_ fkyg_u L$kd ly [pfu `pk\u S>$f gB_ S> flui)[p epf ly iy
227
228
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$pB`Z cpN [ _ huL$pey ep kyû L$ AL$ q]hk Ap` bpmL$_u S>d
fX$hp gpep A_ adphp gpep L$, OZpe l$p Ahp R> L$ S>_ L$pTu
bp[ug L$fu ] R> A_ OZp bp[ug Ahp lpe R> L$ S>_ [ l$ L$fu ] R>.
([p `R>u ly L$h
ufu[ L$pTu b_u iLy$. ?)
*d lTf[ iM ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)\u
kpcey R> L$, [Ap adph[p l[p L$, Ap eyNdp lyLy$d[p_p l[y f A_
Tyd L$fhp R> A_ L$pB
Bfikpa L$fhp BR> [p [ Bfikpa L$fu iL$[p _\u
L$pfZL$ Ap]du `p[p_p Mfpb Adgp_p L$pfZ A]g (Bfikpa)_ gpeL$
_\u. (A_ AV$gp dpV$ S> [_u D`f Agpl Apgp Tpgud lpL$udp
WpL$u bkpX$ R>.)
*lTf[ iM Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)_p Zu[p
gpL$p `L$u AL$ esL[ L$pTu b_u Nep. Ap` [_u D`f dgpd[ L$fu A_
adpey L$, [ M|b S> Mfpb L$e L$e;y [pf Aphy L$fhp_u S>$f[ _ lp[u.
[Z AT L$fu L$, (dpfu r_e[ [dp _L$ R>) A_ ly AV$gp dpV$ L$pTu
bfiep Ry> L$ gpL$p_ _L$ L$pep_p Ap]i Ap`y A_ byfpB\u bQphy. S>_p
S>hpbdp iM adpey L$, Ap i[p_ [_ ^pMp Apep R>, L$pfZL$ [pfu
`lgp OZp L$pTuAp Aphu QyL$ep, S>_p\u Ap L$pe \B iL$ey _lu; L$
A eyN _kul[p_ L$bg
y L$fhphpmp_p l[p. fp Ap eyN S>_u lpg[ A R>
L$ lpqL$dp `p[ S> Aepf rhgpe[ A_ byTyNu_p ]ph]pfp R>. A_ L$l R>
L$, Akgu hgu [p Ad S> R>uA L$pfZL$ gpL$p Adpfp dpl[pS> R> A_
Ad [_p dpl[pS> _\u. ([p lh [y Ap `qfs\q[dp _L$ L$pep_p lyL$d
A_ byfpB\u fpL$hp_y L$pe L$B fu[ L$fu iL$ui. ?)
* (83) ]p[p_u Ndhpfu
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, [Ap `p[p_p ]p[p_u lpg[p `|R>[p fl R> `f[y
dp e\ fu[ S> _lu bL$ A l[y\u L$ Mp, L$`X$p, g[p, $rèp `kp,
L$T_u A]peNu, A\hp [p L$pB_u rQ[pAp_p bpS> `p[p `f ghp hNf
hNf L$pep `L$u S> h[yAp_u [Ap_ S>$f[ lpe [dp [Ap_u d]] L$f Ap
L$pf_p k]NyZhpmp gpL$p Ap eyNdp M|b S> Nep-NpWep flu Nep R>
L$pfZL$ ApS>L$pg dp Ap`QpqfL$ fu[ S> ld]]u ]MpX$hpdp Aph R>, S>_p
l[y dp kpfy gNpX$hp_p S> lpe R>, S> AL$ L$pf_p ]c R> A_ dy_pauL$`
R>.
A_ epf Ad Biy L$ [ Z[p _\u, [p Ad [_ Sy>$p ]ph]pf L$lui.y

lTf[ iM Agu dfau(fld[ygpl Agel)_u lep[udp L$V$gpL$
gpL$pA ApS> L$pf_p ]php L$ep l[p Ap` [Ap_ kpd bpgpep A_
epf [Ap Apep [p L$y L$, dpfp l[y A R> L$ S> dL$pdp_p [d ]php L$ep
R>, L$ Agpl ApgpA [d_ Ap dL$pdp Aep R>, ly [_y rhhfZ kpcmhp
BRy> R.y `f[y [Ap Ap hp[_p S>hpb _ Apù iL$ep. [p Ap` [_ W`L$p
Apep A_ Ap]i Apep L$, [Ap_ Adpfu `pk\u lpL$u L$pY$hpdp Aph
A_ Ap fu[ [Ap Myb S> Mfpb lpg[dp dey `pep. My]p_u `_pl...
[p [dpfp dpV$ `Z S>$fu R> L$ Ap L$pf_p MpV$p ]phpAp [d
L$]pù _lu L$f[p !
(hgl]pgugpl fbuApgdu_)
* (82) L$pTu_p lpp\u bQhy
k]NyZ A `Z R> L$, [Ap `p[p_p AL$u][d]p `L$u L$pB_ `Z L$pTu_p
lpp A_ L$pB Adp_[_p L$pe_u S>hpb]pfu ghp ][p _ lp[p; S>dp\u
dpV$pcpN Ny_pl hNf Ry>V$L$pfp dmu iL$[p _\u. lp L$pB
ifB L$p_y_kf
[Ap Ap L$pe dpV$ r_dpe e [p [_u dS>byfu R> A_ Ap L$pe\u ]y$f
cpNhp_y L$pfZ A R> L$, l]uj`pL$dp Ap L$pf_p L$pep\u bQhp dpV$
cgpdZp Aphu R>.
Ap eyNdp _ [d dpATu_(ATp_ Ap`_pfp)b_p A_ _ Bdpd
A_ _ [p Qp^fu(ApNhp_) [dS> _ [p aL$ufp_ hlQhp dpV$ L$pB_u
`pk\u $rèp ep. (A\hp [_u cgpdZp L$fp.)
(lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)A ApS>\u 1000
hj `lgp `p[p_p eyN_p gpL$p_ Ap L$pf_u kp_fu kgpl Apù l[u L$
S> eyN lyTyf kggplp Agel hkgd_p eyN\u OZp S> r_LV_p eyN
l[p [p lh ApS>_p Ap lmplm Sy>$pZpAp_p eyNdp Ap`_u Ap kgpl
L$V$gu l] DèpNu R>, S>_u D`f M|b S> EXy$ rQ[_-d__ L$fhy S>$fu R>
A_ ]fL$ L$pf_u ApNhp_u, S>dp]pfu A_ WL$] pfu\u bQhy Ae[ S>$fu
R>, [p S> [d kgpd[u_u kp\ [dpfp ]u_ A_ Bdp__ bQphu iL$ip)
A_ epf gpL$pA
lTf[ Bdpd ApTd Aby l_uap (f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp)_ L$pTu b_hp dpV$ dS>byf L$ep A_ [Ap_ L$] L$fu gu^p
[p [Ap_ A L$pe]p l[p L$ AdyL$ q]hkp kyû [Ap_ S>gMp_pdp\u
blpf L$pYu_ dpf[p l[p S>\u [Ap L$pTu_p lp]p huL$pfu g. `f[y [Ap
229
230
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

R> A_ `yfu fu[ A hp[_u hplui ^fph[p lpe R> L$ Ap]du My]p_u
_pfpS>Nudp akpe e.
* lTf[ ayTg
L$, epf i[p_ Ap]du kb^ Z hp[p `L$u AL$ hp[dp L$pepb \B
e R>, [p [ L$l R> L$ bk dpfp dpV$ ApV$gy S> L$pau R>, A_ Ap_p rkhpe
buSy> L$iy S> ly BR>[p _\u Ap Z `L$u AL$ My]`k]u(Ald)R> A_
bu My]_p `p[p_p Adg_ OZp dpV$p kdS>hp. A_ uSy> [_y `p[p_p
Ny_plp_ cygu S>hy R>. [ `L$u S> hp[ `Z Ap]dudp `]p \B NB. i[p_
kdS> R> L$ ly L$pepb \B Nep. A_ AL$ qfhpe[dp Z `L$u AL$_ b]g
Qpf `L$u AL$ R> A_ Qp\u hp[ M|b S> `V$cfu_ Mphy R> Ap hp[ Ap
Ze L$f[p h^y cpf R>, L$pfZL$ Ap Ze [_p \L$u S> `]p \pe R>.
[dS> Ad_ A hp[_u ZL$pfu dmu R> L$ i[p_ dgD_
Ap]du_u kyf[ b_phu_ AL$ Np]X$u `lfu_ A_ Nmpdp [bul _pMu_
A_ L$df af[p My]phpmp dipBMp_u S>d `V$Mp `lfu_ lTf[ Sy>_]
bN]p]u(fld[ygpl Agel)_u rM]d[dp lpS>f \ep A_ AT L$fu
L$, ly lyTyf_u rM]d[ L$fhp Qply Ry>, L$]pQ lyTyf_u bfL[_p \pXp OZp
Ai d_ `Z dmu e. (Ap` [_u Ap ]fMp[ huL$pfu guû.)A_
[ huk hj kyû Ap`_u rM]d[ L$f[p fp A_ Ap`_ hTy L$fph[p
fp. `f[y Ap`_ blL$phhp dpV$_p L$pB dpN [_ _ kyTep A_ AL$
q]hk rh]pe \hp dpV$ Ap`_u rM]d[dp lpTf \ep epf [ rh]pe \hp
gpep [p [Z L$y L$, Ap` d_ ApmM[p _\u.? [p [ApA adpey
L$, d [p epf S> ApmMu gu^p l[p, epf [y dpfu `pk Apep l[p [y
Abydfy pl Bguk R>p. S>_p S>hpbdp Bguk L$y L$, lTf[ d L$pB
_
ep _\u L$ Ap`_p L$]d `f lpe. Ap kpcmu_ lTf[ Sy>_] adpey
L$, l dD_, dpfu kpd\u ]yf \p, [y Ahy BR R> L$ S>[p S>[p [y d_
Ahu bgpdp akph[p L$ S> dpfp ]$u_ bfbp] L$fu ]. AV$g L$ `p[p_u
lpg[ `f _pT L$fhp.(My] `k]u Ald_y `pjZ.)
* AL$ q]hk Bguk dD_ lTf[ Bkp Agelukgpd _u
r$A QYep A_ L$y L$, l $lygpl L$lp gpBgplp Bggpl [p
Ap` adpey L$, gpBgplp Bggpl rbLy$g lLL hp[ R> A_ lz [ L$lz
`Z Ry>, `f[y [pfp L$lhp\u _lv L$ly . (L$pfZ L$ [dp [pfu [pb]$pfu R>)
lTf[ ke]u Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
Bguk_p l[y Alu A l[p L$ lTf[ Bkp (Agelukgpd)_ [plu]
* A_ gpL$p_
p Ap L$pf_p ]c_ r_lpmu_ S> lTf[ iM ke]u
Agu hpk(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$, L$pB `p[p_p
cpB_u Ndhpfu L$fhp, [_u qQ[pAp_p bpS> `p[p_u D`f ghp A\hp
[p [_p dpV$ ]yAp_p Bfp]p _ fpM[p lpe [p [Z L$]pù Ahy _ L$lhy
BA L$, [dpfu lpg[ iy R> ? L$pfZL$ Ap A L$pf_p r_apL$ R>. (AV$gp
dpV$ L$ khpg hX$ [p ld]]u A_ Ndhpfu lf \B flu R>, `f[y q]g
hX$ _lu [p Ap L$pf_u Ap`QpqfL$[p S>$f r_apL$ S> R>.)
* lTf[ Bdpd ipaB(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u `|R>hpdp
Apey L$, Ap`_u L$hu lpg[dp khpf `X$u ? [ApA Aakpk_u
kp\ adpey L$, dpfu khpf Ahu lpg[dp \B L$ ly My]p_y fuTL$ MpJ Ry>
A_ [_p iy$ A]p _\u L$f[p.
* lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)\u L$lhpdp
u lpg[dp \B ? [p Ap` adpey L$, dpfu
Apey L, Ap`_u khpf L$h
khpf Ahu Dddp `X$u L$ ]ffpS> OV$[u e R> A_ Ahp Ny_plpdp khpf
`X$u L$ S> ]ffpS> h^[p e R>.
* lTf[ lpdu] r_kpa(fld[ygpl Agel)_ L$pBA `|R>ey
L$, Ap` L$hu lpg[dp khpf L$fu ? [p Ap` adpey L$, Mf A_
kgpd[u_u kp\. S>_p S>hpbdp lTf[ lp[ud Akd(fld[ygpl
Agel) adpey L$, l lpdu] Mf A_ kgpd[u `ygrkfp[ `f\u `kpf
\ep `R>u A_ S>fi_[dp ]pMg \B Nep `R>u li. [p lpdu] L$y L$,
Ap` bfpbf adpey. (MfMf, dpfu Ap Nag[ S> l[u.)
[p Ap fu[, l cpB, Ap bû hp[p_ M|b S> kpfu fu[ kd g
A_ `p[p_p ]p[ Albpbp_u kp\ dp Ap`QpqfL$[p M|b S> dpV$p ]c
A_ r_apL$ R> S>_p\u bQhy S>$fu R>.
* (84) i[p__p dyL$pbgp
p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap i[p__p S>N A_ [_p dL$fp-afb [dS> Ry>ùeysL$[eyqL$[Ap A_ mp_ ApmMhp\u [dS> My]_p `p[p_p L$pep\u Npaug
_\u lp[p A_ Ap A k]NZ
y R> L$ S>_ dpV$pcpN_p gpL$p ApS>L$pg rhkfu
QyL$ep R>. (`f[y Aphy _ lphy BA)L$pfZL$ S> fu[ i[p_ AL$ nZ dpV$
`Z Ap`Zp\u Npaug _\u lp[p A S> fu[ Ap`Zp dpV$ `Z S>$fu R> L$
[_p\u Npaug _ flhy BA [ ]fL$ nZ A S> gpN L [L$ ipû fp lpe
231
232
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$ lh i[p__p kb^
[pfp\u L$`pe Nep R>, bL$ [dp M|b S> EX$pZ`|hL $
kpfu fu[ rQ[_ L$fhy BA L$ [dp i[p__u L$iu ]MgNufu [p _\u _.
* (85) OdX$ A_ [L$byf\u ]yfu A`_phhu.
y p `L$u AL$ A `Z
R> L$, [Ap Ahp L$pep\u Ae[ bQ R> S>dp gpL$p_u kpd [L$byf_p
S>fpL$ AZkpf `Z lpe, S>d L$ bpmLp L$ Mp]udp_p S>_pTpApdp ifuL$
_ \hy A_ epf [Ap budpf \pe [p [Ap_p MbfA[f _ `|R>hp
L$pfZL$ ]yfhip_ ]$u_- ]yr_epdp gpL$p `f kf]pfu dp [Ap_u Tug[
A_ _d[p_p L$pfZ S> lpkug \B R> ([p `R>u [Ap [_ R>pX$u_ [L$byf
L$hu fu[ L$fu iL$ R> ?) `R>u epf [Ap S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \pe R> [p epf
[ gpL$p_u lpg[ A lpe R> L$ [ApA L$p[pluAp(MpduAp) `f L$ S>Ap
[d_p\u lLLApgp_p dpdgpdp OV$u[ \B R>. [_p\u NdNu_ \pe R>
A_ `p[p` lf L$f R>.([dS> dp[\u Bb[ lpkug L$f R>)
l]ujifuadp Apey R> L$, Ap]du dpV$ dp[ A `|f[u hpAT R>. (A_
epfbp] Ap]du_ L$pB hpAT kpcmhp_u S>$f[ _\u.)
[Ap epf S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \[p [p S>_pTp_p dpN ]$fep_
hp[p L$f[p _ lp[p [dS> _ [p L$pB dybpl hp[Qu[ `Z L$f[p l[p; [p
`R>u byfu hp[p_u [p QQp S> A\p_ R>. A_ Ap k]NyZ Ap eyN_p
gpL$pd
p M|b S> ]ygc
b_u Nep R>. (lTf[ Bdpd ipAf p_u (fld[ygpl
Agel) _p eyN_u hp[ R>, [p ApS>_u `qfs\q[_y A_ydp_ L$fu ep.)
L$pfZL$ dpV$pcpN_u lpg[ A R> L$ [Ap dpV$pcpN S>_pTpdp S>[p S> _\u,
A_ dp_u ep L$ L$]pQ L$pB
cpN g `Z R> [p epf [ hp[pL$pf b_u e
R> A_ e\ hp[pAp A_ qL$kpAp i$ L$fu ] R>, bL$ L$V$gpL$ gpLp [p
Ahy L$f R> L de[_u Qpf`pB (MpV$gp)_u `pk fd| qL$kpAp L$lhp_y
i$ L$fu ] R>. d Ap A_yk^
p_ Ap L$pf_u OV$_p AL$ esL[ \L$u r_lpmu
R> L$ S>Z kyya_p Adpdp bp^gp l[p (AV$g L$ [ kyau lphp_p ]ph]pf
l[p) My]pApgp [_ `Z dpa L$f A_ Ad_ `Z dpa L$f. A_ lTfp[
ka []_ kp^pfZ L$`X$p `lfu_ S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \[p l[p(b_u W_u_
S>[p _lp[p)[p Ap fu[ S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \[u hM[ Dd]p L$`X$p `lfhp\u
bQhy BA Mpk L$fu_ epf [dp Myby gNpX$g
u lpe [p [p h^y [L$] pfu
fpMhu BA L$pfZL$ Ap Nd_p dpL$p R>. Alu\u A hp[ `Z Zhp
dmu L$ S> ]yhi
p S>_pTpApdp ifuL$ \pe A_ L$pB
`Z L$pf_u epe l[y
dp `p[p_p ipNu] b_phu g `f[y Bkp (Agelukgpd) Ahy _ L$ey

A_ Ap`_u Ad[ Aphy L$fhp dpV$ bp^p$` b_u NB.
* lTf[ ayTg
L$, i[p__u L$df A fu[ L$pB [pX$[y _\u S> fu[ A ik [pX$ R> L$ S>
Mybu`|hL$(M|b kpfu fu[)Adg L$f R>. (`R>u cg_ [ \pX$pL$ S> lpe)
AgplApgp_ rh`yg[p L$ Ar^L$[p_u S>$f[ _\u, `f[y M|bu`|hL$
(lk_)L$fg
p Adg dL$k]y $ R>. adp_ Bgplu R> L$, gegpL$y d AepL$y d
A\p[:-S>\u [dpfu `funp L$f L$ L$pZ kpfp Adgp
Alk_p Adgp. (A\p
L$f R>?) [p Aluep [Z kpfp Adgp_u hp[ L$fu _lu L$ M|b rh`yg
Adgp_u. [p Ap fu[ Apdpgpdp [_ M|b kpfu fu[ A]p L$fhp_y dlh
R>, _lu L$ M|b Aq^L$ dppdp Adgp L$fhp_y.
[dS> Ap` adph[p l[p L$, epf Ap]du_u Ddf Qpguk
hj_u \B e A_ [dpd Ny_plp\u [pbpl _ L$fu g [p i[p_ [_u
ìp_u `f d`|hL$ lp\ afh R> A_ L$l R> L$, ly Ap dpL$X$p D`f Ly$bp_
L$ S> L$pepb _lu \pe. ly L$ly Ry> L$ Ap hp[_y kd\_ q[bfp_u hNf_u
l]ujp hX$ \pe R> S>_ [ApA Ar^L$[p`|hL$ qfhpe[ L$fu R>. L$ epf
Ap]du Qpguk hj_p \B e A_ [_u cgpB [_u byfpB `f L$pby
lpkug _ L$fu g [p [_p dpV$ S>$fu R> L `p[p_y WL$p ]pTMdp b_phu
g.
* lTf[ lbub AS>du(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
lL$Apgp d_ `p[p_u kpd Ecp fpMu_ Ahy adph L$, dp AL$
kS>]p Ahp gB Aphp L$ S>dp _ak_p [dS> i[p__p L$pB rlkp _ lpe
S>\u ly [d_ S>fi_[dp ]pMg L$fu ]J. [p d_ AL$ kS>]p `Z_lu dm.
(Apl, L$V $gu ]]_pL$ hp[ R>, Bfikp__p AL$ `Z Adg i[p_
A_ _ak_p ^pMpAp\u Mpgu _\u. i[p__p dL$fp-afb_ ApmMhp
M|b S> dyL$g
cep R> [dpe epf i[p_ Bfikp__u `pk _L$u_p f[\u
Aph R> epf [p cgcgp_ `p[p_p L$pbydp gB g A_ `p[p_p l[y
`qf`|Z L$fu g R> [dS> i[p_ Bfikp_ `pk AL$ dpV$u A_ Ar[cep_L$
byfpB L$fphhp dpV$ [_u `pk _hp _L$uAp L$fph R>, `f[y A[dp Ap
_hp _L$uAp_p afb \L$u S> [_ AL$ Ahu byfpBdp akphu ] R> L$ [
]pTMu b_u e R> A_ `p[p_u ]u_, ]yr_ep [bpl L$fu _pM R>.)
[p Ap fu[ l cpB, [pf lpiuepf flhy BA A_ epf [y
yA L$ [y M|b S> Bbp][ L$fu fp R>, [p Ahy L$]pù dp_u _ ghy BA
233
234
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
rh_p Dd]p L$`X$p `lf [Ap kyraAp_u lpg[p\u ]yf [dS> dp[_u ep]\u
Npaug R>.
A_ epf Ap kakpglu_ gpL$p S>_pTpdp ifuL$ \[p l[p [p
dp[ A_ [_p Alhpgp_u ep]_p L$pfZL$ S> Ap]duAp `f L$bd
p R>hpe
R> qQ[_dp X|$bu S>[p l[p ep kyû L$ [ `L$u AdyL$ lTfp[p [p L$V$gpe
q]hkp kyû k[[ NdNu_ fl[p l[p A_ gpL$p Nd_u r_ip_uAp [Ap_p
Qlfp `f r_lm[p l[p.
A_ `lgp_p S>dp_p_p gpL$p S>_pTp_p kN `p[p_p AhpT_
rbLy$g ûdp fpMhp_y `k] L$f[p l[p A_ S> AhpS> EQp L$f[p [_
^dL$ph[p l[p A_ adph[p l[p L$, [y OZp S> kfL$i(dp\pcpf)R>p,
[_ dp[ B_ _kul[ _\u \[u. ly L$ly Ry> L, (lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb
ipAf p_u(fld[ygpl Agel)L$l R>) Ddp S>_pTpdp EQp AhpT\u
Tuy$gpl L$fhp_u A_ ]$]ifua hNf `Y$hp_u BT[ Ap`[p _ l[p,
ep kyû L$ [Ap A ey L$ gpL$p e\ bL$hpk L$f R> epf [Ap kdS>ep
L$ Tuy$gpl ]yr_ep_u hp[p\u bl[f R>. (A_ Tuy$gpl [dS> ]$]ifua
dpV$p AhpS> `Y$hp\u BTpT[ Apù ]uû.)A L$pfZL$ _lu L$ [Ap ifB
lyL$d_ b]gu _pM bL$ a[ A L$pfZ L$ AdyL$ Tyd AdyL$\u ApR>p
]f_p lpe R>. (AV$gp dpV$ L$ Ap kN dpV$p AhpS>\u Tuy$gpl
L$fhp L$ ]y$]ifua `Y$hp `Z Tep][u S> R>, `f[y e\ bL$hpk_p
dyL$pbgpdp [p N_ud[ S> R> dpV$ Ny_pl ApR>p \hp_p l[k
y f [ApA [_u
BTpS>[ Apù ]uû.)
lTf[ lpr[d Akd(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
S>_pTpdp cpN gB_ q]g_p BgpS> L$fhp aT R>.
[p l cpB, kakpglu_ Ap fu[ S>_pTpdp [dS> gpL$p_
p Afie
kyM ]y:M_p kNpdp kpdpfieS>_p_u S>d S> ifuL$ \[p l[p A_ A fu[
`p[p_u A]f [L$byf `]p _ \pe [_p M|b S> epg fpM[p l[p.
* (86) r_apL$\u `flT

p k]NZ
y p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap gpL$p_ Bdp_ [dS> r_apL$_p A d[bp `f fpM R>, S>_u
`f [Ap R>. A_ AV$gp dpV$ [Ap_ ep dy_pauL$_p d[bp r_apL$\u
kyfnu[ dykgdp__p d[bp L$f[p ApR>p lpe R>. lh L$pB khpg L$f L$
[Ap dy_pauL$_ L$B fu[ ApmMu g R>, [p [_p S>hpb A R> L$, [Ap [_
235
[_u A r_ip_uAp hX$ ApmMu g R>, S> S>_pb fkyg AL$fd (kggplp
Agel hkgd) [_p rhi hZhu R> S>d L$ Ap` adpey L$, dy_pauL$_u
Z r_ip_uAp R>, epf [ hp[ L$f R>, [p Syz$ bpg R>, A_ epf [
hpe]p L$f R>, [p [_ `yfp _\u L$f[p, A_ epf [_ L$pB `Z dpdgpdp
Adp_[]pf b_phhpdp Aph R>, [p Mep_[ L$f R>. A_ AL$ qfhpe[dp
R> L$ Qpf r_ip_uAp R> A_ Qp\u A R> L$ epf [ gX$ TOX$ R>, [p
N]uNpmp bpg R>.
[dS> Ap` adpey L$ dy_pauLp_u L$V$guL$ Afie Agpd[p
(r_ip_uAp)R>, dpV$ [d [_p hX$ [Ap_ dy_pauL$ L$lp, S> r_ip_uAp
Ap dybR>.:- [Ap dsS>]dp OZp ApR>p fpL$pe R>, A_ _dpTdp kp\u
`pR>m Aph R>, A_ _ [p [L$byf_p L$pfZ L$pB
`Z [_p\u dm rdgp`
fpMu iL$ R>, L$ _ [p [Ap My] L$pB_p\u dcph fpM R>, fp[_p kde
dyX$]p_u S>d ky[gp `Xep lpe R>, A_ q]hk b]Apdpg. Ap rkhpe
`Z bu OZu r_ip_uAp lq]$jpdp Aphgu R>.
*lTf[ ayTg
bu_ AepT(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, dy_pauL$_u AL$ r_ip_u A `Z R> L$, [Ap A hp[_ `k] L$f R> L$
gpL$p [_u Ahp NyZp hX$ ikp L$f L$ S> [dp _\u. A_ A hp[_ _p`k]
L$f R> L$ gpL$p [_u [_p A ]yNyZp hX$ Mfpbu hZh S> [dp R> A_ S> [_
[Ap_u MpduAp ]MpX$ R>, [_p\u A]ph[(]yd_u)L$fu g R>. A_ epf
`p[p_p A_ epf `p[p_p kdL$pgu_ `L$u L$pB_p Ab(Mpdu) kpcm
R> [p Myi \B e R>.
* lTf[ ey_yk bu_ Db](fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p
L$, S> dy_pauL$_ hp BR> [ d_ B g. gpL$pA
AT L$fu, lTf[
Ap` dy_pauL$ L$h
u fu[ R>p? Ap` adpey L$, OZuhpf kp (100)kpfu
Ap][p(k]NyZp) `k] Lfy Ry> [p [ `L$u AL$ `Z ly dpfu A]f [p
_\u.A_ kp byfu Ap][p(]yNZ
y p)QyV $y Ry> [p [ [dpd dpfu A]f D Ry>
(AV$g L lfdp ly dyL$u A_ _L$ Ry> A r_apL$ _\u [p buSy> iy ?)`R>u
Aakpk lf L$f[p l[p L$, Af, Ap dpfu b]b[u L$ L$epd[dp dpfu
L$h
u $hpB \i ?
* lTf[ kyauep_ kpfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
epf _L$ gpL$p_u QQp \pe R>, [p epf Ad [_p\u AgN lpBA
R>uA A_ Adpf [Ap_u kp\ L$iy gpN[y hmN[y lp[y _\u A_ epf
ky[hgZ_p gpL$p_u QQp \pe R>, [p Adpfu [Ap_u A]f NZ_p
236
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
\pe R. (Alu L$lh

p_p A\ A R> L$, Adpfu NZ_p _L$ gpL$p_
p kdyldp
_lu `f[y ky[ gpL$p_p kdyldp \pe R>.)
* lTf[ dpguL$ bu_ ]u_pf(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p
L$, dy_pauL$_u AL$ r_ip_u A R> L$, [Ap Aph[uL$pg dpV$ fpTu(fuTL$,
Mp hNf) bQphu_ fpMu dyL$ R> A_ gpL$p kp\ ]yr_ep_p dpdg TOX$p
L$fi (A_ Ahy BR>i L$ b^y d_ S> dmu e) A_ Ahy BR>i L$ dp
dpfu S> iplf[ (ep[u)\pe.
[p l cpB, [y [pfp _ak_ A_ [_u A]f M|b S> rQ[_d__ L$f [dS> [_ M|b S> aapkp; A_ [dp r_apL$ _S>f QY$ [p [_
`pL$-kpa L$fhp dpV$ `yfp e_p L$f. Apd [p r_apL$_p kpdpfie A\
`pMX$[p, ApX$b
f A_ Y$pN
R>; [p Ap fu[ S> gpL$p dp `flTNpf lphp_p,
]u_]pf lphp_p hpN fQ R>, `f[y lL$uL$[dp [Ap_ `flTNpfu L$
]u_]pfu\u L$iy gpN[y hmN[y lp[y _\u Aphp gpL$p_
dy_pauL$ A\hp [p
`pMX$, ApX$b
fu L$ Y$pN
u L$lh
pdp Aph R> Aphp gpL$p AgplApgp kp\
bly S dpV$u b_phV$ A_ R>[fùX$u L$fu fp R>, L$pg L$epd[_p q]hk
Aphp gpL$p kp\u b][f lpg[dp li dpV$ ]fL$ esL[A `p[p_u A]f
r_funZ L$fhp_u S>$f[ R> A_ kp\u \d `p[p_ S> Aphu A^d
L$pf_u hqAp\u bQphhp_u S>$f[ R> ep kyû Bfikp_ `p[p_u A]f
r$`p[ _lu L$f ep kyû [_p dpV$ Ap dpN `f Qpghy Ar[L$Wu_ R>.
L$pfZL$ AgplApgpA kp\u \d Bfikp__ `p[p_p _ak_ S>
]pTM_u ApN\u bQphhp_u [pL$u]$ L$fu R> A_ epf bp] `p[p_p
OfhpmpAp_.
* (87) ApR>y Mphy
L$pdug ùfpA_ kyauepA DTTpd_u _L$Ap][p `L$u AL$ A
`Z R> L$, [Ap L$]pù `V$cfu_ Mp Mp[p _\u, S>\u _dpTdp ApS>Tu
`]p \pe. A_ `V$cfu_ Mphp\u q]g k[ \B e R> AV$gp dpV$
L$pB `V$cfu_ Mp Mpe_ Ahy BR> L$ _dpTdp ApS>Tu `]p \pe [p
[Z Ap Ng[ f[p A`_pep R. (L$pfZ L$ Ap lpg[dp L$epfe `Z
ApS>Tu `]p \B iL$[u _\u.)
* lTf[ B_ dD](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)epf _dpT
dpV$ Ecp \[p [p Ap`_p kyL$y _(iprQ[[p)_u lpg[ Ahu fl[u l[u
L$ Z Ahy gpN[y l[y L$ L$pB L$`Xy$ `X$ey R. A_ Bs[NfpL$(b My]u,
237
d[u)_u lpg[ A l[u L$ epf [Ap _dpT `Y$hp dpV$ Ecp \[p A_
`p[p_p OfhpmpAp_y Ahy L$l[
p kpcm[p L$, hp[Qu[ fpL$u p L$pfZ L$
A]ygpl _dpT `Y$u fp R>, [p Ap` adph[pl[p L$, S>V$gu l]
[dpfy ]ug BR> hp[ L$fp ly _dpT `Y$hp_u lpg[dp [dpfu hp[p kpcm[p
_\u.
* epf lTf[ Bbplud Agelukgpd _dpT `Y$hp dpV$ Ecp
\[p [p Mpa_p Nbp_p L$pfZ Ap`_y q]g AV$gu l] ^X$L$[y l[y L$ b
dpBg kyû Ap`_u q]g_u ^X$L$_p_p AhpS> kcmp[p l[p.
* lTf[ kB] [_yMu(fld[ygpl Agel)_dpT `Y$hp dpV$
Ecp \[p [p hfkp]_u S>d [Ap_u ApMpdp\u ApkyAp hl[p l[p.
* AL$hpf lTf[ dygud bu_ ekpf(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp) dA dsS>]dp _dpT `Y$u fp l[p. AQp_L$ S> dsS>]_p
L$pB
cpN ilu] \B Nep. S>_p L$pfZ S>V$gp gpL$p dsS>]dp lpS>f l[p [
[dpd bTpfdp cpNu Nep A_ AL$ ipf-bL$pf dQu Nep `f[y lTf[
dygud_ Ap hp[_u rbLy$g Mbf _lp[u.
* lTf[ kdu[ bu_ DS>gp_(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p
l[p L$, [d gpL$p _dpTdp My]p_u kpd lpS>f \hp_p ]php L$h
u fu[ L$fp
R>p? epf L$ [dpfu lpg[ A R> L$ AL$ dR>f L$fX$ R> [p [_p L$fX$hp_u
[d_ A_ycy[u \pe R>, L$ ka (ApNm_p byTyNp)_u lpg[ A l[u
L$, [Ap `L$u L$V $gpe_ cpgp, [uf L$ _TpAp cpL $u ]hpdp Apep [Ap_
Mbf `Z _ `X$u ep kyû L$ gplu hlu S>hp_p L$pfZ [Ap_p h EX$p
D[fu S>[p l[p A_ [Ap _bmpB_ L$pfZ S>du_ `f `X$u S>[p l[p.
* lTf[ lk_ bkfu(fld[ygpl Agel)adph[p l[p L$,
]yr_ep\u dplb[ L$fhphpmp `pR>m _dpT _ `Y$p. A_ ka_u
lpg[p [p A l[u L$ epf [Ap Ahy kpcm[p L$ L$pB
A _dpT_u lpg[dp
Alv [lu ey R> [p [_ AV$gu l] ApeS>_L$ kdS>[p l[p L$ [
`p[p_p Of `Z lpe [p `Z [Ap_u `pk S>[p A_ L$l[p l[p. Ad
kpcey R> L$ [d _dpTdp Alu [lu yAp R>p [_y L$pfZ iy R ? A_
[Ap_y Ap dpdg Ape `pdhp_y L$pfZ A l[y L$ [hp Agpl Apgp_u
ATd[_ ApmM[p l[p. (A_ AV$gp dpV$ kdS>[p l[p L$ Ahy L$]pù
\B iL$[y _\u L$ L$pB My]pApgp kpd Ecp flu_ Alu-[lu yh.)
* lTf[ ifua bMu(fld[ygpl Agel) adph[p l[p L$,
i[p_ Ap]du_u b hp[p\u M|b S> _pfpS> \pe R>. AL$ [p A L$ [_p
238
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
hkhkp_ L$iu NZ[fudp _ g, A_ buSy> A L$ Ap]du My]pApgp_u

Tp[dp MpS> L$fhp_y R>pX$u ].
(A_ MfMf Ap b_ hp[p OZu S> kdS>hp gpeL$ A_ Adg
L$fhp_ gpeL$ R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap b dpN Ahp R> L$ S_p hX$ i[p_ Bfikp_
`f L$pby lpkug L$fu g R>.)
[p l cpB, [y [pfp _ak_ A_ `p[p_u lpg[ `f rQ[_ L$f
L$ S> fu[ Ap lTfp[p_ _dpTdp MyiyA(ApS>Tu) lpkug l[p, iy [_
`Z Ap L$pf_u ApS>Tu L$epfe lpkug \B A\hp [p [y Ap dpdgpdp
bugLy$g [Ap\u rhfy^ R>p.? A_ Ap L$pf_u lpg[ L$epfe lpkug
_ \B lpe [p Agpl Apgp_u bpfNpldp M|b S> $]_ A_ Ayhl_
[dS> [pbpl L$fhu BA.
* AhpfuaydApfua ifua _y AL$ afdp_
kyauhp]_u dilyf qL$[pb AhpfuaydApfuaifua _p dykfi_ua
iMipeyM lTf[ iM ilpbyu_ Ddf kplfh]u (f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)kyauepA qL$fpd A_ dipBM qL$fpd_p k]NyZp A_ _L$Ap][p
hZh[p [_p bpb-4 kyraep L$ Alhpg Apf B_L$ dy[gua [fuL$ dp
q]g L$p L$u_k Mpgu fM_p kyfi_[ fkyggpl kggplp Agel
hkgd l A rijL$ A[N[ AL$ l]uj `pL$ _ag adphu_ [_p Mygpkp
fSy> L$f[p adph R> L$,
iMyApgd TuepDu_ Aby Ald] A]yghllpb bu_
Agu rhrh^ fphuAp \L$u lTf[ kB] bu_ dykeb (f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)\u qfhpe[ L$f R> L$ lTf[ A_k bu_ dpguL$(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)A adpey L$, d_ fkyg My]p (kggplp Agel hkgd)
Bip] adpep L$, l afT], [_ A hp[ `f isL[ p[ \B e L$ [y
khpf-kpS> A lpg[dp `kpf L$f L$ [pfp q]gdp L$pB_p [fa `Z qL$_p
(L$`V$, ]Np)_ lpe, [p [y Ahy L$f. `R>u Ap` adpey L$, l afT], Ap
dpfu kyfi_[ R> A_ S>Z dpfu kyfi_[ h[ L$fu [Z Z L$ d_ h[
fpep A_ S>Z d_ h[ fpep [ dpfu kp\ S>fi_[dp Nep.
epfbp] dS>Ly$f l]uj`pL$ _y rhhfZ fSy L$f[p lTf[
iMipeyb(Ly$kufly)A adpey L$, [p Ap fu[ Ap kp\u dlp_
_L$_pdu A_ kp\u h^y L$pdug aTg R> L$ S>_u Mbf fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)A esL[ dpV$ Apù S>Z kyfi_[ _bhu
_ h[ L$fu; dpV$ kyraepA qL$fpd S> A lTfp[p R> S>Z Ap kyfi_[
239
fkyg(kggplp Agel hkgd) _ h[ L$fu; A_ `p[p_p q]gp_

[dpd `L$pf_u MfpbuAp, MpduAp [dS> L$u_p L$`V$\u iy^ A_ `rh
L$fg R>. [Ap_p L$pe_p Ap^pf OZp S> byg] R> A_ [_p hX$ [Ap_y
Nplf lf \B Ney A_ [Ap_u aTug[ OZu S> `$ \B NB. A_
[Ap_y Ap fu[ kyfi_[_ h[ L$fhp `f iq[dp_ lphp_y [dS> [_p
S>$fu l$p kp\ [epf lphp_y L$pfZ A S> R> L$ [ApA ]yr_ep\u A_yfpN
A_ ked A`_pep A_ ]yr_ep_ [_p ArcgpjuAp [dS> [_p
`yfuAp dpV$ R>pX$u ]uû. L$pfZ L$ qL$_p [dS> `pMX$[p(_uapL$)_p DR>f
[dS> [_u Nq[ ]yr_ep A_ ]yr_ep_u _S>]uL$ `p[p_u DQ[p A_ dp_
d[bp [fa_p dcph hX$ \pe R>. epf kyraepA qL$fpd L$ley R> L$,
Adpfp Ap [fuL$p A gpL$p_
u cgpB A_ ky^pfZp dpV$ R>, S>ApA `p[p_u
Afhplp_ ]fL$ L$pf_u ]yfiehu MfpbuAp$ù L$Qfp A_ N]L$uAp hX$
`rh L$fg R> A_ epf A gpL$p_p q]gpdp\u ]yr_ep_u dplb[ A_
dp_-dpcp_u BR>p _[p-_pby] \B NB [p [ApA khpf-kpS> A
lpg[dp `kpf L$fu L$ [Ap_p q]gdp L$pB_p [fa gidp qL$_p L$`V$ L$
]Npbp _ lp[u.
[p l cpB, kyraepA qL$fpd A_ dipBM DTTpd S> Ahu
l[uAp R> L$ S>Ap fkyggpl (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u ]fL$
kyfi_[p_ h[[p A`Z L$f_pfpAp R>. Agpl ApgpA fkyggpl
kggplp Agel hkgd_u [pb]pfu A_ A_ykfZ_ `p[p_u
dplb[_u r_ip_u L$lu R>. [dS> fkyggpl (kggplp Agel
hkgd)_p Ap _L$ A_ykfZ_p b]gp AgplApgpA `p[p_u
dplb[ fpep R>. [p Ap fu[ S> ik_ S>V$gp h^y rlkp fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p A_ykfZ `V$ lpkug \ep li, [V$gp
S> rlkp [_ AgplApgp_u dplb[dp\u p[ \i. A_
dykgdp_p_p [dpd [bL$L$pAp `L$u lTfp[ kyraepA fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p Bip]p[p `f kp\u h^y Adg L$ep
A_ S> hp[p\u fpLep [_p\u fpL$pB Nep.
S> fu[ L$ AgplApgp_p Bip] R> L$, S> L$B fkyg dL$byg
(kggplp Agel hkgd) [dpfu `pk gpep [_ gB gp A_ S>
QuT\u [Ap [d_ d_pB adph [_p\u fpL$pB h. A S> fu[ kyraepA
qL$fpd `p[p_p Apdpgpdp Ap` (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u L$dpg
]fS> èfhu(A_ykfZ)L$fu. [dS> [pb]pfu$ù e_p hX$ Bbp][,
240
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...

el [_ fb kQ ]$p lzS>fp, MuX$uep bpN blpfp lz,
huQ Ly$ S>, huQ dykg, huQ kS>]$ ]$uep W$pfp ly,
huQ L$pbp, huQ L$ugp, Bggugpl `yL$pfp lz,
L$pdug dy i w]$ dugep bplz , Ap` g k u kpfp lz .
lTf[ kyg[p_ bplz L$p]$fu (fld[ygpl Agel)
(4)
(A\O
V$_ :- di
y w]$ L$pdug p[ \[p [d
_p aT
\L$u d_ Mbf `X$u L$, dp$ cpr[L$ ifuf Afihpf

Bgpluepl\u cf`yf R> [_u A]$f Bbp]$[_u `|Z[p_p
kh kp^_p R > [_
u Qphu L$dpifua R>, lh di
y w]$L$pdug_p
dpN ]$i_
lW$m Tu$ _au-Abp[ L$fui d_ L$pB
S> M[fp
_\u dpfp dyiw]$ `p[ dpfu kcpm fpMi.)
S>Tbp[ lL$_u AL$ L$iui (ApL$jZ

)
b_ S>lp_
p Apdpgp_
u bfpbf R>.
lTf[ ke
] d]d
y S>lpN
uf Aifa kud_p_u (L$y]kufly)
(lhpgp : g[pBa Aifau, g[uap _-6)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[p Sepf rbQpfp AdyL$ _pL$uk _Lib]uAp S> `p[p_p
rkgrkgp_u Ap dlp_ ]pg[_ kd iLep _lu A_ [_p BL$pf S> L$fu
]R>,[p `R>u Ae rkgrkgp_p _pL$uk ùfp A_ [pgubp_u QQp Alu
L$B fu[ \B iL$ R>?!?
Ap S> L$pfZkf h[dp_L$pmdp X$p.BL$bpg_p Ap if dyS>b,
[u_kp kpg k l rlfi]$ L$ deMp_ b]$,
Ab dy_pkub l [fp aT lp Apd Ae kpL$u.
Sepf Ap aT Apd \B fp R> epf Ap ]pg[_p Tlyf(lf
\hy) AdyL$ [pgubpdp ]Mu_ L$pBA [_ kuagu Cd_p epOp[ Lp
[p L$pB
A [_ ^[uN L$ b_phV$ L$p,LpBA [_ lpS>fu L$ _p[ hNf_
u
khpfu L$lu, [p L$pBA hmu Ahp A[fpT Lep L$, Ad `Z dyfu] A_
[pgub R>uA,Ad_ Ahy L$d _\u \[y ?!? L$pBA [p hmu A[fpT
L$f[p L$y L$, S>Ap ]pY$u dyX$p A_ ifuA[_p `pb] _\u [Ap_ hmu
Ap S>Tbp L$hu fu[ dmu iL$? L Ap R>gp b A[fpTp `L$u
\d A[fpT_p S>hpb A R>L$, dyfu] L$ [pgubdp S>Tbpl_y `]p _
\hp_y L$pfZ ùf_u _pL$uk [pgud [dS> kygyL$Bggpl_p dpN_ `pf
Lep rh_pS rMgpa[ lpkug L$fu ghp_p L$pfZ R>, S> ùf_u `p[p_u Mpdu
R>. A_ bu A[fpT_p S>hpb [p My] lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]
Aajp_u (f]$uegplp Alp)A `p[ S> dL$[ybp[ ifuadp ]a[f-1,
dL$[yb _-200dp Apep R>,S> Ap fu[ R>,fpl _pdgyL$(Ar_[
dpN)k dyfp] S>Tbpl Apf dplb[L$p fp[p l Apf Bkd [auepA
L$b
[TL$uepA _ak `f dyL$]d lApf e BS>[ubpL$p fp[p l;
kd A_pb[ Apf [pbpl i[ _lu. (A\p[: -Ar_q[ dpN_p A\
S>Tbpl A_ dplb[_p dpN R>,A_ [dp q]g_u hR>[p _ak_u
kapB `f AN[p ^fph R>; A_ Ap Bgplu ApL$jZ_p dpN R>,S>dp
[pbpl A_ A_pb[ i[ _\u.)AV$g L$ Ap dpN `f Qpghp dpV$ [pbpl
A_ A_pb[(peq[)i[ _\u,[p `R>u dp dy L$u A_
`flTNpf_ S> S>Tbpl_u ]$pg[ dmu iL$. Ahy L$lhy [p lTf[ Bdpd
fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u(f]uegplApgp Alp)_p D`fpL[
afdp__p BL$pf R>,bL$ [pgub_ Ap dlp_ _Lib]u [fuL$pdp
i$Ap[\u S> S>Tbp_u ]pg[ hX$ dyifa adphp_y L$pfZAR> L$ Ap
S>Tbp_u ]pg[ S> [pgub_ A_pb[ [\p [pbpl_p Alkpk L$fphi
[dS> q]$g_u hR>[p([auepA L$b)A`Z L$fi S> [_ `flTNpfu_p
[dlu]$$
_Lib]u rkgqkgp_p dipBMpA Ly$blLL $ (Agpl_u
r_L$V$[p) p[ L$fhp_p dpNdp S>Tbp_ AN\p_ Ap`gy R. [dS> Ly$b
lLL$ $ _u p[udp `p[p_p ]pfpd]pf Tu Lbu A_ Tu$ Mau
`f fpep R>; A_ Ap dpNdp dp au$Tp[ _ S> AN[p Apù R>,
S>_p\u dyfp] hyLy$a L$bu R> AV$g L$ q]g_p epg ]fL$ `m A_ ]fL$
lpg[dp hpbyhyS>y ] _u Tp[ [fa lphp. Ap bpb[ Ae [fuL$pAp\u
DV$u R. Bd Tp[ Agpl _u au$ [dS> Tu$\uS> S>Tbp `]p
\pe R>, A_ Ap S>Tbp_p dpN_ S> fpl BS>[ubp AV$g L$ Bgplu
ApL$jZ_p dpN L$l R>. Ap dpN hg Bgplu (AgplApgp_p
dmp`)lpkug L$fhp_p dilyf [dS> r_q[ dpN kygyL$_p dpN \u
[_ rh`fu[, Aep [dS> Ar_q[ dpN R>.A_ Ap dlp_ _Lib]u
byTNpA `p[p_p [fuL$pdp Ap Aep [dS> Aq_q[ dpNAV$gL$
S>Tbpl_p dpN \L$uS>[pgubp_u [fbu[ adphu R>,A_ Ap Aep
[dS> Ar_q[ dpN_ [ApA r_q[ A_ ^pfu dpN b_phu ]u^p R>; S>
Ap _Lib]u byTyNp_u Mpk rhij[p A_ aTug[p `Lu R>. A_ Ap
A_yk^p_ S>lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u (fq]egplp
Apgp Alp)A dL$[b
y p[ ifuadp ]a[f-1, dL$[b
y _200dp adpey
R>L$, _Lib]u [qfL$p_p byTyNpA Ap S> Ar_q[ dpN(S>Tbpl_p
dpN)A`_pep R>.A_ Ap Ar_q[ dpN S A byTyNp_p [fuL$pdp
r_q[ b_u Q|Lep R> [dS> Ake gpL$p_ Ap dpN \L$uS> `p[p_u
[hS>l A_ Apdbm hX$ ee(Agpl Apgp)kyû `lpQpX$u ]u^p
R>.
A_ Ap L$pfZkf S >Ap [_p S>Tbp `qf`|Z _Lib]uAp dp
`lgp `Z l[p,ApS> `Z R> A_ BipAgpl, crhedp `Z fli;
`f[y _pqLk _Lib]uAp Ap hp[_ Lep\u kd iL$ A_ Aphp S> _pL$uk
_Lib]uApL$ S>Ap `p[p_p rkgrkgp_u aTug[p\u _phpqL$a R>,[_u
`f Aakpk lf L$f[p lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dySu] Aajp_u
(fq]egpl Apgp Alp)A `p[p_p dL$[ybp[ ifuadp ]a[f _-1_p
dL[yb _-27dp adpey R>L$, . (Aepf)Ap dlp_ r_b[(S>Tbpl_u
r_b[)AV$gu bû _luh[ dpZdp A_ ]ygc
R> L$, L$]pQ ly dpfp
ùf cpBAp_(Alg rkgqkgp)kpd `Z [_y bep_ L$fy [p iLe R>L$
dpV$pcpN_p [_p BL$pf S> L$fu ] A_ dpfu hp[ `f rhpk S> _ L$f.
L$iui fbp_u `p_p _.-1
245
246
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dpN `f gNpX$u ]i,[p Ap fu[ Ap S>Tbp_u ]pg[ [p [pgub dpV$

`flTNpfu_p dpN_y hipf kpbu[ \pe R>;[p `R>u [_p ApV$gp b^p
rhfp^ ip dpV$?
Ap [p Ahu hp[ \B L$ L$pB
bhLy$a L$l L$, S> [f[p iuep _\u
[ [mph `f _ S>B iL$. A S> fu[ Ap `Z Ap L$pf_p S> rhfp^ L$lh
pe
L$, dyL$u _\u [p S>Tbp Lep\u dm?!?
Al]pgugpl,ApS> `Z _Lib]u rkgqkgp_p [pgubpdp
S> [Lhp A_ `flTNpfu R> [ Aphp A[fpT L$f_pfpAp A_ S>L$p[_p
dpg \L$u b_gp S>b-c$ dpghuAp `pk Lep\u lpB iL$?!? A_ [_u
A`np `Z L$B fu[ fpMu iL$pe? L$lh
p_y [pè A R>L$ , Ap S>Tbpl_u
]pg[ \L$u R>g [pgub_ [L$hp A_ `flTNpfu_u ]pg[ lpkug \B
S>e R>.
[p Ap fu[ Ap dlp_ _Lib]u rkgrkgp_u Ap S>Tbpl$ù
]pg[_p lk]$ù rbdpfudp akpegp gpL$p rhrh^ fu[ BL$pf L$fu_
`p[p_ Mkfy ]y$_uep hApMfl_p lLL$]pf b_phu fp R>!!! (Agpl
_u `_pl) A_ Aphp rbdpfp dpV$S > Bip] My]ph]u R>L$, au L$pg
b
y l ud
df]y_ aTp]lydgplp df]p
A\p[ :- [Ap_p q]gpdp rbdpfu l[u Agpl [_u rbdpfudp
(A\p
h^pf L$fu ]$u^p.)
AL$ gpeL$ dpghu kplb\u Sepf Ap S>Tbpl rhi \ep [p
[dZ S>hpbdp L$y L$, [khya_y op_ d_ rbLyg _\u. L$pi L$ Ae
Apgudp `Z Ap f[p A`_ph[p !?! Sepf AL$ rQ[u rkgrkgp_p
ùf kplb\u Ap \ep [p [dZ Ap ApMu hp[_ `p[p_u dlaug
kudpA_p fLk kp\ [_u kfMpdZu L$fu S>_p L$pfZ kpBg Mpdpi \B
Nep.lh Sepf ApS>_p Ap lmplm Sy>WpZp_p eyNdp b_u bWgp
dpghuAp_ _dpT_p S> k`|Z dkpBg_y op_ _\u [p `R>u [khya_p
Ap dlp_ c] S>Tbpl_y op_ [p Lep\u lpe S>? A_ [_ Ap op_ kp\
iu ghp ]hp?!?R>[p `Z lgp `p[p_u AZAphX$[_p gu^ Ap [_p
dygpAp_ k`|Zop_u kd_ [_ S>Tbp A_ kygyL$ rhi L$fu
A\lu_ S>hpbp dmhu_ `p[ `Z Nydfpl \pe R> A_ buAp_ `Z
Nydfpl L$f R>.!
L$pB fpl lLL$_p [gbNpf_ S>Tbp rhi k`|Z dplu[u
dmhhu lpe [p [Z lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u,dyS>u] Aajp_u,dlbyb
247
kd]p_u, L$eyd Tdp_u,iM Ald] ap$L$u kflu]u(f]$uegpl Apgp

Alp)_p dL$[b
y p[ ifua_p]a[f-1, dL$[b
y _-62,113,200,287
A_290_y ep_`|hL $ d\_ A_ d__ L$fhy L$pfZL$ S>Tbpl [\p [_p
aTpBg A_ L$pfp rhi dS>Ly$f `rh `pdp Ap` k`|Z QQp L$fu
R>.A_ [_p d__-d\_ \L$uS> S>Tbp rhi_y rk^p[uL$(\uefuL$g)op_
p[ \B iL$i ; A_ L$p B _ S>Tbp rhi _ p en
A_ych(L$V$uL$g)dmhhp lpe [p L$pB
gpeL$ _Lib]u ùf L$pdug_p ]
pd_\u hpb[p \B Tu$ A_ au$ L$fhp `X$i [dS> [_u kplb[dp flhy
`X$i . Ap ]y r _ep ApS> `Z L$pdug A_ gpeL$ ùfp \ u Mpgu
_\u.dL[ybp[ ifua ]fL$ eyNdp Nydfplp_ fpl ]MpX$hp dpV$ [\p [_p
d__u ApMp Mpghp
hpdpV$ dpN]iL$_y L$pd Ley R>.
S>Tbp_u aTug[L$yAp_`
pL$
A_ l]$ujifua_u fpi_udp
AgplApgp Ly$Ap_`
pL$dp kyfA Tydf_u Apep[ _bf 23dp
afdphR>L$,. [L$iBfydufilp gy]y$gTu_ ei_ fblzd.
kyd[gu_p g]y $pl d
z h Ly$gb
y pld
z Agp Tuugpl. TpgL$lp]$gpl el]$
blu deipA h dey]$ggugplp adp glzzd du_ lp]$.
A\p [ :- Dkk bpg MX$ lp[ l D_L$ b]$_ `f A`_
(A\p
fbk X$$f[ l auf D_L$u Mpg Apf q]$g _fd `X$[ l ep]$ My]$pL$u [fa
fNb[d e AgplL$u rl]$pe[ l fpl q]$MpA Dkk k Qpl Apf k
Agpl Nydfpl L$f Dk L$pB fpl q]$Mp_ hpgp _lv.)
dS>Ly$f Apep[`pL$ S>Tbp_u L$a ue[ fSy> L$fu flu R>,Ap Apep[
`pL$\u kbû[ dyakuf qL$fpd fSy> L$fgu AgN-AgN [akufp `L$u
L$V$guL$ [akufp_p Ah[fZp Alu fSy> L$fy Ry>,S>\u hpQL$ dS>Ly$f Apep[
`pL$_u NlfpB_ kpfu fu[ kd iL$.
[akuf MTpB_ygBap_ dp lTf[ dpgp_p _Bdyu_
(1)[akuf
dyfp]$pbp]$u(fld[ygpl Agel)A Ap Apep[ dybpfL$_u [akuf
hZh[p AL$ lq]$j`pL$ bep_ afdphu R>L$,lTf[ L$[p]p (f]$uegplp
Apgp Alp)A afdpey L$, Aprgep Agpl_u rka[(Mpkue[)
R> L$ Tu$Bgplu_p L$pfZ [Ap_p hpm Ecp \B e R>,ifuf Lp`hpgpN
R> [dS> q]g_ Q_ lpkug \pe R>.
(kdSy>[u:- dS>Ly$f l]$uj`pL$dp aTp_ rhgpe[ _p DgM
R>,Ap S> lpg[ S>Tbp_u L$aue[dp [pgub_u lpe R>. Tu$ Bgplu_p
248
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

R>.Ap A_yk^p_ cpf[ue D`MX$dp Ap dlp_ _Lib]$u rkgrkgp_p
Z[p A_ bp_u lTf[ hp dpld]$ bpL$ubugpl (Ly$kuflz)_y
AL$ afdp_ lz Alv gMy Ry> L$S> lT[ Agpdp b]$$u_ kftl]$u
(fld[ygpl Apgp Agel)A `p[p_u L$u[pb lTfp[yLy$k _u
]$-1dp _pey R>. Ap` adpey L$, S>Tbpl A_ dplb[_p dpN
r_:iL$`Z dykug(dmp` L$fph_pfp)R>.Ae dpNp\u qhfy^ [_y $M
AgplApgp rkhpe Ae [fa lp[y _\u.Sepf Ae dpNpdp
dpV$pcpN [_y $M Ahpfp [fa lpe R>.dpV$ AdyL$ [p Ap Ahpfpdp S>
AV$hpe_ flu e R>.[dS> Ap S>Tbp A_ dplb[ [dpd dp_hu_u
A]$f dpy]$ R>,`f[y Ry>`pegp fl R> A_ dpV$S> Ap _Lib]$u [fuL$p_p
dlp_ dipBMpA Ap BsS>Tpb(Bgplu ApL$jZ A_ dplb[)hX$
S> [pgubp_u [fbue[ adphu R>.
lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl(Ly$kuflz)_p D`fpL[ adp_
dyS>b Ap S>Tbpl A_ dplb[_p dpN L$iu S> iL$p-Ly$iL$p hNf S>
QpLL$k`Z d[gyb\u dmp` L$f_pfp R>, L$pfZL$ [dp [pgub_y $M `yfu
fu[ AgplApgp_u Tp[ [fa S> lpe R>,S>_ kyauhp]$_u cpjpdp
Alq]$e[ dyS>f]$p_u [hSl L$l R>.Sepf S>Tbpl rkhpe_p Ae
dpNpdp [p [pgub_y $M AgplApgp_u Tp[_ R>pX$u_ [_p Ahpfp
[fa lpe R>, dpV$ [pgub Ap Ahpfp_p S> QLL$fdp akpegp fl R>.A_
Ap fu[ d[gyb(AgplApgp)_p dmp`\u hQu[ flu e R>.Alv
S>Tbp_p dpN_u aTug[_ rhQpfp [dS> Ap dpN Ae dpNp L$f[p
L$V$gp irL[ipmu,DL$$ A_ ee kyû `lpQpX$_pfp R>? [_u `f
rQ[_ d__ L$fp. A_ `R>u Ap` $ dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp AL $OZp S> Nlfp
A_dlp_ fle_p OV$apV$ L$f[p Ly L$, A_ Ap S>Tbp A_ dplb[
[dpd dp_hu_u A]$f dpy]$ R>,`f[y [ Ry>`pegp fl R>. AV$gL$ Ap
S>Tbpl $ù dlp_ MTp_p ]$fL$ dp_hudp Ry>`pegp R>;_Lib]$u
[fuL$pAp_p dlp_ dipBMpA Ap Ry>`pegp BsS>Tpb
BsS>Tpb(S>Tbpl)_p
dpN hX$ S> `p[p_p [pgubp_u [fbue[ adphu R>. AV$gL $ [ApA `p[p_u
Mpk [hSl A_ Apdbm hX$ [pgubpdp Ry>`pegp Ap S>Tbpl A_
dplb[ $ù MTp_p_ lf Lep R>.A_ [_p \L$u S> [_u [fbue[
afdphu R>,[p `R>u Ap [fuL$p_p [pgubpL dyfu]pdp S>Tbp_u L$ aue[
`V$ ipfp-Nyg,Aplp-_pfp L$ ER>m-Ly$]$ A_ Ap$]$ hp dm [p [dp
ApeS>_L$ iy R>?Ap [p dp [_u A]$f Ry>`pegu ApN_y S> ùf-
Ahpfp Sepf ùf_u [hSl [dS> Apdbm hX$ [pgub_p q]$gdp

D[f R>,[p [Ap_p hpm epf Ecp \B e R>,ifuf L$p`hp gpN R>
[dS> [X$`hp gpN R>.LepfL$ d[u A_ bM]y $u_u lpg[dp [pgub `p[p_p
L$`X$p `Z apX$hp gpN R>.[p Ap fu[ Ly$Ap_ `pL$ A_ [akufdp fSy> \egu
dS>Ly$f l]$ujifua_u fpi_udp S>Tbpl_u L$aue[ AV$gL $aTp_
rhgpe[ `$`Z kpbu[ \B fp R>;[p `R>u [_p BL$pf L$fhp
Ly$Ap_`
pL$ A_ l]$ujifua_p [p BL$pf \ep S> A_ kp\ aTp_ rhgpe[
_p `Z \ep.[p lh rhQpfp Ap BL$pf_y `fuZpd iy lpe iL$? A_
bu ApeS>_L$ hp[ [p A R> L$, Ly$Ap_ `pL$_u dS>Ly$f Apep[ `pLdp S
Aphp gpLp dpV$ `$ i]pdp Q[hZu R>L$ , Ap Agpl_u rl]$pe[ R>
dpN ]$MpX$ [_p hX S>_ BR> A_ S>_ Agpl Nydfpl L$f [_ L$pB S>
dpN ]$MpX$_pf _\u. )
(2)dS>Ly$f Apep[`pL$_p [Sy>d
p A_ [akuf fSy> L$f[p ]$hb]$u
rhQpfZu_p dpghu A]y$fl ud kp]$uL$ fp]$ fu `p[p_u [akuf dpAfazg
Ly$Ap_ dp gM R>L$,
[S>y>dp :-[_p\u Ahp gpL$p_
([S>
p ifuf ^
y EW$ R>,S>Ap `p[p_p
`fhfq]$Npf\u X$f R>.afu Agpl_u ep]$ `f [Ap_p q]$g _fd \B e
R>.....)
Ap Apep[ `pL$_u [akuf hZ[p dS>Ly$f dpghu kplb gM
R>L$, Agpl_p L$gpd kpcmu_ Agpl_p Mpa A_ lpV$pB\u [Ap
^y EW$ R>.[Ap_p $hpV$p Ecp \B e R> `R>u hQp A_ A[:L$fZp
_fd \Be R>... kpfpi Mpa A_ fpb_p Nbp \hp_p L$pfZ [d_p
luf A_ bp[u_ Agpl_u ep]$dp TyL$u e R>.A_ A ep]$ [_p ifuf
A_ $l b_ `f Mpk L$pf_u L$aue[ A_ Akf lf L$f R>(Agpl_p
L$gpd [\p Tu$dp) Aphu AkfL$pL$[p lphp R>[p `Z S> L$pB
ke_ L$bg
y
L$fhp\u _pep L$ ]yfcpep [_p q]$g_u k[pBdp lSy> h^y h^pfp S> \hp_p
A fu[ L$ S>d kye_u Nfdu\u duZ ùNm R>,`f[y _dL$ [p kyL$pB_ h^y
k[ S> b_ R>.
dS>Ly$f [akufdp S>Tbpl_u L$aue[ OZuS> kpfu fu[ hZhu R>
A_ `R>u Ap ke hp[_ huL$pfhp\u S> ]yfcpep [_p q]$g_u k[pB_y
AL$ MybS> kpfp $p[ hX$ hZ_ Ley R>,S> L$pB`Z kd iL$ R>.`f[y
S>_p q]$g S> Ap^mp R> A_ S>_u L$q[dp S> BL$pf rkhpe buy L$iy S>
_\u [_p iy BgpS>?!? Ap S>Tbpl$ù L$aue[ dp_hdpdp Ry>`pegu
249
250
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

([p dS>Ly$f b_ l]$uj`pL$\u kpbu[ \pe R>L$ ,Sepf Tu$Bgplu_p
L$pfZ [pgub_p ifuf_p [dpd $hpX$p Ecp \B e R>,[p [_p [dpd
Ny_plp Mfu `X$ R>,S> S>Tbp_u S> AL$ L$pf_u L$aue[ R>.A_ bu
l]$uj`pL$ hX$ kpbu[ \pe R>L$[
AprgepAgpl_u rka[ hX$ Apcyju[
\pe R>.[p Ap fu[ S>Tbpl_u rka[ A aTp_ rhgpe[ S> R> A_ [_p
CL$pf A rhgpe[_p S> BL$pf kpbu[ \pe R>, [p `R>u [d hgu_
dp__pfp L$hp? A_ hgu_ dp__pfp R>p [p `R>u Ap aTp_ rhgpe[_p
CL$pf ip dpV$?Ap aTp_ rhgpe[ [p Lepd[ kyû fu fl_pfp R>,[dp
pQu_ eyN_y L$ AhpQu_ eyN_y L$iy b^_ _\u,[dS> hgu A_ aTp_
rhgpe[ Afk `fk NpY$ fu[ kL$mpegp R>.)
`R>u dS>Ly$f Ape[_u h^y [akuf hZh[p lTf[ Agpdpl
`p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)kyaudp Ap S>Tbp_u L$aue[ lf \hp_y
L$pfZ fSy> L$f[p gM R>L$, Sepf bfL$p[p [S>gue[_u hjp rh`yg
dppdp \pe R>,A_ kyau_p lpkgp($lp_u `p[p)[N A_ [_u
kp\eiqL[ L$df lphp_p L$pfZ(kyau [_ bf]$p[ _\u L$fu iL$[p
dpV$)[_u D`f blpiu_u lpg[ R>hpB e R>, Ap dpdgpdp klpbpA
L$ufpd(fu]$hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)_y ]$ug$ù hpkZ O
S> `lpmy l[y AV$gL $ [Ap_u kp\eiqL$[ MybS> KQu l[u L$pfZL$ [Ap_
kplb[ fkyg kggplp Agel hkgd lpkug l[u,AV$gp dpV$ MybS
rh`yg dpZdp bfL$p[p A_ [S>guep[p_u hjp R>[p [Ap blpi \[p
_lp[p.klpbpA L$ufpd rkhpe Ap ]$pg
[ b^p_ pe _\u.A_ dpV$S>
Ap b L$pfZpkf [Ap `f(kyauAp `f)blpiu R>hpe h R>.(1)L$p [p
bfL$p[p A_ [S>guAp_y D[fpZ rh`yg dppdp R> A\hp [p(2) [Ap_y
]$ug$ù hpkZ kpL$Xy$ R> dpV$ [Ap_p lpigpdp kdp[y _\u.
Alv Ap` kyaudp `]$p \[u S>Tbpl_u L$aue[_y L$pfZ O S>
kfk fu[ hZey R>,S>_p kpfpi A R>L$ p\duL$Lnp_p dyfu]$p A_ [pgubp
L$ S>Ap lSy> Ap dpN `f `p-`p `Ngu cfu fp R>; [Ap_y `p[p$ù
hpkZ O S> kpL$Xy$ lpe R> [p Sepf Ap s\r[dp [_u D`f ùf_u
[hSl hX$ bfL$p[p A_ [S>guep_u `yL$m hjp \pe R>, [p hpkZ_u
kL$X$pi_p L$pfZ [ R>gL$pe e R> A_ rhrh^ L$aue[p $` [ dyfu]$_p
ipfufuL$ Y$pQ
p hX$ lf \pe R>, S>dL$ QuM,lpe-hpe,Ap$]$,ER>m-Ly$]$
hNf h$`.`f[y ûd-ûd [ Ap [SguAp_p Ap]u \B e R> A_
[_y `p[p$ù hpkZ ûd-ûd `lpmy \[y e R>, A_ AL$ q]$hk
L$pdug_u [hSl hX NV$uL$fZ R>.lp, [dpfpdp dyfu]$ L$ [pgub

bep `R>u Ap L$pf_u is[Ap N[ _ \pe [p [dp L$kyfhp_ L$pZ
R>? S> [dpf rhQpfhy `X$.dp buAp `f A[fpT L$fhp A Ap_p BgpS>
Sepfkyauhp]$_p Ap NyY$ fle_
_\u,bL$ Ap [p DV$u NNp L$lhpe.Sepf
[d kd iL$[p _\u [p [_u D`f A[fpT L$fhp A Tf kdp_
R>,S> ]u_ A_ ]yr_ep_p _yL$kp_ A_ lgpL$[_y L$pfZ R>.
lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl(Ly$kuflz)_p D`fpL[ adp_\u
bu AL$ hp[ A `Z kpbu[ \B L$, ùf-dyfu]$u _pd R> [pgub L$
dyfu]$dp Ry>`pegu Ap L$pf_u S>Tbp A_ DL$$ dcph_p_u
is[Ap_p N[uL$fZ_y A_ h_u ApmM_y.
L$pfZL$ lq]$jifuadp Apey R>L$, d_ Afa_aklzaL$]$ Afa
S> Z Ap m Mu `p [ p_u Tp[(_ak)_ b i L$ Ap m Mu
fblz. (S>
gu^p `p[p_p fb_)[p Ap fu[ `p[p_u A]$f Ry>`pegp NyY$flep
A_ MTp_pAp_u ZL$pfu,h_u ApmM A_ `p[p_u A]$f Ry>`pegu
iqL[Ap_p N[uL$fZ_y _pd S> ùfu-dyfu]$u R>,[p S> ùfu-dyfu]$u \L$u
Ap l[y rk^ _ \pe,[ bugLy$g e\ R> A_ dp fdp-qfhpS> rkhpe
buy L$iy S> _\u!!!
(3) dS>Ly$f Ape[ `pL$_p [d
y p A_ [akuf fSy> L$f[p lTf[
Agpdp LpTu k_pDgpl `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)`p[p_u
dilzf [akuf [akuf dTlfu ifua ]$-10dp adph R>L$,
([yd
p:- .....kk B_ gpNpL$ fpNV$ MX$ lp [ l A`_
fb k X$f[ l.auf D_L$ b]$_ Apf q]$g _fd lpL$f AgplL$ Tu$L$u [fa
dy[hSl lp [ l... )
dS>Lyf Apep[`pL$_u [akuf hZh[p lTf[ Agpdp
`p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Apgp Agel)A AL$ l]$uj`pL$ bep_ adphu,
S>_p fphu lTf[ Abpk(f]uegplpApgpAlp) R. fkyggpl
(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey L, Sepf Agpl_p Mpa\u
[Ap_p $hpX$p Ecp \B e R>,[p [Ap_p Ny_pl A fu[ Mfu e R>
L$,S> fu[ TpX$_p kyL$p `p]$X$p. A_ Agpdp bhu_u AL$ qfhpe[ Ap
i]$p_
u kp\ R>L$ , Sepf Agpl_p Mpa\u b]$p_p ifuf_p $hpX$p Ecp
\B e R>,[p AgplApgp [_ dpV$ ]$pT
M lfpd L$fu ]$R>. A_ Ap S>
rkgrkgpdp lTf[ L$[p]$p_y L$\_ R>L$ , Agpl_p Mpa\u [Ap_p $hpX$p
Ecp \B S>hp A_ ifuf_y ^yS>hyA AprgepAgpl_u rka[ R>.
251
252
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

_Ad[ A_ B_pd `L$u _\u? [p Ap fu[ S>Tbpl$ù ]$pg[_p CL$pf
L$fhp A Ly$p_ _Ad
[ S> R>, S>_p L$pfZ q]$g_u k[pBdp S> h^pfp \pe
R> [dS> NTb Bgplu_y L$pfZ `Z b_u fy R>.
(4)kyauhp]$_u dilzf L$u[pb AhpfuazdApfua ifua L$ S>_p
dyk_ua R> iMyipeyM lTf[ iM ilpbyu_ Ddf kplfh]w
(f]uegplp Apgp Alp ) Ap` [khy a _p dily f rkgrkgp
kplfh]$wepl_p Bdpd A_ bp_u R>; Ap` gMgu Ap dlp_ L$u[pb
kyauepA qL$fpddp Ahpfua ifua _p _pd\u dilzf R>. dSL$yf L$u[pb
[khya_u `lgu Ahu L$u[pb R>L$ S>_u A]f kyauhp]_p r_r[-r_edp
A_ L$p_y_p_ bpL$pe]$p Ly$Ap_`
pL$ A_ l]$ujifua_u fpi_udp fSy> L$fhpdp
Apep R>.A_ byTN
y p]u__u ]$fL $ Mp_L$plifuapdp dS>Ly$f L$u[pb_p ]$k
Ap`hpdp Aph[p l[p. Ap L$u[pb_u A]$f bpbp_-22dp dS>Ly$f
Apep[_p [ydp A_ [akuf fSy> L$f[p lTf[ iM ilpbyu_ Ddf
kplfh]$w(f]$uegplpApgpAlp)A adpey R>L$,
([ydp :- Dk(L$gpdL$uAkf)k D_ gpNpL$u ]$pL$ bpg
MX$ lp [ l A`_ `fhf]$uNpfk X$f[ l. )
dS>Ly$f Apep[ `pL$_u [akuf hZh[p Ap` adpey L$, LepfL$
[_p _yTyg AV$gp ATud(dlp_) lpe R>L$ [_u Akf ]udpN_u D`f
\pe R> [dS> ALL$g_u `lpQ\u `f Ahu _hu OV$u[ \egu QuT_p
_yTyg_p L$pfZ ApMpdp\u Apky hlhp gpN R> A_ LepfL$ Ap Akf $l
`f _pTug \pe R> S>_p L$pfZ $ldp Ahp [fNp A_ lgQg `]$p \pe R>
L$ ipfufuL$ Y$pQ
p_p ]$fhp [_p dpV$ [N \B e R>(A_ Ahy gpN R> L$
$l Ap [N Y$pQpdp\u _uLmu S>i)A_ [dp kdphy dyL$g $` b_ue
R> epf QuMp _uLm R> A_ AL$ lgQg [pfu \B e R>.
S>Tbpl_u aTug[ dL$[ybp[
Bdpd fbp_u _u fpi_u dp
Alv kyû Ap`Z LyAp_`pL A_ l]ujifua_u fpi_udp
STbpl_u lL$uL$[, aTug[, Laue[ [dS [_p dyL$ufp_p lpgp[ ep
lh Ap`Z lTf[ fbp_u,dySu]$ Aajp_u,L$eyd Tdp_u,dlbyb
kd]p_u,iM Ald]$ ap$L$u kftl]$u (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)_p
dL$[ybpifua_p L$V$gpL$ CsL$[bpkp[p(Ah[fZp) hX$ Ap S>Tbpl_u
lL$uL$[p A_ aTug[p Biy,L$pfZL$ Ap`_p dL$[b
y p[ifua kyauhp]$_p
NyY$flep_u R>ZphV$dp AL$ A_$ A_ A]$L$$ \p_ ^fph R>.
Ahp Aph R>L$ [_u D`f A_fp^pf [SguAp_u hjp \[u li,`f[y
[_y $hpXye _lv afL$ A_ Ap L$pf_p [pgub_ kyauhp]$_u cpjpdp
dy[lu AV$g L$ Ar[dL$npA `lpQg [pgub L$lhpdp Aph R>. A_
dpV$ S> ApV$gu `yL$m bfL$[p A_ [SguAp_u A_fp^pf hjp R>[p
kplbpA L$ufpd (fu]$hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud ASdB_)`f blpiu
R>hp[u _lp[u;L$pfZL$ lzTf _buA `pL$(kgplp Agel hkgd)_u
\d kplb[dp S> [ApA AV$gy b^y lpkug L$fu gu^y l[y L Dd[_p
dlp_dp dlp_ hgu [_p dpV$ k[ qfepT[p A_ dylu]$pAp L$f [p
`Z A `L$u A]$_p klpbu_p d[bp_ `Z L$]$pù `lpQu iL$[p _\u.
A_ ApeS>_L$ hp[ [p A R>L$ b]$p Tu$ BgpluL$ L$gpd Bgplu
kpcm R>[p [_p q]$g D`f [_u L$iu S> Akf _ \pe, A_ Aphp gpL$p_
u
Mfpbu `V$ LyAp_`pL$dp dS>Ly$f kyf Tydf_u S> Apep[_.22dp afdp_
Bgplu R>L$, ahegyguL$pke[ L$pgybplzdufiTu$ugpl ,DgpBL$p au
]$gpgudybu_.
(A\p[:-Ap\u S> gpL$p_p q]$g Tu$ Bgplu hX$ cphu[ _\u
\[p [Ap dpV$ dlp_ Mfpbu R>.Ap gpL$p ` `Z Nydfpludp R>.)
[p dS>Ly$f Apep[ L$fudp\u A kpbu[ \ey L,S> gpL$p_
p q]$g Tu$
Bgplu hX cphu[ _\u [\p [_p dpV$ S> kp\u dpV$u Mfpbu R> A_ Ap
gpL$p S> Mygpdp Mygu Nydfpludp R>.`f[y Alv [p EgVy$ Qpf L$pV $hpg_
]$X$ S>hp [pg R> L$,S> gpL$p_p q]$g Tu$ Bgplu hX cphu[ \pe R> A_
[_p L$pfZ Abp-Nfub ipfp-Nyg,Aplp-_pfp A_ L$aue[p lf \pe
R>,[p [_p rhfp^ L$fhpdp Aph R>;Sepf L$gpd Bgplu [p Aphp gpL$p_u
ikp L$f R>.Ap fu[ [p D`fpL[ afdp_ Bgplu dyS>b [Ap_u bhX$u
Nydfplu L$lh
piL$ `p[ [p Tu$ Bgplu L$ L$gpd Bgplu kpcmu_ cphu[
\[p _\u,`f[y S> cphu[ \pe R> [_p `Z rhfp^ L$fu fp R>!!! L$V$gy
ApeS>_L$ `Z R> A_ M]$ S>_L$ `Z R>.?!?
dygud_y ]$ug Agpl_p Tu$ hX$ cphu[ \_pfy lpe R>,Sepf
L$pauf_p ]$ug_u k[pBdp S> [_p\u h^pfp \pe R>.lTf[ dpguL$bu_
q]$_pf(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R>L$, q]$g_u k[pB\u hû_ L$pB
k b]$p dpV$ r_r[ \egu _\u,A_ Agpl_p L$p`
L$pB
L$pd
`f A
kde S> _pTug \pe R> SepfL$ q]$g_u _fdpi kdp \B e R>.
[pgubp `f Tu$ Bgplu ]$fep_ Ap S>Tbpl_u L$aue[ A
[Ap_p q]$gp_u _fdpi_p L$pfZ S> lpe R> [p iy A Agpl_u dlp_
253
254
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

290_p AL$ aL$fp R>,L$ S>dp Ap` S>Tbp_u aTug[ MybS> `$fu[
hZhu R>.Ap`_y L$lh
p_y [pè A R>L, $ Ap S>Tbpl$ù dlp_ ]$pg
[
hX$ Ap Ar[]y$f_u kaf(My]$p A_ b]$p hQ_u ]yfu)L$ S>_p A]$pT `Qpk
lf hj_p dpN gNpX$hpdp Apep R>,[ MybS> A` kdedp `pf \B
iL$ R> A_ b]$p OZp Vy$ L$p kdedp a_paugpl A_ bL$pbugpl_u hp[huL$[p kyû `lpQ
u e R>! [p Alv \pcp A_ rhQpfp L$ Ap S>Tbpl_u
]$pg
[ L$V$gu dlp_ R> L$ S> b]$p A_ My]$p hQ_p ApV$gp gpbp ]yfh A_
rlbp[p_ nZcfdp lV$phu ]$ R> A_ d[gyb\u(My]p\u)b]p_y rdg_
L$fphu ]$ R>. dpV$ STbpl_ kdS>hp dpV$ [p q]ebyûA_ q]e]$e_u
S>$f[ `X$i L$pfZ L$ `pr\h L$ cpr[L$byû A\hp [p MpV$ MpB Negy
]$e Ap hp[ Lepfe kd iL$i _lv. `f[y Aakpk N]$urhQpf
kfZu_p L$pfZ S>Ap_u q]$ebyû _pi `pdu R> A_ Ny_plp_p L$pfZ
S>Ap_y l]$e L$pV$MpB QyLey R>,[Ap_ Ap hp[ L$hu fu[ kdS>dp Aphi?!?
S>Tbp_u aTug[ `V$ dp Ap AL$ Ah[fZ S> L$pau R> A_ lTf[
dyS>u] kplb(Ly$kufly)_p adp_ dyS>b [p Ap S>Tbpl _ p
dpN A Ap^yr_L$eyN_p ALkk lpBh S> L$lv iL$pe L$ S>_p
hX$ Ar[]y$f_u kaf OZu S> Vy$L$u \B e R>.
X$p. BL$bpg `p[p_p AL$ ifdp Ap S>Tbpl [fa S> Bipfp
adph[p gey R>L$,
BL$L$u AL$ qS>[_ [e L$f q]$ep qL$kp [dpd,
Bk Tdu_p - Apkdp L $p b L $fp kd \p d .
(2)
B_ byTN
y pL p(_Lib]u byTN
y pLp)STbpl ]$p qL$dL$p l qL$d
(1) lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)k `lpQ[p l
Apf Bk A[bpfk B_ dipBM _Lib]ueplL$p [fuL$p lTf[ kuuL$
AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)L$u [fa d_kyb l Apf BkL$p lzkyg
[fuL$A Mpkk [hSl `f dpLy$a l Apf e S>Tbp [dpd dpy]$p[L$p
L$eyd l. Apf a_p h BTd lgpg Bkd _kub lp[p l (2)]y$kfu _p hp
lL$u Bk[fuL$d DkL$ TlzfL$p dy]$p lTf[ hpA _Lib]$ l Apf hp
dAe[-Tp[uepl L$ fp[k Ecf[p l,Apf hp S>Tbp lTf[ hpk
B_L$ MguapA Ahg lTf[ hp AgpDu_L$p `lpQp Apf Qy L$
Ap` A`_ hL[L $ L$y bBip]$ \ Bk gue Ap`_cu Bk qL$dL$ S>TbpL$
lzkg
y L$ gue AL$ [fuL$p hS>A adpep.
(]$a[f-1,dL$[b
y _-290)
(1)
el lL$uf(dyS>u]$ Aajp_u)C_L$ dApfua h lL$uL$[ DgydL$p
L$p \pX$pkp Tu$ A`_ ald L$pkuf L$ dy[pbuL$ Bk dL[ybL ApMufd
guMNp Apf Bk [flLp Bs[epf kua Agpl kylp_lzL$p l Apf ANf
lLL$ kylp_lzApgp A`_u L$dpg dlfbp_uk byTyNpdk bpATL$p
S>TbplL$ lzkyg Apf Bk S>l[L$p dyL$dug L$f_L$ bp]$ ]$pg[ kygyL$k
dyifa afdp[p l.[p S>TbpL$u d]]$k dykpal[ bAu]$pL$p kL$p A]$pT
`Qpk lf kpgL$p fp[p gNpep Nep l.(Apep[ L$fudp) [AfpS>ydgp
BL$[phfylp Bgel au edu_ L$p_ duL$]$pfp Mku_ Aak_pl.
(A\p[:- QY$[ l afu[ Apf $l BkL$u [fa Ak ]u_d kL$u duL]pf
`Qpk(50)lf kpg l.)d Bku A]$pTL$u [fa Bipfp l. el 50lf
kpgL$u dykpal[ \pX$uku dy][d [e lp iL$[u l Apf b]$p a_paugpl
Apf bL$pbugplL$u lL$uL$[ [L$ `lpQ iL$[p l.kygyL$L$u Bs[lp
kfB
ggplL$u r_lpe[ [L$ l k a_pA dygL$k [pAbuf L$f[ l BkL$
bp]$ aufk S>TbL$p dL$pd l k kfa ugpl Apf bL$pbugplk [pAbuf
L$f[ l.
(]$a[f-1,dL$[yb _-290)
(A\p[: - Ap aL$uf(lTf[ dyS>u]$ kplb)[_p (S>Tbpl)_p
bpfuL$ c]$p [_p Bd_u lL$uL$[p_p \pX$p DgM `p[p_u _pL$uk kdS>
dyS>b Ap `_p A[dp gMi.A_ ]$fL$ L$pf_p Ar^L$pf dp Agpl
Apgp_u `rh Tp[_ S> R>. A_ AgplApgp `p[p_u `qf`|Z
dlfbp_u\u Ap byTN
y p `L$u AdyL$_ S>Tbpl_u p[u [dS> Ap dpN_
`qf`|Z Lep `R>u kygLy $$ù ]$pg
[ hX$ k]cpNu b_ph[p S>Tbp_u d]$]$
hX$ Ap Ar[]y$f_u kaf L$ S>_p A]$pT `Qpk lf hfk_p dpN gNpX$hpdp
Apep R>(Apep[ L$fudp)[AfpSy>dgpBL$[phfylp Bgel au edu_
L$p_ duL$]$pfp Mku_ Aak_pl. (A\p[:-QY$ R> afu[pAp A_ $l
[_u [fa Ahp q]$hk L$ S>_u gbpB 50(`Qpk)lf hj_u
(kafS>V$gu)R>) Ap A]$pT [fa S> Bipfp R>. Ap `Qpk lf hj_u
kaf \pX$uL$ S> dy][dp `pf \B iL$ R> A_ b]$p a_paugpl A_
bL$pbugpl_u lLuL[ kyû `lpQu e R>. kygyL$_p A[ kfBgpl_p
A[ kyûS> R> S>_ a_pAdy gL$ L$lh
pdp Aph R>,epf`R>u(afu) S>Tbp_p
dL$pd R>,S>_ bL$pbugpl [fuL$ ApmMhpdp AphR>.)
dS>Ly$f Ah[fZ lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)_p dL$[ybp[ifua ]$a[f-1_p dL$[yb_
255
256
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Ap dlp_ [fuL$p_ S>Tbpl$ù b r_b[p lpkug R> A_ Ap b_ r_b[p
Ap [fuL$p_p b_ kf]$pfp \L$u S> lpkug R>, dpV$ _Lib]$u [fuL$p kfp`p
S>Tbpl_p S> [fuL$p kpbu[ \ep. [p `R>u Ap [fuL$p_p dyfu]$pdp L$
[pgubpdp S>Tbpl_u L$aue[$` L$iu ER>m-L$y]$ L$ lp-lz hp dm [p
[dp A[fpT L$fhp_u L$ hp^p-hQL$p fSy> L$fhp_u, [L$-rh[L$p L$fhp_u L$
MpV$u L$p_p-azkuAp_u L$pB S> NyBi _\u. iy S> h[y [d_(rhfp^
L$f_pf_)lpkug _ lpe [p [ bu_ `Z lpkug _ lphu BA?!?
Ap_p\u hû_ bu lk]$Mpfu L$B lpe iL$?!?(Agpl_u `_pl...)
[dS> dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp S>Tbp_u aTug[ `V$ lTf[ Bdpd
fbp_u, dyS>u] Aajp_u(f]uegplpApgp Alp)AL$ MybS> KQu
hp[ fS>y L$fu R>L$, Ap S>Tbp bpX$_p As[h_p `pep R>. [p
Ap_p\u hû_ S>Tbpl_u bu L$B aTug[ lpe R>. L Ap S>Tbpp
[khya_p ]$fL $ [fuL$pdp h^[p-ApR>p dpZdp lpe S> R> $`f[y _Lib]$u
[fuL$p[p k`|Z`Z S>Tbpl `f S> Ap^pfu[ R> .
(3)
Bk r_b[L$p( _Lib]$u r_b[)byTN
y h
pfpk hpauf rlkp
dugp l. dg_ kyL$fL$u AL$ qL$d Bk r_b[d dugu lzB l;
ky[p_yApfau_ lTf[ bpeTu]$(by[pdu)(fld[ygpl Agel)L$
Ahpfp L$ r_ip_p[pd k l,e kyL$f dy[]$uApL$p lukk Npeb L$f ]$[p
l Apf lpiL$p g [p l. BkL$ bp]$ Aprl[p Apql[p e kyL$f `piu]$p lp
[p l Apf klh L$ NbL$ A[bpf hp r_b[ dfp[ub klhd dug
[u l. lufd klh lp[p l Apf bp[u_d kyL$f.
(]$a[f _-1,dL$[b
y ifua _-290)
(A\p[:- Ap(_Lib]$u)r_b[_ A byTyNhpfp_p Ahpfp
hX$ èp lukp dep R>, S>d L$ d]$lpiu(kyL$f)_p AL$ L$pf L$S> Ap
r_b[ kp\ dmgp R>,S> ky[p_yApfau_ lTf[ bpeTu]$(by[pdu)
(fld[ygpl Apgp Alp)_p Ahpfp_p r_ip_u `L$u R>. Ap kyL$f
(d]$lpiu)_u L$aue[ p\duL L$np_p [pgub_p op_[[_
y u is[Ap_
R>u_hu_ blpi L$fu _pM R>. epf bp]$ ûd ûd Ap d]$lpiu(kyL$f)
Ry>`pe e R> A_ lpi(klh)_p Nbp_p L$pfZ A (d]$lpiu_u)_u
r_b[ lpi(klh)_p d[bpdp dmu e R>,(Ap\u)lfdp klh
(lpid]$u)lpe R>,`f[y bpr[_dp kyL$f.(d]$lpiu) )
(A\p[:- Ap byTyNp(_Lib]$u)S>Tbp b L$pf_p R>. `lgp

L$pf (1)S> lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)\u `lpQ
R>. A_ Ap S> L$pfZkf Ap _Lib]$u dipBMp_p [fuL$p lTf[ kuuL$
AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)\u kbû[ R>.A_ [_u pr AL$
Mpk L$pf_u [hSl\
u kb^
u[ R>. Ap S>Tbp bpX$_p As[h_p
`pep R>, [dS> a_p A_ bL$p_p flep [dp Myg R>.(2)L$pf AR>L$ Ap
[fuL$pdp(_Lib]$u[fuL$pdp)[_y S>lf \hp_y L$pfZ lTf[ hpA
_Lib]$ R>,A_ Ap S>Tbp lTf[ hp\u [Ap_p \d MguaplTf[
hp AgpDu__ `lpep A_ L$ Ap` `p[p_p eyN_p Ly$bBip]$
l[p AV$gp dpV$ Ap` `Z Ap L$pf_p S>Tbp_u pr dpV$ AL$ [fuL$p
_LL$u Lep.)
dS>Ly$f Ah[fZ `Z lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)_p dL$[ybp[ ifuadp\u S> gu^gy R>; S>dp
Ap` Ap dlp_ _Lib]$u [fuL$p_p Ap^pf S> S>Tbp `f ]$MpXep R> [dS>
Ap _Lib]$u [fuL$p_ S>Tbp$ù r_b[ b fu[ p \ep_y ]$ipey R>
(1)lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplpApgp Alp)[fa\u dm R>, S>_p
L$pfZ S> Ap dlp_ _Lib]$u [fuL$p Ap`_u kp\ kb^
u[ R> A_ Ap` S>
Ap [fuL$p_p kf]$pf R>, [p Alv AL$ bu hp[ `Z kpbu[ \B L$, lTf[
kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Alp)_y AaTgybifbpA]$Asbep
lphp_y L$pfZ `Z Ap S>Tbp S> R>,S>_ r_b[ lzbu `Z L$lh
pdp Aph
R> A_ Ap fu[ Alv _Lib]$u [fuL$p_p Ap^pf S> S>Tbp lphp_y kpbu[
\ey, [p `R>u _Lib]$u [fuL$p_p dyfu]$pL $ [pgubpdp Ap S>Tbp_u L$aue[
hp dm [p [ rbLy$g hcphuL$ S> L$lh
pe [dp ApeS>_L$ iy R>? lp,
AL$ hp[ S>$f R>L, lTf[ dySu] kplb(Lykufl)y _p adp_ dyS>b Ap
S>Tbp_u pr_p Ap^pf AL$ Mpk L$pf_u [hSl `f Ap^pfu[ R>,[p
L$pB
_pd _Lib]$u_ Ap L$pf_p S>Tbp L$]$pQ lpkug _ lpe [p [dp
[fuL$p_p L$pB
S> ]$pj
_\u,Ap ]$pj
L$ Mpdu [p [fuL$p Qgph_pf_u R> L$ S> L$p
[p Ap Mpk L$pf_u [hSl_p [fuL$p\u hpL$ua _\u L$ `R>u [ My]$ S>
_pL$uk (A`|Z) R>.
[dS> Ap [fuL$pdp Ap S>Tbpl$ù bu r_b[ lTf[ hp
blpDu_ipl _Lib]$(f]$uegplp Alp)[fa\u dmu R>,A_ Ap`
`ZAp rkgrkgp_p bp_u A_ \p`L$ R>.AV$gSy > _lv `f[y Ap [fuL$p_y
_Lib]$u _pd `X$hp_y L$pfZ `Z Ap`_u S> Tp[ Nufpdu R>;[p Ap fu[
257
258
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A S>Tbpl_u Laue[ A_ [pgub_u

d]$lpiu_p L$pfZp_u QQp L$fu R>; Alv AV$gy kdShy `yf[y R>L$ , S>Tbpl_u
L$aue[dp d]$lpiu(kyL$f)_p Nbp lpe R>.dpV$ Ap dpN `f lSy> X$Ngy
dpX$_pfp p\duL$L$np_p [pgub [_ kl_ L$fu iL$[p _\u,A_ [_
op_[[y_u iqL[ R>u_hpB S[p, [ S>du_ `f kyB e R>.[p Ap fu[
S>Tbpl_u lpg[dp [pgub blpi b_u e R>.
klh [dS> kyL$f Ap b_ [pgubp_u lpg[p R>. [pgub Sepf
$lp_u [fLL$u_p dL$pddp AV$gL$ Apgd Ad(ApepsdL$ S>N[) [fa
SB fp lpe R>, S> [_u D$S>_u lpg[R> epf [_u D`f kyL$f(d]$lpiu)
_p cph h^y lpe R>, `f[y Sepf ep\u ApgdML (cpr[L$ S>N[)[fa
`pR>p `gV$ R>,S>_ _yTyg_u lpg[ L$l R>,epf [_uD`f klh
(lpid]$u)_p cph h^y lpe R>. L$ epf `Z lfdp S> klh
(lpid]$u)_p cph ]$Mpe R>, `f[y lL$uL$[dp[p [_p bpr[_dp kyL$f_p
S> cph lpe R>.
(4)
lL$ApgpLu `pL$ S>_pbL$u [fa L$bp-$lL$p [hSl L$f_ L$
hL[ [fuL$A$ S>Tbpd gpTud l Bs[]$pA lpgd L$ L$du Apf _yL$k
L$p hL[ l,S>k]$ L$u []$buf Apf L$pgubL$u [fbue[d ay[fy `X$ [p l
rlkL$p bL$pf lp_ Apf iDfk b Mbf lp_L $p bpAk b_ [p l Apf
Lhp Apf ApATpL$u ky[u [L$ `lyQ
p ]$[p l Apf bBs[epfu Tdu_ `f
kygp ]$[p l Bku lpg[L$p iM AS>g dpleyu_ B_ Afbu_ kudpA
$lu k [pAbuf L$uep l.
(]$a[f-1,dL$[yb _-200)
(A\p[ :- lLL$Apgp_u `pL$ S>_pb_u [fa S>Tbpl_p [fuL$pdp
L$bp-$l `f [hSl Ap`hu S>$fu R> A_ pfcuL$ lpg[dp dyfu]$dp
L$dfu [dS> _akp_u ifpf[p lphp_p L$pfZ Ap [hSl\u [_u
ipfufuL$ A_ _akp_u `fhfuidp Aeh\p ke R>; S> `Quep_y
bL$pf \B S>hp_y A_ lpi\u bMbf \B S>hp_y L$pfZ b_u e R>.[dS>
ifuf_p Ahehp_u iqL[Ap_ d]$ L$fu _pM R> A_ A_pepk S> [_
S>du_ `f kyhX$phu ]$ R> Ap lpg[_y S> iM AS>g lTf[ dpleyu_ B_
AfbuA kudpA $lu [fuL$ A\OV$_ L$fg R>.)
(f]$uegplp Agp Alp)A dyfu]$ L$ [pgubdp S>Tbp `]$p \hp_y [dS>
S>Tbpl_u L$aue[dp [_u blpiu A_ Ahehp_p bL$pf b_u S>hp_p
259
L$pfZp fSy> Lep R>.L$pdug [dS> L$pdug L$f_pfp ùf Sepf L$pB [pgub
D`f A L$pf_u [hSl Ap` R>L$ S> Ap [fuL$pdp Ae[ S>$fu R>,[_p
L$pfZ [pgubdp dS>Ly$f S>Tbp_u L$aue[ lf \pe R>.`f[y L$pB
[pgub rbQpfp L$pB
_pL$uk ùf(A`|Z, Nf gpeL$ L$ Y$pN
u)_p kL$dp
k`X$pe e A_ Ap L$pf_u S>Tbp_u r_b[ [_ lpkug _ \pe[p
[dp Ap S>Tbp_p [fuL$p_p iy ]$pj
?!?
(5)
lL$Apgp [L$ hykg
y L$ fp[L$ ]$p SyTh l(1)S>Tbp Apf (2)
kygyL$. ep(1)[TL$uep Apf(2)[auep.hp S>Tbpl kygyL$k ì[f
l dLpku]$d k _lv Apf hp [auep [LT$uepk `lg _kub lp[p l hp
cu d[pgubd k _lv l..lp, hp S>Tbp kygyL$L$p dyL$dug L$f_L$ bp]$
lpkug l Apf hp [auep [TL$uepL$ lzkg
y L$ bp]$ dekf Ap[p l Apf
kfaugplk [pAgyL$ fM[p l hp Agbp dL$pku]$p d[gybdk l hp
STbp Apf [auep kygyL$k `lg lhp kygyL$L$ fp[p `f Apkp_uk
Qg_L$ gue l .kygyL$L$ bNf L$pd _lv b_[p.Apf d_pTug [e L$f_L$
bNf d[gybL$p S>dpg kpd_ _lu Ap[p. `lgp S>Tbp ]y$kf S>Tb L$
gue kyf[L$u dp_v]$ l.
(dL$[b
y _-62,]$a[f-1)
(A\p[ :- AgplApgp kyû `lpQhp_p b dpN R>(1)
S>Tbpl_p(Bgplu ApL$jZ
_p dpN)A_ (2) kygLy $_p A\hp [p(bu
fu[ L$luA [p) (1) _ak_u `pL$uTNu A_ (2) q]$g_u kapB_p.S> S>Tbp
kygLy $\u `lgp R> A\hp [p _ak_u `pL$uTNu `lgp lpkug \[u q]$g_u
kapB A eep `L$u _\u. lp,kygLy $ `qf`|Z Lep `R>u lpkug \[p S>Tbp
[dS> q]$g_u kapB `R>u lpkug \[u _ak_u `rh[p L$,S>_p ku^p
kb^ iM kfaugpl kp\ R>, [ QpLL$k A`rn[ l[yAp `L$u R>. S>
S>Tbp A_ q]$g_u kapB kygLy $\u `lgp lpkug \pe R>,[ kygLy $_p dpN
`f kfm[p`|hL $ Qpghp dpV$ R>.kygLy $ hNf L$pd b_[y _\u [dS> dTugp
`pf Lep hNf d[gyb_y kp]$e(S>dpg Bgplu)_Tf QY$[y _\u.\d
S>Tbp A bu S>Tbp dpV$ kyf[_u S>d R>.)
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A AgplApgp kyû `lpQhp_p dpN_p
b cpN ]$ipep R>. (1)S>Tbp A_ (2) kygyL. S>dp \d cpN_p
kb^ q]$g_u kapB kp\ A_ bu cpN_p _ak_u `rh[p kp\ R>.
Ap dlp_ _Lib]$u [fuL$pdp Ap \d cpN S>Tbp AN[p ^fph R> AV$gL $
260
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Ap [fuL$pdp q]$g_u kapB_p dpN _ak_u `rh[p_p dpN L$f[p AN$d

R> bL$ AV$gy S> _lu,`f[y q]$g_u kapB ]$fep_ S> Ap [fuL$pdp _ak_u
`rh[p Ap`dm lpkug \B e R> A_ S>Tbpldp S> kygLy $_u dTugp
`pf \B e R> A_ [pgub d[gyb_y kp]$e( S>dpg Bgplu)klgpB\u
r_lpmu g R> S>Tbp A Bgplu ApL$jZ
_p dpN R> S>dp [pgub_ MQ
u_
gB S>hpdp Aph R> Sepf kygL$_p dpN [pgub h-e_p A_ My]$_u
dl_[p \L$u `pf L$fhp `X$ R>,S>hu fu[ L$ L$pB `N `pmp dykpafu L$f A_
L$pB hpl_dp bku_ `lpQ.
D`f_u QQp `f d__-d\_ L$f[p A hp[ kpd Aphu R> L$,
ApS>_p Ap _pSyL $eyNdp L$ Sepf [pgubp_u tld[ A_ [gbdp Myb S>
L$du Aphu NB R> epf Ap S>Tbpl_p dpN [_p dpV$ L$V$gp kfm R> !?!
Ap dlp_ [fuL$p_p ANNe byTN
y , AV$gy S> _lv `f[y cpf[ue
D`MX$dp _Lib]$u rkgrkgp_p Z[p A_ bp_u lTf[ hp
dp l d ]$ bpL$ubugpl(Ly $ kufy l z ) S>Tbp k b ^ adp h R> L ,
_Lib ] $u [fuL$p_p AN k f by T y N p A adp ey R> L $ , Adpfp
[fuL$p_p Tu$ S>Tbpl [fa MQ R> A_ S>Tbpl_u d]$]$ hX$
[dpd dL$pdp kfm[p`|hL$ A_ Y$`Z `pf \B e R>.
D`f_u QQp_p kpfpi A R> L,$S>Tbp AgplApgp kyû
`lpQhp_p kfm fpS> dpN R> A_ [_p rhfpûAp i[p__p a]$pdp
akpegp R> S> Ap fpS> dpN `f Ahfp^p _pMu fp R>.
(6)
S>Tbpl h L$iui kua dL$pd apL$ [L$ lp[u l apL$ apL$ [L$ _lv
lp[u Apf Alv kyf[ lpg iylz]$ hNfpld l; `k kygyL$ [e _ qL$e lyh
dS>Tyb(S>Tbhpg) dL$pd L$bd l D_L$p BsS>Tpb kua dL$pd $l
[L$ l L$b k D`fL$p dL$pd l Tp[ lLL$ [L$ L$iui Apf BsS>Tpb
dy[lu gpNpL$p S>Tbp l Dkk D`f L$pB dL$pd _lv;
(]$a[f-1,dL$[b
y _-113)
(A\p[: - S>Tbp A_ Bgplu ApL$jZ
dp DQ dL$pd kyû S>
lpe R>.`R>u Ar[ DQdL$pddp _\u lp[y A_ ApS> dpZ_u s\[u
iylz]$(q]$]$pf Bgplu)hNf dL$pdpdp R>, [p Ap fu[ kygyL$ `pf _lv L$fgp
dS>TybL$ S>Ap L$b_p dL$pddp R> [Ap_p S>Tbp dp $l kyû S> R> L$ S>
L$b\u D`f_p dL$pd R>. Tp[ lLL$ kyû_y BgpluApL$jZ [dS> S>Tbp
Ar[dQfZ_p [pgubp_p S>Tbp R> L$ S>_u D`f L$pB dL$pd _\u.)
261

(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A S>Tbpl_p b L$pf fSy >Lep R> (1)
\dQfZL$ p\rdL$ [bLL$p_p S>Tbp L$ S> p\duL$ L$np_p [pgubp_
lpkug R>. A_ (2) Ar[dL$np_p S>Tbp L$ S> kyg
y Ly $ `pf Lep `R>u Ar[d
L$np_p [pgub_ lpkug \pe R>;S>_u D`f L$pB
S> dL$pd _\u. `f[y Sepf
_Lib]$u [fuL$pdp i$Ap[dp S> A[_u QpkZu QMpX$hpdp Aph R>
dpV$ i$Ap[\uS> Ap S>Tbp A`Z L$fu ]$hpdp Aph R>.A_ Ap S>Tbp S>
[_p kygyL$_ Ap`dm kfm[p`|hL$ `pf L$fphu ]$ R>, dpV$ Ap [fuL$p_p
[pgubp-dyfu]$p_
p S>Tbp A Ar[dL$np_pS> S>Tbp R>; L$ S>_u D`f L$pB
y pA Ap S>Tbpl$ù ]$pg
[
dL$pd _\u. [p Sepf Ap [fuL$p_p dlp_ byTN
`p[p_p dyfu]$p A_ [pgubp_ ]$e_u rhipm[p kp\ A`Z L$fu R>,[p
[dpAe _ iy ghp ]$hp? L$ Ae_ A[fpT L$fhp_u iu S>$f[?
S>Tbpl_u lL$uL$[, aTug[_p DgM
kyauhp]$_p Afie [fuL$pApdp `Z R>
D`f Ap`Z dL$[b
y p[ Bdpd fbp_u_p Ap^pf dp _Lib]$u
[fuL$pdp flgu lL$uL$[ A_ aTug[ Zu,`f[y Ahy _\u L$ Ap S>Tbp
dp _Lib]$u [fuL$pdp S> flgp R>,bL$ kyauhp]$_p ]$fL $ [fuL$pdp h^[pApR>p dpZdp flgp S> R> A_ dpV$ lh Alv lz S>Tbp_u lL$uL$[ A_
aTug[ `V$ kyauhp]$_p Ae [fuL$pAp_p byTyNp_p LV$gpL$ afdp_p
Ap^pfcy[ qL$[pbp_p Ah[fZp \L$u fSy> L$fy Ry> :*
rkgrkgpA rQ[uepl, L$p]$fuepl_p ANkf byTyN A_
rkgrkgpA Aifauepl_p \p`L$ dlbyb eT]$p_u lTf[ ke]$
d]y$d S>lpNuf Aifa rkd_p_u (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A `p[p_p
dazTp[ ifua L$S> g[pBa Aifau _p _pd S>Nrhep[ R> A_ S>_y
kL$g_ Ap`_p AL$ ANkf Mguap lTf[ r_Tpd ed_u(fld[ygpl
Agel)A Ley R>, S>_p g[uapl _-6dp lTf[ ke]$ d]y$d S>lpNuf
Aifa rkd_p_u(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)My]$ S>Tbpl_u OZu
aTug[ bep_ adphu R> A_ L$y R>L$,
dlbyb esL$[Ap pfcdp S>Tbp_p dpN \L$u Qpg R> A_
AL$ S>Tbp hX dL$pdp[p_p rhipm A[f_ `pf L$fu g R>. [dS>
dplubp_p [dpd Apdpgp_y `qfZpd Ap AL$ S>Tbpldp lpe
R>.S>Tbp[ lLL$_y AL$ MQpZ(ApL$jZ
)b_ S>lp_p Apdpgp_u bfpbf
262
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Apf [pauL$ Bgplu fauL$ lpg l [p dyL$piap[L$u$blpf Apf dL$pdp[L$u kf
]$M[p l Apf [dpd d_pTugL$p [e L$f[p l.
(A\p[: -rhhi dS>Tyb(S>Tbplhpmp)A R>L$ cpr[L$ S>N[dp
rbLyg kcp_ Ah\pdp lpe A_ OZp kde kyû kcp_ Ah\pdp
S> flgp lpe,`f[y AQp_L$ S> L$pB L$pdug (ùf)_p dyfu]$ bep A_
dyfiu]$ `p[p_p Mp_]p__p fu[-qfhpS> dyS>b [_u [pgud A_ [L$u_
afdphu A_ Sepf dpdgp ky[p_yTTu$ kyû `lpep [dS> Qpf
bpSy>\u Ahpfp_p Nbp \ep [p([)rhhi b_u_ kcp_[p A_
ALL$g_p h[ymdp\u blpf _uL$mu Nep, ky[p_yTTu$ _ `pf L$fu
g[p [p kpguL$p `L$u l[p.A\hp [p A fu[ LpB d[L dSTyb_u r$([_u
D`f) A_pepk S> `X$u NB A_ bL$fpf b_u_ d[ A_ d]$lpi b_u
Nep.(`f[y Alv )[_p lpigp(rld[) byg] $ lpe A_ [pauL$ Bgplu
[_u kp\ kpdug lpe [p Lap_u hk[ A_ ($lp_u) dL$pdp[p_u kaf
L$fR>.[dS> [dpd dTugp_ `pf L$fu gR>.)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ ùf ke]$ NpjAguipl Lp]fu,
Lg]$fu,`p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A [pgub D`f R>hp[u
S>Tbpl _u Laue[_y hZ_ Ley R.Ap R rkgrkgpA Apqgepl
Lp]fuepl_p byTyNp_p S>Tbp kb^ Mygpkp.[p Ap fu[ S>Tbp A_
blpiu [p Ap [fuL$p_p(L$p]$fu [fuL$p_p) dyfu]$p A_ [pgubpdp `Z
kpbu[ \ep.
*
qL$[pb BL$r[bpky Ahpf L$SdpdipBM rQr[eplkpbufuepl_p lpgp[p_p DgM R>.[dS> Ap rL$[pb_u Mybu A_
dlp_[p A R L [_ lzTyf _bu-A-`pL kplb gpgpL(kgplp Agel
hkgd)`p[p_u bpfNpl ifuadp dL$bg
y adphu R>,S>_p DgM gML$
dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p `p_p_-29 `f L$fg
R>.
dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p kL$g_ L$[p R> lTf[ iM dpld]$ AL$fd
Ly$k
y u(fld[ygp Agel)A_ Ap qL$[pb_p A_yhp]$L$ R> lTf[ dpgp_p
AlpS Lp_ hplu]$ bi kplb kuepghu,kpbfu,Qu[u.Ap qL$[pb_p
`p_p_. 617 `f S>Tbpl_u L$aue[ kb^ gey R>L$,
ep]$ fl L$ ky[p_yTT
u$ A Nbu hpfu]$p[ Apf AL$ Mpk lpg[
l lTf[ Ly$b Apgd ipl A]y$g Ly$yk NNplu Qu[u(fld[ygp
Agel)L$p Mpk difb \p. [_ ApqgepA qLfpd NyS>f l,dpgyd
R>,L$pfZL$ [dpd dL$pdp_u kapB [Ap_u lpg[dp kdpegu R>.

dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ ke]$ d]y$d S>lpNuf Aifa rkd_p_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A S>Tbp_u Myb `$ R>ZphV$ A_ OZu
dlp_ aTug[ fSy> L$fu R>L$ S>_u ikp dpV$ i]$p dmu iL$[p _\u. Ap`
`$ S>Zpey R>L$, S>Tbpl_p AL$ MQpZ hX$ dL$pdp[p_y qhipm
A[f `pf \B e R. Ly$bBgplu_u pu dpV$ OZp k[ dyl]$pAp
A_ qfepT[p L$fhu `X$ R> [dS> L$W$u_-L$W$u_ dL$pdp[p `pf L$fhp `X$
R>,epf S>dpg Bgplu_p r]$]$pf \pe R>,`f[y Alv [p dp S>Tbp_p AL$
S> MQpZ hX$ Ap [dpd dL$pdp[p_y rhipm A[f `pf \B e R>.[p iy
Ap\u rhij S>Tbp_u L$pB aTug[ lpe iL$ Mfu? [dS> Ap` ApNm
adpey L$, dylubp_p [dpd Apdpgp_u r_`S> L$ am Ap AL$ S> S>Tbpl
flgy R>. [dS> S>Tbp_u aTug[ `V$ Ap` S> u hp[ fSy> L$fu R>L,
S>Tbp[ lLL$_y AL$ MQpZ (ApL$jZ)b_ S>lp_p Apdpgp_u bfpbf
R> !?! [ [p S>Tbpl_u MfMf MybS> dlp_ aTug[ R>.Ap` fSy> L$fgu
Ap u hp[ [p OZp S> NyY$p\ ^fph R S>_u D`f d__-d\__u S>$f[
R> L$ dp S>Tbphpmp_u AL nZ b_ S>lp_p Apdpgp_u bfpbf R>.Ap
R> rkgrkgpArQ[uepl-Afauepl_p ANk
f byTN
y _
p S>Tbp kb^

_p Mygpkp. lSy> `Z [d Lep kyû Ap S>Tbp $ù dlp_ ]$pg
[_p BL$pf
A_ rhfp^ L$f[p flip!?!
*
lTf[ k e ]$ Np j Aguipl L$p]$fu, L$g ] $fu, `p_u`[u
(fld[ygpl Agel) L$ S> L$p]$fu [fuL$p_p byTN
y R> [Ap `p[p_p dazTp[
L$ S> [TL$fpA Npjuep _p _pd dilzf R>,S>dp Ap` `p[p_p kaf_p
lpgp[p A_ A_ychp fSy> Lep R>,[dp Ap` S>Tbpl_p DgM L$f[p gM
R>L$ ,
b Bs[pfu dS>Tyb hp l L$u Apgd AS>kpd L$ A]$f bugLy$g
lpiuepf Apep Apf dy][ [L$ kdS>byS> d flp gL$u_ BapL$_ L$uku
L$pdugL$p dyfu]$ lzhp Apf dyfiu]$_ A`_ Mp_]$p_L$ dyhpauL$ DkL$p
[pgudp [L$u_ afdpB,S>b _pb[ ky[p_yTu$L$u `lpQu Apf lf
_ubk NbA Ahpf lzAp [p bBs[epf lpL$f lpipMu]$ L$ dk
bplf _uL$g Nep.ANf ky[p_yTu$L$p dy[ldug lp [p [p kpguL$pd

k lp[p ep Bk [fl `fL$ L$uku d[ ep dS>TybL$u r_Npl ]$aA[_ `X$
NB Apf bL$fpf lpL$f d[ h d]$lpi lp Nep.`k DkL$p lpkgp byg]$
263
264
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
_lv D_Lu lpg[ (Bkdpdgd) L$ku \u, gL$u_ qfkpgpA dLLuepl d

lTf[ iM _Tdyu_ Ly$bfp (f]$uegplpApgp Alp)k d_Lyg lLu,
TpLuf `f Tu$L$u hS>lk AL$ ATud Nbp lp[p l gL$u_ hp Nbp Tpluf
_lv lp[p b hS>l TpL$ufL$u Ly$h[L$,S>b BapL$p lp[p l [p kpguL$
dlzhue[L$ Apgdd A`_u l[uk b Mbf lp [p l k [fl _v]$ L$
hL[.kyg[p_yTT
u$ AL _yf l kpguL$ `f D`fL$ ep ùR>L$u [fa hpfu]$
lp[p l kk DkL$p Tyb
ui lp[u l. Apf Tbf]$[ Ly$h[ Tpluf lp[u l
kpguL$L$ Tu$ `f dy]phd[L$ glpT k L$dp bi lp[u l.NT e L$u
ky[p_yTT
u$Lu d NbA ATud Apf leb[ k[ kk S>k]$M
pL$uL$u
L$ipa[ ]y$f lp[u l;Apf Ahpf L$p Tbf]$[ ldgp lp[p l Apf kyfA
BTpTyTug[uA]$p TuTpglp.....L$u ku L$aue[ `]$p lp[u l. Apf Bk
aL$uf_ A`_ dipBMk rk_p-b-rk_p Ly$R> lpkug qLep l DkL$p
Mygpkp e l L$u S>b kpguL$ `f ky[p_yTT
u$ hpfu]$ lp[p l [p S>k]$MpL$u
`f ldgphf lp[p l Apf Ap__-ap__ gfTp [pfu lp [p Apf Dk b
My]$ Apf dlh L$f ]$[p l; Apf kyfA BTpTyTug[uA]$pT
uTpglp.....
L$u ku L$aue[ `]$p L$f ]$[p l Apf kpguL$ `f dlyhue[ [pfu lp[u l.
(A\p[: -ep]$ fpMp L$ ky[p_yTT
u$ A lTf[ Ly$b Apgd ipl
A]y$g Ly$yk NNplu Qu[u(Ly$zkuflz)_p Mpk [fuL$p dyS>b Nb\u
lf \[u AL$ Mpk L$pf_u lpg[ R>,S>V$gp AprgepA qL$fpd \B Nep
R> [Ap_u Ap kb^ k`|Z lpgp[p_u ZL$pfu _\u,`f[y qfkpgpA
dLLuepl dp lTf[ iM _Tdyu_ Ly$bfp (f]$uegplp Apgp
Alp)A L$y R>L$, TpL$uf `f Tu$_p L$pfZ AL$ MybS> dlp_ Nbp
\pe R>,`f[y TpL$uf_u dS>by[pB($lp_u [pL$p[)_p L$pfZ [ Nbp lf
\[p _\u.`f[y Sepf [_p\u Ry>V$L$pfp lpkug \pe R> epf kpguL$
Acp_[p_u kr$dp `p[p_p As[h\u AZ \B e R>; S>hu fu[
L$ _v]$fdp \B e R>. ky[p_yTTu$ AL$ _yf R>L$ S> kpguL$ `f D`f\u
A\hp [p `pR>m_u [fa\u NV$ \pe R>; S>_p L$pfZ [dp ^yfu `]$p
\pe R>.A_ MybS> dpV$u isL[_y NV$uL$fZ \pe R>;S> kpguL$_u Tu$ `f
r_f[f[p_p dpZdp h^[y-ApRy> lpe iL$ R>.L$lhp_p l[y A S> R>L$
ky[p_yTT
u$dp AL$ MybS> dlp_ Nbp A_ k[ L$pf_u leb[ lpe
R>; S>_p L$pfZ Ap dpV$u_p ifuf_u cp[uL$[p ]y$f\pe R> A_ Ahpfp_p
MybS> dpV$p lzdgp \pe R>. A_ kyfA BTpTyTug[uA]$pTuTpglp
S>hu L$aue[ `]$p \B e R>. [dS> Ap aL$uf `p[p_p dipBMp hX$ S> LB
265
rk_p-b-rk_p lpkug Lep R>, S>_p Mygpkp A R>L,Sepf kpguL$ `f

ky[p_yTTu$ NV$ \pe R> [p cp[uL$ ifuf `f lzdgp \pe R> A_ ^X$u
b^X$udp blpiu R>hpB e R>.A_ [_ bMy]u A_ Acp_[pdp ^L$gu
]R. kyfA BTpTyTug[uA]$p TuTpglp...S>hu L$aue[ `]$p \B e
R> A_ kpguL$ Acp_[pdp kfL$u e R>.)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp AL$ Qu[uepl, kpbufuepl rkgrkgp_p
byTyN `p[p_p Mp_]$p_dp lf \[u STbp_u A_ blpiu_u Laue[
hZhu R> [dS> Tu$_p rhrh^ Akfp[p_p fSy Lep R ; S>_p dpV$ L$pB
rhij
Mygpkp_u S$f[ _\u.
*
lTf[ iM Bdpd Abyg lk_ ipTgu(fld[ygpl Agel)L$
*
S>Ap kyauhp]$_p AL$ [fuLp L$ S>ipTguepl
ipTguepl_p _pd dilzf R>,S>_p Ap`
Bdpd,Z[p A_ bp_u R>.]y$ApA luTbyblf L$ S>_p rh] $kyauepA
qL$fpd_p ]$fL$ [fuL$pdp dilzf R>,[_p Ap` dyk_ua R>.Ap]y$Ap_p
lpkuep `f S Ap`_p `rh h_ Qfu_u L$V$guL$ TgL$p fSy> L$fhpdp
Aphu R>, A_ S>dp Ap`_p Abp-Nfub lpgp[ Tv]$Nu_u hp[p gMgu
R>. dS>Ly$f lpkuepdp qL$[pb [bLL$p[ Ly$bfp -2 _p lhpgp\u gey
R>L$ ,
lTf[ Abyg Abpk dfAku(fld[ygplAgel)L S>Ap
Ap`_p ANkf A_ kp\u dpV$p Mguap R> [Ap adph R>L$, Ad gpL$p
eyN_p [dpd iMp `pk [fk R>u`phhp($lp_u [fk)dpV$ S>[p l[p,`f[y
ke [p A R>L$ A d^yf Qdp(lTf[ iM Bdpd Abyg lk_ ipTgu
(fld[ygpl Agel)rkhpe Adpfu [jp L$pB
SepA R>u`p[u _ l[u.
A_ [_y L$pfZ A S> R>L$, lTf[ iM Bdpd Abyg lk_ ipTgu
(fld[ygpl Agel)My]$ adph R>L$ , dpfp [fuL$p `|h A_ `rd_p
[dpd Apfuap\u [_ Agpe]$p R> Adpf ep iTfp L$ k_]_u
S>$f[ _\u.lp,[dp dp dplb[ A_ S>TbpA Bgplu R>,[dS>
Ap lTf[ kggplp Agel hkgd Adpfp dyfbu R> L$ S> LB
dmey R> [Ap_p \L$u S> dmey R>. ([bLp[ Ly$bfp -2)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ iM Bdpd Abyg lk_ ipTgu
(fld[ygpl Agel)L$ S>_p pfp [khyadp ipTguepl [fuL$p L$
rkgrkgp fu \ep,Ap` Ap [fuL$p_p k\p`L$ R>. ipTguepl
[fuL$p_p ]$pfpd]$pf `Z dplb[ A_ S>TbpA Bgplu `f S> R>. L$pfZL$
266
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
My]$ lTf[ iM Bdpd Abyg lk_ ipTgu(fld[ygpl Agel)_y

L$lh
p_y [pè A R>L$ , Adpfp [fuL$p dplb[ A_ S>TbpA Bgplu _p
R>L$ S>dp iTfp L$ k_]$_u `Z S>$f[ _\u. $ [p Alv d__ d\__u
S>$f[ R> L $S>TbpA Bgplu A_ dplb[_p dpN L$V$gp DL$$dpN R> L$
S>dp L$ iTfp L$ k_]$_u `Z S>$f[ _\u. A_ [_y L$pfZ A S> R>L$ S>Tbpl
A_ dplb[_p dpNdp [pgub_p L$b D`f S> aT L$ Ahpf _pTug
\pe R>,[ ku^p S> lyTyf _bu-A-`pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd_p
L$b-dy_hf_p S> Ahpfp_p `f[h(r[bub)lpe R. AV$gp dpV$ [
[pgub L$ dyfu]$_p dyfbu S lyTyf _buA `pL$ kggplp Agel
hkgd _uTp[ Nufpdu lpe R>.S>\u Alv iTfp L$ k_]$_u S>$f[ _
lphp_y Ap` adpey R>...[p Ap fu[ S>Tbpl_u aTug[ `V$ Ap\u rhij
L$pB ]$gug_u S>$f[ _\u. Apd, kyauepA qL$fpd_p AL$ `Z [fuL$p
S>Tbp\u Mpgu _\u; [p l cpB rhfpû,[y S>Tbpl_p qhfp^ Lep kyû
_p^
ph[p afui?!?
*
qL$[pb fauLy$kpgL$u_ L$ S>_p dyk_ua lTf[ dpgp_p
dpld]$ L$fpd[ygpl kplb L$p]$fu _Lib]$u(fld[ygplApgp
Agel)R> [Ap Ap qL$[pbdp S>Tbpl rhi adph R>L$,
Apf [L$u_ L$f_ hpgp L$p QpluAL$ Ap` ky[p_yTTu$ L$fL$
k [fl [pgubL$ g[uapd Tu$ X$pg_L$p dS>Ly$f D`f lp QyL$p Bku [fl
Bk Tu$L$p [pgubL$ [dpd b]$_d cu X$pg_L$p L$k]$ L$f, DkL$p Akf el
l L$u L$cu [dpd b]$_d Tb
y ui Tpluf lpNu elp [L$ L$u DkL$p lp\ ep `ph
ep ]y$kf DTh DkL$ bNf Bfp]$L$ A`_u S>Nplk V$g hN;Apf L$cu
fAipl L$u ku lfL$[ Tpluf lp[u l Apf L$cu fpNV$ b]$_ `f MX$ dpgyd
lp[ l ep Akp dpgyd lp[p l L$ DkL$ b]$_ `f QyV $uep fN[u dpgyd lp[u
l;Apf WX$L$ Apf lgL$p`_ DkL$ [dpd b]$_d dpgyd lp[p l Apf L$cu
Bk L$]$f W$X$L$ TpL$ufL$ b]$_d kdp [u l L$u k[- NfduL$ hL[d DkL$p
i]$u dpgyd lp[u l Apf Akp lL$p lp [p l L$u Npep DkL$ b]$_k
ApgpBiL$p ]y$f qLep l;k L$uku ii_ L$ukpdpgu L$fL$ ldpdd Nyg
qLep lp.gLu_ Tplfu Nygd e lgL$p`_ kua DkL$ QdX$ `f dpgyd lp[p
l Apf ky[p_yTTu$d A]$f k kapB dpgyd lp[u l Apf MuL$ Ap]$[
epA_u L$fpd[L$u qL$dk l k [fl L$ukuL$p b]$_ bX$ Tpfk aX$L$[p l
Bku [fl [dpd b]$_ L$pbyd _lv fl[p Apf bBs[epf aX$L$[p l.
267
(A\p[:-A_ [L$u_ L$f_pf(ùf)dpV$ S>$fu R>L$ My]$ `p[

ky[p_yTTu$ L$fu_ S> fu[ [pgub_p g[uapApdp Tu$ ]$pMg L$fhp_p
DgM D`f \B QyLep AS> fu[ Ap Tu$_ [pgub_p `yfp ifufdp `Z
]$pMg L$fhp_p Bfp]$p L$f.[_u Akf A R>L$ Lepf `yfp ifufdp ^yfu
lf \i,ep kyûL$ [_p lp\L$ `N A\hp bu Ahehp [_p Bfp]$p
hNf S> `p[p_u S>epA \u Mku S>i. A_ LepfL$ MQ S>hu lfL$[ lf
\pe R>.A_ LepfL$ ifuf `f $hpV$p Ecp \B Negp S>Zpe R> A\hp [p
Ahy gpN R>L$ [_p ifuf `f L$uX$uAp ]$pX $u flu R> [dS> W$X$L$ A_ lL$p`
[_p `yfp ifufdp S>Zpe R>.A_ LepfL$ [p AV$gu l]$ W$X$L$ TpL$uf_p
b]$_dp cfpB e R> L$ k[ Nfdu_p kdedp `Z [_ W$XugpN R> A_
Ahp lmhpag
z \B e R> L$ Z [_p ifufdp\u [dpd MfpbuAp_ ]y$f
L$fu ]$hpdp Aphu R> S>hu fu[ L$ L$pB esL[A dpgui L$fu_ ldpd
(_p_pNl)dp _p_ Ley lpe,`f[y Tplfu _p_dp Ap lL$p` dp
[_u hQp `f S> S>Zpe R>,Sepf ky[p_yTTu$dp [p A]$f\u kapB
\eg S>Zpe R> A_(Ap hp[)L$fpd[_p L$pfp `L$u_u R> L$ S>hu fu[
L$pB
_y ifuf MybS> f\u aX$L$ R> A S> dpZ `yfy ifuf L$pbydp fl[y _\u
A_ bL$pby b_u_ aX$L$ R>.)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ dpgp_p dpld]$ L$fpd[ygpl
kplbLp]fu,_Lib]u(fld[ygplApgpAgel)A [pgubdp Tu$_p
l_u rhrh^ L$aue[p_y
S>Tbpl
Ahpfp ]$pMg \ep `R>u,[_u D`f R>hp[u S>Tbp
bep_ Ley R>. Ap`_p bep_ dyS>b ky[p_yTT
u $L$ S> Tu$_p AL$ [fuL$p
R>,[dp [pgub_p `yfp ifuf_p $h-$hp Agpl_p Tu$ L$f R> AV$gy S>
_lv `f[y [pgub ]fp q]$hpfdp `Z Agpl_p Tu$_p AhpS> kpcm R>
A_ kyauepA qL$fpd_p ]$f L$ [fuL$pApdp Ap Tu$_u [L$u_ R>. Ap L$pf_p
Tu Sepf [pgub ùf_u [L$u_ hX$ L$f R>;[p [dp S>Tbpl_u AbpNfub L$aue[ `]$p \pe R>...`f[y ep]$ fpMip Alv AL$ i[ A R> L$ kp
\d [L$u_ L$f_pf AV$gL$ ùf My]$ `p[ Ap Tu$dp diNyg \pe A_
`R>u [_p Ahpfp `p[p_p Apdbm hX$ [pgub_p rk_pdp A_ ifufdp
]$pMg L$f epf S> Ap L$pf_u L$aue[ lf \i;_lv L$ dp qL$[pbdp
hpQu_ Tu$ L$fhp\u,L$pfZL$ Alv Ap Tu$_p Ahpfp rk_p-b-rk_p
ùf_p rk_pdp \peu \egp R>,S>_ [ [pgub_p rk_pdp D[pf R>,[p
[L$u_ L$f_pf S> _pL$uk L$ A`|Z li A_ [ Ap L$pe Ad ]$hp_u
gpeL$p[ ^fph[p _lv lpe [p [pgubdp Lepfe `Z Ap L$pf_u L$aue[
268
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
`]$p \i _lv; S>_ dp fdp-qfhpS>_u ùfu-dyfu]$u L$lh

pi. NyS>fp[udp
L$lh[ R>_ L$,Aph cpB lfMp Ap`Z be kfMp Ahu s\[u_y Alv
r_dpZ \i.
_hpB_u hp[ A _\u L$,huQAp_(i$)Lep `R>u Veyb gpBV$
L$ g` i$ \pe, `f[y _hpB_u hp[ [p A R>L$ huQAp_ Lep `R>u
VeybgpBV$ L$ g` _ kmN. L$pfZL$ VeybgpBV$ L$ g`_y _ kmNhy A
huS> hpl_u Mpdu ]$iph R> A S> fu[ kyauhp]$_p L$pB `Z dyL$k
rkgrkgpdp dyfu]$L$ [pgub bep `R>u [dp Ap L$pf_u L$aue[ `]$p
_ \pe L$ aT$ù Veyb gpBV$ _ kmN [p [ _hpB_u hp[ R,(L$pfZL$
aT$ùL$ Ahpfp$ù huS> hpl Alv L$pB `Z L$pfZkf L$`pB Nep
R>)_lv L$ Ap aT$ù VeybgpBV$ kmN [_u;L$pfZL$ beA[ \ep `R>u
Ap aT$ù Veyb gpBV$ kmNhu S> BA A_ L$fV$ Aphhp S> BA.
`f[y Alv [p rhfp^ L$f_pfpAp DV$p S> rhfp^ L$fu fp R> AV$g L$
VeybgpBV$ kmN R>(aT$ù L$fV$ Aphu fp R>)[_p rhfp^ L$fu fp
R>,S> O S> ApeS>_L$ `Z R> [dS> ]y$:M]$peL$ `Z R>!!!
*
rL$[pb Ap]$pb kpguL $L$ S>_p dyk_ua lTf[ Agpdp dya[u
dpld
] dD]ipl kplb _Lib]u dyS>]u (fld[ygplAgel)L$ S>Ap
rkgrkgpA _Lib]$uepl, dyS>u]uepl_p OZp S> dlp_ byTN
y , dlp_
dya[u [dS> q]$lu_u a[l`yfu iplu dA dsS>]$_p iplu Bdpd l[p
[Ap dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p `p_p _-46,47 `f S>Tbp A_yk^
p_ adph R>L$ ,
Al]$pgugpl,Apf Br]$fpS> r_lpe[ aubu]$pe[ L$ [pf
`f iy$Ad
ApMuf L$u Qpi_u ] ]_p ldpf lTfp[ (_Lib]u -lTfp[)L$p
L$pd l, kL$ q]$gd Tu$L$p _yf L$ped lp Nep DkL$p Tu$L$u T$f[ _lv flu
Apf BdTp[ d QyL $ S>Tbpl l Apf _Lib]uepd dSTyb kpguL$ l Bk
gue dyfu]$pd
iy$Ad
S>Tbp[ L$bu lp_ gN[ l Apf `lgu [hSld

bM]y $u a_p L$p ]$fhpTp l hlp [L$ `lpQp ]$[p l. S>TpL$gpl kua Tu$L$bu h dyfpL$ubpl L$f_hpgpL$ elp lu l ldpf elp L$ S>Tbp[ `f bpAT
A[fpT L$f[ l lpgp L$ AL$ S>TbplA lLL ]$p_p S>lp L$ Adgk bl[f
guMp le Aek S>Tbp[ lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl Apf lTf[ dyS>u]$
Aajp_u Apf lTf[ Abyg Mf ]$lhu Apf My]$ ldpf lTf[
kplb(lTf[ ke]$ Bdpd Aguipl kplb)(L$zkgplpApgp
Akfpfplzd)L$ dyfu]$p `f AL$kf Tpluf lyAp l L$pB _B bp[ _lu l
269
gL$u_ lp_ B_ byTyNpL$p ]$Mp _lv, _ lpgp[ dpgyd qLe D_L$p

[pASSy>b lp[p l bL$(Bk)A]$bL$ rMgpa kdS>[ l; Apf Aek ùfp
Apf dyfu]$p `f A[f pT L$f[ l,Aku b]$Nd
y p_uL$p L$lp lzL$d l? $ [ydL$p
lpkug _lv hp L$ukuL$p cu lpkug _lv?!?
(A\p[ :- Al]$pgugpl, A_ Apfcdp A[_ ]$pMg
L$fhp_u fu[ dyS>b i$Ap[dp S> A[_u QpkZu QMpX$u ]$hu Adpfp
lTfp[p (_Lib]$u ùfp)_y L$pd R>. S>_p q]$gdp Tu$_y _yf \peu \B
Ney [_ Tu$_u S>$f[ _\u. A_ L$ BdTp[(Agpl)dp S>Tbp R>
[dS> _Lib]$uApdp S>Tbphpmp kpguL$p R> AV$gp dpV$ dyfu]$pdp
i$Ap[dp S> S>Tbp[ L$bu \hp gpN R>.A_ `lgu [hSld
p bM]y $u
L$ S> a_p_p ]$fhp R, ep kyû `lpQpX$u ]$ R>. S>TpL$gpl Ap dp Tu$
L$bu A_ dyfpLubp L$fhphpmp_ ep S> R>.Adpf ep S>Tbpl D`f
L$V$gpL$ gpL$p rhfp^ _p^ph R>; L$ lLL$_p AL$ S>Tbp b_ S>lp_p
Adgp\u bl[f lphy gMgy R>. Aphp S>Tbp lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl,
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u A_ lTf[ ipl Abyg Mf
]$lhu (fldpL$pdygplApgp Agelud ASdB_)[dS> My] Adpfp
lTf[ kplb(lTf[ ke]$ Bdpd Aguipl kplb(fld[ygpl Apgp
Agel)_p dyfu]$p `f dpV$p cpN lf \ep R>; S> L$pB _hpB_u hp[
_\u. `f[y S>ApA Ap byTyNp_ ep _\u A_ _ [p [Ap_p lpg[
ep R>; [Ap_ _hpB gpN R>, AV$gy S> _lv `f[y [_ A]$b_u rMgpa
kdS> R> A_ Aphp ùfp [\p dyfu]$p `f hp^p _p^ph R>,Aphu b]$Nd
y p_u_p lzL$d Lep R>.?iy S> [d_ lpkug _\u [ L$pB
_ lpkug _\u.?!?)
dS>Ly$f Bbpf[dp lTf[ Agpdp dya[u dD]$ipl kplb
(fld[ygpl Agel)A `$`Z adpey R>L$, Bd Tp[_p Tu$dp
S> S>Tbp Ry>`pegp R> A_ Ap _Lib]$u [fuL$pdp Bd Tp[_y _yf S>
[pgub_p rk_pdp ]$pMg L$fhpdp Aph R> A_ A[_u QpkZu Apfcdp
QMpX$u ]$hp_u fu[ dyS>b [pgub_ i$Ap[dp S> A[_u d QMpX$u
]$hpdp AphR>. AV$g Ap [fuL$p_p dyfu]$p A_ [pgubpdp i$Ap[\u S>
S>Tbp[ L$bu \hp gpN R>, S>_u Akf [_p ipfufuL$ Y$pQp `f `Z
ER>m-Ly$]$ A_ Ap$]$ $` ]$Mphp gpN R>; A_ Ap hp[ `f gpL$pA epf
`Z A[fpT Lep l[p A_ ApS> `Z A[fpT L$fu fp R>. lz kL$g_L$[p
L$lz Ry> L$, dpfp ùfp dyfiu]$ qL$gp(Ap qL$[pb_p dym gML$)_u dlaugdp
Ap dpZ_p S>Tbp[ L$bu A_ ER>m-Ly$]$,lpe-hpe [dS> Ap$]$ ApS>
270
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
`Z AS> fN[ kp\ hp dm R> L$ S> Ap [fuL$p_p byTyNp_u dlaugdp

hp dm[p l[p S>_p DgM D`f L$fhpdp Apep R>;A_ ApS> `Z
[_u D`f A S> fu[ AdyL$ gpLp A[fpT A_ rhfp^p _p^phu fp R> [p
Ap L$pB _hpB_u hp[ _\u, bL$ DVy$ Ap aT kgpd[ lphp_u dS>by[
kpbu[u R>.
S>Tbpl_u aTug[ `V$ Ap` Alv AS> Bbpf[ fSy> L$fu R> L S>
hp[ lTf[ ke]$ d]y$d S>lpNuf Aifa rkd_p_u (Lykuflz)A L$lu
l[u L$, lLL$_p AL$ S>Tbp b_ S>lp_p Apdpgp\u $ R>. [p
Ap fu[ Alv S>Tbpl_u aTug[_p L$pB rhL$` S> _\u.A_ dS>Ly$f
Bbpf[_p A[dp Ap` Ap S>Tbpl_p rhfp^ L$f_pfp_ kZkZ[p S>hpb
`pW$hgp R>L$,iy S> [d_ lpkug _\u [ L$pB_ `Z lpkug _\u.?Ap
L$pf_u b]$Nd
y p_u L$fhu Lep_p Bkpa R>?!? MfMf Ap khpg_p rhfp^
L$f_pfpAp `pk L$pB S>hpb S> _\u AgplApgp kp _ lLL$ hp[
kdS>hp_u [pauL$ A[p L$f.bl ke]$ydyfkgu_(kggplp Agel
hkgd) Apdu_......
*
ky g y L $ `f S>Tbp_u aTug[ bep_ adp h [p qL$[pb
dua[plz Dgy d il d_hu A dp g p_p $d dp [ _ p ipf l
(rhhfZL$pf) lTf[ dpghu dpld
]$ _Tuf kplb Diw _Lib]$u dyS>]$u
]$-5 _p ]$a[f-3 _p cpN-1 dp adph R>L$ ,
Q ] $ Npli Npd Aplz ]$f My f [,
bA]$ ATp My]$ _pa Aplz flbf[.
(A\p[: - L$V$guL$hpf kyû [p([_u cpm L$pY$hp dpV$) lfZ_p
`NgpAp_u r_ip_uAp_u S>$f[ R>, epfbp] (Sepf [ _L$ `lpQu
S>i)[p My]$ lfZ_p dyL$_pap(Xy$V$udp flgu L$[yfu_u X$bu)([_p
dpV$ `yf[p)flbf R>.)
dS>Ly$f `sL[_y rhhfZ fSy> L$f[p ipfl(rhhfZL$pf)adph R>L,
...AV$gp dpV$S> i$Ap[dp([pgub_)[Sguep[ AaApg_u(Bgplu
L$pep_u lL$uL$[p$ù [Sgu)S$f[ lpe R>. Sepf [ [SguAp_ SyA R>
[p Ar[ DkyL[p_u lpg[dp d[gyb lLuLu(AgplApgp)_u [fa
dTugp [e Lfhpdp gpNu e R>.A_ `R>u [p `gu [fL$a\u(Agpl
[fa\u)`Z S>Tb (MQpZ, ApL$jZ
)\pe R> [p ûdûd dL$k]y $$ù
dTugp_u ]yhpfu ApR>u \B e R> S> fu[ L$[yfu dN_p _pap(Xy$V$u)_u
271
Myby riL$pfu_ qiL$pf kyû `lpQhp dpV$ `N$ ip^hp_p e_p\u

r_q[ L$fu ]$ R>.ep kyû L$ [S>guA rkap[ A_ `R>u [S>guA
Tp[u([pgub `f _pTug \[u bu A_ u ]$fS_u [SguAp)`Z
dL$ky]$p `L$u \B e R>.[_p\u A hp[ `$ \pe R>L,$d[gyb_p
hg(Agpl_p dmp`)_y fle h^y `X$[y S>TbplA lLL$ `f Ap^pfu[
R> [ _ lpe [p dp qfepT[p A_ dyl]$pAp L$ip L$pd_p _\u. L$pB
byTyN adpey R>L$, d[gyb(Agpl)_u S>]$u pr dpV$ Agpl

Apgp_u AL$ L$iui(S>Tbp)[dpd _p[p A_ Bkp_p_u Bbp]$[p\u
bl[f R>.
kygLy $_p dyL$pbgpdp STbpdp A Mpk [aph[ R> L, S>Tbpl dp
L$pB i[p_u hkhkpL$ _akp_u M[fp[p_u kcph_p lp[u _\u.S> dL$
del]$ulzgplp agp dp]$uglz (A\p[ :- AgplApgp S>_ rl]$pe[
Ap` [_ L$pB S> Nydfpl L$fu iL$[u _\u) A dyS>b S>TbpA Agpl
[fa\u dmg rl]$pe[$ù _yf Ry> dpV$ [dp hkhkpL$ _akp_u M[fp[p_u
kcph_p _\u Sepf [_p\u DgVy$ kygLy $dp Nydfplu_u N[pdp S>B `X$hp_u
iLe[p R>, L$pfZL$ [dp([fLL$u_p)Ap^pf `p[p_p e_p A_ dl_[p
`f R>,A_ `p[p_p e_pdp i[p_u `Qp \L$u cygL$ Mpdu_p ]fL$
nZ ce R>. Bguk lTpfp hj kyû k[ qfepT[p A_ gpbu Ahû
kyû dyl]$pAp Lep R>[p Agpl Apgp_u bpfNpldp\u ^y[L$pfhpdp
Apep [p [_y L$pfZ AS> bep_ Ley L, [ dp rhiy^ kpguL$ S>
l[p,S>TbA-fbp_uA [_u ]$[Nufu L$fu _ l[u.
`R>u lTf[ dpgp_p $du(fld[ygplApgp Agel) ApNm
adphR >L$ ,
fa[_ eL$ d T ug bf b| A _pa,
bl[f AT k]$ dTug Npd h [hpa.
A\p[ :- L$[yfu dN_u Myby `f AL$ dTug Qpghy, `Ngp_p
(A\p
r_ip_p_u d]$]$ \L$u kp dTug Qpghp A_ afhp\u h^y kp$ R>.)
My g pkp : - AV$gL$ S> fu[ riL$pfu dpV$ riL$pf_p `Ngp_p
rQl_p_p Ap^pf Qpghp L$f[p [_u Myby_p Ap^pf Qpghy h^y
L$pepbu_y L$pfZ R>. AV$gp dpV$L$ `Nfp_p Ap^pfp`f Qpghpdp cyg_u
kcph_p R> Sepf Myby_p Ap^pf S> [ q]$ip [fa S>hpdp cyg_u kcph_p
_\u.L$pfZL$ A Myby hed S> riL$pf [fa\u r_dZ$` R>; S [_u
XyV $u(_pap)dp\u EW$u-EW$u_ riL$pfu_ bpgphu flu R>(S fu[ L [pgub_
272
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
STbp d[g|b$ [fa MQ

R>.) Sepf kygLy $dp [S>guA AaApgu R> L$
[ OZu _apL$pfL$ A_ B_pd $` R>, `f[y [SguA rkap[ A_ [S>guA
Tp[ [_p\u h^y $[p_p ]$fS ^fph R>.L$pfZL$ Alv(Ap b_
[SguApdp)S>TbpA-fbp_u My]$ S> MQpZ L$f R> S> [S>guA
AaApgdp _\u; S> fu[ L$ L$[yfudN_u Xy$ V$u_u Myby riL$pfu_ [_p ee
[fa bpgphhp dpV$ My]$S `p[p_u [fa MQ R> Sepf `Nfp_p r_ip_pdp
Ap hp[ _\u lp[u.[p Ap fu[ Alv `Nfp(`p]$rQl_p)\u dyfp]$ kygyL$_p
dpN
dpN R> S>dp `Ngp _p rQl_p_p Ap^pf Qpghp_y R> S> dyL$g$` A_
ApV$u-OyV$u hpmy R>,Sepf XyV$u_u Myby L$ S> riL$pfu_ `p[p_u [fa MQu
flu R>,[_p\u dyfp]$ Alv S>Tbp R> L$ S> My]$S> [pgub_ riL$pf [fa
AV$gL $ d[gyb(Ahpf Bgplu)[fa MQu fpR>, [p Myby_p MQpZ_p
Ap^pf Qpghpdp cyg_u kcph_p _luh[ R>.
Sy>Ap, Alv S>Tbpl _p dpN
dpN_u L$hu Apkp_u A_ kfm[p
lTf[ dpgp_p $d(fld[ygpl Agel)`p[p_u d_hu ifua
ifuadp fSy>
L$fu R>.?!? AL$dp riL$pf_u ip^ dpV e_p L$fhp_p R>,[_y `N$
ip^hp_y R>,Sepf budp riL$pf My]$S> `p[p_u Myby hX$ `p[p_u [fa
ApdZ Apù fp R>;Sy>Ap b_ kdylp hQ L$V$gp [aph[ R>?!? A_
`R>u My]$ S> akgp L$fp L$ L$ep dpN kfm A_ klgp R>.?
A_ AL$ bu _yL[p `Z dS>Ly$f rhhfZdp fSy> Lep R> L$,i[p_
dp kpguL$ S> l[p S>TbpA fbp_uA [_u ]$[Nufu _lp[u L$fu dpV $S>
[ ^yL$pf A_ auV$L$pf_ `p bep. [p Alv A hp[ kpbu[ \B L$ S>Tbpl
rh_p Ap dpN(Ly$b Bgplu_p dpN)`pf \B iL$[p S> _\u,[p Ap fu[
kyauhp]$_p AL$ `Z [fuL$p S>Tbp\u Mpgu lphy kchu[ _\u,`f[y
_Lib]$u byTyNpA [_ ^pfudpN b_phu ]$u^p R> A_ S>Tbp$ù ]$pg[
hX$ lfp [ygbpAp_ dTug dL$k]y $ kyû `lpQpX$u ]$u^p R>.Ap A_yk^
p_
$S> lTf[ dpgp_p A]y$fdp_ _y$u_ du _Lib]$u(fld[ygpl
Agel)adpey R>L$,
_Lib]$uepl AS>b L$paugp kpgpf A]$,
L$ bf]$ AT fl ùfilp blfd L$paugp fp.
AT q]$g kpguL$ fl TbA kplb[ ip,
du bf]$ hkhkA Muh[ h au$ rQgl fp.
A\p[:--_Lib]$u byTN
(A\p
y p Agpl_u fpldp Qpg[p L$paugp_p
AS>b kf]$pfp R> [Ap `p[p_p [pgubp_ Ry>ù fu[ lfd(Ly$b Bgplu)dp
273
gB e R>. [pp_u kplb[dp Ahy MQ

pZ lpe R>L$ [ kpguL$_p q]$gdp\u
rMh[(AL$p[hpk)A_ rQgpl(Qpguk q]$hk_u qfepT[p)_u
tQ[p_ duV$phu ]$ R> ([_u S>$f[ fl[u _\u)))
*
S>Tbpl_u epep, lL$uL$[ [dS> [_u aTug[ fSy> L$f[p lTf[
dpluj ]$M_ ke]$ A]y$gpl ipl _Lib]$u L$p]$fu(fld[ygpl
Agel) `p[p_u qL$[pb kygyL$ dyS>]$uepl dp adph R> L$,
_ub apL$(eA_u D`f L$u _ub)k g[pBa d L$iui
`]$p lp[u l DkL$p S>Tbp[ L$l[ l. aT Nbu Apf B_pe[ lLL$ L$p kk
r_b[ bpr[_u lpkug lp e(Dk) S>Tb L$l [ l Apf Bku r_b[ L$p
hyg Bggpl cu L$lp [p l. hpS>l fl L$ S>Tb Nf Bs[epfu Ad l.
S>b r_b[ S>due[ h lzTfy L$b kpguL$ d `]$p lp[u l [p Dk
hL$[ ùf [fuL$[ lzkg
y S>Tb L$ hp[ [hSl adp[ l [b L$b [pgub
d _ub apL$ k S>Tb `]$p lpL$f Ahpf Tpluf lp_ gN[ l [p el L$b
L$u A`_u Ag [fa dy[hSS>l lp_ L$u Agpd[ l, Bku [fl [hSl
ùf L$pdug L$u bfL$[k L$g
y g[pBa d S>Tb `]$p lp[p l Apf hpl A`_A`_ Agp d `lpQ [ l.
kpguL$L$u kf h kygLy $ dy]$phd[ ANpg Apf L$kf[ [hSlp[
ùf L$pdug `f dpLy$a l, S>b B_ ]$p_p Ddyfp L$u [L$dug lp kpguL$ blp[
S>]$ kygyL$ [e L$f[p l. B_ ]$p_p d k L$]$f L$du lpNu Bku L$]$f kfp
kygyL$ d cu L$p[plu lpNu . B[]$p]$ kpgL$u_L$p cu bX$p ]$Mg l, kL$u
B[]$p]$ AR>u lp[u l D_L$u kf cu S>]$ [e lp [u l \pX$u [hSl
Apf L$gug ANpg d rdg bL$ blp[ S>]$ fpl [e L$f[ l Apf
TBazB[]$p]$ l hpl L$hu [hSl Apf L$kf[ ANpg k Aa[p h
rMTp hpkug dL$ky]$ lp[ l.
Bk [fuL$ d kplb[ iM h [hSl ùf L$pdugL$p ]$Mg ATud
l. dyl]$p[ h qfepTp[ L$k lu lp bNf B_ ]$p DdyfpL$ bky]$ l.
Bk [fuL$pA ifuapd S>Tb kygLy $ `f dyL$d l Bk gue L$ kygLy $L$p
[e L$f_p S>Tb L$u hS>l k Apkp_ lp [p l S>b [L$ ùf L$pdugL$u
[hSl _ lp S>Tbcu `]$p _lv lp iL$[p. ùf L$pdug kpguL$L$p Bku
r_b[ S>TbL$u b]$pg[ L$ip-L$ip dTug dL$ky]$ [L$ g [ l L$gug
dy[ d dL$pdp[ ApgueplL$u kf _kub lp[u l.
dL$pdp[ kygyL$L$p [e L$f_p ANf lTpflp bfkd cu dekf
274
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

AN[p ^fph R> (A_ [)AV$gp dpV$ L$ S>Tb_p L$pfZ kygyL$ `pf L$fhp
kfm b_u e R>. Sep kyû L$pdug ùf_u [hSl _ lpe ep kyû
S>Tb `]$p \B iL$[p _\u. L$pdug ùf kpguL$_ Ap S>Tbp_u r_b[
hX$ S> MQu MQu_ ee kyû(dpAfa[ Bgplu kyû)`lpQpX$ R> A_
[_ A` kdedp S> DQ dL$pdp_u kf p[ \B e R>.
Sepf S>Tb \pe R> epf kf_u TX$` AL$`_ue lpe R> AL$ S>
nZdp kygyL$ AV$gu l]$ `pf \B e R> L$ S> S>Tbpl hNf kL$X$p hjdp
`Z `pf _\u \B iL$[p .
A_ `R>u A[dp Ap` adph R> L$, i$Ap[_u dTugpdp S>
S>Tbpl_u r_b[ lpkug \B e [p kpguL$ dpV$ kygyL$ `pf L$fhpdp
MybS> kfm[p \B e R>.
( Ald]$pgugpl, Ap `rh _Lib]$u [fuL$pdp [pgub_
i$Ap[_u dTugpdp S S>Tbpl_u r_b[ lpkug \B e R> dpV$ [pgub
dpV$ Ap [fuL$pdp kygLy $ `pf L$fhp OZp S> kfm \B e R>, AV$gy S> _lv
`f[y Ap S>Tbpl_u L$aue[dp S> kygyL$ Ap` dm `pf \B e R> !!!))
*
Alv kyû Ap`Z ]$fL$ rkgrkgp_p byTyNp A_ L$u[pbp_p
lhpgp hX$ S>Tbpl_u lL$uL$[ A_ aTug[_ Zu lh hpQL$$_p d_dp
Ahp khpg D]$ch L$ [dpd ùfp_pùf, hguAp_p kf]$pf,lzTfy kfL$pf
NpjApTd ]$[Nuf dufp dpleyu_ iM A]y$g L$p]uf gp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A, iy `p[p_u L$u[pb Nye[y[pgbu_
dp `Z Ap S>Tbpl rhi L$ip DgM L$ep R> ? [p [_p S>hpb R> L$, lp,
S>$f Nye[y[pgbu_ dp kfL$pf NpjApTd ]$[Nuf (Ly$kuflz) A
Ap]$pbkudpA _pd_p LfZdp dgyby lpgu (h] A_ S>Tbpl)_p
Tu$ Ap fu[ L$ep R>,: iM(ùf)_u [hl [Ap_u [fa lpe A_ [_u
(ùf_u) [hl \L$u [Apdp([pgubpdp)L$pB L$aue[ `]$p \pe [p
h]$dp Aphu iL$ R>, lp, `f[y Ap lpg[_ `p[p_u [fa\u `]$p \egu _
rhQpf. A_ Ap s\[udp dygybylpg \B e [p dgybue[
(STbp) _p dpZ dyS>b [_ `fhp_Nu R>, `f[y hS>]$_p Sy>kp W$X$p
`X$[pS> [f[ iyLy$_, A]$b [dS> kdS>]$pfu [fa `pR>p `gV$ A_ S> c]$
AgplApgpA A lpg[dp [_u D`f Mpep R>, [_ Ry>`phu fpM.
[p Ap fu[ dygybylpgu(lpg hX$ cprh[ \hy) A_ S>Tbp
lp [p N_ud[ l gL$u_ S>b AgplApgpL$u _ub k S>Tb lp[p l [p

kyfA[ kf l bep k bpluf lp[u l AL$`g-AL$gl d Bk L$]$f kygLy $
[e lp [p l bNf S>TbL$ k]$lp kpgd cu [e _ lp[p.
Apf auf ApMuf d Ap` adp[ l L$u, B[]$pB d_pTugd
r_b[ S>Tb lpkug lp e [p kpguL$L$p kygLy $ [e L$f_d bX$u klzg[
lp [u l.
(A\p[ :- g[uapApdp D`f_u [fa\u S> MQpZ `]$p \pe R>
[_ S>Tbp[ L$lh
pdp Aph R>(S>Tb_y blzhQ_) B_pe[ My]$ph]$u [\p
Nb\u p[ aT kp\ S>_ bpr[_u r_b[ lpkug \B e [_ S>Tb
y Bggpl `Z L$lh
pdp Aph
L$lh
pdp Aph R> [\p Ap r_b[_ S> hykg
R> (dpAfa[ Bgplu)Ap hp[ kd g L$ S>Tb AL$ bBs[epfu
L$aue[ R>. (Ar_eu[ L$aue[ R>)
Sepf Agpl_u ep]$ \L$u kpguL$_p q]$gdp AL$pN[p A_ lzTfy
`]$p \pe R> epf ùf [fuL$[ S>Tbp_u p[u dpV$ [_u D`f [hSl
adph R> A_ D`f\u S>Tb `]$p \pe R> S>_p L$pfZ kpguL$ `f Ahpfp
lf \hp gpN R>, S> L$b_y `p[p_u Akg [fa ep_u[ \hp_u r_ip_u
R>. Ap S> fu[ ùf L$pdug_u [hSl hX$ g[pBa Mkpdp S>Tb `]$p
\pe R> S>_p \L$u ]$fL$ g[uap `p[p_u Akg [af ep_u[ \pe R>
kpguL$_u ApepsdL$ dykpafu A_ dmp`(dpAfa[) _p
Ap^pf Tu$-au$_u `pb]$u `f [\p L$pdug ùf_u [hSl `f Ap^pfu[
R> Sepf Ap b L$pe `qf`|Z lpe [p kpguL$ ApepsdL$ dpN_ S>]$u `pf
L$fu g R> Ap b L$pepdp S>V$gu l]$ DZ` fli AV$gu S> l]$ kf A_
kygyL$(dpAfa[_p dpN)dp `Z L$du Aphi. kpguL$_u kpdeis[
`Z [dp cpN cS>h R> .
S> kpguL$_u kpdeis[ DQ lpe [_u kf S>g]$u `|Z \pe
R> dp _rlh[ [hSl A_ dpdygu Tu$-au$ hX$ rhS>mu_u S>d (Ap
[_p kpguL$) S>]$u dpN ApmNu g R> (DVy)S> kpguL$_u gpeL$p[
L$df R> [Ap is[ipmu [hSl \L$u A_ rh`yg dppdp Tu$-au$_u
dNygue[ pfp A\pe e_p `R>u ee kyû `lpQ R>. Ap
[fuL$pdp(_Lib]$u [fuL$pdp)L$pdug ùf_u [hSSpl A_ kpr_e_y O
S> dlh R> Nd [V$gu qfepT[p L$ dyl]$pAp L$fhpdp Aph `Z Ap b
bpb[p rkhpe b^y S> e\ R>.
Ap `rh [fuL$pdp(_Lib]$u [fuL$pdp)kygyL$ D`f S>Tbp
275
276
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

R> [d_ ep [p Aphy S>Tbp L$ hS>]$ S>h
y L$iy hpdp _ Apey, A_ [dpf
ep S> ]$Mpe R> [p [_y L$pfZ iy?
[fa]$pf :- cpB, rb]$A[ ifuA[ L$f[p `Z rb]$A[
[fuL$[ h^y M[f_pL$ R> lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)adph R> L$, ep kugkugpdp rb]$A[
[fuL$[_p Dch \ep ep rkgrkgp_p apeyTp bfL$p[ [dS>
Ahpfp M[d \B e R>. AV$g rkgrkg_p d|mcy[ aT b^
`X$u e R>. ie R> L$ [Ap_ ep_p dyfu]$pA S> eqL[\u rkgrkgp
NlZ L$ep lpe ep Ap LpfZ `Z gpNy `X$[y lpe L$ `R>u ùfu-dyfu]$u
hQ S> L$pe L$fhp S>$fu R>, [dp L$iu DZ` lpe [p Aphy b_u iL$ R>.
Qpgy h[dp_L$pmdp [p dyfu]$ b__pfp a[ Ap`QpfuL$ fu[ AL$
fd A]$p L$fhp dpV $S> dyfu]$ b_ R>. [dS> dyfu]$ b_ph_pfpAp `Z
Ap`QpfuL$ fu[ S> dyfu]$ b_ph>>R>, A_ Bgpk_u pu dpV$_u Ap `rh
gpB__ `p[p_p Qpf [dS> ^^p_y dped b_phu ]$u^y R>. Agpl
Apgp Ap`_u [gb kp]$uL$ dyS>b Ap`_u fl_dpB L$fu Ap`_ Ap
dpdgpdp k]$dpN ]$pf Ahu ]y$Ap L$$ Ry>.
Adpf ep rkgrkgp_p r_r[ _uedp L$ Dkygpdp L$iuS> bp^
R>pX$ L$fhpdp _\u Aphu, [dS> ùfu-dyfu]$u hQ_p S>$fu L$pedp S>fp
`Z DZ` Aphhp _\u ]$uû ApNm_p bTyNp S> fu[ [fuL$p Qgph[p
l[p A S> fu[ [fuL$p Qgphhpdp Aph R>, S>dp f[ucpf afapf L$fhpdp
_\u Apep dpV$ S> Ap aT ApS> `Z kgpd[ R>, A_ ApS> `Z
dlaug_u A S> fN[ hpdp Aph R>.
rhfpû :->S>_pb,[dpfp ApNm fSy> L$fgp L$fZ_p Ap^pf
S>Tbp_u lL$uL$[ A_ aTug[_ [p Myb kpfu fu[ Zu guû,`f[y
S>Tbp_ lSy> h^y kfm[p`yhL$ kd iL$pe Ahy L$pB $p[ L$ luL$pe[
lpe[p S>Zphp_?
[fa]$pf :->lp cpB S>$f S>Zphui, dp $p[ L$ luL$pe[S>
_lu `f[y L$u[pb_p lhpgp kp\ kpQu luL$pe[ S>Zphy Ry>.L$u[pb
[TLfpA Npjuepl dp lTf[ ke]$ ùf NpjAguipl kplbL$p]$fu,
L$g] $fu, `p_u`[u(fld[yggpl Apgp Agel)A S>lpNuf bp]$ipl_p
kde_u AL$ ke OV$_p fSy> L$fu R>.
AL$hpf S>lpNuf bp]$ipl_ ipllzk_
Y$$p(AL$ dS>Tyb)_u
Tuepf[_p ipL$ `]$p \ep S>Ap gpL$X$p_p OpX$p b_phu_ [_p `f khpfu
kyauhp]$_p ]$fL$ [fuL$pdp h^[p ApR>p dpZdp flgp S> R>, S>_p L$pB S>
BL$pf L$fu iL$ [d _\u. A_ MfMf BA [p S>Tbpl_p BL$pf A [p
Ly$Ap_`pL$_u `$ Apep[ dybpfL$, l]$uj`pL$ A_ kyauepA qL$fpd_p
[dpd [fuL$pAp [fa b]$Nd
y p_u S> kpbu[ Lf R>, A_ Ap fu[ S>Tbpl_p
BL$pf,rhfp^ L$ `R>u [_u [fa_u b]Nydp_u$ A `$ `Z a T p_
rhgpe[ _p BLpf,rhfp^ L$ [_p e_u b]Nydp_u S> R>, S> A[ [_
Ly$ kyû MQu e R>.(Agpl_u `_pl...)
S>Tbpl_u lL$uL$[ A_ aTug[ `V$
[fa]$pf A_ rhfpû hQ_u pfu
lh Alu lz S>Tbpl_p [fa]$pf A_ S>Tbpl_p rhfpû hQ
`pfu$` \egu L$V$guL$ hp[Qu[_p Aip fSy> L$$ Ry>,S>\u hpQL$p_p
d_dp Ap S>Tbp_p kb^ DW[p LV$gpL khpgp_y A_ iL$pAp_y r_hpfZ
\B iL.
*
rhfpû :-cpB,S>fp A kdhip L$ Ap hS>]$ A_ S>Tbp hQ
iy [aph[ R>?
[fa]$pf :-dpl[fd,epf rdTu L$ $lp_u L$gpd_p Akf
[bue[ D`f \B_ bMy]$u S>hu lpg[ R>hpe [p [_y _pd h]$ R> A_
Tu$_p Ahpfp ]ug\u NV \B_ [_p([pgub_p) lpip- lhpk Npeb
hS]$_p
S>Tbp R>.Vy$L$dp,hS]
Lfu ] A_ [_pdp [X` gphu ] [p [_y _pd S>Tbp
kb^ [bue[ kp\ R>, epf S>Tbpl_p kb^ Tu$ L$bu kp\ R>.
rhfpû :-dpl[fd,Ap`_ ep S> S>Tbp h^y ]$Mpe R> A_y
L$pfZ iy?
[fa]$pf :- cpB, _ib]$u rkgrkgp_p Ap^pf S> STbpl
D`f S R> A_ Ap STbplù ]pg[ hX S [dp [pgub_u lp_u `fhfui
Lfhpdp Aph R>A_ [_ d[gyb(AgplApgp)kyû `lpQpX$hpdp Aph
R>, S>_p DgM d[ybp[ Bdpd fbp_udp d[ybifua_.-62, 113,
200A_ 290dp lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aakp_u(f]$uegplp
Apgp Alp)A krh[f L$ep R>. [dS> ApNm lz S>Tbpl_u aTug[
A_ lL$uL$[ `V$ Ap Ah[fZp fSy> L$fu Qyep Ry>.S>_y W$X$p L$gS> tQ[_d__ `|hL$ hpQ_ L$fip [p Adpf ep(_ib]$uApdp)Ap STbp h^y
]$Mphp_y L$pfZ kpfu fu[ kdS>dp Aphu S>i.
rhfpû :- dpl[fd,L$B
LV$gpe _ib]u rkgrkgp_p dyfu]$p
277
278
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
L$fu_ aep L$f[p l[p. hTufpA L$y, S>lp`_pl, [Ap bpmL$p hQ

fd[p lpe R>, [_u `pk S>hy epe _\u. lh bey Ahy L$ AQp_L$S>
fp[_p kde [ dS>Tyb aL$uf(lTf[ ipllzk_ Y$$p)bp]$ipl_p
ipludlg_p S>$Mp _uQ Aphu `lpep L$pBA bp]$ipl_ Z L$fu, [p
[Z TV$`V$ mu _uQ gV$L$phu_ [Ap_ iplu dlgdp D`f KQL$u gu^p
epf dygpL$p[ \B [p bp]$ipl [Ap_ `yR>ey L$, hp$, My]$p Ap`_ L$hu
fu[ dep? [p [ApA L$y L$, S>hu fu[ [y. epf bp]$ipl L$y L$, lz
L$hu fu[ dep? [p [ApA L$y L$, S>hu fu[ My]$p. epf bp]$ipl L$,y
kplb, Ap L$peX$p_p DL$g kdhp. [p [ApA adpey L$, kpcm
lz [pfu dygpL$p[ L$fhp_u BR>p fpM[p [p `lgp ]$fbp_p\u dm[p, `R>u
AûL$pfuAp_ qh_[u L$f[p A_ `R>u Adufp A_ hTufp_u Qp`gyku
L$f[p A_ epf bp]$ _lpB ^pB_ kpfp L$`X$p `lfu_ lpS>f \[p,R>[p
`Z>A hp[_u Mbf_\u L epf `R>u `Z Ap` d_ dmhp_u BR>p
]$iph[p L$ Ar_R>p lf L$f[p, `f[y epf [dpfp ]$ug Qpy [p d_
AQp_L$S> OkX$u gu^p,L$pB_ `Z Mbf _ `X$u.
Ap luL$pe[ bep_ L$ep `R>u ([_p _uQpX$ fSy> L$f[p) lTf[
NpjAguipl kplb (fld[ygpl Apgp Agel) adpey L$, ApS>
fu[ aL$ufp([pgubp) _p b L$pf R> (1) Bs[kpbu L$ S>Ap $di kygLy $_p
hlbu
]$fAp(dl_[ A_ dylu]$pAp hX$)`pf L$f R>.(2)hlbu
hlbu(hlpbu
_lu)AV$gL$ A[pB L$ S>_ S>TbplA Nbu AL$S> nZdp MQu gB_
d[gyb kyû `lpQpX$u ]$ R>.
dpl[fd, lh [p S>Tbp iy R> A kdS>dp Apey _!?!
rhfpû :-iy Ap L$pf_p S>Tbp `lgp_p AprgepA qL$fpd,
[Ap_p dyfu]$p A_ [Ap_u dlaugpdp hp dm[p l[p?
[fa]$pf :- lp dpl[fd, Ap L$pf_p S>Tbp `yL$m dpZdp
lzTfy kfL$pf Npj ApTd ]$[Nuf iM A]y$L$p]$uf gp_u(f]$uegplp
Apgp Alp)_u dlaugdp hp dm[p l[p. S>_u OZuS> qfhpe[p
qL$[pbpdp dpy]$ R> [dS> Ap hp[ dilzf `Z R>, Mpk L$fu_ Ap`_u
[L$fuf_u dlaugpdp gpL$p L$`X$p apX$[p l[p, blpi \B S>[p l[p, LB
L$V$gpe gpL$p_p S>_pTp DW$[p l[p, hNf hp[p OZuS dilzf R> S>_p hX$
Ap`_u rkf[_u qL$[pbp cfgu R>. []y`fp[ lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl,
lTf[ Bdpdd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u, lTf[ duf dpld
]$ _pAd
p_
b]$iu, lTf[ duTp dTlf __p ilu]$, lTf[ NygpdAguipl
279
kplb ]$lhu, lTf[ $L_yu_ipl kplb Aghfu [dS> lTf[ kyau

AgpL$ Ald]$ kplb fpd`yfu TpgphpX$u kydAld]$pbp]$u (fldL$pdygplp Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)_u dyL$k dlaugpdp hp dm[p
l[p, AV$gy S> _lv `f[y AL$ `Z AprgepA qL$fpd_u dlaug Ap fN[
rh_p Mpgu _ lp[u, [dS> AL$ `Z dyfu]$ dlfyd _lp[p. `f[y S>Ap Ap
byTyNp_p h_ Qqf\u _phpL$ua R>, [Ap_p lpgp[p_ ep_`|hL$ L$
d__-d\_`|hL$ hpep _\u [Ap Ap S>Tbpl\u L$hu fu[ hpL$ua lpe
iL$. Alv D`fpL[ ]$iphg _pd `L$u AL$ b byTyNp_u `rh Tv]$Nu_u
dlaugp_u L$aue[ fSy> L$fy Ry>.
qL$[pb lTfp[yLy$k L$ S> lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$
Aajp_u(f]$uegplp Alp)_p ANNe Mguap, L$piazlL$pBL$,
lTf[ Agpdp b]$$u_ kftl]$u (fld[ygpl Agel) _u gMgu R>,
S>_u ]$-1dp lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl (fld[ygpl Agel)_p
lpgp[p fSy> Lep R>,[dp gey R>L, AL ap Aakf AL q]$hk lTf[
hp(Ly$kuflz) _u dygpL$p[ dpV$ Apep, [_p _pL$f ^pX$p gB_
]fhp `f Ecp l[p L AV$gpdp lTf[ hp(Ly$kuflz) Bs[
dpV$ blpf _uL$ep.A_pepk Ap`_u r$u ^pX$p_p fMhpm `f `X$u
NB, S>_p L$pfZ bM]y $u A_ Nbp [_u D`f [pfu \B Nep [dS> Nuepl
A_ Ap$]$ i$ L$fu ]$u^y A_ bBs[epf`Z ^ymdp ApmpVhp gpep
A_ dyN rbdug_u S>d S>du_ `f [X$`hp gpep. Akf_p Ar[d
kde\u gB_ fp[_p AL$ rlkp `kpf \ep ep kyû [_u A S> bL$fpfu_u
lpg[ flu `R>u [_y S>_yy_ hû Ney A_ bTpf_u [fa cpep A_ A S>
s\[udp S>Ng [fa ]$pX ep A_ _ Z Lepe Qpep Nep. epf `R>u _
[p [_u L$iu cpm dmu L$ _ [p [_y W$L$p deyA_ _ [p[_p rhi L$iu
L$pB
A ZL$pfu Apù.
*
qL$[pb Ty[ydL$pdp[ L$S> lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$
Aajp_u(f]$uegplpApgp Alp)_p Mguap lTf[ hp dpld]$
lpiud L$udu(fld[ygpl Agel)A gMgu R>. Ap`_p dTpf`pL$
byflp_`yf ifuadp R>; A_ Ap` S> lTf[ dyS>u]$ kplb_p `rh
dL$[b
y p `L$u AdyL$ `p AL$u[ Lep l[p; [ApA dS>Ly$f qL[pbdp lTf[
Bdpd fbp_u dySu] Aajp_u(Lykufl)z _p AL$ Mguap lTf[ duf
dpld]$ _pAdp_ b]$iu(fld[ygpl )_p lpgp[p fSy> Lep R>, [dp
280
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
[Ap_u dlaug_u L$aue[ hZh[p geyR >L$ ,

...duf kplb lTf[ dyS>u]_p Ap]i_ dp\ QYphu_ Ap
hM[ Sepf byflp_`yf `lpep [p ep Ap`_ MybS> Apd L$bygue[
p \B A_ Ap`_u dlaug AV$gu l]$ Nfd \B L$ S>_y hZ_ \B iL$
[d _\u,S> gpL$p Ap`_u dS>guk_ dp ]y$f\u B g[p [p [Ap_p
L$bp D`f AV$gu l]$ S>Tbp A_ d[u_p Nbp \B S>[p L$ [Ap blpiu_p
Nbpdp `p[p_p L$`X$p apX$u _pM[p l[p A_ dyN budug _u S>d S>du_
`f [X$`hp gpN[p l[p, AV$gu l]$ hpdp Apey R>L$ Lepf LepfL$ ukQpguk Ap]$duAp AL$S> kde lpi MpB bW$[p l[p A_ S>du_ `f kyB
S>[p l[p.
Ap lpgp[p B_ bu dipBMp_p dyfu]$p L$ Ap ilfdp l[p,
[Ap `Z bs[epf b_u Ap`_p dyfu]pdp ]pMg \B Nep A_ OZp
apkuL$p `Z ky^fu Nep [dS> OZp lpihpmpAp bM]y $u [dS> S>Tbpl_u
]$pg
[ hX$ R>gL$pB Nep.
*
qL$[pb lTfp[y Ly $ k dp S> lS>f[ hp bpL$ubugpl
(Ly$kuflz)_u dlaug_u L$aue[ hZh[p gey R> L$, Ap`_u
dlaugdp A_pepk S> Ap`_u r$ L$pB_u D`f `X$u S>[u L$ L$pB_u
r$ Ap`_u D`f `X$u S>[u [p [ [f[ S> blpi A_ bcp_ \B S>[p
[dS> bL$pby b_u _pfpAp dpf[p l[p A_ dyN budug _u S>d [X$`hp
gpN[p l[p, A_ `yfp ilfdp AL$ ipf dQu S>[p l[p S>\u Lfu_ q]$lu_u
bTpfdp afhphpmp(bTpfu)gpL$p Ap [dpip hp dpV$ Aphu S>[p l[p
[p [Ap `Z Ap kyauAp_u S>d bL$pby b_u S>du_ `f [X$`hp gpN[p
l[p.
Ap L$pf_p lpgp[p A_ dlaugp_u fN[p LB L$V$gpe byTN
y p_u
lpgp[pdp hp dm R>,L$ S>_y [dpd_y hZ_ Alv AiLe R.
Al]pgugpl, ApS>_p Ap `yf-akp] A_ bp[ug_p Nbphpmp Ap
eyNdp `Z Ap qL$[pb_p dyk_ua lTf[ ke]$$ùf hTufAguipl
kplb(A]pdgplp Apgp bfL$p[pl)z _u dlaugdp S>Tbpl A_
bMy]$u_u A S> L$aue[ A_ fN[ hp dm R> L,$S_y hZ_ D`fpL[
byTyNp_p lpgp[pdp Ley. A_ Ap hp[_p kL$X$p Nhpl `Z dpSy>] R>.
`f[y S> gpL$pA aTp_ rhgpe[ _ L$]$u ep S> _\u, [Ap [_p rhi
_u[-_hp [L$-rh[Lp$ A_ AahpAp agpep L$f R>. aT\u d[gb gpL$p$ A
281
dp ]yehu ape]$p S> ep R>. AV$gL $ L$pB

`Z S>epA\u dp ]yehu
ape]$p lpkug \pe, [_y _pd S> aT \B Nep fpey R>, `f[y kyauhp]$_u
Tbp_dp aT_u epep S> AgN R>. Alv aT\u d[gb AL$ ku_pdp\u
bu ku_pdp Tu-L$bu_p Ahpfp_y D[fhy R>,S>_p L$pfZ S> Ap
L$pf_u L$aue[ lf \pe R> [dS> Ap L$pf_p aT lpkug L$fhp S> Akgu
dL$k]$ R, _lv L$ dp ]yehu Nf A_ ape]$pAp lpkug L$fhp.
rhfpû:-cpB, Ap L$b-dy[ap(kggplp Agel
hkgd)_p aTp_ A\p[ S>Tbp AprgepA qL$fpd_p `rh q]$gdp
Apep, [Ap_u dlaugdp hp dep [p `R>u klpbpA qL$fpd `f [p
S>$f Apep S> li? Ap A_yk^p_ Ap` Lep klpbpA qL$fpd_p _pd
]$iphu iL$p R>p.?
[fa]$pf :-lp, QpLL$k L$b-dy[ap(kggplp Agel
hkg Agel hkgd)_p Ap aTp_ A\p[ S>Tbp AprgepA qL$fpd
`f Apep R, [p klpbpA qL$fpd (fu]hp_ygpl Appgp AS>dB_)[p
[_p\u L$hu fu[ hQu[ lpB iL$? A_ Ap A_yk^
p_ lz Alv b kplbpA
qL$fpd_p _pd ]$iphy Ry>. (1)ke]_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)A_ (2) lTf[ ipAbp(f]$ueggplp Apgp Alp).
rhfpû :-cpB,S>fp A b[phip L$ lTf[ ke]$_p kuuL$
AL$bf f]uegplpApgpAfilp)`f Ap aT LB fu[ Apep l[p?
[fa]$pf :- kQu rlL$pe[ _pd_u dilzf qL$[pbdp [_p
dyk_ua lTf[ dpgp_p Aby _yfdpld]$ biuf kplb L$TyBdp_
[dS> [pfuM Myap _p lhpgp\u NThA [byL$ _p Ap A[ulpkuL$
kN_u _p^ L$fu R>, S>dp lTf[ ke]$_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp
Apgp Alp)`f hS>]$_u L$aue[ R>hpe.
NThA [byL$ _p dpL$p `f lyTyf _buA `pL (kggplp
Agel hkgd) klpbpA qL$fpd_ adpey L$, Agpl_u fpldp S>lp]$
dpV$ [epf \B h.
Ap kde OZp S> ]yL$pm A_ [Nu_p l[p.ep kyûL$ b-b
Ap]$duAp AL$-AL$ MSy>f `f kde Nyf[p l[p.kaf OZu ]yf_u
l[u.[dS> ]yd_p OZuS> dpVu kepdp A_ dS>by[ l[p.lTf[ Ddp_
N_u(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A Ap NThpdp OZuS> DQ qld[ kp\
MQ Lep.]$klf dylu]$p_ kfp-kpdp_ Apep A_ lf r]$_pf Ap
NThpdp MQ Lep. _hkp KV$ A_ kp ^pX$p kp kpd_ kp\ []y`fp[
282
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Apep. bu klpbpA `Z OZpS> MQp Lep.Ap [dpddp kp\u `lgp

lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)R>.L$ S>ApA `p[p_p
dpg lpS>f L$fu ]$u^p.lTf[ Ddf(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)fphu R>L$,
A q]$hk A_pepk dpfu `pk \pX$pL$ dpg l[p, d rhQpey L$, lz ApS>
AV$gu l]$ Bkpf L$fui L$ Abyb$\u `Z ApNm hû S>Bi. AV$gp
dpV$ lTf[ Ddf `p[p_p dpg_p b cpN Lep A_ AL$ cpN Of fpMu_
AX$^p dpg lyTf (kgplp Agel hkgd)_u Mu]$d[dp ì Lep.A_
A rhQpf\u OZu S> Myiu A_ychu L$ d ApS> Bkpf Lep R>.ApS> Abyb$
ApNm _lv hû iL$.`f[y AV$gpdp iy yA R>L$ ,iA dy[ap_p `fhp_p
kuuL$ AL$bf(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp) `p[p_p Of_p [dpd dpg
gB_ lyTfy _u Mu]$d[dp lpS>f \B Nep.A_ `p[p_u [dpd d|X$u bpfNpl
dy[ap(kgplp Agel hkgd)dp fSy> L$fu ]$uû.lTf[ Ddf
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)Ap B_ Apedp NfL$ph \B Nep A_
rhQpfhp gpep L$ [Ap\u ApNm h^hy dyL$g R>.lzTfy _buA `pL$
(kggplp Agel hkgd)kuuL$ AL$bf_ Ap Bkpf B_ OZpS>
Myi \ep A_ adpey L$, Ae kuuL$,khL$pB gB Apep R>p [p A [p
b[php L $Of dpV$ iy R>pXey? kuuL$_p S>hpb Ap l[p:
`fhp_ L$p QufpN [p bygbygL$p azg bk,
kuuL$ L $ gue My ] $p L$p fky g bk.
\pX$uhpf `R>u bug Adu_ lpS>f \ep A_ ATL$fu, ep
fkygpl (kggplp Agel hkgd),Agpl Apgp kuuL$ AL$bf
`f kgpd dpL$g R> A_ adph R> L$, Ap` kuuL$ AL$bf_ `yR>p L$ [Ap
Ap aL$ufu_u s\[udp dpfp\u fp R>? lzTyf Ap èNpd My]$p_
kcmpep. kuuL$ AL$b Ap k]$ ip_u guT[_p LpfZ hS]$_u lpg[dp
Aphu Nep A_ Llhp gpep,
iy lz dpfp fb\u _pfpT lpB iLy? lz dpfp fb\u fp Ry>, lz
dpfp fb\u fp Ry>. [p Ap R> lTf[ ke]$_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]$uegplp
Apgp Alp)`f R>hpegu ky$fp-d[u A_ hS>]$p_u L$aue[_y hZ_.
rhfpû :-cpB,S>Tbp_u hp[ [p OZu fu[ kdS>hpdp Aphu
NB, `f[y dsS>]$ L$S> A]$b A_ Bbp]$[_u S>ep R>,[dp Aphy b^y
L$fhy L$fphhp dpV$ [dpfu `pk L$pB dS>by[ ]$gug Mfu?
[fa]$pf :-lp, cpB dsS>]$dp Aphy b^y L$fhy- L$fphhp_y BT
lphp_p kd\_dp Adpfu `pk AL dTby[ ]gug` byMpfuifua ]$
283
1, kap _-406, bpbyglb hNf_u AL$ lq]$j`pL$ R>L$ S> dpluj

ApTd rl]$ dui_ [fa\u L$piu[ \egp B.k. 2006_p _yfp_u
L$gX$fdp R>`pegu R>, S>dp gey R>L$,
lzTyf Mp[udy_bueu_ dpld]$ dy[ap kgplp Agel
hkgd dsS>]$ _bhudp _Tp-bpTu(cpgp hX$ Mg L$fhp)_u fd[_u
lbiuep_ BT[ Apù Ap` `p[ Ap fd[_ B.AV$gp dpV$ Ap
byMpfuifua_u Ake qfhpe[pdp Ap l]$uj dp]y $ R>L$ dsS>]$ _bhudp
lzTyf kggpl Agel hkgl_u lpS>fudp lbiu gpL$p `p[p_p _Tp
hX$ fdu fp l[p; A ]$fep_ S> lTf[ Ddf(f]uegplpApgp Alp)
Aphu Nep. [ApA AL$ dy$udp L$pL$fp gB_ lbiuAp_ dpep, epf
lzTyf kggplp Agel hkgd afdpey L$,l Ddf, Ap gpL$p_ R>pX$u
]ep A_ fdhp p.
rhQpfp, _Tp-bpTu_u Ap fd[dp L$V$gu l]$ ER>m-Ly$]$ A_
cpNd cpNu \[u li;`f[y AV$gp dpV$ L$ Ap fd[ S>lp]$_u [epfu A_
LV$ui_y L$pfZ l[y L$ S> AL$ Bbp]$[ R>. A_ dsS>]$dp ]$fL$ L$pf_u
Bbp]$[ BT R> AV$gp dpV$ Ap` dsS]$dp Ap fd[_u `fhp_Nu Apù
]$uû.lTf[ Ddf (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)A Ap ER>m-Ly$]$_
dsS>]$_p Al[fpd_u rhfy^ kd_ Ap fd[_ lbiuep_ fpL$hp
BR>ep,[p lyTfy kggplp Agel hkgd [Ap_ d_pB L$fu ]uû;A_
Ap fd[ b^ _ L$fhp ]uû.(ep]$ flL$ A eyN_u dsS]$ -_bhu AV$g L,
$ S>_[_u Lepfu(fuepTyS>_pl) dp Ap b^p b_php bep R>.)
lh Ap_p\u hû_ L$pB Ae dS>by[ ]$gug_u S>$f Mfu.?!?
rhfpû :- _yfp_u L$gfiX$fdp Ap l]$uj`pL$ `R>u_p i]$p [p
A d R> L $ ]f L $ L$pf_u Bbp]$[ dsS>]$dp \B iL $ R> S> d L $
_dpT,r[gph[,rdgp]$ifua, ]y$$]$ifua, [bulp[p hNf [p Ap` S>
Ap L$fu fp R>p [ L$ep L$pf_u Bbp]$[ R>?
[fa]$pf :-S>_pb,Ap` S> Bbp]$[_u ZL$pfu dmhhp dpNp
R>p A_ Ad S> Bbp]$[ L$fu fp R>uA [_y _pd Md hpS>Np_ ifua
A_ Tu$-L$bu A\p[ dyfpL$ubp R>.
rhfpû :- Md hpS>Np_dp hpS>Np_ blzhQ_ ip dpV$
R>?Ad[p aL[ ALhQ_ AV$g L AL$S hp Nfub _hpT_ S>
ApmMuA R>uA [Ap_p Ap Tu$ kp\ iy kb^?
[fa]$pf :- dp l [fd,Ap Tu$ lTf[ A]y MpguL$
284
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
NT]$hp_u(Ly$z kufl)z A L$ped afdpep R>,A_ kh\d tl]y[p_dp

Ap Tu$_ gph_pf A[pA fkyg,il_ipl tl]y[p_,lTf[ hp
Nfub _hpT dyB_yu_ Qu[u kS>fu AS>dfu(f]$uegplp Apgp
Alp )`p[ R>. A_ rl]y[p_dp [dpd AprgepA qL$fpd `f Ap`_u
$lp_ue[_p Mpk cph A_ Nbp R. [dS Ap Tu [dpd AprgepA
qLfpd Lf[p l[p, ApS> `Z L$f R> A_ crhedp `Z L$f[p fli. A_
dpV$ S> Ap Md ifua_ Md hpS>Np_ ifua blzhQ_dp L$lh
pdp Aph
R>. Al]$pgugpl, _Lib]$u rkgrkgp_p dyfu]$p A_ [pgubp ApS>
`Z Ap MdhpS>Np_ ifua A_ Tu$_ A_L$ \mpA `pb]$u\u L$fu
fp R> A_ Ap aT lSy> `Z kgpd[ fpep R>.
rhfpû :-S>_pb,Md hpS>Np_ ifua_u hp[[p kdZu
`f[y Ap Tu$-L$bu A\p[ dyfpL$ubp iy R>?
[fa]$pf :-cpB, dyfpL$ubp_u epep R> rQ[_ A_ d__ L$fhy
A_ Ap Bbp]$[ lzTyf _buA `pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd_u
Npflufp_u Tv]$Nu kp\ kb^ ^fph R>.lzTyf _buA `pL$(kggplp
Agel hkgd)Agp_ _byh[\u `lgp Npflufp_p Ap A]$cy[
AL$p[hpk A_ Aplgp]$L$ ipr[dp Ap L$pf_y tQ[_-d__ A_ au$L$bu S> L$f[p l[p. A_ Ap rQ[_-d__ au$-L$bu_y _pd S AprgepA
qL$fpd dyfpLubp fpMg R>; S>_ Dd[_p dlp_ rh^hp_pA dpe fpMg
R>.Ap dyfpL$ubpdp Tu L$bu A_ au L$bu Lfhp_y lpe R>.Mpk Lfu_
BdTp[
p[_p [khyfA_ L$b_u NlfpBdp Xy$bhp_y lpe R>.
rhfpû :-lp,cpB A[p bfpbf R> `f[y Ap dyfpL$ubp ]$fep_
ER>m-Ly]$,QuQuepfuAp, ^d`R>pX$p, fX$hy [X$`hy,A_ Ap$]$ L$fhy hNf
\pe R> [_y L$pfZ iy ? lzTfy _buA `pL (kggplp Agel hkgd)iy
Npflufp_p AL$p[ hpkdp Aphy L$f[p l[p?
[fa]$pf :- lzTyf _buA `pL(kggplpAgel hkgd)
Npflufpdp iy L$f[p l[p? [_p DgM aL[ DdydpAd_u_ lTf[
M]uS[yLybp (f]uegplpApgpAlp) A S>V$gy ey [V$gp Lep A\hp[p
lzTfy My]$ L$pB
L$pB
hpf bep_ adpey. `f[y Sepf Ap`_u D`f \d hlu
_pTug \B epf Ap`_p L$b dybpfL$_u S> lpgp[ \B AS> lpg[_p aT
r[tbb$` dyfpL$ubpdp dyfu]pL$ [pgubp_p q]$g D`f Aphhp_p gu^
Tu$L$bu_p L$pfZ i$ i$dp dyfu]p L$ [pgubp `f Ap L$pf_u lpg[ L$
S>_p DgM D`f Lep [ R>hpe R>. L$pfZ L$ OZu hM[ aT A\pN A_
285
q]$g$ù hpkZ _p_y lphp_p gu^ Aphy b^y b_ R>,S>_y buSy> _pd S>Tbp
L$ S>Tbp[ L$bu R> [dS> Aplpg[_y _pd Tu$ L$bu lphp_y L$pfZ lTf[
Nygpd Agu ipl kplb(fld[ygpl Apgp Agel) ]$ipey R>, Ap`
lTf[ duTp dTlf __p ilu]$(fl[ygpl Apgp Agel)_p
ANkf Mguap R>. [Ap Bip]$ adphR>. Ap aT lzTyf _buA L$fud
fDazflud(kggplpAgel hkgd)_p `rh L$b kp\ ku^p S>
kb^ ^fph R>. rhN[p dpV$ Sy>Ap qL$[pb duA e pfy ky g y L $
]paDAhlpd hipLy$L(`p_p_-224, D]y$ _hu AX$ui_ k_.2007)
rhfpû :-dlfbp_ dsS>]$dp [p Ap b^y L$fhy L$fphhp_u hp[p
[dpfu dS>Ly$f ]$gug\u Nm D[fu, `f[y OZu hmp Aphu lfL$[p OZp_
Qpgy _dpTdp `Z \pe R>, Ap hp[ [p epe _ L$lhpe ?!?
[fa]$pf :-cpB, Qpgy _dpT S>_u D`f S>Tbp_u L$aue[
R>hpZu [ blpg\u Mpgu _lv lpe L$p$[p A esL[ Sy>$p A_ Y$pNu li
A\hp [p kpQp li. [ Sy>$p R> [p [ Ny_l Npf R> A_ [ `p[p_u Ap
lpg[dp kpQp R> [p kplb DTf (AV$gL$ dS>byfuhpmp rhhi)R>. S>
fu[ L$pB_ Mpku Aph, R>vL$ Aph, bNpky Aph L$ MS>hpm Aph A\hp
[p ìpb_p V$u`p_u [_ rbdpfu lpe hNf bpb[p DTf(rhhi[p)`L$u_u
R>, A_ [_ dpTyf L$lhpdp Aphi. A S> fu[ kpQp S>Tbphpmp L$ S>_u
D`f Agpl_p L$gpd kpcmu_ L$ _dpT_p Ahpfp_p L$pfZ AL$
L$pf_u bMy]$u_u L$aue[ R>hpB R> S>_u D`f [_p L$pB S> L$pby _\u [p
[_p L$pfZ [`Z Alv dpTyf L$lhpi.
rhfpû :-$ Qpgp, [dpfu hp[ dp_u guûL$ [ dp Tyf R> `f[y
_dpTdp bu _dpTuAp_ [_p hX$ Mgg \pe R>, [_y iy?
[fa]$pf :-dlfbp_, [hp _dpTuAp L$ S>_ Aphu bpb[p\u
Mgg \pe R, [ApA `p[p_u _dpT_u A]$f AL$pN[p A_ AL$ ep_`Zy
p[ L$fhp dpV$ `$`Z aTp_ dpgpA L$pA_p[ L$mhhp `X$i; L$
ifufdp My`gy [uf MQu ghpdp Aph R>[p Ap`_ Mbf _ `X$. A_ Ap
fu[ l]$uj Alkp_ `f Adg \pe.
rhfpû :- Ap l]$uj Alkp_ hmu iy R>.?
[fa]$pf:- l]$uj Alkp_ rdLp[ifua bpbyBdp__u
`lgu S> l]$uj ifua R>; S>_p fphu lTf[ Ddf(f]$uegplp Apgp
Alp) R>. Ap l]$uj`pL$ OZu S> rh[[ R> S>_p Vy$L$p kpfpi A R> L$ [dp
lTf[ bBg(Agerlkgpd)AL$ AAf pbu(NpdX$uep)_u iL$gdp
286
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

[fa]$pf :- dpl[fd,byTyNp_ ]$u__u _Tf aT Akf A_
ApepsdL$is[Ap hX$ r_h h[yAp `f S>Tbpl_u Akfp \ep_p
A_L$ $p[
p kyauhp]$_u qL$[pbpdp dpS>y ]$ R> S>_ kpdpe gpL$p_
u cpjpdp
L$fpd[[fuL$ ApmMhpdp Aph R>, `f[y lL$uL$[dp [p Ap S>Tbpl_u S>
Akfp R> S>_p hX$ Ap r_h h[yApdp AL$ L$pf_u ^
y fu A_ ER>mLy$]$ `]$p \pe R>. Apd [p S>Tbp A_ L$fpd[ AL$ bu_p èpe R> L$pfZL$
L$pB
`Z hgu\u S>Tbpl_u L$aue[ [pfu \ep `R>u S> L$fpd[_y NV$uL$fZ
\pe R> [p Ap fu[ ]$fL$ L$fpd[_u `p]$cydp S>Tbp Ry>`pegp R>
lh Alv lz [dpfu afdpBi dyS>b hguA L$pdug_u _Tf aT
Akf hX$ r_h h[yAp `f \[u STbpl_u Akfp `V$ Ap^pfcy[
qL$[pb_p lhpgp hX$ b-Z kNp fSy> L$$ R>y L$ Aphp kL$X$p kNp
qL$[pbpdp dpSy>]$ R> S> fSy> L$fhp Alv iLe _\u.
*
dlbb
y Bgplu lTf[ hp r_Tpdyu_ Aprgep (fld[ygpl
Agel)hTy Lep `R>u ldip ]$p[uep hX$ ]$pY$u_p hpm ehs\[ L$f[p
l[p AL$ hM[ Ap` hTy\u `fhpep `Z ep L$pB
Mpq]$d_u lpS>fu _lp[u
L$ S> ]$p[
uep gphu Ap`. A_pepk Ap`_u r$ A NpMgp `f `X$u Sep
]$p[
uep d|L$ gp l[p A_ S>hu Ap`_u r$ `X$u L$ [f[ S> [ ]$p[
uep ep\u
ER>mu_ Ap`_p lp\dp Aphu Nep.
Ap`_u rhgpe[_p Ahpfp\u cf`yf _Tf aT ]$p[
uep `f `X$u
A_ [_u D`f S>Tbp [pfu \ep, S> hp[ Ap`_u D`f_u L$fpd[dp
`$`Z r$NpQf \B flu R> S>_pdpV$ L$pB rhij kdSy>[u_u S>$f[
_\u. Ap b_ph_p DgM qL$[pb _alp[yDk dp lTf[ Agpdp
_y$u_ du A(fld[ygpl Agel)L$fgp R>.
*
lTf[ hp r_Tpd ed_u(fld[ygpl Agel)A lTf[
d]y$d S>lpNuf Aifa rkd_p_u(fld[ygpl Agel) _p `rh
dazTp[p AL$u[ L$fg R> S> g[pBa Aifau _p _pd dilzf R>, Sdp
[ApA gey R> L, LV$gpL kyauApA AL$hpf gOyiL$p(ìpb) dpV$
L$pQ_y AL$ _hy `p Mfuy [dS> epf bp]$ Mp `Z Mfuy, lh kyauAp
`pk [ kde Mp Mphp dpV$ L$pB
hpkZ hNf _lp[y L$ S>dp [Ap Mp
MpB iL$ Sepf Ap gOyiL$p dpV$ gu^gy hpkZ hZh`fpegy A_ _hy S>
l[y dpV$ kyauApA [dp S> Mp L$pY$u_ Mp^y.Mp MpB gu^p `R>u Ap
Aphu_ lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u bpfNpl ifuadp Bdp_

[\p Bgpd rhi L$V$gpL$ khpgp `yR>u_ kfL$pf `pk\u [d_p S>hpbp
lpkug L$f R>; S> `L$u A khpg A R> L$, ep fkyggpl(kggplp
Agel hkgd)Alkp_ iy R>.? [p Ap` adpey L$, [y My]$p_u
Bbp]$[ Ahu L$f L$ Z [y [_ B fp R> A_ [y _\u B iL$[p [p
[y A Z L$ [ [_ B fp R>. Alv Ap lTf[ (kggplp Agel
hkgd) dL$pd Alkp_ _p Mygpkp fSy> Lep R> dpV$ Ap l]$uj`pL$_y
_pd l]$ujAl kp_ R> lTf[ dpgpA L$pA_p[ Agu(f]$uegplp Apgp
Alp)_dpT_u A]$f Ap dL$pd Alkp_ AV$g L$ dyipl]$pA Ahpf
Bgprlepldp Nyd l[p dpV$ S> Qpgy _dpT ifuf My`gy [uf MQu ghp
R>[p Ap`_ Mbf _ `X$u, [p Ap fu[ l]$uj Alkp_ `f Adg L$fhp A
Ap_y _pd R>.!
rhfpû :- dpl[fd, Ap eyNdp [p Aphu _dpT AiLe R> !
[fa]$pf :-[p `R>u kf kS>]$pdp A_ kuV ]NgbpTudp lpe
[hp _dpTuAp_ Mgg `lpQ [_p L$pB
BgpS> _\u. OZu hmp _dpT_p
kde ApSy>-bpSy>dp ff\u cyN
mp hpN[p lpe ]$L$pfp L$ `X$L$pfp \[p
lpe A_ `p[p_p S> rMkpdp dpbpBg_u fvN hpN[u lpe epf Aphp
_dpTuAp_ Mgg _\u \[u, `f[y AgplApgp_p Ahpfp_p _yTg
y _
gu^ _dpTu `f R>hp[u S>Tbpl_u L$aue[_p L$pfZ [Ap_ Mgg \pe R>
iy Ap AL$ L$pf_u Mygu lk]$ S> _\u !?! bL$ lL$uL$[ [p A R>L$ Sepf
_yTyg Ahpf Bgplu L$pB es[ `f \pe R> epf [_p klepNu_ `Z
A aTp_ Ahpf dp\u rlkp p[ \pe R>, [p `R>u Alv Mgg_p
S> Lep D`s\[ \pe R>.?!?
rhfpû :- iy byTyNp_u kplb[ hX$ r_h h[yAp D`f `Z
S>Tbpl_u Akf `]$p \pe R> Mfu ?
[fa]$pf :- lp dpl[fd, [d [khya_u qL$[pbp KX$pZ`|hL $
Aee_ [dS> [_u D`f d__-d\_ Ley lp[ [p [d_ S>$f Zhp
dm[y L$ byTyNp_u kplb[dp r_h h[yAp `f S>Tbp_u Akf `]$p
\hp_p kL$X$p V$p[
p Ap qL$[pbpdp dpS>y ]$ R>.
rhfpû :- d_ OZu _hpB gpN R> L$ r_h h[yAp `f `Z
S>Tbpl_u Akf \pe R> [p lh dlfbp_u L$fu_ A S>Zphip L$ Lep
byTN
y p_u kplb[dp L$B r_h h[yAp `f Akf \B A_ [_p DgM
L$B rL$[pbpdp R>.?
287
288
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
kyauApA ey L$ [ L$pQ_y hpkZ bpghp gpey L$, dpfu A]$f kyauApA

Mp Mp^y R> dpV$ lh lz gOyiL $p kOfhp_ gpeL$ _\u. ApV$gy bpg[p_u
kp\ S> [ hpkZ ER>ey A_ S>du_ kp\ `V$L$pB_ Qyf- Qyfp \B Ney.
iy Ap r_h h[y `f S>Tbpl_u Akf _ L$lhpe?!?
*
lTf[ ùf dpld]$ipl ]$fNpl ifua V$V$-Ald]$pbp]$ [fa\u
L$piu[ qL$[pb-ipl blpDu_ bpS>_ lep[ Apf NyS>fuL$gpd dp
lTf[ blpDu_ ipl bpS>_ rQ[u (fld[ygpl Agel)_p lpgp[pdp
gey R>L$ , Sepf [Ap `p[p_p ùfp dyiw]$_p rhkpg `R>u [Ap_p dTpf
ifua `f lpS>f \ep [p ep Ap`_p ùfp dyiw]$_p ù[fpB cpB lTf[
iM A[pDgpl(fld[yggpl Agel)`Z ep lpS>f l[p L$ S>Ap_u
`pk lTf[ Shp blpDu_ iplbpS>_ dpV$ [Ap_p ùfp-dyiw]$ gMgy
adp_ rMgpa[ A_ `rh rML$p dpSy>]$ l[p ipl A[pDgpl `p[p_p
Of\u Ap Adp_[p_u `V$u dNphu_ Mpgu A_ [dp\u `rh rML$p blpf
L$pY$u_ Ap`_p ùfp dyiu]$_u L$b ifua_ `lfpep [dS> Ap L$gpd `Y$hp_y
i$ L$ey S>_p i]$p R>,
ipl fld[ygpl ld_p bygphp,
[y d bpS> gpNp L$ukL $ `p h p .
[p L$b ifuadp\u r_]$p Aphu L$,
bpS>_ gpN dpf `ph.
Ap kpcmu_ lTf[ bpS>_ `f fuLL$[($]$_ Ah\p) R>hpB
NB A_ [Ap hS>]$dp Aphu Nep kp\ kp\ `rh rML$p `Z L$b
dybpfL$\u ER>mu_ kyauAp_u S>d(lTf[ bpS>__u ApSy>-bpSy>)ay]$X$u
afhp gpep. `R>u afuhpf r_]$p Aphu L$, dv `pi L$ lLL$ [y[. (A\p[
`lfu ep L$ Ap [dpfp lLL$ R>.) Ap kpcmu_ lTf[ blpDu_ ipl
bpS>_ `p[p_p b_ lp\ EQp Lep [p `rh rML$p My]$-b-My]$ bpS>__p
ifuf `f QY$u Nep !!!
iy Ap r_h h[y `f \[u S>Tbpl_u Akfp `V$ AL$ OZp S>
rhdeS>_L$ b_ph _ L$lu iL$pe ?!?
Ap fu[ L$B L$V$gpe AprgepA L$pdgu__u `rh bpfNpldp
r_h `]$p\p `f S>Tbpl_p epOp[p hp dep, S>_p BL$pf L$f_pf
L$p [p aTp_ AprgepA qL$fpd\u _phpL$ua R> A\hp [p [_p ]y$d_ R>.
AgplApgp `p[p_p A_ `p[p_p ]$p[p_p NTb\u Ap`Z_ kp_
289
`_pldp fpM. Apdu_...

rhfpû :- dpl[fd cpB,Ap` S> b_php D`f hZep A [p
cy[L$pm_p R> Sepf Ap`_u Ap dlaug [p h[dp_L$pm_u R> dpV$
h[dp_L$pm_p Aphp L$pB b_php fSy> L$fp L$ S>dp r_h h[y `f
S>Tbpl_u Akf [pfu \[u lpe S>_p Ap^pf kh h[y `f \[u
S>Tbpl_u Akf_ `$ fu[ kd iL$pe.
[fa]$pf :- rbfp]$f, AgplApgp [d_ rl]$pe[ Ap`,
]$f aT b^ \p _ l ApS> cu Ly$R>=aL$ufp L$u gud l Abcu kb Ly$R>.
dpZ ApS> `Z Adpfu kpd dTpfp[ AprgepA qL$fpd `f r_h
h[y `f S>Tbpl_p epOp[p `V$ L$V$gpe b_php R> ,S> `L$u L$V$gpL$ lz
Alv fSy> L$$ R>y :(1)il_ipl kyf[ lTf[ hp dpld]$ S>dpgyu_ ]$p_p kplb
_Lib]$u(Ly$kuflz)_p k]$g ifua _pdpL$p`f Ap L$pf_u Z
OV$_pAp AL$ kp\ ApS> `Z OV$u[ \pe R> S>_u L$aue[ A R>L$, k]$g
ifua_u fp Sepf kS]$pl_iu__u Mp_L$pl `f\u k]$gifua Ap`_u
]$fNpl ifua `f gphhpdp Aph R> [ ANpD ]$fNplifua_p dye
]$fhp_ [pmy dpfu ]$u^g lpe R> `R>u Sepf k]$gifua gpBgplp
Bggpl _p Tu$ kp\ ]$fNpl ifua_p kL$y gdp ]$pMg \pe R> A_ Tu$dp
lfpf[ `]$p \pe R> [p (1) ]$fNpl ifua_p ]$fhp_y [pmy Ap` dm S>
Mygu e R> (2) ]$fNpl ifua_p Nyb]$ `f flgp ` Ap` dm Sy>L$u
e R> A_ (3)lpS>_p `pZudp AL$]$d ER>m-Ly$]$ `]$p \pe R>. Ap
Ze b_php AL$ S> OX$udp OV$u[ \pe R>, dpV$ _pf es[ L$pB `Z
AL$b_ph B iL$ R>. iy Ap r_h h[y `f S>Tbpl_u Akf _ L$lh
pe?
Ap OV$_pAp ApS> `Z ]$f hj Ap`_p k]$gifuadp OV$u[ \B flu R>, S>
Mpu L$fhp BR>[p ]$fL$ es[ ep S>B_ B iL$ R>.
(2) `y_p_u _L$ rihp`yf Npddp AL$ hguA L$pdug lTf[
L$df Agu ]y$hi
(fld[ygl Agel)_u ]$fNplifua R> ep AL$ hS>_]$pf
`\f R> S>_u lL$uL$[ A R> L$,Ap `\f lTf[ L$df Agu ]y$hi_y _pd
gB_ JQp L$f[p dp ApNmu_p V$fhp hX$ JQp \B e R> [_p [fuL$p A
R> L$, AL$u kepdp dpZkp dmu_ lTf[ L$df Agu ]y$hi_y _pd gB_
`\f_ ApNmu AX$L$ph R> A_ pk_ A^f MQ[p `\f JQL$pB
e R> AV$gy S> _lv `f[y [ `\f lhpdp A^f gV$L$[p ]$Mpe R>S>
`\f `f S>Tbpl_p S> epOp[p ]$Mpe fp R>. Ap `\f JQL$[p
290
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

hM[ L `pQ hM[ L$ kp[ hM[ `Y$hy. S>\u k[yg_ L$mhpe S>i.
BipAgpl A_ [S>guA-bL$w R>hV$ [S>guA-]$pBdu dp afhpe S>i
Ap fu[ r_f[f [S>guAp_y _yTg
y lphp R>[p `Z [pgub_y $hpX$e
y _lv
afL$ [dS> D`f ]$iphg Tu$ R>hV$ S>Tbpl_p Ar[fL$hpmp dS>Tyb_
aTp_ rhgpe[-dykhu \u aTp_ rhgpe[-dpld]$u _p h[ymdp hi
L$fphu ]$i.
rhfpû :- A [p W$uL$ R> `Z iy klpbpA qL$fpd A_ AprgepA
qL$fpd_u Tv]$Nudp `Z Qpgy _dpT Aphu L$aue[ R>hpey_y L$iy M$?
dlfbp_u L$fu_ qL$[pbp_p lhpgp hX$ S>Zphip.
[fa]$pf :-lp S>$f, Ap L$pf_u lpg[ klpbpA qL$fpd `L$u
lTf[ ipAbp(f]$ueggplp Apgp Alp)[dS> Aprgep A qL$fpd
`L$u ipl A]y$gLy$zk NNplu Qu[u,lTf[ hp bpLubugpl,[dS>
lTf[ Bdpd Agu ipl kplb (Ly$zk-gplp Apgp Akfplzd)_p
eyNdp [Ap_u Tv]Nudp _dpT ]$fep_ [Ap_u D`f Ap L$pf_u lpg[p
R>hpep_p DgM qL$[pbpdp hp dm R>, S>_ lz Alv fSy> L$fu fp Ry> :*
qL$[pb [TLfpA Npjuep
uepdp lTf[ ùf ke]$ Npj Agu ipl
kplb L$p]$fu, L$g]$fu, `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$ klpbu
A fkyg lTf[ ipAbp(f]$uegplpApgp Alp)`f Ap lpg[
R>hpep_p DgM Lep R>,bL$ AV$gy S> _lv Qpgy _dpTdp Ap hS>]$ A_
S>Tbp_u L$aue[dpS> [Ap ]$pf ap_u\u L|$Q L$fu Nep_p DgM R>.
lTf[ ipAbp(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)\u AL$ hM[
hQpfuL$ cyg \B NB; S>_p ep^p[$` klpbpA qL$fpd [Ap_ AgN
L$fu _pep; R>hV$ lTf[ ipAbp (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)S>Ngdp
S>B_ Ap$]$ L$fhp gpep. R>g Agpl_p fkyg(kggplp Apgp
Agel hkgd)`f ipAbp_u dpau_u$ k_]$ `V$ Ap Apep[
L$qfdp..hgTu_p BTp aAgy aplui[hTgdy Afiapklzd TL$fygpl
a[Nafy guTp_b
y l ud h deafT
y T
p_b
y Cggpl hgepkuf| Agp
dp aAgy hlzd eAgdy_ DgpBL$ S>TpAplzd daf[ydu-fblud h
S>fi_p[y_ [S>fu du_ [l[lgAfilpfp Mpg]y_ aulp h_Ad ATfyg
Apgdu_ (kyfA Apg Bdp_,$.-5,`p.-4)
A\p [ :- A_ A gpL$p Sepf LpB Mygp Ny_pl L$fu _pM [p
(A\p
`p[p_p lLL$dp byfy L$f [p Agpl_ ep]$ L$f A_ bnui dpN `p[p_p
*Sy>App `p_p _bf 353 D`f `\f_u [huf
gpL$p_
u *[huf `Z dp]y $ R> A_ S> gpL$p Ap `\f `f \[u S>Tbpl_u
Akf hp_u BR>p ^fph[p lpe [Ap ep $b$ S>B_ ApS> `ZB
iL$ R>.
Ap rkhpe L$V$gpe dTpfp[ AprgepA qL$fpd `f ApS> `Z
Tu$ hNf_u Akfp[p_p L$pfZ azgp [dS> rNgpap_y DR>mhy S>N lf
hp[ R> S>dp iL$p Ly$iL $p_ Sfpe \p_ _\u Ap `Z dTpfp `f \[p Tu$_p
Ahpfp hX$ `]$p \[p S>Tbpl_u S> Akfp R>.
rhfpû :- cpB, _dpT ]$fep_ S>Tbp Aph [p _dpT_u
i[p_p cN \pe [p [ S>Tbplhpmu esL[_u _dpT [p _lv S> \pe
A_ [ Ny_lNpf `Z \i bpgp, lh [dpf iy L$lhy R>?
[fa]$pf :- dpl[fd, Qpgy _dpT S>Tbp Aphhp_p L$pfZ
_dpT_u i[p_p cN \pe L$ `R>u dpTyf _dpTu_ gpNy `X$[u Ry>V$R>pV$
S>Tbp Aph_pf esL[_ gpNy _ `X$, [p Aphp kNpdp _dpT _lv
\pe, [ _dpT ]$plfphhu [_u D`f aT R> `Z dpTyf lphp_ L$pfZ
[(S>Tbphpmp)Ny_l Npf _lv \pe.
rhfpû :-cpB,S> S>Tbp_p L$pfZ [dpd Bbp]$[p_u kf]$pf
_dpT [\p S>$fu kpdpL$L$pep A[-e[ [\p lpe [p [_p\u bQhy
BA AV$g L$ Ap AL$ L$pf_u ApepsdL$ rbdpfu R> S>_
p BgpS> lphp
`Z S>$fu R> S> fu[ L$ ]$fL$ ipqffuL$ L$ dp_kuL$ rbdpfuAp_p BgpS> lpe
R>.?
[fa]$pf :- dpl[fd, Ap ApepsdL$ rbdpfu_p BgpS> S>$f
R> S>Tbp_p Ar[fL$dp dS>Tyb_y q]$g$ù hpkZ _p_py L$ kpL$Xy$ lpe R>
A_ _yTyg aTp__y dpZ h^y lphp\u lh *(1)Ap q]$g$ù _p_p
hpkZ_ dpV$y L$ *(2)kpL$X$p hpkZ_ `lpmy L$fhy `X$i A\hp [p *(3)
Ap _yTg
y aTp__p Ar[fL$_y k[g
y _ L$fhy `X$i, A_ [_p BgpS> A R> L$
Ap fu[_p S>Tbpl_p Ar[fL$hpmp [pgub (dS>Tyb)
]$]$ifua
*]$]$ifua
]$]$ifua_p Tu$ h^y L$fhp S>\u q]$g$ù _p_y hpkZ dpVy$
\pe.
kyfA Ad _fl
*ky
_fl_u r[gph[ h^y L$fhu S>\u q]$g$ù kpL$X$y
hpkZ `lpmy \pe.
L$dA [ebpl
*L$dA
pldp Tu$ _auAbp[ AL$ hM[ A_ BL$fpf
qfkpg[ Z hM[ L$ `pQ hM[ L$ kp[ hM[ L$fhy A\p[ LdA
[ebpldp gpBgplp Cggpl AL$ hM[ A_ dpld]yfkygygpl Z
291
292
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Ny_plp_u A_ Agpl rkhpe bu Ny_plp bn_pfp L$pZ

R> A_ `p[p_p
Lep `f AX$gp _ fl, Zp R>p [_p b]$gp [_p fb_u bnui A_ bpN
L$ S>_u _uQ _lfp hl R>.)
_pTug \B A_ Agpl_p fkyg( kggplp Apgp Agel
hkgd)lTf[ Agu A_ lTf[ kgdp_ apfku (fu]hp_ygpl Apgp
Agelud AS>dB_)_ dpL$ep L$ ipAbp agpZp TpX$ _uQ afuep]$
L$f R>, [_ ep\u kyû gphp b_ klpbpAp [_u [gpidp _uL$ep A_
Bip_p kde [Ap_ A TpX$ _uQ afuep]$ L$f[p ep. b_ klpbpA
KQp kp]$ L$y L,$ dybpf, dybpfL$ [dpfu M[p dpa \B NB. Qpgp,
Agpl_p fkyg(kggplp Apgp Agel hkgd)[d_ bpgph R>
A_ Agpl Apgp `p[p_p aTgp L$fd\u [dpfp dpV$ dNaf[_u Apep[
D[pfu R>. [Ap DW$u_ b_ klpbp_u kp\ Qpep, dsS>]$ _bhuifuadp
Apep; epf Bip_u _dpT \B flu l[u A_ kyfA [L$pkyf i$ \B
Ze kplbp [dp kpdug \ep. `lgu Apep[ kpcmu_S> lTf[
ipA bpA AL$ _pfp dpep S>_p L$pfZ `yfu S>dpA[ `f AL$ Akf lf
\B.bu Apep[ dp [Ap blpi \B Nep A_ u Apep[dp[p Ap
]$pf ap_u\u Ly$Q L$fu Nep.[Ap_p S>_pTp kp\ afu[pAp_u AV$gu L$kf[
l[u L$ Ap lTf[ kggplp Agel hkgd ` dybpfL$ `f Qpg[p
l[p.(S>du_ `f `N fpMhp_u S>ep _ l[u)
[p rhQpfp Ap R> Qpgy_dpTdp AL$ klpbuA fkyg kggplp
Agel hkgd `f L$gpd Bgplu kpcmu_ R>hpegu S>Tbp_u lpg[_u
L$aue[...
*
qL$[pb Bs[bpky Ahpf L$ S>dp [TL f pA dipBM
Qu[uepl kpbufuepl R>,S> lu.k.1130dp gMpegu R>. S>_p
kL$g_ A_ kdSy>[u lTf[ iM dpld]$ AL$fd Ly$zku(fld[ygpl
Agel)fSy> L$fg R> [dS> [Sy>dp lS>f[ dpgp_p AlpS> L$p_ hplu]$
bn kplb kuepghu, Qu[u, kpbfuA Lep R>. Ap qL$[pb_u Mybu A
R>L$ , lzTfy _buA `pL$ kplb gpgpL(kggplpAgel hkgd)dLbyg
adphu R>; S>_p `$ DgM Ap qL$[pb_p S> `p_p_.29 `f R> dS>Ly$f
qL$[pbdp Ly$b Apgd lTf[ ipl A]ygLy$yk NNplu QuQu (fld[ygpl Agel)lpgp[pdp `p_p _.648 `f _dpT yApd fLk h
d[u A lqX$N lW$m lTf[ iM $L$_
y u_(fld[ygpl Agel)A gey
293
R>L$ ,
AL$ hM[ q]$lu_u d dsS>]$_p M[ubL$ S> Ad_ kp`pegp
l[p [Ap Nf lpS>f l[p,AV$g yAp_p q]$hk d Mybp `Y$pep S> lTf[
Ly$b Apgd_p [epf L$fg
p l[p lTf[ Ak(lTf[ ipl A]g Ly$k
z
NNplu(fld[ygpl Agel) `p[ `Z yAp_u _dpTdp lpS>f l[p.[
]$fep_ S> Ap aL$uf(lTf[ $L$_yu_)`f $]$__u lpg[(Nuepl)lf
\B A B_ My]$ lTf[ Ak `f `Z A lpg[ [pfu \B NB A_ AL$
]$]$_pL$ _pfp gNpep.[ `R>u Ap` _dpT yAp A_ ky_[p Ap kyL$f
(blpiu) [dS> d[u_u lpg[dp S> A]$p Lep.
*
qL$[pbdAepfykygyL$ ]$paDAhlpd hipLy$L$ L$ S>_p gML$
R>,lTf[ lp rl]$pe[Aguipl _Lib]$u, dy]$u(fld[ygp Agel)
Ap qL$[pb_ `Z lyTfy _buA `pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd `p[p_u
bpfNpl ifuadp dL$bg
y afdphu R>. A_ l]$ [p AL$ Ap qL$[pb_u hlpbu
dpghuApA `Z cf`V$ kip L$fu R>. dS>Ly$f qL$[pbdp lTf[ ke]
BdpdAgu ipl kplb(fld[yggpl Agel)_p lpgp[pdp DgM RL,
Ap`_ Ap`_u dsS>]$ Tu$ au$_p Ahpfp [dS> ]y$$]$ ifua_u
rh`yg[p_p(]$ffpS> Akf_u _dpT bp]$ Alv khp gpM ]y$$]$ ifua_p
Md ifua \[p l[p)L$pfZ Ahu fpi_ A_ dy_hf fl[u l[u L $Ahu
fpi_u L$ Ahpfp q]$gdp `Z ApR>p _Tf Aph R>.
[dS> dL$bg
y ue[,L$kf[ r_b[ A_ aeTp__p A lpg l[p L$
L$V$guL$hmp _dpT_p kde Ap`_u Apk-`pk_p ]yf-]yf kyû_p gpL$p
blpi \B_ Y$mu `X$[p l[p.
Ap R> Qpgy _dpTdp dsS>]$dp S> b_gu OV$_pAp!!
*
qL$[pb Alhpgykp]$L$u_ dp lTf[ Bdpd A.hlpb ipAf p_u
(fld[ygpl Agel)L$V$gpL$ byTN
y p_u Qpgy _dpT_u L$aue[p hZh[p
gM R> L$, lzk_
bu_ kpgl(fd[ygpl Agel)AL$hpf ATp_ Apù
fp l[p [dp Ap` Sepf adpey L$, Al]$pAgpBgplp Bgplp [_p
L$pfZ ATd[ My]$ph]$v lf \[p [Ap blpi \B Nep, gpL$p [Ap_
rd_pfp `f DW$phu_ _uQ gpep A_ Ap`_p cpBA D`f QY$u_ ATp_
Apù A_ _uQ Aphu_ _dpT `Y$phu, Sepf lzk_ bu_ kpgl [p lSy>
kyû blpi l[p Mbf _\u Lepf lpi Aphu li.
294
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
lTf[ Aby kygedp_ ]$pfp_u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R>L$ ,

d lzk_ bu_ kpgl[u hû_ MyAhpmp (ApS>Tu hpmp)L$pB_ _
e p.A L $ fp[_u OV$_p R> L $ [ A p _dpT `Y$hp Ecp \ep
A_... Ade[kpAgy_ `Y$u A_ kyf[ `Y$[u hM[ hQS> blpi
\B Nep(Qpgy _dpTdp S>)Sepf lpi Aphu[p hTy Ley A_ _dpT i$
L$fu afuhpf A S> kyf[ Ade[kpAgy_ `Y$u A_ blpi
\B Nep Ap
fu[ khpf kyû Apd S> L$f[p fp `f[y kyf[ `yfu _ L$fu iLep.
(Ap R> AgplhpmpAp_y Qpgy _dpTdp blpi \hy A_ Qpgy
_dpT_u $lp_u L$aue[ A_ Ahpfp_u lpg[...S> ]$fL$ dp ]$Mph$`
_dpT `Y$[p L$ dp fkp-Ap]$[$` _dpT `Y$[p _dpTuAp_ lpkug
\[y _\u AV$g rbQpfpAp Ahy L$l R>L$,Af Qpgy _dpTdp L$ dsS>]$dp
Aphy LB \[y li Ap [p AL$ L$pf_p Y$pN R>, `Z S> AgplhpmpAp R>
[_ Y$pN L$ ]c kp\ iu ghp ]$hp?)
lTf[ Ddf B_ Mpb(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp)
A L $hpf BTiip L y $ h f [ (ky f i i)`Y$u fp l[p Sepf
ATkplpap_pif[ `f `lpep [p blpi \B_ `X$u Nep A_
OZuhpf kyû S>du_ `f ApmpV[p fp.
lTf[ fbuA bu_ Mkud(f]$uegplpApgp Alp)A AL$
`Y$hphpmp_u `pk Ap Apep[`pL$ `Y$[p kpcmu, ATp fpAlzd
dudL$p_u_ bB]$u_ kdDglp... [p blpi \B_ `X$u Nep. blpi
\B Nep `R>u gpL$p [Ap_ [Ap_p dL$p_`f gB Nep.ep `Z [Ap_
lpi _ Aphu. A_ A S> blpiu_u lpg[dp [Ap_u _dpT Tplf, Akf,
dNfub A_ Bip L$Tp \B NB; A_ [Ap `p[p_p dplgp_p Bdpd
l[p. AL$ qfhpe[dp R>L$, Ape[ `Y$_pf lTf[ Aygpl B_
dD](f]uegplp Apgp Alp)l[p.
lTf[ azTeg bu_ ApepT(fld[ygpl Agel)A AL$
q]$hk khpf_u _dpT `Y$u [p [dp kyfA epku_ `Y$u.`R>u [Ap Sepf
A_L$p_[ Bgp kel[hpl]$[_ aATplzd S>duDg]$e_p dpl] $f_
y
kyû `lpep [p [Ap_p kplbTp]$p Agu(fld[ygpl Agel)blpi
\B_ `Xu Nep. (Qpgy _dpTdp)A_ [ygA
y pa[pb(k|ep]e)kyû lpi
_ Apep. [dS> Agu dS>Ly$f_u lpg[ A l[u L$ Sepf L$pB kyf[ `Y$hp
BR>[p [p [_ `yfu L$fu iL$[p _ lp[p. A_ blpi \B S>[p l[p.
lh lcpB, [y `p[p_p ApNm_p byTyNp_p lpg[p `f rQ[_
295
d__ L$f A_ rhQpf L$ iy [y [pfp `pg_lpf_p L$gpd kpcmu_ Lepfe

blpi \ep R> Mfp?!? L$pfZ L$ ]$c A_ hp\u`Zp_p L$pfZ [pfy q]$g
`\f \B QyLey R>,dpV$ [pfu D`f blpiu Lepf R>hpe.A_ Ap_p BgpS>
[p AS> R>L$ L$pB Agplhpmp A_ kplbq]$g_y ]$pd_ `pX$u g A_ [_p
dpN]$iL $ dyS>b [auepA L$b A_ [TL$uepA _akdp gpNu [p S> [y
Ap $lp_u L$aue[_u Aplgp]$L$[p_ dpZu iL$ui,_lv[f [p Ap S> fu[
fdp qfhpS> A_ Ap]$[$ù Bbp]$[dp diNyg flui `f[y [_u $lp_u
L$aue[ A_ Ahpfp\u hQu[ S> flui; A_ Aphp lpghpmp gpL$p_
B_ [_p rhfp^ L$f[p flui [dS> `p[p_u ApL$b[ Mfpb L$f[p flui.)
*
lTf[ kyau Apbu]$dvep _L$ib]$u dy]$u(fld[ygpl
Agel)`p[p_u dilzf A_ dL$byg L$r AhpApfau_ dp lTf[
hp bpL$ubugpl(Ly$kufl)y `f Qpgy _dpTdp S>Tbp_u L$aue[_p
Tu$ L$f[p gM R>L$ ,
AL$ Alg q]$g adph R>L$, AL$ hM[ lz lTf[ hp
bpL$ubugpl (fld[ygp Agel)_u rM]$d[dp lpS>f l[p Ap` hTy
L$fu_ dygp `f [ifua gpep A_(_dpT dpV) [L$buf Dgpdp
Agpl_y _pd g[p_u kp\ S> S>Tbpl_u lpg[dp dL$p__u R>[ kyû
ER>ep A_ Ap`_y kf dybpfL$ R>[ kp\ V$L$fpey.Ap lpg[ B_ dp$
L$g
y L$ù EWey. `R>u \pX$p q]$hk bp]$ dpL$p dm[p d L$,y lzTfy , [ iy
dpdgp l[p? Ap` adpey, duep $l `p[p_p dpAb]y $_y _pd kpcm[p
S> ]$u]$pf_p ipL$dp [X$ù EW$u l[u.
*
qL$[pb lTfp[y Ly $ k
k_u ]-1dp Agpdp b]$$u_
kflv]$u(fl d [y gpl Agel)A lTf[ hp bpL$u bugpl
(Ly$kuflz)_p lpg[dp gey R> L$,
lTf[ hp Lykuflz_p AL$ Mpk fpT]$pf kp\u_ bep_
Ley L$, AL$ q]$hk lTf[ hp(Ly$kuflz)lv]y[p_\u dphfpD_lf
S>hp\u `lgp gplpfdp S>dpA[ kp\ _dpT A]$p L$fhp dpV$ AL$ dsS>]$dp
[ifua gB Nep. A_ lz Ap`_u rM]$d[dp lpS>f l[p. aT _dpT(_u
S>dpA[)Qpgy l[u A ]$fep_ S> lTf[_p `rh rk_pdp\u AL$ MybS>
X$fpdZp AhpS> lf \ep.S>_p L$pfZ ka_p [dpd _dpTuAp _hpB
`pep. lTf[ hp(Ly$kufly)aTp\uapfuN \ep `R>u OZu S]$u
296
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
D[phm dsS>]$_u blpf Aphu Nep, S>\u Ap fle Ry>`y fl. A_

_dpTdp Ap L$pf_u lpg[p_y klpbpA qL$fpd [dS> AprgepA qL$fpd\u
lf \ey ky_[ _bhu kggplp Agel hkgd_u èfhudp S>
l[y L$pfZL$ qfhpe[ R>L$, _dpT ]$fep_ lzTyf _buA `pL$(kggplp
Agel hkgd)_p `rh rk_pA dybpfL$dp\u Ahp ip-Mfpi_p
AhpS> Aph[p l[p L$ S> AL$ dpBg kyû kcmp[p l[p.
[p l cpB rhfpû, Ap R> Qpgy _dpTdp klpbpA qL$fpd A_
AprgepA qL$fpd `f R>hpegu S>Tbpl_u L$aue[_p lpgp[p, S> `Z
aTp_ L$b dy[ap(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p S> [utbb R>,
Alv [p L$pBA _dpT apku]$ L$ Mfpb \ep_p rhfp^ _p^pep _\u.?!?
AprgepA qL$fpd_p h_ Qrf_ d__`|hL$ hpQui [p
LB L$V$gpe AprgepA qL$fpd\u Ap lpg[p kL$mpegu dpgyd `X$i; S>_p
hX$ qL$[pbp cfgu R>. [y Lep kyû rhfp^p _p^ph[p flui?!?
rhfpû :- dpl[fd, lh R>g AL _ A `Z k[ph R>
S>Tbpl rhi ApV$gp kQpV$ Mygpkp lphp R>[p Ap dkp `Y$ph_pfp,
ip_]$pf [L$fufp L$f_pf A_ Bdpd[_u Ald S>hpb]$pfu kcpm_pf Ap
h[dp_eyN_p dpV$p cpN_p rhp_p L$d Npaug R>.?
[fa]$pf :-dpl[fd Bd_p b L$pf R>. *(1)BdLpg A_
*(2)Bd lpg. A\p [ \uefuL$g(k ^p [ uL$)A_ L $V$uL$g
(en)lh Bgpdu k\pApdp [pdp Bdlpg (rk^p[uL$) S>
iuMhhpdp S> Aph R>; `f[y Bd lpg_p kb^ [p kyauepA L$pdgu_
kp\ R> A_ dpV$ S lTf[ dpgp_p $d(fld[ygp Agel)S>hp dlp_
rhp_ `Z Bdlpg _u [gpidp l[p A_ R>g [Ap_u [X$` lTf[
iA [fTu (fld[ygpl Agel)_u bpfNpldp `lpQu_ ip[ `X$u
A_ R>gAp dlp_ rhp_ `Z L$lhy `Xey L,
Tcp-Ly$cp, ccL$p-ApX$bf[dS> fp_L$]$pf V$\u blpf _uL$mhy

`X$i [dS> hpfukyArbep lphp_y Arcdp_ R>pX$hy `X$i. L$pfZL$ Sep
kyû Ap Tcp-Ly$cp A_ ccL$pAp [dS> fp_L$]$pf V$ Nm hmNgp
R>, [dS> hprfkyArbep lphp_p hlddp fpQu fp R>p ep kyû Ap
dpN `f L$]$d fpMhp dyL$g R> [dS> Ap dpN_p L$pB
]$fhp Myghp `Z
AiLe R>. [p Ap fu[ lfu rhp_ lphy AgN hp[ R> A_ [khya_p
rhp_ lphy AgN hp[ R>. A_ LpB_ b_ L$pf_u rhh[p p \B
e [p kylp_gpl, O S> dpVy$ k]cpe Llhpe. Aphp gpLp_ S
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)A
qL$bue[ Aldf AV$g L$, gpgN^L$_u S>d AL$kuf kdp_ L$p R>L$ S>
gpMX $_ kp_y b_phu ]$ R>. A_ Aphp gpLp DdpA fbp_u A_ MfMf
hpfukyArbep R> _lv L$ b-Qpf lfu rL$[pb `Y$u_ `p[p_u [_
Apgud [fuL$ ApmMph[p gpL$p. !!!
rhfpû :-dpl[fd, [dpfp b^pS> MygpkpAp d_ Nm D[fu
Nep `f[y lSy> AL$ _ d_dp V$L$fpep S> L$f R>L$ , S>Ap ]pY$u dyX$p [dS>
ifuA[_p `pb]$ _\u [Ap_ hmu Ap S>Tbp L$hu fu[ dmu iL$.?
rhfpû :-lp cpB, [dpfp _ OZp S> dyp_p R> A_ [_p
S>hpb lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u (f]$uegplp Apgp
Alp)A My]$ `p[p_p dL$[b
y p[ ifua _p ]$a[f-1_p dL$[b
y _.200 dp
Apep R>.
Ar_[ dpN_p A\ S>Tbp A_ dplb[_p dpN R>A_
[dp q]$g_u kapB _ak_u `pL$uTNu `f AN[p ^fph R> A_ Ap Bgplu
ApL$jZ_p dpN R>; S>dp [pbpl A_ A_pb[ (per[ L$fhy)i[
_\u. A_ `R>u Ap S> `rh dL$[ybdp ApNm adph R>, _Lib]$u
[fuL$p_p byTyNpA Ap S> Ar_[ dpN(S>Tbpl_p dpN)A`_pep R>
A_ Ap Ar_[ dpN S> A byTN
y p_p [fuL$pdp r_[ dpN b_u QyLep R>
[dS> Ake gpL$p_ Ap dpN \L$u S> `p[p_p [hSl A_ Apdbm
hX$ d[gyb(AgplApgp)kyû `lpQpX$u ]$u^p R>.
[p lh lTf[ Bdpd fbbp_u dyS>u]$ Aajp_u (f]$uegplp
Apgp Alp)_p D`fpL[ adp_ `f rhQpfp L$ _Lib]$u byTN
y pA dyfu]
A_ [pgub_u [fbue[ dpV$ S> Ap dpN A`_pep R>[ Ar_[ dpN
AVg L$ S>Tbp_p dpN R> A_ [dp [pbpl L$ A_pb[ i[ _\u; A_
[Ap A Ap dpN \L$uS> d[gyb kyû `lpQpXep R. [p `Ru Sepf Ap
dpghu lfNuT _ iy]$ dpgpA $d,

pd ik
T u h_V$ iy
] $.$ `l g p Ap`
Ap`_p [pApNy g
__u
rhi[f
j R>Zp
dpV
BLy$gpl
gpl,, dAepfykygyL$, L$azdlTyb, AhpfuazdApfua ifua
hNf S>hu [khya_u dpA[
bf qL$[pbp_y tQ[_ d__ L$fhy `X$i; `R>u
Ap`_p Ap dAgp lg \B iL$. A_ R>hV$ Ap`_ Ap f[p_p
dpN]$iL$$` LpB L$pdug, dyLdg A_ L$pdugL$f_pfp ùf p \[p S>
Ap NY flep\u Ap` hpL$a \B iL$ip; `f[y [_p\u `lgp Ap`_ Ap
297
298
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dpN `f Qpghp dpV [pbpl L$ A_pb[ i[$` S> _\u [p Alv ]pY$uhpmp A_ ]pY$udyX $p bOp S> aT dmhhpdp AL$kdp_ R>. A_ S>Tbpl_p
dpN A [auep_p dpN AV$g L$ ]$ug_u kapB_p dpN R> [p Ap fu[ AL$
q]$hk A Ny_l Npf A_ ifuA[_u rh$^ Qpg_pfp dyfu]$p L$ [pgub_u
Ap dpN \L$u r]g_ kapB \B S>i [ [_ [pbpl A_ A_pb[ Ap` dm
S> lpkug \B Si S AL q]$hk [_ S>$f A_ S>$f [L$hp A_ `flTNpfu_p
dpN `f gNpX$u ]$i
. [p lL$uL$[dp Ap dpN Aphp Ny_l Npf A_ Npaugp_
Agpl_u ep]$dp kfm[p`|hL$ gNpX$hp_p R>. S> AL$ q]$hk [_ dyL$u
b_phu ]$i [p `R>u Alv Ahy L$lh
y L$ Ahp hp^p _p^phhp L$ dp dyL$u L$
`flTNpf_ S> Ap S>Tbp dmu iL$ A[p lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]$
Aajp_u (f]$uegplp Apgp Alp) _p D`fpL[ afdp__p S> BL$pf
L$lhpi. [p S> h[y (S>Tbpp)Ny_lNpf [dS> Npaugp dpV$ [L$hp [\p
`flTNpfu lpkug L$fhp_y hipf R> [_p ApV$gp b^p rhfp^ ip dpV$?
dpl[fd lh [p kdS>dp Apey_ L$, S>Ap ]pY$u dyX$p A_
ifuA[_p `pb]$ _\u [Ap_ Ap S>Tbp L$hu fu[ dm.?!?
rhfpû :-l dpl[fd cpB, Ap`_u dpV$u dlfbp_u A_
A[:L$fZ`|hL$ Apcpf dp_y Ry> L$ Ap` d_ Ap Nydfplu cep hgZ\u
bQpep. d_ [p lk]$MpfpA rhfp^_y `yR>Xy$ `L$X$pey l[y A_ lz `Z
Ad S> kdS>[p l[p L$ Ap b^y [y[-a[yf A_ ^[vN R>, S>_p qL$[pbpdp
L$pB DgM _\u.`f[y Ap` [p MfMf Ap`_u rh[p, kehL[p`Zp
A_ `$ dpN]$i_
\L$u dpfu d_$ù ApM Mpgu _pMu A_ AV$gp
dpV$ S> dpf L$lhy `X$ R> L$,
]$f aT b^ _ l ApS> cu Ly$R> = aL$ufpL$u Tpgud Ab cu l kb Ly$R>.
iy$uep...Agl]pgugpl.
*
S>Tbpl_u QQp_p kpfpi
D`fpL$ S>Tbpl_u QQp_p kpfpi A R> L$ :*(1) S>epf Ahpf Bgplu_p ApL$jZ
_ L$pfZ L$ Mpa My]$p_p
L$pfZ kpguL$_p lpip lhpk Nyd \B e A_ [_u A]$f A_pepk
DR>m-Ly$]$ `]$p \pe L$ [_p ifufdp ^yfu `]$p \pe L$ [_p $hpV$p Dcp
\pe L$ `R>u [_p dpV$ Ny$hpL$jZ
_p _ued [yV$u e A_ [pgub DR>mhp
gpN Ap lpg[_ S>Tbp L$lhpe R>.
*(2) Agpl_p _L$ b]$pAp_ S>Tbp A[p \hp_p kyb[
y Ly$Ap_
299
ifua\u kpbu[ R>, l]$uj `pL$\u `Z kpbu[R> A_ kyau hp]$_u L$u[pbp

`L$u AhpfuazdApfua ifua, dL$[b
y p[ Bdpd fbp_u, g[pBa Aifau,
[TL fpA Npjuepl, BL$[ubpkyg Ahpf, [bL$p[L$y bfp, fauLy$kpgL$u_,
Ap]$pb kpguL$, dua[plzgDgyd il d_huA dpgp_p $d, kygyL$
dyS>$]$uepl, dAep$kygyL$ hNf L$u[pbpdp `Z R>.
*(3) lzTyf (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p `hu eyNdp
S>Tbpl_u `rh _Ad[\u lTf[ Abyb$kuuL$, lTf[ Ddf ap$L$
ApTd, lTf[ fbuA bu_ Miud, lTf[ iyAbp(f]$uegplp
Alyd) [\p ApguepA L$ufpd lTf[ NpjApTd ]$[Nuf, lTf[
bpeTu]$ by[pdu, lTf[ Sy>_]$ bN]$p]$u, lTf[ azTg bu_ AepT,
lTf[ Abykygdp_ ]$pf_u, lTf[ lzk_bu_ kpgl, lTf[ hpTp
bpL$ubugpl, lTf[ L$pTu k_pDgpl `p_u`[u, lTf[$L$_yu_ ipl
Aghfu, lTf[ iplA]y$g Ly$k
z NNplu Qu[u (fld[ygpl Agelud
AS>dB_)_ `Z _hpS>hpdp Apep R>.
*(4) lTf[ Abyb$kuuL$_p S>Tbpl_u r_b[ bpX$_p
As[hp_y L$pfZ R>. epf bpeTu]$ by[pdu_p S>Tbp_u r_b[
blpiu kp\ kL$mpeg R> [\p lTf[ hpA hpTNp hpTp
blpDu_ipl _ib]$_p S>Tbpl_u r_b[ kygLy $_p dpNp `L$u A[u
r_L$V$_p dpN R> A_ lTf[ hpTp AgpDu_ Apf S>Tbpl p
L$fhp_u k`Z
y kyeh\u[ fu[ ipû_ fSy> L$fu. S>Tbpl_u aTug[ `V$
lTf[ d]y$d ke]$ S>lpNuf Aifa kd_p_uA L$y L, S>Tbpl_y AL$
MQpZ b_ S>lp__p Adpgp_u bfpbf R>.
*(5) S>Tbpl_u rhfpûA kd ghy BA L$ _byh[_p
pf b^ \ep R> `Z rhgpe[_p pf l Mygp R>. AV$g aTp_ rhgpe[
`V$ S>Tbpl Agpl_p _L$ b]$pAp_ A[udhgu_p ApNd_ kyû Agpl
Apgp [fa\u A[p \[p fli. Ap hp[_p BL$fpf Lf_pf S> ApiuL$
ApguepA L$ufpd [\p lu]$pe[ D`f L$ped R>.
*(6) S>Tbpl_p rhfpûAp_ Bguk `L$X$phg `yR>Xy$ L$,
S>Tbp pQu_ eyNdp [p l[p `Z lh AhpQu_ eyNdp Aphy _ lpe.
Ahy kdS>_pf kfpkf Nydfpl R>. lL$uL$[dp rhgpe[, aTp_ rhgpe[
A_ S>Tbpl Ly$Ap_ifua\u kpbu[ lp[p [_p BL$pf kfpkf Ly$ R>.
rhgpe[_p pf l b^ _\u \ep [p `R>u aTp_ rhgpe[ S>Tbpl L$d
b^ \pe ?
300
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

aL$fpAp `f Ap QQp `|Z L$$ Ry>. Agpl Apgp aTp_ AprgepA AqL$fpd
_p k]$L$ Mpdp rbgMfL$f.
Apdu_..
bl ke]y$g dyfgu_ kggplp Agel hkgd.
*(7) ApguepAqL$fpd_u dlaugpdp dyfu]$p D`f S>Tbpl_p

epOp[p ` V $ lTy f Np j A pTd_u dl a ug, lTf[ hpTp
blpDu_ipl_u dlaug, lTf[ hpTp bpL$u bugpl_u dlaug, lTf[
Bdpd fbp_u dyu]$ Aakp_u_u dlaug, lTf[ duf dpld]$
_pAdp_ b]$iu AL$bfpbp]$u_u dlaug, lTf[ Ly$b Apgd ipl
A]y$gLy$zk NNplu Qu[u_u dlaug, lTf[ duTp dTlf __p
ilu]$_u dlaug, lTf[ NygpdAguipl ]$l hu_u dlaug, lTf[ ke]$
BdpdAguipl_u dlaug, lTf[ hpTp $L$_yu_ipl Ahfu_u
dlaug, lT[f ]$p]$pùf dlbybykd]$ kyau AgpL$ Ald]$kplb_u
dlaug, lTf[ ùfpdi
y w]$ kyau A]y$ff ldp_ kplb_u dlaugdp dyfu]$p
D`f S>Tbpl_p epOp[p Myb ]$Mp[p l[p. (fld[ygpl Apgp
Agelud AS>dB_)
*(8)S>Tbplhpmu es[ STbpl_p L$pfZ dpATyf R>
S>Tbpl_p epOp[ hM[ Nf dyL$gua R>. S>Tbpl_p kde A_uu[
R> Qpgy _dpT `Z S>Tbpl Aphhp_p b_php cy[L$pmdp `Z b_gp R>
[\p S>Tbpldp i[p__u ]$MgNufu rbLyg lp[u _\u.
*(9) S>Tbplhpmu eL$[u (dS>Tyb kpguL$)dyfu]$ _lv `Z
dyfp]$ R>, A_ Ahpf Bgpluep_y ApL$jZ [_ `p[p_u [fa MQ R>.
Agpl_u dlfbp_u\u Alu dyL$u [\p apkuL$_p [aph[ _$ \B e
R>. ùep L$p Qpl hlu l kylpN_ (Sy>Ap : d[ybp[ Bdpd fbp_u
dL$[b
y _.-200)
*(10)apkuL$p dpV$ gNp[pf _pTug \[p S>Tbpl_p Ahpfp
[_p dpV$ \d [L$hp_p pf A_ `R>u rhgpe[_p pf Mpgphu ]$ R>.
S>Tbpl ]$fep_ S> kygyL$_p [dpd dL$pdp `yZ \B e R> A_ R>hV$,
ApguepA L$ufpd_p [dpd kugkugpdp Aphu es[_u NZ_p hgu
[fuL$ \pe R>.
*(11) [dpd dyL$k kugkugpApdp dL$pd dlbybue[_p
aT lp[p Mpk Mpk dyfu]$p_
S>Tbpl_u _Ad[\u _hpThpdp Aph R>.
`f[y dyL$k kugkugpA Apguep _ib]$uepl_p k`yZ ]$pfpd]$pf
S>Tbpl D`f R>. A_ S>Tbpl p L$fhp_u kyeh\u[ fu[ `Z Ap
byTyNpA kpQhu fpMu R>.
A[dp lz ùf hTufAgu S>Tbpl_u QQp_p kpfpi `V$ lzTyf
Npj ApTd ùfp_ ùf ]$[Nuf_u (11)epflhu ifua_u ep]$dp (11)
301
`pZ MZu `fuA_ ]pl, L$]d `p l [ L$p ,

[u[ Ny S > f _ N f , [ kS> Z kpepl,
hep h l ][ hph, ]y B kcu ]y f \B.
lTf[ ky[p_yg Apqgep (fld[ygpl Agel)
(A\OV$_ :- Ap iAfdp lTf[ ky[p_yg Apqgep
S>Tbpl_p flep_y bep_ L$f R>; Sepf hl][_p hph \L$u
epN p[ \pe R> epf rhepN_p A[ Aph R>. lh, S> S>epA
re[d_u kepl iZNpfg lpe [ S>epA `pfL$pAp_u
Ahf-S>hf _\u lp[u(Ap [_pApqfap L$]d D`pX$ [ `lgp
S> re[d (`pg_lpf)_p Ahpfp [_ `p[p_u [fa ApL$j
R>.)
302
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...

Bdp kgpd[ lf L$pB dN, BL$ kgpd[ L$pB lz,
dNm Bdp ifdphZ BL$p, q]$g_y Nf[ lpB lz,
k dTg_y BiL$ `lyQph, Bdp Mbf _ L$pB lz
BL$ kgpd[ fMu bplz, ]$ep Bdp ^fpB lz.
lTf[ ky[p_ bply L$p]$fu (fld[ygpl Agel)
(A\OV$_ :- Bdp__u kgpd[u dprML$ fu[ bOp dpN
R > `Z BL$ lL$uL$u_u kgpd[u dpN
_pf L$pB
S> rhfgp lpe
R>, BL$
rhlpZ
p Bdp_ dpN
[p dpfp q]$g_ Nf[ \pe R > L$pfZ L$ BL$ lL$uL$u
\L$u S > dT
ug D`f `lpQ
u iL$pe R > [ dT
ug Bdp__p ]$php dpfa[
p[ _\u \[u. l, bplz! BL$ lL$uL$u kgpd[ fpMhp dprML$
Bdp__ rNfh d|Lhy `X$ [p `Z lz dyL$u ]$Bi.)
(_pV$ :- L$dp_p dprML$ BL$fpf L$fhp A_ q]$g\u [_p
A\_ dpfie[p Ap`hu S>$fu R> lh,Bdp__p Ap^pf BL$ lL$uL$u
AV$g Agpl A_ [_p fkyg (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u
dplb[_ Apû_ R> _lv L$ aL$[ i]$p_p DQpf \L$u. S> hp[
lTf[ ky[p_ bply Alv fy L$f R>.) )
(5)
Ap d [ b
y p[ ifua_ Akf_u _dpT bp] `Y$ep L$f
A_ [gbp_ kcmph. Ap d[b
y p[ [dpfp aT
A_ dpN]i_ dpV$ BfiipAgpl `fy[p \i.
-lTf[ duTp dTlf __p ilu]
(fld
[ygpl Agel)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Ap rkhpe dL$[b
y p[ ifuadp Ap`_u L$fpd[ lphp_u bu Afie
y p ifua_y
b kpbu[uAp `Z R>.AL$ kpbu[u [p A R>L$ , Sepf `Z dL$[b
hpQ_ L$fhpdp Aph R>, [p _hp _hp k|d c]$p A_ dypAp Myg R>.A_
hpQL$ A hp[_p Alkpk L$f R>L$ ApS> d AL$ _huhp[ hpQu. A_
bu kpbu[u A R>L$, Ap`_u $lp_u r_b[ hNf S> gpL$p dL$[ybp[
ifua_y hpQ_ L$f R>,[p [_ `g L$iyS> `X$[y _\u(L$iy kd[y
_\u)L$]$pQ [_p A_yk^
p_ S> X$p. BL$bpg L$ley R> L$,
[u_kp kpg k l rlfi]$ L $ deMp_ b ] $,
Ab dy_pkub l [fp aeT lp Apd Ae kpL$u .
hmu `pR>p Ap`_p dL$[ybp[ ifuadp S>Tbpl_p hZ_ `V$
Aph[p `rh dL$[ybp Mpk L$fu_ ]$a[f-1_p dL$[yb _.-62, 113,
200, 287 A_ 290 ]$hb]$u rhQpfukfZu_p khp`fu dpgp_p dfiTyf
_pAdp_u kplb_u kdS>dp `Z _ Apep,A_ AV$gp dpV$S> [ApA
dL$[ybp[ ifua_p kpfpi `V$ gMgu `p[p_uL$u[pb [S>guep[ Bdpd
fbp_u L$S>dp ]$fL $ `rh dL$[b
y _p Vy$ L$kpf [ApA gep R>,`f[y D`f
]$iphg _bf_p dL$[ybp[p(`rh `p)_p S> DgM _\u Lep S>
[khya_p d]p_dp[p Mep_[ hX$ S> L$pd gu^y,Ahy L$lhpi.
`]$fdu k]$u_p dp _pd$` kyauAp L$ S>_ kyauepA L$pg
L$lh
pe, S>Z _ [p L$pB
dL$pd `pf Lep R> L$,_ [p S>Tbp L$ kygLy $\u `qfQu[
R> [dS> _ [p Afie dL$pdp[p_u ZL$pfu ^fph R>,R>[p `Z `p[ `p[p_
_Lib]u rkgrkgp kp\ kb^
u[ lphp_y S>Zphu_ Ap rkgrkgp_ cpf
_yLkp_ `lpQpX$u flep R> A_ `p[p_u dyMpdu \L$u L$V$gpe AL$pbuf
AprgepA qL$fpd_u Ny[pMuAp L$fu flep R>.Aphp lTfp[p Ap`_p
dL$[b
y p[ ifua_u ]$-3_p dL$[b
y _.123_ S>$f hpQ S>dp Ap` ip_
Npj ApTd ][Nuf
][Nuf_p `yfp lLL$ A]$p L$fu_ hZ_ L$fu R> [dS> A[dp
Ap` `p[p_ _peb Npk ApTd L$p R>
L$lhp_p l[y A S> L$ kyau lpe L$ Apgud, p\duL$np_p [pgub
lpe L$ Ar[dL$np_p kpguL$lpe L$ `R>u dS>Tyb(S>Tbpl hpmp)lpe,
[dpd lTfp[p dpV$ dL$[ybp[ ifua_y hpQ_ Ae[ S>$fu R>.
AL$ [fa ]yd_p_ dy[ap_u A]$f AL$u]$pAp_p akp]$,[p bu
[fa NygpduA dy[ap_p ]$php L$fhphpmp_u A]$f Adg_u ky[u. [p S>
fu[ Nydfplp rl]$pe[ `f Aphu iL$ R> AS> fu[ L$ Ap dL$[b
y p[ ifua hX$
Npaug `Z N[ \B iL$ R>.L$pfZL, N[u_p b dyecpNp R>
[dlu]$
Adp bp]$. dpfp ]$p[p_u A afdpBi flu L$ lz gM_ L$pe hX$
`Z L$pd_u rM]d[ L$fy.kftl]$ ifuadp(`b-. `[uepgp)lTf[
dyS>]u]$ Aakp_u(fq]egplpApgpAfilp) _p Dj dybpfL$ `f dpfp
q]gdp rhQpf Apep L$,lTf[ dyS>u] kplb dL$[ybp[ ifua \L$u A
kde_p Clp]$u eyNdp S> L$pd_u rM]$d[ L$fu A_ Ap`_p dL$[ybp[
ifuaA eyNdp S> fu[ cV$L$gp gpL$p dpV$ rl]$pe[_p S>fuep bfiep AS>
fu[ ApS> `Z cV$L$gp Cfikp__u rl]$pe[ dpV$ L$pfZ$` R>,`f[y [_p
dpV$ i[ R> Cfikpa !
ql]$y [p__p il_ipl, ]$u_ Bgplu _p bp_u bp]$ipl AL$bf
A_ [_p Ly$u AL$u]$pAp_ [p dL$[b
y p[ ifua \L$u _[ _pby]$ L$fu ]$u^p.
ApS> ]$u_ Bgplu dp Br[lpk_p `W$p `f S> dm R>; bpL$u L$pB
S>epA
L$pB AL$ `Z ]$u_ Bgplu _ dp__pfp _\u. ApS>_p eyNdp Bgpddp
auL$p `f[u `fpL$p$p `f `lpQgu R> A_ ALbu_p rhfp^_y LpfZ
b_g dAgpAp S>dL$, Bd Nb dy[ap(kggplp Agel
hkgd) AprgepAp\u d]$]$ dpNhu, lpTufp _pTuf_p dAgp. Ap
[dpd dAgpAp_p S>hpbp dL$[ybp[ ifuadp OZu S> Mybu `|hL$
Ap`hpdp Apep R>. S> fu[ Ap dL$[ybp[ ifua \Lu S>lpNuf bp]$ipl
dpV$ rl]$pe[_p ]$fhp Myep AS> fu[ ApS>_p Nydfplp dpV$ Mygu iL$
R>.
dL$[b
y p[ifuadp `p[ S> lTf[ dyS>u]$ Aajp_u(fq]egplp
Apgp Afilp)_u AL$ L$piu[ A_ h[ L$fpd[ R>.Ap` dL$[ybp[
ifua_p gMpZdp S> Dgydp(op_)_y bep_ Ley R>;[ Dgydp_y _ [p
Ap`_u `lgp L$pB
byTN
y bep_ Ley R>, A_ `pR>m\u [p bep_ L$fhp_p
khpg S> DW$[p _\u! ]$pMgp [fuL$, (1)AL$ dL$[b
y p ifuadp Ap` lzTfy
kgplp Agel hkgd)_u [pb]$pfu_p kp[ ]$fSAp_yhZ_ Ley
R>, (2) g[pBa kup AV$g L$ Cfikp_u ddp flgp kp[ g[uapAp$
g[uapA L$b, $l, kuf, Mau, Bap, L$pbuep A_ _akp d__y hZ_
S> ApNm L$pBA L$fgy _\u.Sepf Ap>g[uapAp_y S> bep_ _\u Ley [p
`R>u Ap g[uapAp_p dL$pdp_y hZ_ Lep\u Ley S> lpe? Ap` `p[p_p
dL$[ybp[ ifuadp dp g[uapApS> _lv,`f[y [_p dL$pdp[p,[_p
fNp,]$fL$ g[uapAp Lep `Nbf Agelukgpd_p _uQ R>,A_ ]$f
g[uap_u AgN-AgN rhgpe[p_y rhN[hpf bep_ Ley R>.
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-1
305
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-2
306
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
(1)AL$u]$pAp_u ky^pfZp A_ (2)Adg_u ]y$f[Nu. lh khpg A

D`fi_ \pe R>L$, Ap`_p dL$[ybp[ ifua S> `pQkp R>huk(526)
`rh dL$[ybp_p kNl R>, kpdpfie S>_kdy]$pe_y ep_ ep kyû LB
fu[ `lpQ
? [p Ap _pQuT rhQpey L$,dL$[b
y p[ ifuadp\
u L$V$gpL$ Bip]$p[p
Q|V$u L$pY$hpdp Aph,S>\u d Qpguk (40)Bip]$p[p QyV$u gu^p. Qpguk
Bip]$p[p QyV$hp_y L$pfZ AR>L$,lzT|f(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p
Bip]$ R>L$, _yap(hue)Ncdp Qpguk-Qpguk q]$hk `p[p_u lpg[
b]$g R>. A S> fu[ Qpguk_u kep_y OS> dlh fy, S>dL,$ S>
dpdu_ Qpguk lq]$jp ep]$ L$fug [_p dpV$ iapA[ hpb \B
NB,Ap`Z ep de[_p ap[lp Qpguk q]$hk(Qlgyd) \pe R> hNf.
kyauepA qL$fpd `p[p_p dyfu]$p_ Qpguk q]$hk_u rQgpL$iu
L$fph[p l[p. dy[ap (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p ]yd_p Ng
y pdp_
dy[ap_ Nydfpl L$fhp dpV$ Qpguk q]$hk_u fMX$`$udp ApS> `Z gB
e R>,[p Ap Nd
y fplp_
rl]$pe[ `f gphhp dpV$ [d
S> [d_ Nag[ $ù
r_]fdp\
u S>NpX$hp dpV$ d Qpguk (40)Bip]$p[ Cdpd fbp_u [dpfu
kdn fSy> Lep R>.

BL$ L$ B[lp
epA_
u
AlhpgyAauep
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-3
307
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
* 40- Bip]p[ dS
y >u] Aaj
p_u *
*(1) ]p`lfL$p kyfi_[L$u r_e[k \pX$p Apfpd L$f_p
(L$egygpl)L$fpX$lp fp[pL$ _hpaugk Apgp Apf AaTg l
(dL$[b
y _.114, ]a[f-1, rlkp-2)
(A\p[:-b`pf kyfi_[_u r_e[\u \pX$uL$hpf Apfpd
L$fhp(hpdL$ynu)L$fpX$p fp[p_
u _agp L$f[p h^y
$ R.)
*(2) DdpA b] ]u_L$ Qpf l. lfhL[ B_L$p dL$k] e lp[p
l L$u ]r|_epL$ _T]uL$ d[b
p h CTT[ Apf bT
y N
y u lpk
ug lp e.
(dL$[b
y _.194,]a[f-1,rlkp-2)
(A\p[:-byfp Aprgdp ]u__p Qpf R>. ldip [Ap_p l[y A
lpe
R>L$, ]r|_ep_u _L$ [A
p_
CTT[, dp_-d[b
p A_ bT
y N
| u p[
\B e.)
*(3) lyTyf `pL$ (kgplp Agel hkd)L$u C[pA[ lu
My]pLu B[pA[ l. Apf _buA `pL$L$u B[pA[L$ rMgpa Qg_p Ae_
My]pAApgpL$u dpAkue[ Apf _pafdp_u l.
(dL$[b
y _.80,]a[f-1,rlkp-2)
(A\p[:- lyTyf `pL$ (kgplp Agelhkd)_y A_ykfZ
S> My]p_y A_ykfZ R>.A_ _buA `pL$_p A_ykfZ\u rhfy^ Qpghy
AV$g []$_ My]pApgp_u S> _pafdp_u A_ Ny_pl R>.)
*(4) Aku L$pB S>Npl _lu S>lp AgplApgp_ èNbf _
cS lp, rl]y[p_ d cu AgplApgp_ èNbfp L$p dbDk afdpep
filp_
AgpplApgpL$u [fa ]pAh
[ afdpB. rl]y[p_ L$ bpT ilfp
d dlkyk lp[p l L$ Arbep Agelukgpd L$ Afihpf iuL$ L$ A^fp d
fpi
_u L$u [fl TNdNp flp l. (dL$[b
y _ 259, ]a[f -1, rlkp-4)
(A\p[:- Ahu L$pB S>ep _\u, Sep Agpl Apgp A
èNb
fp_
_ dpL$ep lpe
. rl]y[p_dp `Z Agpl ApgpA èNb
fp
D[pep, S>Z Agpl Apgp [fa gpL$p_ ApdZ Apey. rl]y[p__p
AdyL$ ilfpdp Alkpk \pe R> L$ Arbep (Agerldykpgpd)_p
Afihpfp iuL$ $ù A^L$pfdp L$pi_u S>d Tmlmu fp R>.)
_pV$:- `bdp kflu]ifua\u \pX$ ]|f bpk _pd_p
(_p
Npddp
Npddp A r bep A L$ufpd_p dTpfp[p R> , lTf[ iui
(Agelukpgpd)_p dTpf ey.ù..- aTpbp]dp R>. )
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-4
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

e_p L$f.)
*(8) _ak L$p dpf_L$ dpdgd, ifuA[ `pL$L$ lyL$dpd k AL$
lzL$dL$ D`f Adg L$f_p,D_ lTpf kpgL$u qfepT[p Apf dylu]pk
bl[f l, A`_ [pf `f L$ue Ne lp, bqL$ qfepT[ Apf dylu]
ifuA[L$ dy[prbL$ _lu lp[ [p _akL$p dpf_L$ b]g [pL$[hf b_p[ l.
(dL$[b
y _ 52, ]a[f-1 qlkp-2)
(A\p[ :- _ak_ dpfhp dpV$ ifuA[`pL$_p Ap]ip `L$u AL$
Ap]i `f Adg L$fhp A `p[p_u fu[ L$fg
u lf hfk_u k[ Bbp][p
A_ dyl]pAp\u Dd R>.AV$gy S> _lu `f[y S> Bbp][p A_
dyl]pAp ifuA[ dyS>b _\u lp[p [ _ak_ dpfhp_ b]g h^y bmhp_
b_ph R>.)
*(9) Apdpg kpglp b]$_k A]p L$ue [ l D_L$u
bAphfuL$ bNf q]gL$u kgpd[u L$p ]php bp[ug l.
(dL$[b
y _ 39, ]a[f-1 qlkp-2)
(A\p[ :- ifuf hX$ A]p L$fhpdp Aph[p _L$ Adgp
(]$p.[._dpT,fpTp hNf) L$ep rh_p q]$g_u kgpd[u_p ]php e\ R>.)
*(10) ik [dpd S>$fuep[ ]$u_ `f Bdp_ fM_L$p ]php
L$f gL$u_ Ly$ Apf Ly$aapfp L$ kp\ _af[ h bTpfu _ fM ]$f lL$uL$[ hpl
dy[] l DkL$p dy_pauL$ L$lp eNp.
(dL$[b
y _-266, ]a[f-1, rlkp-4)
(A\p[:- S> eq[ [dpd S>$fuep[ ]u_ `f Bdp_ fpM[p
lphp_p ]php L$f, `f[y Ly$ [dS> L$y apfp_
u kp\ q[fL$pf A_ r^$pf_u
gpNZu ^fph[p _ lpe lL$uL$[dp [ dy[](^d c$)R>, [_ dy_pauL$
L$lhpdp Aphi.)
*(11) BgpdL$u BT[ LyL$u Tug[ `f Apf dykgdp_pL$u
BT[ LpaufpLu qTg[ `f dpLya l. k_ LpaufpL$u BT[L$u,Dk_
Bgpd L$p Tgug qL$ep.
(dL$[yb _-163, ]a[f-1, rlkp-4)
(A\p [ :- Bgpd_u Apb$ Ly $ _u _pg i u D`f A_
dykgdp_p_u Apb$ L$paufp_u _pgiu `f Ap^pfu[ R>,S>Z L$paufp_u
BT[ L$fu, [Z Bgpd_ bApb$ L$ep.)
*(12) aL$[ Tybp_k L$gdpA ilp][ `Y$_p dykgdp_ lp_L $
gue lfNuT L$pau _lu. [dpd S>$fuep[ ]u_L$p kQp dp__ Apf Ly$ h
Ly$apfL$ kp\ _af[ h bTpfu fM_k Ap]du dykgdp_ lpNp.
*(5) b]L$p AgplApgpk L$fub L$f_hpg Adg _hpaug

Apf afpBT l. _agp L$u aTpL $ kpd_ Ly$R> lrke[ _lu, qL$ku cu h[ d
aTp d k AL$ aT L$p A]p L$f_p lf kpg [L$ _hpaug A]p L$f_ k cu
bl[f l.
(dL$[yb _. 29, ]a[f-1, rlkp-1)
(A\p[:- b]p_ AgplApgp_u r_L$V$ L$fhphpmp Adgp
_hpaug A_ aTp R>. _agp_u aTp kpd L$iu rhkp[ _\u. L$pB
`Z kde
aTp `L$u AL$ aT A]p L$fhy lf hj kyû _agp A]p L$fhp\u W R>.)
*(6) ifue[L$ lyLdL$ dy[pbuL$ AL$ ]pd A]pA TL$p[ L$ [pf
`f r_L$pg_p _akL$u hpluip[Lp bfbp] h rhfp_ L$f_ d AgpplL$u
fpld D_ lf ]u_pf MQ L$f_ k bl[f l ifuA[L$ lyL$dL$ bNf
_uL$pg Ne lp. _akL$u hpluiL$p bfbp] L$f_L gue B]yauL$ ]u_
Mp_p Mp g_p D_ _hpaug fpTpk bl[f l A`_u dfk L$B kpg
[L$ fM Ne lp Apf Bfikp_ ANf kpfu fp[ _ag _dpT `Y$_ d NyTpf
Apf aTfL$u _dpT S>dpA[k A]p _ L$f Bkk bl[f l L$u aS>fL$u ]p
fL$p[ aT _dpT S>dpA[ k A]p L$f.
(dL$[yb _.52, ]a[f 1, qlkp 2)
(A\p[ :- ifuA[_p Ap]$i dyS>b AL$ `kp TL$p[ [fuL$ L$pY$hp
_ak_u hpluip_ bfbp] A_ hfp_ L$fhpdp ifuA[_p Ap]$i hNf
L$pY$hpdp Aphg Agpl_u fpldp MQ L$fgp AL$ lf q]_pf\u Dd
R>. `p[p_u df dpZ L$V$gpe hjp kyû fpMgp A _agu fpTpAp
L$f[p B]y$au_p q]hk Mp MpB ghy, A _ak_u hplui_ bfbp]$
L$fhp dpV$ Dd R>. A_ Bfikp_ `yfu fp[ _agu _dpTp `Y$hpdp rh[ph
A_ aS>f_u _dpT S>dpA[ kp\ A]p _ L$f [_p\u [p kpfy A R> L$,
aS>f_u b fL$pA[ aT _dpT S>dpA[ kp\ A]p L$f.)
*(7) lyTyf `pL$(kggplpAgel hkgd)L$u dy[pbA[
Apf `fhud L$piui L$f_p b]pL$p dL$pd dlbybue[ [L$ g[p [p l
Ap f lf ALL$gd ] Ap f ]p_uid ] `f gpTud l L$u AgplL
lbub(kgplp Agel hkd) L$u BbpAL$ rge q]gp_k `yfu
L$pi
ui L$f.
(dL$[b
y _ 41, ]a[f-1 qlkp-2)
(A\p[ :- lyTfy `pL$(kgplp Agel hkd)_u [pb]pfu
A_ A_ykfZ dpV$ e_p L$fhp b]p_ dL$pd dlbybue[ kyû gB
Spe R>. A_ ]fL$ AL$gd] [dS> kdS>]pf dpV$ S>$fu R> L$, Agpl_p
lbub(kgplp Agel hkd)_u [pb]pfu dpV$ q]gp_\u `yfp
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-5
309
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-6
310
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(dL$[b
y _.266,]$.-1,rl.4)
(A\p[:-dp c hX$ ilp]$[_p L$gdp `Y$u ghp dykgdp_
\hp dpV$ Lepfe `yf[y _\u,(`f[)y [dpd S>$fuep[ ]$u__ ke dp_hu
A_ Ly$ [dS> Ly$aapfp\u r^LL$pf A_ _af[ L$fhp\u Ap]$du dykgdp_
b_i.)
*(13) Bd Nb Agpl ApgpL$ kp\ Mpk l Dk `f
hpl A`_ fkygpL$p dy[gp afdp ][p l.
(dL$[b
y -310, ]a[f-1, lukp-5)
(A\p[:- S> Bd Nb Agpl Apgp kp\ Mpk R>, [_p\u [
`p[p_p fkygp_ ZL$pf L$fu ] R>.)
*(14) dfu _Tfd Agpl ApgpL$ ]yd_pL$ kp\ _af[ h
A]ph[ fM_L$ bfpbf DkL$p fp fM_hpgp L$pB Adg _lu.
(dL$[b
y -266, ]a[f-1, lukp-4)
(A\p[ :- dpfu $uA Agpl Apgp_p ]yd_p\u q[fL$pf
A_ ^Zp L$fhp bfpbf AgplApgp_ fp fpM_pfp L$pB Adg
_\u.)
*(15) lTf[ hpS>Np_ _ib]ueplL$p [fuL$p kb [fuL$pk

AL$fb l.
(dL$[yb-221, ]a[f-1, lukp-4)
(A\p[:- _ib]u byTyNp_p [fuL$p [dpd [fuL$pAp\u
kp\u h^y r_L$V$ R>.)
*(16) q]gL$ Ape_L$p AgplApgpL$ rkhp ]ykfpL$u
dplb[L$ dgk kpa L$f_p S>$fu l Apf Bk dgL$p ]yf L$f_L$p [fuL$p
lbub My]p(kggplp Agel hkgd)L$u fpi_ kyfi_[L$u dy[pbA[
l.
(dL$[b
y -42,]a[f-1, lukp-2)
(A\p[:- q]g$ù Afukp_ AgplApgp rkhpe Afie_u
dplb[$ù N]L$u\u hR> L$fhp S>$fu R> A_ Ap N]L$u ]yf L$fhp_u
fu[ lbub My]p (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u fpi_ kyfi_[p_u
[pb]pfu R>.)
*(17) L$pdL$p ]pfpd]pf q]g `f l ANf q]g AgplL$ rkhp
L$uku ApfL$u dplb[d X$b
y p lyhp l [p Mfpb Apf Ab[f l. rka Tplfu
Apdpg Apf fdu Bbp][pk L$pd dyL$dug _lu lp iL$[p. q]gL$p
AgplL$u dplbb[L$ gue dlayT fM_p Apf hp Bbp][ b]_k
A]pL$u [u l D_L$p A]p L$f_p S>$fu l.
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-7
311
(dL$[b
y -39, ]a[f-1, lukp-2)
(A\p[ : L$pd_p Ap^pf q]g`f R>. q]g Agpl rkhpe
bu Afie L$pB
_u d$pl b[dp Xy$bg
y R>,[p [ OS> Mfpb [dS> ]y$ R>.
dp bp Apdpgp A_ $Y$uN[ Bbp][p hX$ L$pd `fu`yZ \B iL[y
_\u. q]g_ Agpl_u dplbb[ dpV$ kyfnu[ fpMhy A_ S> Bbp][p
ifuf hX$ A]p L$fhpdp Aph R>,(]$p.[._dpT,fpTp hNf)[ A]$p L$fhp
S>$fu R>.
*(18) hpl fpl hp Agpl ApgpL$u [fa `lpQ_ hpg l ]$p l
AL$ hpl fpl l Ly$b _byh[ k [pAgyL$ fM[u l Apf AkgyAg
[L$ `lpQ_ hpgu l. Bk fpl k hpkug lp_ hpg Agd [p Arbep
(Agerldykghp[p hgudp[)l Apf D_L$ klpbp ApfbpL$u Dd[p
d k kL$p cu Bk ]$pg
[ k _hpT ANf Q hpl \pX$ lp[ l bL$u blp[
lu \pX$ lp[ l. Apf Bk fpl d [hky[ Apf rlgyg[ _lv l, cu B_
hpkgu_ d k aT lpkug L$f[p l hpl bNf L$ukuL$ hkug k Agk
lpkug L$f[p l ApfL$pB cu ]ykfp B_L$u fpl d lpBg _lu lp[p.
Apf AL$ hpl fpll Ly$b rhgpe[ k [pAgyL$ fM[u l.
AL$[pb h Ah[p]$ Apf by]$gp Apf _yS>bp Apf Apd AprgepAgpl
Bku fpl k hpkug l Apf fpl kygyL$ Bku fpl k Bbpf[ l bL$u
dy[AAp$a S>Tbpl cu Bku d ]$pMug l Apf Bk fpl d [hkya Apf
rlgyg[ kpbu[ l Apf Bk fplL$ hpkgu_ L$ `hp Apf D_L$ kf]$pf Apf
B_ byTyNhpfp L$ dbA aT lTf[ Agu dy[Tp (L$fdgplp Apgp
hS>lzL$fud) l Apf el ATudyip_ d_kb D_k [pAgyL$ fM[p l
Bk fpld Npep L$ fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)L$ ]$p_
p L$]$d
dybpfL$ lTf[ Agu(f]$uegplp Afilp)L$ dybpfL$ kf` l Apf lTf[
ap[dpl Apf lTf[ lk__(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilpdp)Bk dL$pdd
D_L$ kp\ ifuL$ l.
(dL$[b
y _.123, ]$a[f 3, rl.2)
(A\p[: - Agpl Apgp [fa `lpQhphpmp dpNp b R>, AL$
dpN Ly$b _byh[ kp\ kbû[ R> A_ S> dymcy[ S>X$(AgyAg)
kyû `lpQp_pfp R>, Ap dpN \L$u hpkug \_pfpAp MfMf [p
Arbep(Agerldyghp[p h[gudp[)A_ [Ap_p klpbp R> [dS>
bpL$u Dd[dp [p S> L$pB_ Ap]$pg[ hX$ _hpThpdp Aph. Ap dpNdp
L$pB
Afk-`fk hp[p L$ dped _\u lp[.y Ap dpN \L$u hpkug \egpAp
L$pB
_p `Z hkugp hNf Akg\u S> aT lpkug L$f R> Afie L$pB
[Ap_p
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-8
312
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dpNdp AX$QZ$` _\u lp[y.

A_ bu dpN Ly$b rhgpe[ \u kb^
u[ R>. AL$[pb, Ah[p]$,
by]$gp, _yS>bp(Ap [dpd rhgpe[_u `]$huAp R>) A_ [dpd
AprgepAgpl Ap dpN \L$u S> hpkug \ep R> [dS> fpl kygyL$ _p A\
`Z Ap dpN S> R> AV$gy S> _lv `f[y `qfrQ[ S>Tbpl `Z [_u A]$f S>
kdphu$ R>. A_ Ap dpNdp hkugp [dS> Afk-`fk aT_y `lpQpX$hy
kprb[ \egy R> A_ Ap dpN_p hpkgu__p kf]$pf [dS> ANkf A_
Ap byTN
y h
pfp_p aT_y L$fi tb]y$(dfL$T)lTf[ Agu dy[T
p(f]$uegplp
Afilp) R> A_ Ap ATudyip_ `]$hu [Ap kp\ kb^
u[ R>. Ap dpNdp
Z L$ fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p b_ `rh L$]$dp
lTf[ Agu(f]$uegplp Afilp)_p `rh kf `f R> [dS> lTf[ ap[dpl
A_ lTf[ lk__ L$fud_(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilpdp)Ap dL$pddp
[Ap_u kp\ klcpNu R>.)
*(19) Alg Ly$L$ kp\ byT Apf B_p] fM_p ]pg[ BgpdL$
lpkug lp_L$u Agpd[ l.
(dL$[yb-163, ]a[f-1, lukp-3)
(A\p[ :- L$paufp e fpj A_ q^L$pf fpMhp A Bgpd_u
]pg[ p[ \hp_u r_ip_u R>.)
*(20) ifuA[ ]yr_ep h ApMf[Lu [dpd kAp][pL$u du_
h L$aug l Apf L$pB Akp d[gb h dL$k] _lu ifuA[k AgN lp
Apf Bfikp_L$p DkL$u dpl[pTu lp. [fuL$[ Apf lL$uL$[ ]p_p ifuA[L$
Mp]ud l, AgN _lu l.
(dL$[b
y _-136]a[f-1, rl-1)
(A\p[ :- ]yr_ep [dS> ApMf[_u [dpd cgpBAp dpV$
ifuA[ `|f[u R> bu L$pB Ahp l[y _\u S> ifuA[\u AgN lpe L$
S>_p Bfikp_ dpl[pT lpe. [fuL$[ A_ lL$uL$[ b_ ifuA[_p Mp]ud
R>, [_p\u AgN _\u.)
*(21) _ak Adpfpl l h kf]pfuL$u dplb[ `f `]p
L$uep Nep l ,DkL$p Bfp]p ldip el lp[p l Lu A`_ Tdp_L $gpNp`
byg] u Apf apL$ue[ lpkug L$f. DkL$u [dfi_p el l L$u kpfu dMgyL$ DkL$u
dpl[pT lp Apf DkL$ lyL$dpL$p dp_ Apf My] L$ukuL$p dpl[pT _ lp Apf
_ L$pB
Dk `f lyL$d QgpA. lL$uL$[d e DkL$p ]phpA My]pB l Apf hl]ly
gpifuL$ Tp[ S>gip_ly L$ kp\ ]phpA ldkfu l. bL$ e b kAp][
_ak qifL$[ `f cu fpTu _lu, el Qpl[p l L$u rka hlu lpL$ud lp Apf
bpL$u kb DkL$ dplLy$d h [pb lp. l]uj Ly$ku d Ap Q|L$p l, A`_
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-9
313
_akk A]ph[ fM, L$epL$u e dfu ]yd_u `f L$df b[p l.

(dL$[b
y -52, ]a[f-1 rl-2)
(A\p[: - ]y$$ _ak dpV$pB A_ kf]pfu(_[pNufu)_u dplb[
`f `]p L$fhpdp Apep R>. [_u BR>p ldip A S> lpe R>L$ `p[p_p
kdL$pgu_ gpL$p `f dlp_[p [dS> byg] u p[ L$f. [_u ApL$pn
p A R>L$
[dpd kr$ [_u dpl[pS> lpe A_ [_p Ap]ip_ A_ykf, [dS> `p[
L$pB_p dpl[pS> `Z _ lpe A_ [_u D`f L$pB lyL$d `Z _ Qgph.
MfMf [p Ap [_p My]pB]php R>. A_ hpl] lz gpifuL$ Tp[ S>gip_ly
_u kp\ bfpbfu_p ]php R>; AV$gy S> _lu `f[y Ap ]ycpNu _ak Ap
cpNu]pfu `f `Z fp _\u [ [p Ahy BR> R> L$ dp `p[ S>k kpûi
lpe A_ bpL$u bu b^p [_p Ap]i_ Apû_ lpe. l]uj Ly$]kudp
Apey R> L$, [pfp _ak\u ]yd_u fpM,L$pfZ L [ dpfu ]yd_u dpV$
LV$ub^ R>. )
*(22) lyTyf AL$k (kggplp Agel hkgd)L$ kp\
L$dpg dplb[L$u Agpd[ e l L$u, lyTyfL$ ]yd_pL$ kp\ byT fM.
(dL$[b
y _-165, ]-1 rl-2)
(A\p[ :- lyTfy AL$k(kggplp Agel hkgd) _u kp\
`qf`|Z dlpb[_u r_ip_u A R> L$ lyTfy _p ]yd_p e ]yd_u fpM.)
*(23) AL$dgyg Aprgep AgplL$p Agpl [bpfL$ h
Appgp_ e Ly$]f[ A[p afdpB l L$u hp AL$ lu h[d AgN AgN
dL$pdp[ `f [ifua afdp lp[ l. (dL$[b
y 58, ]-2, rlkp-3)
(A\p[ :- dlp_ ]fS>_p AprgepA qL$fpd _ Agpl [bpfL$
h ApgpA Ahu Ly$]f[ A`Z L$fu R> L$ [Ap AL$ S> kde AgN AgN
S>epAp `f `^pfgp lpe R>.)
*(24) S>b [L$ My]p h fkyg L$ ]yd_pL$ kp\ ]yd_u _ fMu
A Dk h[ [L$ My]p h fkyg L$ kp\ dplb[ _lu lp iL$[u.
(dL$[b
y _-266, ]a[f-1, rl-4)
(A\p[ :- Sep kyû My]p A_ fkyg_p ]yd_p kp\ ]$yd_u _
fpMhpdp Aph ep kyû My]p A_ fkyg_u kp\ dlpb[ \B iL$[u
_\u.)
*(25) AgplApgp_ A`_ èNbf(kggplp Agel
hkgd) L$p MyL$ ATud k dpkya l Ly$apf k S>lp] Apf D_ `f
k[u L$f_L$p lyL$d ]uep.[p Bkk dpgyd lyAp L$u Ly$apfk k[ fhep
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-10
314
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

hi `pd R>.)
*(30) [fuL$[L$u bfL$[ Dk h[ [L$ apBT fl[u l S>b [L$$L$u
[fuL$[ d L$pB _B bp[ `]p _ lp A. S>b _B bp[ `]p lp [u l [p
Dk hL[ Bk [fuL$L $ apeT
y p-bfL$p$[L$p fp[p b^ lp [p l.
(dL$[b
y _-267, ]a[f-1, rl-4)
(A\p [ :-ep kyû [fuL$[dp L$pB _hu hp[ D`hu
L$pY$hpdp _ Aph , ep k y ^ u [fuL$[_u bfL$[p S>mhpe g u fl
R>,epf Lp$B _hu hp[ D`hu L$pY$hpdp Aphu [p A S> kde
[fuL$[_p aT A_ bfL$[p_p f[p b^ \B e R>.)
*(31) aL$uf(lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u)L$ _T]uL$ Bk [fuL$
d(_ib]u [fuL$d)AL$ L$]d ApN bY$_p, ]ykf [fuL$pd kp[ L$]d
ApN bY$_k bl[f l.hpl fp[p [bue[ Apf rhfpk[L$ [pf `f
L$dpgp[ _byh[ [fa Mpgp [p l hpl Bk [fuL$ A Dguepl (_ib]u
[fuL$p)L$ kp\ dkyk l. ]$k
y f [fuL$pL $u Bfi[lp kua$ L$dpgp[ rhgpe[L$u
Bfi[lp [L$ l hlpk ApN L$dpgp[ _byh[L$u [fa L$pB
fp[p _lu Mygp.
(dL$[b
y _-281, ]a[f-1 rl-5)
(A\p[ :- aL$uf (lTf[ dyS>u] Aakp_u)_u _L$ Ap
[fuLp(_Lib]u [fuL$p)dp AL$ X$Ngy ApNm h^y bu [fuL$pApdp kp[
X$Ngp ApNm h^hp\u h^y Dd R>. S> f[p [pb]pfu A_ hpfkp$`
L$dpgp[ _byh[ [fa Myg R>, [ Ap dlp_(_ib]u)[fuL$p kp\ S>
Mpk kbr ^[ R>. Afie [fuL$pAp_p A[ dp L$dpgp[ rhgpe[_p A[
kyû S> (dep]$u[)R> ep\u ApNm L$dpgp[ _byh[ [fa [dp L$pB
f[p Myg[p _\u.)
*(32) [yd _[ lp L$ ùf L$ku l[u l. ùf hpl Tp[ l L$
S_pb Ly$k
y My]ph]u S>gip_ly [L$ `lpQ
_L$ fp[d Dkk B[ap]pl
L$f[ l Apf Dkk Bk fpld [fl [flL$u d]] h AAp_[ lpkug L$f[
l, Mpgu Ly$gpl Apf Qp]f Apf iS>fpl dyfhuS> lp QyL$p l, ùfudyfu]uL$u lL$uL$[k MpfuS> l Apf Ap][ h fkydd ]pMug l.
(dL$[b
y _-190, ]a[f-1 lu-3)
(A\p [ :-iy [d Zp R>p L$ ùf L$hu l[u R>? ùf A
Tp[ R> L$ AgplApgp S>gip_ly kyû `lpQhp_p dpNdp [_p
hX$ ape]p lprkg L$fhpdp Aph R> A_ rhrh^ L$pf_u d]]p
dmhhpdp Aph R>. dp V$pù,Qp]f A_ iS>fp L$ S>_u `f`fp
Bs[epf L$f_p cu MyL$ ATud d ]pMug l.

(dL$[b
y _-163, ]a[f-1 rl-3)
(A\p[ :- MygL ATud(kp\u DQ q_[udp) hX$ Apc|ju[
R> [hp AgplApgp_p èNbf (kggplp Agel hkgd)_
Ly$apf\u S>lp] [dS> [_u `f k[pB L$fhp_p Ap]i Ap`hpdp
Apep.[p [_p\u Zhp deyL$ L$paufp kp\ k[pB`yhL$_y h[_ L$fhy
A `Z MyL$ ATud dp kpdug R>.)
*(26) lfu ]pg[ ]f lL$uL[ e l L$u Bfikp_L$p Tprlf AlL$pd
ifuApl dy[ahuepl kggplp Agel hkgd k Apfp[p lp.
Apf dpA_hu kAp]$[ e l L$u b]L$p bp[u_ lL$ kylp_ly h ApgpL$
dprkhp L$u Nufa[pfuk _[ epa[p lp.
(dL$[b
y _-49, ]a[f-1,rl-2)
(A\p[ :- MfMf lfu ]pg[ A R> L$ Bfikp__y lf (bp
ApQfZ)dy[yap kggplp Agel hkgd_u ifuA[ hX$ Apcyju[
lpe. A_ hp[huL$ k]cpe A R> L$ b]p_y bp[u_(Ap[fuL $ApQfZ)
AgplApgp rkhpe_p [dpd b^_p\u dy[ lpe.)
*(27) Bk bp[L$p eL$u_ fML$u dykgdp_ L$lgp_hpg b]
dTlbL$u kplb[L$u Mfpbu, Myg lyA L$paufL$u kplb[L$u Mfpbu Apf
_yL$pp_ k cu S>ep]p l.
(dL$[b
y _-54 ]a[f-1, rl-2)
(A\p[ :- A hp[ `f `y$ eL$u_ fpML$ dykgdp_ [fuL$
ApmMp[p b]dTlbp_u kplb[_u Mfpbu, Mygp L$pauf_u kplb[_u
Mfpbu [dS> _yL$ip_\u `Z h^y R>.)
*(28) lyTyf `pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd L$u Dd[L$
AprgepA L$ufpdL$p [hpa L$f_ L$pAbpA dpATdp lpTuf lp[p l
Apf D_k bfL$[ lpkug L$f[p l. (dL$[b
y _-209, ]a[f-1, rl-3)
(A\p[ :- lyTyf `pL kggplp Agel hkgd_u Dd[_p
AprgepA qL$fpd_p [hpa L$fhp dpV$ L$pAbpifua(`p[)lpS>f \pe R>
A_ [Ap_p \L$u bfL$[ lpkug L$f R>.)
*(29) _dpTu, _dpTL$u lL$uL$[k ApNpl l, _dpT A]p
L$f_L$ hL[ Npep Apgd ]yr_epk blpf _uL$g [p l, Apf Apgd
ApMf[d ]pMug lp [p l.
(dL$[b
y _-261, ]a[f-1 rl-4)
(A\p[ :- S> _dpTu _dpT_u lL$uL$[p_p ZL$pf R> [ _dpT
A]p L$fhp_p kde,]yr_ep\u blpf _uL$mu e R>. A_ ApMf[dp
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-11
315
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-12
316
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
\B QyL$u R>, [ Ap ùfu-dyfu]u_u lL$uL$[\u AgN R>. [dS> [

fdp-fuhpS>dp ]pMg R>.)
*(33) AgplApgpL$u l]Apf DkL$p Alkp_ l L$ ]hpd
Tu$ [fuL$pA hpS>Np_ (_ib]) L$kgplp Apgp Akfplydd
B[]plud dekf Ap [p l Apf r_lpe[ Bq[]pd ]S> l L$ [fuL$
`f lprkg lp [p l gulTp [pgubL$p Bk byg]$ [fuL$L$p(_Lib]u
[fuL$p)Bq[epf L$f_p Tep]p bl[f Apf dy_pkub l, bL$ gpTud h
hpb l.
(dL$[b
y _-190, ]a[f-1 lu-3)
(A\p[ :- AgplApgp_u l]A_ [_p Alkp_ R> L$, Tu$_u
r_f[f[p hpS>Np_ _ib](LykgplpApgp Akfplyd)_p
[fuL$pdp A[ Apfcdp kdpegp lphp_u fu[ dyS>b i$Ap[dp S> p[
\B e R>, AV$gp dpV$ [pgub dpV$ Ap dlp_ [fuL$p(_Lib]u [fuL$p)
A`_phhp h^y Dd A_ epe R>, AV$gy S> _lu `f[y S$fu A_ hpb
R>.)
*(34) l]uj Lykud Apep l, A`_ _ak k ]yd_u fM L$
el dfu ]yd_u `f MX$p l. [p [fuL$A dipBMdk lf hpl [fuL$p
kd AlL$pd ifuA[L$u Tep]pl fuApe[ L$u NB lpNu AgplApgpL$u
[fa L$fub[fu_ fp[p lpNp,epL$u Dkd _akL$u dyMpgua[ Tep]p l
Apf ky_ gp,hpl l [fuL$pA _ib]uepl. elu hS>l l L$u ldpf
kf]pf Apf qL$gpl iM AS>g iM blpDu_ dilyf b _ib]
AgplApgpL$u [fa kb [fuL$pd
k L$fub[fu_
afdpep L$f[ \, d_
[fuL$p `pep l,epL$u Dkd _akL$u Tep]pl dyMpgua[ l.
(dL$[b
y _-9, ]a[f-3, lu-7)
(A\p[ :-l]uj Ly$kudp Apey R> L$, [pfp _ak kp\ ]yd_u
fpM L$pfZ L$ [ dpfu ]yd_u kpd L$V$ub^ R>. [p dipBMp_
p [fuL$pAp
`L$u AgplApgp_u _T]uL$ kp\u h^y r_L$V$_p [fuL$p A R>L$,S>dp
ifuA[_p lyL$dp_u `pb]u h^y li, L$pfZL$ [dp _ak_u h^y dyMpgua[
[fuL$p. ApS> L$pfZkf Adpfp
R> A_ kpcmu epL$ A R> _L$ib]u [fuL$p
kf]pf A_ qL$gpl iM AS>g, iM blpD]u_ L$ S>Ap _ib] [fuL$
ApmMpe R>, adpep L$f[p l[p L$, d AgplApgp [fa S>_pfp [dpd
[fuL$pApdp kp\u h^y r_L$V$_p [fuL$p( _Lib]u [fuL$p) dmep R>, L$pfZ
L$ [dp _ak_u dyMpgua[(rhfp^)h^y R>. )
*(35) __p QpluA L$u hp l [fuL$p _T]uL$[f,
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-13
317
S>]$u `lpQp_hpgp, qL$[pb h kyfl[ L$ Tep]pl dyhpauL$, Tep]pl

dSb| [ , Tep]pl d l ay T , Tep]pl `y [pl , Tep]pl kQp,
Tep]pl fl_ydpB afdp_hpgp, blp[ EQp, blp[ byTyN, blp[
byg] d[bp, blp[ L$pdug l hpl kua byg] [fuL$p _ib]uepl
l .(Lykgplp Afhpl Aapgulp h Akfpf dhpgulp.)
(]a[f-1, dL$[b
y _-290, lu-5)
(A\p[:- SpZhy BAL$(dipBMp_p [fuL$pAp `L$u)
A [fuL$p S> kp\u h^y _S>]uL$,S>]u `lpQpX$_pfp,qL[pb A_
ky fl [\u h^y ky k N [,h^y iq[ipmu,h^y ky f qn[,h^y
bmhp_,h^y kpQp , h^y dpN ] i _ L$f_pfp , OZp
bTyN,OZpdlp_ ]fS_p,OZp `fu`|Z R> [ dp Ap dlp_
_ib]u [fuL$p R>.(L$ykgplpApgp Akfpflyd.)
*(36)ANf Q ]|kf rkgrkgpL$ hpkug lTfp[ S>l[ kp_ud
D_ dipBM _ib]ueplL$ kp\ ifuL$ l.Apf a_paugpl h
bL$pbugpl L$ kp\ dpkya l gL$u_ hpl dykpa[ k ]ykf rkgrkgp L$
Afbpb kygLy $, fuepT[ Apf dylu]p[ L$ kp\ [e L$f[ l,Apf Tdp_p
lpA ]fpTL$ bp] Dk L$pdL$p q_lpe[ [L$ `lpQ
p[ l. Bk byTN
y rkgrkgp
_iLb]uepl L$ AL$pbuf ]pg[ ily]L$u guT[ Apf dL$k]y L$ TpL$e
pa[
k Dk dykpa[ L$p \pX$ k h[ d [e L$fg[ l Apf L$pAbpA dL$ky] [L$
`lpQ
[ l L$ ]ykf rkgrkgL$ Bfi[lpL$p `lpQ
_hpg Afbpb-kygLy $L$p
Bk [fL$L$u Apf Ly$b k blp[ L$d rlkp rdg[p l.
(dL[yb _-290, ]a[f-1 lu-5)
(A\p[ :- L$ bu rkgrkgp_p hpkug lTfp[p bu fu[\u
Ap _ib]u dipBMp_u kp\ R> [dS> a_paugpl A_ bL$pbugpl
hX$ kyipcu[ R>. `f[y bu rkgrkgp_p kygyL$ `pf L$f_pfp gpL$p S>
A[f OZu k[ Bbp][p A_ dyl]pAp hX$ `pf L$f R> A_ OZp gpbp
kdeNpmp `R>u S> L$pd_p A[ kyû `lpQ R>,[ Ap byTyN _ib]u
rkgrkgp_p dlp_ byTyNp ily](q]]pf)$ù ]pg[_u dTp A_ dL$ky]
(AgplApgp)_u p[u_p TpL hX$ M|b A` kdedp `pf L$fu g R>,
[dS> ee $ù L$pAbp(AgplApgp)kyû `lpQu e R>, L$ bu
rkgrkgp_p A[dp `lpQgp kygyL$hpmpAp_ `Z Ap L$pf_u [fL$L$u
[dS> _uL$V$[p\u OZp S> _luh[ rlkp p[ \pe R>.)
* (37)lTf[ hp _ib ] (Ly kgplp Apgp
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-14
318
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
kuflyAL$k)_ afdpep l L$u, ld r_lpe[ L$p rb]pe[d ]S L$f[

l. Bk Bbpf[ L$u dpA_u e l L$u BfiS>Tpb h dplb[ dyfi[lu
lTfp[L$p Bqfi[lpd L$f dekf Ap[u l, Bk [fuL$ d hp BfiS>Tpb h
dplb[ Bq[]d ]S> l, Bk gue L$u dyfi[luL$p BsfiS>Tpb BsfiS>Tpb
$lu l Apf dy[]uL$p S>Tb S>Tb L$bu. Apf L$b QyL$ $l Apf _ak L$
]fep_ bfTM l Bk rge S>Tb L$bu L$ Tyd_ d S>Tb $lucu lpkug
lp [p l,Apf [dpd S>Tbp[d Bk dpA_uL$ lpkug lp_L$ bphSy>]
Bfi]ufpS> L$u el [kuk Bk [fuL$ L$ kp\ Bk bu_p `f l L$u Bk Mp_hp]pL$
AL$pbuf_ Bk dpA_u L$ lykg
y L$ gue AL$ Mpk [fuL$p hS>A L$uep l Apf
Bk d[gb [L$ `lpQ_ L$ gue AL$ fp[p dy[B_ L$uep l Apf]ykfpL$p
el dpA_u B[uapL$k _kub lp [p l. Bk lpkug L$f_ L$ gue D_ L$
`pk L$pB
Tp[p Apf L$pe]p Ly$guepl _lu l, _uT B_ byTN
y pL u S>TbL$
dL$pdd Mpk ip_ l ]|kfp L$p dekf _lu.
(dL$[b
y _-287, ]a[f-1, lu-5)
(A\p[: - lTf[ hp _ib](Ly$kufly Akfpf)adpey
R>L$, Ad A[_ pfcdp ]pMg L$fuA R>uA. Ap gMpZ_p A\ A
R> L$ S> S>Tbp A_ dlpb[ Ar[d QfZdp `lpQgp gpL$p_ A[dp
S>B_ p[ \pe R>, [ S>Tbp A_ dlpb[ Ap [fuL$pdp (_ib]u
[fuL$pdp)i$Ap[dp S> kdpegu R>. AV$gp dpV$ L$ Ar[d QfZ
`lpQgp_p S>TbpA STbpA $lu R>. A_ pfcL[p_p STbp L$b_p
S>Tbp R>. epf L$bA $l A_ _ak_u hQ dped R>. AV$gp dpV$
S>TbA L$bu_u A]f S>(pfcL[p_)S>TbA $lu `Z lpkug \B
e R>. [dS> [dpd STbpApdp Ap L$pf_y A\OV$_ rkhpe Ad A[_
Apfcdp ]pMg L$fuA R>uA,_u Ap rhij[p Ap [fuL$p kp\ A Ap^pf
`f R> L$ Ap Mp_]p__p dlp_ byTyNpA Ap dS>Ly$f A\_u pr[ dpV$
AL$ Mpk [fuL$p LpYep R> A_ Ap d[gb kyû `lpQ
hp dpV$( Ad A[_
Apfcdp ]pMg L$fuA R>uA [_p d[gb kyû)AL$ dpN _LL$u L$ep R>.
buAp_ [p Ap d[gb A_pepk S> p[ \B e R>, [ p[
L$fhp dpV$ [Ap_u `pk L$pB r_edpL$ [pf-[fuL$p _\u. []y`fp[
Ap byTyNp(_Lib]u byTy Np)_u S>Tbp_p dL$pddp AL$ rhriW
ip_ R>, S> buAp_ p[ _\u.
_\u.)
*(38) AgplApgpL$ NTb Apf NykL$p WX$p L$f_d L$pB
QuT cu L$dpA [ebpl(gpBgplp Bggpl...)k bY$L$f ep]p ape]p
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-15
319
`lyQp_hpgp _lu. S>b e L$dp ]pTML$u ApNd `X$_L$ NTbL$p WX$p

L$f[p l [p ]ykf Nyk Bkk L$d[f l b-[fuL$A Apgp WX$p L$f[p l .
(dL$[b
y -37 ]a[f-2, lu-1)
(A\p[: - AgplApgp_p NTb [dS> Nykp_ WX$p L$fhp dpV$
L$pB
`Z h[y L$dpA [ebpl(gpBgplp Bggpl...)\u hû_ ape]p
`lpQpX$_pf _\u, epf Ap L$dp ]pTM_u ApNdp `X$hp_p NTb_
WX$p L$fu ] R>, [p bu NykpAp L$ S> [_p\u OZp S> L$d[f R> [_ [p OZu
kpfu fu[ WXp L$fu ]i.)
*(39) _dpTL$p WuL$ lp_p Apf DkL$p L$dpg aL$ufL$ _T]uL
(lTf[ dySu] Aaip_uL $_T]uL$)afpBT, Apf hpbp[, ky__
Apf dy[lbp[ _dpTL$p Bk [fl bgp_p l kL$p bep_ raLlL$u
qL$[pbpd
[akug L$ kp\ Ap QyL$p l. B_ Qpf DdyfpL$ Agphpl L$pB
Akp
Ad _lu l kL$p _dpTL$ L$pdug lp_d ]Mglp. _dpTd MyiyA h
MyTyAcu Bfilu Qpf Ddyfpd ]S> l,Apf lyTyf L$bcu Bfilu Qpf Ddyfpk
hpbu[p l.
(dL$[b
y _-305, ]a[f-1, lu-5)
(A\p[ :-_dpT_u ]yf[u$[dS> `qf`|Z[p aL$uf (lTf[
dyu] Aakp_u)_u _L$ A R> L$, auL$l_u qL$[pbpdp rh[pf `|hL$
hZep dpZ _dpT_p aTp, hpbp, kyfl[p A_ dy[lbp A]p L$fhp.
Ap Qpf L$pep rkhpe L$pB
Ahy L$pe _\u L$ S>_p _dpT_ `qf`|Z L$fhpdp
L$ip l[n` lpe._dpTdp MyiyA A_ MyTyA(ApS>Tu A_ L$pL$gy]u)
`Z Ap Qpf L$pepdp S> kdpegp R>. A_ lyTfy L$bu(]ug_u AL$gu_[p)
Ap Qpf L$pep\u S> kbr^[ R>.)
*(40)Q]kpg `lg aL$uf(lTf[ dyu] Aajp_u)L$u
Ap][ e\u L$ Bkpg khpbL$ gue Mp_p `L$p[p \p [p Apg Abp(kp]p[
qL$fpd)L$u $lpr_e[L$ gue dkyk L$fp[p \p. Apf lyTyf(kggplp
Agel hkgd)L$ kp\ lTf[ Agu, lTf[ ap[dpl Apf lTf[
lk__ L$fud_(qf]hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)L$p dugp[p
\p.AL$ fp[ hpbd ]Mp L$u lyTyf `pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)
[ifua afdp l Apf Ap`L$p kgpd AT L$f[p ly, gL$u_ Ap` [hl
_lu afdp[ Apf Qlfp ]ykfu [fa fML$ dyTL$p afdpepL$u, d Mp_p
ApeipL$ Ofd Mp[p ly. ik dyT Mp_p cS>,ApeipL$ Ofd cS>.
Dk h[ dpgyd lyhp L$u dfu [fa _ ]M_L$u hS>l e\u L$ d ap[lpL$
Mp_L$p lTf[ kuuL$p (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)L$p l]uep _ L$f[p \p.
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-16
320
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
DkL$ bp] k lTf[ kuuL$p(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)brL$$ Ap`L$u

[dpd AS>hpT dyllfp[L$p Algbe[L$ kp\ ifuL$ L$f[p ly.
(dL$[b
y _-36, ]a[f-2, lu-1)
(A\p[ :- AdyL$ hjp `lgp aL$uf (lTf[ dyu] Aajp_u)
_u A Ap][ l[u L$ Bkpg khpb dpV$ Mp `L$ph[p l[p,[p Apg
Abp(kp]p[ qL$fpd)dpV$ [_ Mpk L$fph[p l[p. A_ lyTyf(kggplp
Agel hkgd)_u kp\ lTf[ Agu, lTf[ ap[dpl, A_ lTf[
lk__ L$fud_(fu]hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud AdB_)_ [dp
kpdg L$f[p l[p. AL$hpf hpbdp ey L$ lyTyf `pL$(kggplp Agel
hkgd)[ifua afdp R>. A_ ly Ap`_ kgpd AT L$fy Ry>, `f[y Ap`
ep_ Apey _lv A_ `rh Qlfp bu [fa afhu_ d_ adpey L$, ly
Mp Apeip_p Ofdp Mph Ry>, S> eq[ d_ Mp dpL$g Apeip_p
Ofdp dpL$g. epf Mbf `X$u L$ dpfu[fa ep_ _ Ap`hp_y L$pfZ A
l[y L, (lz) ap[lp_p MpZp_ lTf[ ku]uL$p(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_
l]uep L$f[p _ l[p. epf `R>u \u lTf[ kuuL$p(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)S> _lu `f[y [dpd AS>hpT dy[llfp[_ Algbe[_u kp\ ifuL$
L$fu g[p l[p.)
(_pV$ :-lyTyf `pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd) L$ D`f S>b
cu ap[lp `Y$ [p Dlp[yg dpAd_u_L$p S>$f ifuL$ L$f. bug Mykyk
lTf[ ApeipA kuuL$p (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) L$p S>$f ifuL$ L$f.
Apf `[p QgpL$u kfL$pf `pL$ (kggplp Agel hkgd)L$
Nygpd lyTfy L$ _pd `f ap[lp ] L$f Mp_p `L$pA [p e Mp_p lyTfy L$p `lpQ
[p
l Apf ap[lpL$p [fuL$p _ep _lu, brL$$ lTf[ dyS>u] Aajp_u
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp) cu ap[lp q]gp[ \. ap[lp q]gp_hpgL$p
dyfuL$ L$l_hpg lTf[ dyS>u] kplb L$p ep L$lN?)
dyu] k]$u A_ dyS>u] Aa
hQ_p aL$ A_ [_p `yfphpAp
A_L$ ]gugp A_ [L$-rh[L$p L$fu fp R>. epf AdyL$ gpL$p [p dyu]

Aa _p rbLy$g BfiL$pf S> L$fu fp R>.A_ [Ap_p Ap BfiL$pf `pR>m
L$p[p [Ap_u Aop_[p S>hpb]pf R> A\hp [p [Ap_u lk] A_
qL$fi_pMpfu L$pfZcy[ R>. A_ dpV$ S> Alu ly dyS>u] k]u A_ dyS>u]
Aa _u QQp l]uj`pL$ A_ L$V$guL$ Ap^pfcy[ qL$[pbp_p Ap^pf
pfu$` fS|> L$fu flep Ry ,S>_p \L$u hpQL$ Ap hp[_ kfm[p`|hL$
kd iL$ A_ BfiL$pf\u bQu e.Ap QQp_ ly aTp_ _ib]_p
Mygpkp\u i$ L$fui A_ dyu] Aa_p `yfphpAp `f `yfu L$fui.
khpg :-dpl[fd,_L$ib]u krgrkgp [p il_ipl _ib]
lTf[ hp blpDu_ipl _ib](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u
i$ \ep [p `R>u [Ap_u ApNm_p byTyNp_ _ib]u rkgqkgp_p
byTyNp LB fu[ L$lu iL$pe ?
S>hpb :-S>_pb, Ap`_u hp[ [_ kpQu R> L$, Ap dyL$k
qkgqkgp_y _pd _ib]u rkgrkgp `X$hp_y L$pfZ lTf[ hp
blpDu_ipl _ib](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)R> L$ S>Ap il_ipl
_ib] [fuL$ ApmMpe R>. Ap` Ap dyL$k rkgqkgp_p Bdpd>[dS>
\p`L$(bp_u)R> A_ Ap`_p hpfp S> Ap rkgrkgp _ib]u [fuL$
epq[ `pep, `f[y Ap rkgrkgpdp Akg [p _ib]u aTp_ R> S>
MguapA Ahg AaTgybif,bpA]Arbep lTf[ ke]_p rkuL$
AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u kprb[ R>, A_ Ap aTp_ _p
L$pfZ S> ApNm_p byTyNp_ `Z Ap rkgrkgp kp\ kbr^[ L$fhpdp
Aph R>. [p Ap fu[ AL$ R> _ib]u aTp_ S> lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u fu \ep A_ AL$ R>,_ib]u r_b[
S> lTf[ hp blpDu_ipl _ib](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u
y p `Z
i$ \B. [p Ap fu[ _ib ] u a T p_ _p L$pfZ ApNm_p byTN
_ib]u L$lh
pep.
khpg :- cpB,A hp[_u `$[p L$fp L$ Ap _ib]u
aTp_ hmu lTf[ ke]_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\u
L$B fu[ kprb[ R> ?
S>hpb :- _L$ib]u rkgqkgp [p il_ipl _ib] lTf[
hp blpDu_ipl _ib](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\L$u epq[
`pep, `f[y Ap rkgrkgp_p dipBMp_u kpL$m_u \d L$X$u kfL$pf
]p Apgd [pS>]pf d]u_p(kggplp Agel hkgd)`R>u lTf[
hgu dlbyb lp ipl Tdp_u =D$S> `pL$ cu le gpdL$p_u.

A[p Apfua L$plp ia Nygpdu =L$fdlp epdyS>u]$ Aajp_u.
ApS> dyS>u] k]u (kp hj_p dyS>]u])A_ dyu] Aa
(lTpf hj_p dyS>u]) rhi OZu S> QQpAp Qpgu flu R>, dpV$pcpN _p
gpL$p dyS>u] k]u _u hp[ [p huL$pf R>, `f[y dyS>u]Aa rhi
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-17
321
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-18
322
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

rkuL$ AL$bf_y _pd AmNy L$fhp dpN[p _\u A_ dpV S> ANyWu D`f
Ap _pd Ly$]f[u fu[ S> L$p[fpB Ney.
[p Ap fu[ lyTfy qfkpg[ dApb(kggplp Agel hkgd)
_p `rh eyN\u S> Ap aTp_ _ib] i$ \B Nep l[p A_ S>_y
dped lTf[ ke]_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u
Tp[ rNfpdu R>.
khpg :- Ap _ib]u [p lh kdey `f[y [d Ap _ib]u
-dyS>]u ip dpV$ L$lhX$php R>p ?
S>hpb :- lTf[ hp blpDu_ _ib](f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp)\u Tu$ L$bu(B[Tp[)_u [pgud i$ \[p Ap
rkgqkgp_y _pd _ib]u `Xey, `f[y lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu]
Aajp_u (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `p[p_u fu[ [khya_p dilyf
_h(9)rkgrkgpAp_u Mpk Mpk r_b[ [dS> aTp__ Ap`kdp
dmhu_ S> [fuL$p B] adpep [ dyS>]u [fuL$p R>. A_ Ap [fuL$p D`f
_ib]u [fuL$p_p `yf`
fy p cph A_ Nbp lphp_ L$pfZ [ _ib]udy]u [fuL$ Zu[p \ep. Adpfu Ap r_b[_p L$pfZ S> Ad _ib]u
-dy]u L$lhXphuA R>uA.
khpg :- S>_pb, khpg A Ecp \pe R> L$,lTf[ Bdpd
fbp_u kplb(f]$uegplp Apgp Afilp)_p `rh _pd ApNm S>
dyu]$ Aajp_u _p gL$b R>. [_p iy d[gb R>? L$pfZL$ Ad dyS>u]$
i] [p kpcep R>,`f[y Ap dyu]$ Aajp_u S>fp _hy gpN R> dpV$
Mygpkp L$fu Apcpfu L$fip.
Aa i]_p ipq]L$ A\ lf \pe R>
S>hpb :- dpl[fd,Aa
A_ jp_u AV$g bu [p Ap fu[ dyu] Aajp_u AV$g bu lf
hj_p dyu] Ahp A\ \pe R>. [p Ap fu[ lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u
kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)luS>fu k__p \d lTpf hfk `yfp \ep
`R>u i$ \[p bu lTpf hj_p dyu] R>, dpV$ Ap`_p gL$b dyu]
Aajp_u R>.
khpg :- dyu] k]$u AV$g L$ kp hj_p dyS>u] dpV$ [p `yfphp
$` l]uj [S>]u], Bfi_gpl(AThS>g)eAkp glpTluDd[
Agp fpk dA[ k_p depS>]]p glp ]$u_p. (A\p[ :- biL$, Agpl
Apgp ]f k]$u_ R>X$ dyS>u]_ dDk L$fi S> Ap ]$u__u [S]u] L$f[p
fli.)R>, [p dyS>u] Aa_p `yfphp `V$ Ap` iy fS|> L$fu iL$p R>p ?
ke]_p rkuL$ AL$bf (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)R> A_ aTp_

_ib]_u Alu S> kpbu[u dm R. S> A_yk^
p_ qL$[pb kQu rlL$pe[dp
lTf[ dpgp_p Aby _yfdpld] biuf kplb AL$ hp[ fS|> L$fu R>, S> lz
Alu fS|> L$fy Ry>.
AL$hpf lyTyf _buA`pL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)lTf[
kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_ AL$ ANWy u(huV$u)Ap`[p
adpey L$, h A_ Ap_u D`f Agpl_y _pd _i L$fphu gphp.
lTf[ ke]_p kuuL$ AL$bf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)Ap ANyWu
gB_ _Li L$fhphpmp_u `pk `lpep A_ S>fp `Z MQL$pV$ hNf L$lu
]u^y L$, Ap ANyWu D`f Agpl A_ [_p fkyg dpld](kggplp
Agel hkgd_y _pd _Li L$fu ]. _Li L$fhphpmpA A dpZ `rh
_pdp _i L$fu Apep. A_ `R>u Ap ANWy u gB_ lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)lyTyf _buA L$fud(kggplp Agel
hkgd)_u bpfNpl ifuadp Apep. Ap` kfL$pf epf Ap `rh
ANyWu B [p [dp Agpl_p _pd_u kp\ Ap`_y _pd `Z _i L$fgy
l[y, AV$gy S> _lu `f[y kp\ kuuL$ AL$bf _y _pd `Z _i \egy l[y.
lyTyf _buA `pL$ kplb gpgpL$(kggplp Agel hkgd)
Ap Ze `rh _pd_p _i_ ANyWu `f r_lpmu_ afdpey L$, l
Abyb$, d [p [d_ dp Agpl _y _pd _i L$fhp dpL$ep l[p,`f[y
[d Ap b _pd h^y LB fu[ _i L$fphu gpep? [p [_p eyfdp
lTf[ ke]_p kuuL AL$bf (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A L$y L$,
ep fkygpl (kggplp Agel hkgd), dpfu Nef[ A hp[ `k]
_ L$fu L$ ly Agpl _y `rh _pd _i L$fphy A_ kp\ Ap`_y _pd
dybpfL$ _L$i _ L$fphy, epf L$ `rh L$dpdp `Z AgplApgpA
`p[p_p _pd\u Ap`_p _pd dybpfL$_ AgN _\u `pXey [p `R>u ANWy u_p
_idp AgN `pX$_pf ly L$pZ lpe iL$y ? lp, dpfp _pd_p _i_u d_
L$iu Mbf _\u L$ Ap L$Bfu[ bfiey ?
Ap QQp lSy> Qpgy S> l[u L$ A ]fep_ S> lTf[ bBg
Adu_(Agelukgpd)AgplApgp_p k]ip gB_ _pTug \ep
A_ AgplApgp_p kgpd lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_
`lpQ
pX$ep A_ bipf[ kcmphuL$, ep fkyggpl(kggplp Agel
hkgd)epf rkuL$ AL$bf Ap`_y `rh _pd Agpl_p `rh
_pd\u Sy>]y L$fhp dpN[p _\u, [p AgplApgp `Z Ap`_p _pd\u
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-19
323
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-20
324
d_L$u ApM Mpg
S>hpb :- rl]y[p_dp kp \d Bd-l]uj gph_pf lTf[

ipl A]ygl$ dpluj ]lhu(fld[ygpl Agel)R>, S>Ap_u
NZ_p `Z dyu]_u ep]udp S> \pe R> [ApA `p[p_u S>Nrhep[
L$q[ Abp$Aqepf ifua dp lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu]
Aajp_u iM Ald] ap$L$u kflu]u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_p
lpgp[p fS|> L$ep R>, S>dp dyu] Aa rhi `p[p_p rhQpfp fS|> L$f[p
gey R> L$, Ap` dyu] l kp kpgL$ bp]L$ dyu] _lu, brL$ lTpf
kpg L$ bp] hpg du] l Apf e aL$ L$pB
dpdygu aL$ _lu l,brL$ lTf[
AguL$ lf kpgL$ bp]$hpg dyS>u]$ l Apf e aL$ L$pB dpdygu aL$ _lv l
bL$ blp[ bX$p aL$ l, L$pi [yd gpN Dkk hpLuaue[ lpkug L$f gp.
(A\p[:- Ap` dyu] R>, kp hj `R>u_p dyu] _lu, `f[y
lTf[ Agu_p lTpf hj `R>u_p dyu] R> A_ Ap aL$ L$pB
kp^pfZ aL$
_\u. bL$ bly S> dpV$p aL$ R> L$]pQ [d gpL$p [_u ZL$pfu lpkug L$fu
ep.)
A S> fu[ My]lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u,dyu] Aajp_u
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A `Z `p[p_p dL$[ybp[ ifuadp bu
]a[f_p dL$[ybifua _-4dp dyu] k]u A_ dyu] Aa hQ_p
[aph[ ]iph[p gey R> L$, Apf _ gp L$ lf kp kpg `f AL$ dyu]
NyTfp l, gqL$_ kp kpgL$p dyu] Apf l Apf lTpf kpgL$p dyu]
Apf, k [fl kp Apf lTpf d aL$ l, B_ ]p_p dyu]p d cu Bku [fl
aL$ l, bL$ Dkk cu Tep]pl Apf dyu] hp lp[p l L$ apeyTp bfL$p[d
k Ly$R> Dk dy[d Dd[uepL$ p `lpQ[p l DkL$ hp[ k `lpQ[p l
ANfQ Dk h[ L$ Ly$[yb Apf Ah[p] lp Apf A]pg h _yS>bp lp.
(A\p[ :- A_ Zu ep L$ ]f$ kp hj AL$ dyu] \ep R>.
`f[y kp hj_p dyu] AgN R> A_ lTpf hj_p dyu] AgN [dS>
S> fu[ kp A_ lTpf hQ [aph[ R> Ap b_ dyu]p hQ A S> fu[
[aph[ R> bL$ [_p\u `Z h^y, [dS> dyu] A lpe R> L$, Ap kdeNpmp ]fep_ Ddr[ep_
S> L$C apeT
y p bfL$p$[ `lpQ
R>, [ [_p \L$u S>
`lpQ R> `R>u cg_ A kde_p Ly$[yb L Ah[p] lpe L$ `R>u A]pg L$
_yS>bp lpe.)
khpg :- S>_pb,dyu] k]u dpV$ [p `V$ l]uj ifua R>
epf dyu] Aa rhi [p Ap` Alu byTyNp_ ]u__p d[ep fS|>L$ep
R>, S>dp Qpk [e flgy R>, `f[y [d dyu]Aa _ l]uj`pL$_u
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-21
325
**yAp `S> _. 340 [u_[_u kdS>
d_L$u ApM Mpg
_yfp_u fpi_udp `$`Z kdhp [p h^y Apcpfu \Bi.

S>hpb:- l]uj Aa rhi lTf[ X$p. p. dpld
] dD] kplb
(fld[ygpl Agel)A `p[p_u qL$[pb qkf[ dyu] Aajp_u
dp OZu S> kpfu R>ZphV$ kp\ fS|> L$fu R>, [dp Ap` l]uj Aa `V$
] Alkp_
qL$[pb fpT[yL$eyduepl dp lTf[ hp L$dpgyu_ dpld
(fld[ygpl Agel)A qL$[pb dDff _p lhpgp\u fS>|> L$fgu
l]uj fS|> L$fu R> A_ `R>u [_u D`f rhi] QQp A_ d__ d\_p fS|>
L$ep R S>_p Vy$L$p cphp_yhp] Alu fS|> L$fy Ry> :- S>\u hpQL$ dyu] Aa _
kpfu fu[ kd iL$. Ap` dS>Ly$f qL$[pbdp l]uj dyu] Aa A
iujL$ _uQ QQp L$f[p gMR> L$,
l]uj `pL$\u dyu] k]u _u [p kpbu[u dmu NB `f[y A
hp[_u kpbu[u dm[u _\u L$ dyu] Aa _u `Z L$pB
lL$uL$[ R>. lTf[
dpgp_p A]yg lL$ud rkepgL$pV$u (fld[ygpl Agel)A_ L$pTu
k_pDgpl `p_u`[u (fld[ygpl Agel)S>hp byTyNpA `Z kp
hj_p dyu] A_ lf hj_p dyS>u]$ hQ_p aL$_ dlkyk L$ep A_
[_y bep_ L$ey S>d L$,
lTf[ dpgp_p A]yglL$ud rkepgL$pV $u(fld[ygpl Agel)
A kp \d Ap`_p dpV$ dyu] Aajp_u gey.
[dS> lTf[ L$pTu k_pDgpl `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel)
L$ S>Ap [akuf dTlfu ifua
ifua_p gML$ R> [ApA `p[p_u qL$[pb
Bip]y[pgbu_ dp lTf[ dyu]_u dp dy]ue[ `f S> _lu,`f[y
Aajp_u _u dy]ue[ `f `p[p_y d[e fS|> L$f[p gey R> L$; epf
`\d lf hj NyS>fu QyL$ep A_ AL$ DgyATd d] L$pdug_p hpfp
Apep [p Agpl ApgpA `p[p_u L$]udu Ap][ dyS>b bu lf
hj>dpV$ AL$ dyu] `]p adpep L$ [dpd Aprgepdp [_u S>hp DgyATd
dy]u] L$pB S> \i _lu;[_ _buAp,fkygp A_ fkyg L$fud kggplp
Agel hkgd_u *[u_[ hX$ `]p afdpep [dS> A L$dpgp[p A_
dL$pdp[p([_)A`Z L$fhpdp Apep L$ S> L$pBA L$]pù r_lpep _
lp[p.A_ Ap ApMfu Tdp_pdp [Ap_p [yag
\u Ap L$dpgp[p Apd(Aq[
Qrg[)A_ lf L$fhpdp Apep.
[p Ap b_ byTyNp_p d[ep `f\u arg[ \pe R> L$, dyu]
Aa _u L$pB luL$L$[ S>$f lphu BA A_ ie R> L$ Ap lL$uL$[_p
Ap^pf A l]uj lpe L$ S>_ qL$[pb fpT[yL$eyduepl
uepldp [_p gML$
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-22
326
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`p[p_p rML$p dybpfL$ L$V$guL$ Mpk r_b[p hX$ `yf adphu_ `p[p_p
Mguap_ A`Z L$ep A_ adpey L$, epf [ _yf lf \pe [p Ap
rML$p [_ Apù ]hp. Ap `rh MuL$p _g ]f _g, Qpg[p Apep
ep kyû L$ lTf[ ipl qkL$]f L$p]fu (fld[ygpl Agel)[ lTf[
dyu] kplb(Ly$kufl)y _ `lfpep,S> `lf[p_u kp\ S> Ap` Ab
$lp_u L$dpgp[p A_ bpq[_u lpg[p_u rh[[[p_p A_ych L$ep.
*(4) S> fu[ Ap lTf[(kggplp Agel hkgd)_y `rh
_pd Ald] R>,A S> fu[ lTf[ dyu] kplb (Ly$]kufly)_y `rh
_pd `Z Ald] S> R>
*(5) lTf[ dy u] kpl b (Ly kuf l y ) `p [ S> A L $
dL$[b
y ifuadp gM R> L$, Ap`_ iapA[_p dL$pd `f r_ey[ L$fhpdp
Apep. [ rkhpe A lL$uL$[ `Z k|e_
u S>d L$piu[ R> L$ Ap` lTpfp
L$paufp A_ dyfuL$p_ Bgpd_u ]pg[ hX$ `ph_ L$ep [dS> lTpfp
Ny_l Npfp_, Nydfplp_ rkfp[ dy[L$ud ]MpXep A_ Ap fu[ AL$ dgyL$
S>fi_[ [fa ]$pX $[u \B NB.
* l]uj rkgpl :A d]L$pdugL$ S>_p \L$u lTpfp Bfikp_ S>fi_[dp hii [_
AL$ bu l]uj`pL$dp rkgpl hX$ ApmMhpdp Aphg R>. Ap l]uj
lTf[ Bdpd S>gpgyu_ ey[u(fld[ygpl Agel)A `p[p_u dilyf
L$q[ dDS>hpdA dp _L$g L$fu R>.
eLy$_p fpSy>auDdq[ epL$pg gly rkgpl ey]MgyS>fi_[ b
A\p[ :- dpfu Dd[dp AL$ ik \i, S>_
iapA[u L$Tp h L$Tp. (A\p
kgpl
qkgpl L$lh
pdp Aphi,S>_u iapA[ hX$ ApV$gp ApV$gp gpL$p S>fi_[dp
]pMg \i.)
Ap l]uj`pL$ lTf[ dyu]kplb(Ly$kufl)y _ OZu fu[ b^
bk[u R> A_ My] lTf[ dyu] kplb(Ly$kufly)A `Z `p[p_p
fb_u _Ad
[p_u Myb QQp L$fp A adp_ Bgplu A_ykpf `p[p_ rkgpl
$ù dmgu Ap dlp_ _Ad[_p iy$ A]$p L$f[p `p[p_p dL$[b
y p[ ifuadp
bu ]a[f_p dL$[yb ifua _-6dp adpey R> L$,
.......A_ lTpfhj_u [S>]u]_u ]yhp L$byg \B NB
R> [dpd [pfuap A Tp[ dpV$ R> L$ S>Z d_ b kd]fp hQ
k[y$` A_ b_ Nufplp hQ kygl L$fph_pf(
rkgpl
)b_phu
L$fph_pf(rkgpl
rkgpl)b_phu
]u^p . ]f L $ lpg[dp My b S> `qf`| Z i k p A_ M $gA_pd
qL$[pb dDff _p lhpgp\u gMu R>,S> Ap dyS>b R>.

L$pg fkyggpl kggplp Agel hkgd bAjgplp
fg_ Agp fpk Al] Aif dA[ k_pl lph_y$fiATud, Bdply
Bdu, be_ kgp[u_bfe_ h e]MpgyS>fi_[ b iapA[lu
fugyhap.
A\p[ :- ArNepfdu k]u_u i$dp AgplApgp b buf
(A\p
bp]iplp_u hQ AL$ Ahp ik dpL$gi S> dpfp S>hy _pd ^fph[p li.
ATudyip_ _yf li, lTpfp Bfikp_ [_u iapA[ hX$ S>fi_[dp ]pMg
\i.)
dS>Ly$f l]uj`pL$dp S> ik_p hpe]p L$fhpdp Apep R> [_u
`pQ M|buAp hZhhpdp Aphu R>:*(1) ArNepfdu k]u_u i$Ap[dp \i.
*(2) dlp_ _yf li.
*(3) [_y _pd dpfp _pd S>hy li.
*(4) b rbf bp]iplp_u hQ li.
*(5) [_u iapA[ hX$ lTpfp Bfikp_ S>fi_[dp ]pMg \i.
lh Ap`Z Ap [dpd rhij[pAp_ lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u
dyu] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Afilp)_u rkf[ dybpfL$dp ipûA.
*(1) Apd [p L$ lTf[ dyu] kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)
lu.k.972dp `]p \ep,`f[y Ap`_u Bgplu L$piuip_u i$Ap[
ArNepfdu k]u_u i$Ap[dp AV$g L$ lu.k.1012 `R>u \pe R>.
*(2) lTf[ dyu] Aaj
p_u(Ly$] kufl)y b buf bp]iplp
AV$g L$ AL$bf A_ S>lpNuf _u hQ d]p_dp Apep.
*(3)Ap`_p ùfp dy i w]$ lTf[ hp bpL$ubugpl
(Ly$kufly)L$pbyg\u ql]y[p_ fhp_p \ep q]lu S>[p f[pdp Ap`
kflu]ifuadp AL$ ce L$pri[ rQfpN _ulpep,S>_p DgM Ap`
My] S> lTf[ dyu] Aajp_u(Ly$kufl)y `pk L$ep A rkhpe lTf[
dyu] kplb (Ly$kufly)A My] `Z Ap ce L$pri[ qQfpN
_yfATud
Tud)_p Alkpk L$ep.
(_y
A rkhpe qL$[pb fpT[yL$eyduepl _p gML$ AL$ qfhpe[
_L$g L$fu R> L$, lTf[ kfL$pf Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp Apgp
Afilp)_ AL$ _yf ATud ]Mpey, Blpd \ey L$, Ap _yf Ap`_p `pQkp
hj `R>u lf \i A_ ]u_ Bgpd_u [S]u] L$fi. AV$gp dpV$ Ap`
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-23
327
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-24
328
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(kggplp Agel hkgd) `f ]$]p kgpd lp.

epf bp]$ afu l]uj dyS>u] Aa _u QQp ApNm h^pf[p
lTf[ p. X$p. dpld] dD] kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)gM R> L$,
dyS>u] Aa kb^ S> l]uj D`f fS|> L$fhpdp Aphu [ qL$[pb
fpT[yL$eyduepl
uepl_p gML$ qL$[pb dD]fff_p lhpgp\u fS|> L$fu R>
[dS> Ap l]uj_ dy[L$d
u_$ kyaueepA qL$fpd_u bipf[p hX$ Apcyju[
L$fu R> S>d L$,Ald] d Tu]pbug(dL$pdp[),iM Tylyu_ B_
Ald] d (fydyTyApiL$u_), dpgp_p A]yfldp_ _y$u_ du
(_alp[yDfik), lTf[ ]pD] L$ekfu ipflaykykylL$d (dyL$dpA
L$ekfu)A_ lTf[ iM Mgugygpl b]iu (dL$pdp[) hNf hNf.
L$ fpT[yL$eyduepl L$pB Ahu Ap^pfcy[ qL$[pb _\u
AV$gp dpV$ Ap gML$ `p[ S>_p lhpgp\u Ap l]uj gMpZu R> [ qL$[pb
dD]ff,
f,[_p gML$ A_ Ap l]uj_y kip^_ L$ey, [p Zhp dey L$
dD]ff _pd_u OZu qL$[pbp R> S> `L$u Ap `pQ qL$[pbp rhi Zhp
dey,
(1)MuTfbu_ dp l d ] gfh]u L $ [ :- d D ] f f
auiay bpby lp]u Aif(2)A]y lk_ L$ekfu L $ [:dD]ff(dfiTyd[l auafpBT)(3)lk_bu_ dldy] AS>Np_u
l_au L$[ :- dD]ff(afyAlfiauepl)(4) b]$u_ ]dpe_u
L$[ :- dD]ff(gyN[)(5)lpauT B_ dfikyf L$[:- dD]ff
D`fpL$[ `pQe
dD]ff _pd_u qL$[pbpdp\u Ap l]$uj-Aa
dmu _lu [dS> epf dpV$p DdpA qL$fpd\u Ap A_yk^p_ ZL$pfu
lpkug L$fu [p [Ap_p Mygpkp A S> l[p L$, l]uk dpT(y d_OX$[)gpN
R> A_ [_u ]gug, Bbpf[dp ]$M
p[u A[e[[p [dS> l]uj_u L$pB
Ap^pfcy[ qL$[pbpdp _ lphRy >.

`f[y ly Ap b_ ]gugp_p S>hpb A Ap`y Ry> L$, Bbpf[
(gMpZ)dp flgu A[e[[p, ky[uL$ TBau_p kb^ R> ep kyû
kip^_L$[p Z R> L$, epf L$pB L$pg kph^p_u hep hNf S> _L$g
L$fhpdp Aph R> epf \pX$pL$ S> kdedp [ iy _y iy b_u e R>,?ep
kyû L$ L$epfL$ [p [_u Akrge[ S> _[-_pby] \B e R> AV$gp dpV$
gpbu kde Ahû_ r$ kpd\u lV$phu_ dp Bbpf[ L$ gMpZ_u
A[e[[pL$ ky[u_p Ap^pf S> [_ f] L$fu ]hy epe _\u. A hp[
kchu[ R L$ L$pB byq^Ne L$pfZkf _L$g `f\u _L$g \hp_p L$pfZ
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-25
329
Ap Bbpf[ A[e[ L$ TBa b_u NB lpe.

A_ bu hp[ A R> L$, ep kyû l]uj_u Ap^pfcy[ qL$[pbdp
_ lphp_p kb^ R> ep kyû Ap hp[ dp AL$ DX[u _S>f \L$u L$lu
iL$p[u _\u ep kyû L$ [_u ip^Mpm A_ kip^__p lLL$ `yfu fu[
A]p L$fhpdp _ Aph.
\pX$uhpf dpV$ Ap l]uj_ L$]pQ dpTy(d_OX$[)dp_u ghpdp
Aph [p AL$ hp[ [p [_ `$ S> R> L$, Ap l]uj lTf[ dyS>u] Aajp_u
(Lykufly)`R>u b_phhpdp Aphu lpe, L$pfZ L$ [dp Ap`_u [dpd
M|buAp AL$u[ L$fhpdp Aphu R> A_ Ap L$pe AL$ AL$u][d] rkhpe
L$pB
S> L$fu iL$[y _\u A_ ep kyû Ap`_p AL$u][d]p_p khpg R> [p
[Ap dp ifuA[_p [pb]pf S> _lu `f[y bu]A[p_p k[pB`|hL$
Mpdp bpgph_pfp l[p [p Aphp eq[Ap\u L$epfe `Z Ahu Ddu]
fpMu iL$pe _lu L$ [Ap L$pB`Z L$pf_p b_phV$u L$pg L$ d_OX$[ hp[
lyTyf _bu-A-`pL$ kggplp Agel hkgd kp\ kbr^[ L$fhp_p
dlp_ Ny_pl_y ApQfZ L$f A_ dpV$ S> Adpfp d[e dyS>b Ap l]uj`pL$
lSy> h^y kip^__u NyBi ^fph R>.
A_ epf ip^Mpm L$f[p dD]ff _pd_u `pQ qL$[pbp dmu
Aphu [p ie R> L$ Ap _pd_u h^y `Z qL$[pbp lpe [p A qL$[pbp `L$u [
Mpk dD]ff r_q[ L$fhu S>$fu R> L$ S>dp\u fpT[yL$eyduepl _p
gML$ dS>Ly$f l]uj _L$g L$fu R>. epfbp] Ap l]uj_p kL$g_L$[p A_
l]uj_p fphuAp_u lpg[p `f r$`p[ L$fhp BA A_ epf`R>u Ap
l]uj`pL$ klu R> L$ Nfklu [_p rhi L$pB lyL$d kp]uf L$fu iL$pe.
Afie rkgrkgp_p L$V$gpL$ lTfp[pA dp Alp]uj dybpfL$
hX$ kpbu[u _lu dmhp_p L$pfZ S> dyS>u] Aa
Aa_p r$bu]y_ f]bp[g L$fu ]u^y R> A_ [_ Ahp[huL kdS>ey R>, Ap lTfp[p `p[
[fuL$[_p L$pep `L$u Ahp L$pep_ huL$r[ Ap` R> L$,S>_u kpbu[u
Alp]ujpdp dpSy>] _\u S>d L$, AL$[pbp, Ab]pgp, hNf_y r$bu]y
A_ [Ap_u AL$bu `f aTug[p [dS> hl][yhSy>]_y r$bu]y hNf.
lL$uL$[ A R> L$ L$au lL$uL$[p dp L$ahpmpAp_p kd\__p Ap^pf S>
dp_hpdp Aph R>. L$ [_u D`f Bdp_ gphhy S>$fu _\u, [d R>[p [_
huL$pfhpdp `Z L$ip hp^p _\u, Mpk L$fu_ epf L [ Ly$Ap_ L$ l]uj_u
rMgpa S>[y _ lpe. [dS> A lpg[ dp [_ f] L$fhy L$]pù epe _\u L$
epf L$ Ddp A_ kyraep_u AL$ rhipm S>dpA[ [_p huL$pf L$ep lpe.
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-26
330
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$ _ib]u rkgrkgp_p bp_u A_ Bdpd lTf[ hp blpDu_ ipl
_ib](f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_ Tu$ BdTp[ _u [pgud lyTfy
kfL$pf Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)\L$u dmu R,L$
S> _ib]uAp_p Mpk Tu$ R> A_ [_p \L$u S> Ap rkgrkgp_p dyfu]p
A_ [pgubpdp Ap S è[ S>Tb A L$kuf hp dm R>.
Ap A_yk^
p_ qL$[pb dTlf S>dpg dy[apB L$ S> lyTfy kfL$pf
Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u rkf[ `pL$_u qL$[pb
R>, S>_p kL$g_L$[p R> kyau ke] _kufyu_ lpdu, L$p]fu, fThu, bfL$p[u
kplb, [dp [ApA lyTyf kfL$pf Npj ApTd ][Nuf (f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp)_p A _h (9)`rh L$ku]pAp `Z fS|> L$ep, S> A_fp
fdyTp-Akfpf hX$ kyipcu[ A_ Abp Nfub dL$iay p[ hX$ Apcyju[
R>. dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p `p_p _-79 `f lTf[ hp blpD]u_ _ib]L$p
dy[auT lp_p A iujL$ _uQ gey R> L$,
lTf[ iM A]ygpl bMu (fld[ygplAgel) `p[p_u
hpfuLy
$Albpb au dpAfa[yAL[pb dp gM R> L , AL$
qL$[pb
q]hk lyTfy Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)AL$ S>dpA[
kp\ Ecp l[p L$ byMpfp [fa ep_u[ \ep A_ lhp_ ky^
u_ adpey L$,
dpfp rhkpg_p AL$ kp k[ph_ (157)hj `R>u AL$ d] L$g] f dpld
]u
dfb blpDu_ dpld] $_ib] `]p \i,S> dpfu Mpk _Ad[ hX$
dpgpdpg li. A_ bfiey `Z Ap S> dpZ.
Llhpe R L epf hp blpDu_ _ib]$(Ly$kufly)
`p[p_p ùfp dyiu] ke] Aduf Ly$gpg(Ly$kufly)\u [L$u_ lpkug
L$fu [p [ApA BdTp[ (Agpl)_p qT$ L$fhp_p lyL$d Apep, `f[y
Ap`_p q]gdp BdTp[(Agpl)_p _i \pù[ \[p _ l[p S>_p
L$pfZ Ap` `fip_ \ep A_ Ap S> NcfplV$ A_ `fip_u_u lpg[dp
S>Ng [fa ]pX$ep. f[pdp lTf[ MuTf (Agelukgpd)\u dygpL$p[
\B [ApA Ap`_ adpey L$, d_ Bd ApTd (Agpl) Npj ApTd
[fa\u dey R>,S>_u [fa Ap` `Z ep_u[ \ph. bu fp[ lTf[
hp kplb hpbdp lyTyf Npj ApTd_ ep L$ Ap` `p[p_p ][
dybpfL$ hX$ Bd ApTd_ lTf[ hp kplb_p q]gdp _i L$fu ]u^y,
L$pfZL$ lp\_u `pQ ApNmuAp gaT Agpl_u iL$g(ApL$r[)`f R>.
A_ A S> kde Ap`_ dy i pl]pA Bgplu lp k ug \B Nep .
(_ib]uApdp ApS> `Z dyfu]p L$ [pgubp_p q]gdp _Li Agpl Ap
lTf[ dyS>u] kplb(Ly$kufly)_p dySu] Aajp_u lphp

`f Ddp, ayL$lp A_ kyraep_u AL$ Myb S> rhipm S>dpA[ AL $d[ R>.
[p `R>u Ap`Z [_ L$B fu[ f] L$fu iL$uA? lp, A AL$u]p fpMhp S>$f
l]uj_u rMgpa R>L$, Aajp_u dp lTf[ dyS>u] kplb_u rkhpe bu
L$pB dyS>u] k]$u _lu Aph, Adpfp epg dyS>b Aphp [p L$pB_p `Z
AL$u]p _\u. hpL A p[ A_ lLuL[p hX$ lTf[ dy S u] kpl b
(Ly$kufly)_y dySu]-Aajp_u lphp_u ke[p kpbu[ \B
flu R> [dS> [pfuM(Br[lpk)`Z Ap L$au lL$uL$[_y kd\_
Apù flu R> [p [_p\u hû_ buSy> L$ey kd\_ lpe iL$. ?!?
X$p.Bq[epL$ lyk_ Ly$fiuA lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u]
Aajp_u (f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u Ap rhij[p `f S> `L$pi
`pX$[p gey R> L$. :
His influence spread from Indonesia to Turkey
and from there to many Silsilas of Africa.For his great
work he was hailed as the Mujddid-i-Alif-i-Thani,
the man who revised in the second Millenium.
A\p [ :- Ap`_p Akfp[p BfiX$p_riep\u [yL$u kyû A_
(A\p
`R>u ep\u AprL$p_p rhrh^ rkgqkgpApdp agpe Nep. Ap`_p ce
L$pf_pdpAp_p L$pfZ S> Ap`_ dySu] Aajp_u _p gL$b hX$ ep]
L$fhpdp Aph R> AV$g L$, A `qf`|Z Bfikp_ S>Z bu lTpf
hj dpV$ [S>]u] afdphu. )
aTp_ _Lib]$uepl [\p S>Tbpl A
aTp_ Npj ApTd ][Nuf_p èpe$` R>.
khpg :-cpB, kyauhp]_p ]fL$ rkgrkgp_p kb^ L$pB`Z
fu[ lyTyf kfL$pf Npj ApTd ][Nuf dufp dpleyu_ iM A]yg L$p]uf
gp_u(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp ) kp\ R> , [p Ap _ib ] u
rkgrkgp_p kb^ Ap`_u kp\ L$B fu[ R> ? S>_p Mygpkp L$fu Apcpfu
L$fip.
S>hpb :- dpl[fd, [dpfp Ap khpg `V$ [p `R>u dpf `$fu[
L$lhy `X$i L$, L$p]fu rkgrkgp A_ _ib]u rkgrkgp AgN _\u,
`f[y b_ AL$bu_p `yfL$ R>, AV$gy S> _lu `f[y _ib]u rkgrkgp
A L$p]fu rkgqkgp_y _hy h$` R> Ahy L$lp [p `Z Qpg L$pfZ
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-27
331
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-28
332
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
**yAp `S> _. 340 [u_[_u kdS>
S> fu[ [hl hX$ bp^hpdp Aph R>)A_ Ap S> L$pfZkf Ap`
_ib] gL$b hX$ ep[u `pep. epf Ap hp[_u gpL$pdp QQp \B
[p [ApA Ap`_ `|Rey L$, Ap iy dpdgp R>? Ap` adpey L$, Ap A
dybpfL$ fp[_p apeyTp bfL$p[ R> S>dp L$ lyTyf Npj ApTd ][Nuf
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A dpfu `f B_pe[ afdphu.
Ap`_p\u lyTyf Npj ApTd_p adp_ L$]$du lpTlu.....
kb^ `|R>hpdp Apey [p Ap` adpey L$, Ap`_p `rh L$]d dpfu
Nf]_ `f S> _lu, `f[y dpfu ApMp `f R>.
[p Ap fu[ dTlf S>dpg dy[apB _u D`fpL[ Bbpf[\u
kpbu[ \ey L$, _ib]u A raV$f L$p]fu R> A_ _Lib]u [fuL$pdp
flgp Ap B[Tp[_p Mpk Tu lyTfy Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp
Apgp Afilp)_u S> B_pe[ R> A_ Ap BdTp[_p Tu$dp S> S>TbA
L$kuf kdpegp R> A_ dpV$ S> ApS> `Z Akg _ib]u [fuL$p `f
Qpg_pfp dyfu]p A_ [pgubpdp S>TbA L$kuf hp dm R>, S> lyTyf
Npj ApTd ][Nuf(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)_u S> ]_ R>,[p Ap fu[
_ib]u [fuL$p_p L$ [dp flgp S>Tbp _p AdyL$ gpL$p S> rhfp^ _p^phu
fp R>, [ lL$uL$[dp [p Ap aTp_ Npjue[_p S> BfiL$pf L$fu fp R>.
A_ dpV$ S> il_ipl _ib] lTf[ hp blpDu_ ipl _ib]
(f]uegplp Apgp Afilp)A afdpey R> L$, Adpfp [fuL$pdp L$pB_
dl$du _\u.S> L$pB
Adpfp [fuL$p\u dp dQL$pX $ [_p ]u__p M[fp R>.
(1) ]f ip_ ***
*** d_pL$ubp[
dyu] Aajp_u
L$fdk bpL$ubugpl fld[ygpl _ib]u_,

A[pL$u _A d [ Bk Apgd ap_ud gpap_u.
bipf[ ] L$ kfL$pf ]p Apgd_ e afdpep,
gL$b bip l lL$_ Ap`L$p dlbyb kd]p_u.
Lepd[ [L$ [ylpf rkgrkgd dyfu] lpN,
`p _pdp ilf DfiL$p l kbLy$R> Tf r_Nfp_u.
q]MpB Ap`_ ip_ dyS>]u] bTd Apgd L$p,
fky g gplL$ q]gbf S>_pb Np j L$ _u.
A[p afdpB k]L$ d lTf[ bpL$ubugplL$ ,
iDfp - AL$gL$u ]p g [ d[pA Cd Bfap_u.
bL$p g Apfuap_ lL$ [y lpfu Tp[ AL$]kk ,
_y d pep kf-bkf lp [ fl Akfpf fbp_u.
bX$ AgpL$k ]i l]uj dy [ap ] L$f,
ky _ p[ \ My g y k p epfk Apep[ Ly $ Ap _ u.
qL$ep L$f[ lp b i L$ ]$[Nufu b - _hpAp L $u,
`f i p lpg gp N p L $u duV$p[ lp `f i p_u.
[yag hpS>Np_ _Lib]$ Bkuep ipApfp `f,
L$fdL$u AL$ _Tf Ae Apfua dlbyb eT]$p_u.
ky b y [ ldL$p rdgp [pfuML $ Ap f pL$ DgV$_ k ,
hp ]$pf AL$bfu \p ep L$ \p AL$ ]$pf i[p_u.
bX$u _p`pL$ kpi L$u \u AL$bf_ dApTgpl,
rdV$p_p Qpl[p \p ]$lfk hp ]$u_ eT]$p_u.
My ] $p iplu]$ l fpl lLL$d hp S>]$ p S >l]$ L$fL $ ,
dugp]$u MpL$d AL$bfL$u [yd_ au_p kpdp_u.
q]$MpB fpl lLL$,Nyd-Ny[p fplpL$p lL$uL$[d,
S>gpB Ap`_ [ufp q]$gp d iA Bdp_u.
L$fd Lep L$d qL$ep l Ap`_ dgyL$ dpgp `f,
dyL$ug dflg \ L$f r]$e Apkp b Apkp_u.
r_fpgu ip_ ] $ Mu l [y lpf Ap[p _ L u,
^f X$pgp _Tf dfiTf _Tf Ap[ l _yfp_u.
dy]u] Ap` bfl$ l, Bdpd Ald] Aajp_u,

]f ]pg[ k bV$[u l, d[pA aTg fbp_u.
eL$u__ AprgepA Dd[, Ald] d AaTg lp,
dTpf `pL$ k dug[p l kbL$p aeT $lp_u.
qfkpg[k dugp L$eydue[L$p Ap`L$p ]fS,
ilp][ ] _ Ape Ap`L$u dl b y b ky lp_u.
Mduf *[u_[ kfL$pf ]p Apgdk MpguL$_,
b_pep Ap`L$p dMgy L $ d gpfeb gpkp_u.
Tuepf[L$p [ylpfu lLL$_ c L$pAbpA A[lf,
[y a g k e ] L$p _ _ TdTdL$p rdgp `p_u.
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-29
333
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-30
334
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
kaf `yfplp k ]$d Ap`L$ dpBg L$p ]yr_ep k,

_buL$u ep]$ lp q]$gd gbp ` l] $ ky lp_u.
( dpBg Lyfiu Ald]$pbp]u)
(3)
dy S >] u ] Aa j p_u le hgu dl b y b kd]p_u,
BfiluL$u Tp[ _y f p_u b_pB l$_ gpkp_u.
Qg Aphp,Qg Aphp df ApL$p Qg Aphp,
[ylpfu ep]d dlaug k le L$bk _yfp_u.
Bfil r_b[ A[pL$u \u fTuey ] u _ bpL$u_ ,
dy b pfL$ rl ] d kfrlfi] le b L $ a p gpkp_u.
a_paugplk ApN bL$pbugpld `lp Q ,
[y lpfu Tp[d ap_u lL$uL$[d le gpap_u.
]y g pf Np j ApTdL$ dy B _y ] u _L$ epf ,
_buL$ gpX$g A]y g Al]L$ q]gbfp _u.
rkL$ ] fipl Ly [ p g L $ Ape Np j ApTdL$p,
B_pe[ Bk [fl [ydL$p >lyB r_b[ hp $lp_u.
Ny _ plp L $p le cpfu bp S > kf ` _p[hp ly d ,
[y lpf lu hkug dy T ` lp N p aTg fbp_u.
[ylpf `pk S>fi_[L$u Ngu TdTdL$p `p_u le,
lL$uL$[ L$pAbL$u L$f[u le [f ]f ` ]fbp_u.
duV$pL$ AL$bfu ra_ bQpep ]u_p dug[L$p ,
AL$u]p le d f p [y d lp rQfpN bTd Bdp_u.
My ] pL$u fpld gpMp L $u [y d _ fl _ y d pBL$u,
dA hl][ r`gp ]p d ] ]p dyS> L$p Bap_u.
[y lpfu ip_L$p kp_u _lu L$p _ _ d L$p B ,
[y lpf a T hpg ùf cu le ùf gpkp_u.
Qgp bp]L$ip S>]u Qgp kfrlfi]L$u _ub,
dybpfL$ DjL$u dlaug le C_L$u _yfu Bap_u.
dy S >u] Aa j p_uL$u Ny g pdu, bp]iplu le,
hTuf Ab _pT L$f [y cu [fu q_b[ le _yfp_u.
(lTf[ ùf ke]hTufAgu ipl kplb)
(2)
d f u _Tfp d fp T p l , dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p,
Tdp_p ep] Ap[p l , dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
lhpA S>fi_[u Ap[u le, biL$ ApS> fpT `f,
rdgp S>fi_[k le, fpTp dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
S>lp My] ipl cu Ap]pbk kfL$p Sy>L$p[ le,
S>fp ]fbpf ] M p [y d , dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
dy S > r_b[ A[pL$u le, d f i M [fuL$[_ ,
d f u Nf]_d `$p le, dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
]yApA fpT L$f[p ly, dNf dLbyg Ab lpNu,
]y A pd hp[ ]y N p, dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
e ra_ AL$bfu aufk, ]b L$p_ Apep l ]Mp,
Nygpd Apep le d]pd,dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
rkL$ ] f ApL$ ] M ApS>,d f u ip_p - ip L $[Lp ,
Tdp_p L$l[p le dN[p,dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
eL$u L$pdug lL$ Bk ]d,Lepd[ Ap _lu iL$[u,
Nygpd dpSy>] le S>b [L$,dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
[hpa L$pbp L$f[ le, ky_p AL$[pb Apgd kb,
[hpa L$pbp cu L$f[p le,dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
ld [yd R>X$[ lp Ley, e ku_p Quf L$f ]Mp,
ky_p,ku_ d le kuLL$p, dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
hTuf ApL$p ` Ly$bp Lep _ e aT B_L$p le,
]uMpep le dy S > f[p,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
(lTf[ ùf ke]hTufAgu ipl kplb)
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-31
335
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-32
336
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
(4)
q]Mp ] Ae My ] p fp T p,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p,
L$ ly dy ] [ k de ie]p,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
Bdpd Cd fbp_u Apgud kuf ùfilp_u,
bep L$uk dylk lp $bp, dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
S>_pb Np j ApTd_ L$lp BL$ q]_ bS> X$ L $p,
dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
_lu dyL$u_L$ ld Ly$R> guM iL$ [pkuad B_L$u,
l]ujp d bep Apep, dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
il_iplpL$p Lep r_b[ le Bk ]fL$ N]pApk,
L$ B_L$ kf ` le kpep, dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
My]u L$ _ak L$p Mp L$f My]p L$p `p qgep k_,
L$ k_ ù rgep epgp dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
ifuA[ Bkd L$pdug le [fuL$[ Bkd lpkug le,
[fuL$p le ]y f beTp , dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
A_g-lLL$ L$l EW bpT dipBM i hl][d,
L$uku_ Ta L$b `pep dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
ùgpA MydL$ Myd B__ L$uep d[ Ag[ ApMuf,
_ blL$p L$p B d[hpgp,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
[fuL$p Ald]u le Ald] dyfkg_ bip le,
Dhek rlfi] le $bp,dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
]LpBL$k ly h hpL$ua lLpBL$k ly h L$piua,
[duT A]p fb rlkp, dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
r_Npl aTk ][ le hp S>Tbp kygyL$ BL$ ]d,
le kyLfp-klh kb eL$ dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
L$lp Ald]$ _ Afihpf rhgpe[ ]ML$f D_L$p,
el le Auep BgpluL$p, dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
(Ald])
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-33
(5)
ùgp ] kpL$uep kpNf dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p,
L$ ly dy [pL$ d eL$kf dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
ùgp ] hp de Bfap L$ TpBg lp My]u kk,
fly dMdy f b [p dl i f dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
fl _pdp - q_ip _ Ly R> >Tp[p kua[ bpL$u,
fl bpL$u $M Afihf dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
le ]fS Nplf dpA_u hp byT dlf Bap_u,
S>lp d _y f le Of-Of dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
Ahpd D_L$ Bipf k b_ Mpkp_ lL$ eL$]d,
e le dMkyk BL$ Tplf dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
L$fpd[ B_L$u le gpMp Aep Sy>dgp Apgd `f,
b_p_p Ly$bp Npj AL$kf,dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
S>_pb Npj ApTd_ Mbf]u B_L$u Apd]L$u,
_ lp N p L$p B cu ldkf dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
duV$p ]u iuL$L$u Tyd[ L$uep CgpdL$p fpi_,
[fuL$p kbk le bl [ f dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
dy f u] B_L$ dy f p] `y f u L$f ] [ le BL$ ]dd ,
fL$d lp df[bp Ley L$f dy S >] u ] Aa j p_uL$p.
dlu_p-bfkpL$p fp[p L$fp ][ le [e `gd,
le hS>lygp $M Afihf dyS>]u] Aajp_uL$p.
kfpkf kyfi_[ beTp le B_L$p fp[p A l d] ,
[fuL$p ] M ue QgL$f dy S >] u ] Aa j p_u L$p.
(Ald]
(Ald])
337
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-34
338
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
*** [u_[ _u kdS> ***
rkOu ipAfp_p kf[pS ipl A]y$g g[ua rcV$pB_u

kyg[p_yg Apguep\u AL$ dygpL$p[ A_ hp[pgp`
* Ap qL$[pb d_L$u ApM Mpg_p `S> _. 326 _p Qp\p

aL$fp_p hpLedp epN \eg [u_[ _p kb^
ArbepA-qL$fpd `V$ (1)
_buAp (2) fkygp (3) ke]ygArbep\u A_ lTf[ dyS>u]
Aajp_u\u R> . [u_[_u epep L$fhpdp A_ kdS>hpdp Ap`_p AdyL$
AL$u][d]pA ^pMp Mp^p A_ kdS>hp_u DL$Wp_p `]pdp rhfp^
L$f_pfpApA `Z \p` Mpû.
*]fL$ gpB__p Ap^pf [_p L$pX $h
X$ A\p[ kpL$[
uL$-cpjp D`f
R> S> A gpB__u esL[ S> kd iL$ R>. rbAp dpV$ Ap kL$[ kdS>hy
dyL$g lpe R> Sepf AL$ kyau bu kyau kp\ Apd dS>dpdp hp[ L$f R>
epf Ap kpL$[
uL$cpjpdp hp[ L$f R>,S>dL$ geg[yL$ [_p lfu d[gb
A S> \pe L$, L$gpd ifua _pTug \ey [ fp[ `Z [khya_u cpjpdp
geg[yL$ AV$g [ OX$u Sepf kpguL$_p q]g D`f Afihpf Bgplu_u
[Sgu QdL$ A S> fu[ kygLy $_p lfu A\ ehlpf \pe `Z [khya_u
`fucpjpdp kygyL$_p A\ \pe Afihpf Bgplu_u r_L$V$[p p[ L$fhu A
S> fu[ klh_p lfu A\ cyg \pe R> `Z Bs[gpl[ [khyadp klh
AV$g lpiuepfu. [khya_u kpL$[uL$cpjp - Bs[gpl[ [khya dpV$
yAp (1)_alp[yg Dfik (2)Ahpqfayg dApfua (3)LaygdlTyb
[u_[
hN f qL$[pbp . ..[u_[
[u_[_p k b ^ Sepf _buAp , fky g p A_
ke]yArbep\u lphp_y L$pTu k_pDgpl `p_u`[u kplb L$l R> [p Alu
`Z lfu A\OV$_ L$]pù huL$[u_ `p _\u, L$ [u_[ `V$ dL[ybp[
Bdpd fbp_u, Ty[yg dL$pdp[, Bip]y[pgbu_, ThplufdSy >]uepl
hNf qL$[pbpdp DgM R> `Z Ap lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u_p `p[p_p S>
AL$ L$a R>. S>_p DgM Ap` [ eyN_p dlp_ Apfuap\u Lep A_ lL$uL$[
`Z AS> R> L$ L$pdug_p L$a_ L$pdug S> kd iL$ R>.
* [khya_u kpL$[
uL$cpjp_p i]p `V$ AL$ i] [u_[ `Z
R>. OZu hM[ Ap i]_u S>epA Akpg[ _pd_p i]_p hpLe epN
L$fhpdp Aph R>. [u_[ [\p Akpg[ b_ i]p_p A\ aL[ AV$gp S>
\pe R> L$, aTp_ L$dpgp[ bifue[ bL$ lTf[ hp L$dpgyu_
Alkp_(fld[ygpl Agel)`p[p_p N\ fp T [y L$ey d uepl _p
`lgp cpNdp `$ DgM L$fR > dL$pd dlbb
y ue[_p Afie AprgepA
-L$pdgu__ [u_[ _p aT _kub \eg R>.
rk O u ipA f p _ p kf[pS> ipl A]y g g[ua cuV$pB

(fld[ygpl Agel) Sepf ky[p_yg Aprgep lTf[ hp dpld]$
Tdp (fld[ygpl Agel)_u dygpL$p[ dpV$ e R> epf [ b__
u hQ
L$V$guL$ DQ L$pf_u ApepsdL$ QQp \pe R> :cuV$pB kfL$pf :kpdB kaf lep, Lp `fhfu `fi^,
ApD_ Aû D_f, _lu lWp ly L$fi^.
(A\p[ :- dpfp dpN]iL$ Nf]_ Sy>L$phu_ gp-dL$p_u
dykpafuA fhp_p \ep [d_p rh_p dp$ hhy AiLe R>.)
ky[p_ygAprgep :L$u _ Aluep L$u _ Aluep, hluA L$u A L$dpe,
gpOp `p gp L $, gpi kb gl f pe .
(A\p[ :- AL$ SepA Apk_ gNphu_ _au-Abp[(gpBgpl
Bggpl)_y Tu$ L$f,S>_p gp \L$u ]yr_ep_p b^p kb^p_ L$p`.)
cuV$pB kfL$pf :ly Lep S>B_ bky ? L$p_u `pk S>B_ L$V$uk L$ ?
ky[p_ygAprgep :h l h fi eu hV$ [u_ L$gd S> l S> l\ d ,
duV$pA AN ANuey hfu ep guM_,
`_y kp `l_ S>dp ùkZ \B `fuA_ L$.
(A\p[ :- S>Ap_ `pg_lpf `k] L$fu_ Ahu [pL$[ Apù
lpe L$ [pfp cy[L$pm_ cyku_ crheL$pm gMu iL$. A\p[ [pfp Ny_plg_
_L$uApdp `fuh[u[ L$fu iL$. )
_p V $ :- ApS> `Z gylpfuifuadp Ap Ar[lpkuL$ `rh
(_p
S>ep_p Al[fpd `yZ fu[ L$fhpdp Aph R> L$ Sep Ap b_ dlp_ l[uAp
hQ Ar[ DQ ApepsdL$ hp[-Qu[ \B A_ R>hV$ lTf[ kyg[p_yg
ApguepA rcV$pB kfL$pf_ `p[p_p Mrgap [fuL$ r_eyL[ L$ep.)
(lhpgp :- yAp gylpfu gpg A_ ApguepA gylpfuifua)
ùf ke] hTufAgu L$p]fu, _Lib]u-dyS>]u,
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-35
339
Bip]p[ `p_p _.-57
340
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg...

e l [_ d f p Qdp lp h , dy i w]$ h M _ fS lz ,
gy g| ]$ dyY$ gM gM Qdp, luLL$ Mpgp luL$ L$S lz,
B[_ep X$uW$ep kbf _ Aph, lpf L$u[ hg cS lz,
dy i w]$ ]$p q]$]$pf l bplz , gM L$fp X $p lS ly .
lTf[ ky[p_ bplz L$p]$fu (fld[ygpl Agel)
(A\OV$_ :- lTf[ ky[p_ bplz [pgub
kp]$uL$_u [gb kp]$uL$ `V$ di
y w]$_p BL$_p dlh fy L$f[p
L$l R> L$, dp$ ApMy ifuf ApM b_u e A_ `R>u
di
y w]$_p ]$i_
L$$ A_ dp$ ifuf gpMp ApM
pd
p afhpe
di
y w]$_p q]$]$pf dpV$ AL$ ApM
Mpg
y AL$ b^
L$$ L$B Ake
hM[ dyiw]$_p ]$i_ L$$R>[p `Z d_ kb _\u Aph[p,
L$pfZL$ dpfp dyiw]$_p q]$]$pf dpfp dpV$ gpMp L$fpX$p lSS>
kdp_ A_ Ny_plp_ dpa L$fph_pf R>)
_ib]uepl ATb L$pagp fp kpgpf A],

L$ bfp_] AT fl ù_lp b lfd L$paugpfp,
AT ]ug kpguL$ fl TbA klyb[ ip,
du bf] hkhkA Mugh[ h au$ Qugpl fp.
-lTf[ dpgp_p du _ib]u
(fld
[ygpl Agel)
(A\p[
: _ib]u ùfp Agpl_u fpldp Qpg[p L$pagp_p
Ab kf]pfp R>.[A
p `p[
p_p [pgubp_ R>`
y u fu[ lfd
(L$yb Bgplu) dp gB e R>. [A
p_
u kplb[dp Ah
y MQ
pZ
lpe
R L$ [ kpguL$_p ]ugdp\u Mugh[(AL$p[hpk)_p epg
A_ Qugp(fuepT[)_u rQ[p_ duV$phu ] R>.)
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A_ l$ug fp, AV$gp dpV$ S> lTf[ Ap]$d (Aglukgpd)_ kS>]$p
L$fhp_p BL$pf L$fu bW$p. Vy$ L$dp, i[p_ dp AL$S> hp[ p L$fu Bbp]$[
epf lTf[ Ap]$d(Aglukgpd)Bbp]$[_u kp\ dpAfa[ `Z
lpkug L$fu [dS> lL$uL$[ `Z A S> R> L$ dpAfa[ rh_p_u Bbp]$[dp [p
iuL$ hNf byfpBAp cmu iL$ R> epf dpAfa[ lpkug \ep `R>u_u
Bbp]$[ iy^ AL$fhp]$(Mpguk [plu]$)_u Bbp]$[ R>. A_ ApS>
L$pfZkf kyauepA L$ufpd dS>Ly$f Ape[_u [akuf `V$ BgpguepAbp]$y _
_ BgpguepA f a z _ NZpey R> [dS> dpAfa[ p \ep `R>u
Bkp__u Bbp]$[dp Bgpk, ApS>Tu A_ A]$b Ap Ze ]$pg[p
AL$u[ \pe R>, S> Bbp]$[_u S>X$ [dS> $l kdp_ R>, A_ Ap fu[ Ap
Ze ]$pg[p AL$W$u \[p [_u Bbp]$[ kp_ ` kylpNp _u S>d A_$
\p_ lpkug L$f R>
Bkp_ S> L$B
lfu L$ bpq[_u Adgp L$f R> [_p Z rlkp R>
(1)Bd (2)Adg A_ (3) Bgpk (Adgdp iy ^[p,
r_:hp\[p)S> `L$u (1) Bd [p qL$[pbp_p hpQ_ \L$u, L$ lfu
Apgudp_p k`L$ hX$ lpkug \B e R> (2)Adg L$ S> Bkp_ `p[ S>
Bd lpkug L$ey R>, [_u D`f My] dl_[ L$fu_ L$fhp_p lpe R> A_
(3)Bgpk AV$g L$ Adgdp r_:hp\[p L$ S> Bd A_ Adg$ù b_
`pkp_u $l kdp_ R>, S>_
p rh_p Adg huL$r[ `pd[p _\u, [dS> [hp
Adg_u L$pB
S> qL$d
[ _\u epf Bgpk kp\ L$fg
p Adg\u [_u qL$d
[
A_ Ahpfp A_L$NZp hû e R>, [dS> [ Adg Agpl_u
bpfNpldp huL$r[ `pd R>. Ap Bgpk_p A\ R> L$pB`Z Adg dp
Agpl_u fTp A_ Myi_y]u dpV$ lpe, S>dp L$pB
L$pf_u ]yehu NfS> L$
gpc-gpgQ _ lpe [p Ap fu[ Bgpk A Adg_u $l R>.Bgpk hNf_p
Adg A dp kde_u S> bfbp]u R>. [p Adg_p Ap u rlkp
AV$g L$ Bgpk lpkug L$fhp dpV$ S> kyauhp]_p [fuL$pAp As[hdp
Apep R>. Ap fu[ [khya_p ]fL$ [fuL$p ifuA[_p Adg_u `qf`|Z[
p
[fa S> gB e R>. dpV$ Ap [fuL$pAp `L$u L$pB
`Z AL$ [fuL$p `f Qpgu_
Bkp_ Bgpk$ù dlp_ ]pg[ lpkug L$fu_ `p[p_p Adg_ L$dprge[
A`Z L$fu iL$ R>, [dS> `p[ `Z L$dprge[ lprkg L$fu g R>.
A_ Ap fu[ kyauhp]_p L$pB `Z [fuL$p `f Qpghy AV$g S>
kyauepA qL$fpd Ly$b My]ph]u_u pu dpV$ _$u L$fgp rhrh^ [fuL$pAp
`L$u L$pB `Z AL$ [fuL$p A`_phhp [dS> [ `V$ _$u L$fgp Tu$-au$,
[dlu]$
d_L$u ApM Mpg..._pd_u Ap $lp_u [guL$ L$ S>_p d|m
gML$ dpfp ùfpdyiu] qL$gpNplu lTf[ ke] hTufAgu ipl kplb
L$p]fu,_ib]u dy]$u(A]pdgplp bL$p[ply) R>. ly epf dS>Ly$f
qL$[pb_y kL$g_ [dS> kdS|>[u L$pe `|Z L$fu QyL$ep [p [ Ap`_u rM]d[
ifuadp ì L$ey S>_ B_ Ap` OZu Myiu_p BTlpf L$ep A_ dS>Ly$f
rL$[pbdp L$V$gpL$ ky^pfp h^pfp L$fhp_y kyQ_ L$ey, S> `L$u qL$[pb_u
`yfhZu $` My]$u k ]yf...My]p k L$fub iujL$ lWm AL$ L$fZ L$u[pb_u
`y[w $` Ddfhp_y L$y L$ S>dp Bdlpg `V$ kygyL$_u L$V$guL$ S>$fu hp[p
Aphu e, L$pfZL$ Aepf kyû Ap`Zu QQp dp BdL$pg `yf[u S>
l[u, lh [_ lpgdp `qfhr[[ L$fhp dpV$ kygyL$ Aggpl_p dpN_ `pf
L$fhp `X$i [p S> Bkp_ My]u(Ald)_ R>pX$u_ My]p_y kpr_e lpkug
L$fu iL$i. dpV$ d Ap`_u kyQ_p dyS>b dS>Ly$f L$u[pb_u `yfhZu $`
Alu lTfp[ hpNp_ _ib]uepl-dy]uepl_p [fuL$p dyS>b kygLy $
Aggpl_u L$V $guL$ S>$fu hp[p fS|> L$fy Ry, S> Ap qL$[pb_u $l kdp_ A_
dye lp] $` R>.
l]uj`pL$dp Apey R> L, d_Afa _akly aL$] Afafbly
(A\p[: S>Z `p[_p _ak(My]u-h)_ Apmep, biL$, [Z `p[p_p
`pg_lpf_ ApmMu gu^p) L$pfZL$ Agpl ApgpA Bkp__p
_akdp S> `p[p_u Tp[_u L$V$gue r_ip_uAp R|>`phgu R>, S>_p `f
rQ [ _-d__ A_ Ap [ qfL$ c d Z(k f Aap k u)\L$u [
AgplApgp_u ApmM AV$g L$ dpAfa[ lpkug L$fu iL$ R>, S>_p
A_yk^
p_ S> Ap Bip] Bgplu R> L$, h au AfiapkL $y d Aagp [yk$_
(A\p[ :- A_ iy [dpfu [dp(Adpfu Ly$]f[)R>, _\u [p ?) [p Ap
fu[ h_u ApmM L$ `p[p_p _ak_u ApmM lpkug L$fhp_p dpN AV$g
S> kygyL$ Aggpl _p dpN L$ S>_p `f Qpgu_ Bkp_ L$dprge[ lpkug
L$fu iL$ R>, A_ `p[p_p `pg_lpf_ ApmMu iL$ R>. [dS> Bkp__u
`]pBi_p l[y `Z A S> R> L$, [ `p[p_p `pg_lpf_u dpAfa[ lpkug
L$fu g. Ly$Ap _`pL$dp S> Bip] My]ph]u R> L$, hdp MgL$[y fi_ hBfik
Bgp guepAbp]y_ (A\p[ :- d _\u `]$p L$ep _p[p A_ Bkp_p_
`f[y a[ dpfu Bbp]$[ dpV$) lh khpg A \pe R> L$ b]$Nu [p i[p_
`Z L$fu R>[p [_p _pd `f gp_[p dgpd[ ip dpV$? [p [_y L$pfZ A S>
R> L$, i[p_ Bbp]$[[p p L$fu `f[y dpAfa[_p flep\u [ _phpL$ua
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-1
343
344
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
dyfpqL$bp, dyl]pAp A_ Dkygp `f L$pB L$pdug A_ dyL$dug, _yfp_u

A_ _yfbi ùfpdyiw]_u [hl A_ dpN]i_ _uQ Adg L$fhp
R>, _lu L$ dp qL$[pbpdp\u hpQu_, L$pfZL$ dS>Ly$f L$fZdp ]MpX$gp
Tu$ au$_p [fuL$p_ hdm A`_phhp\u _yL$ip__p `yf`yfp kch R>.
[p Ap fu[ Adg_p u rlkp_u `fu`|Z[p AV$g L$
Bgpk$ù ]pg[ lpkug L$fhp_p dpN_ S> My]p_p f[p `f Qpghy
A\p[ kygyLAgpl$ `pf L$fhp_p [fuL$p L$l R>, [dS> [_ rhgpe[_u
pr[_p dpN `Z L$l R>, L$pfZL$ rhgpe[_p kb^ `Z Bgpk_u
p[u kp\ S> R>, _lu L$ L$ap-L$fpd[_u pr[ kp\. qL$[pbdAepfykygLy $ ]paDg Alpd hipL$y L$dp lTf[ lp rl]pe[ygplipl
kplb _ib]u dyS>]u (fld[ygpl Agel)afdph R> L$, kyraAp_u
`qfcpjpdp rhgpe[_p lL$uL$u A\ Ap dpZ R> :L$p B `Z [_p ce rh_p L$ gpgQ rh_p dp
Agpl_u fTp dpV$ Agpl_u ep]dp q]g Ahy dS>b|[ \B e
A_ `pL$ Tp[_u dplb[ [fa ]$ug_p gNph Ahp dS>by[ \B
e L$ fpl[dp [dS> [L$guadp L$pB`Z lpg[dp Adp Nag[ _
\pe.
lTf[ L$pTu k_pDgpl `p_u`[u(fld[ygpl Agel) adph
R> L$, [fuL$[_u [gb L$fhu A_ bpq[_u L$dpgp[p lpkug L$fhp dpV$
L$pi
ujp L$fhu hpb R>, L$pfZ L$ AgplApgp Ly$Ap _ `pL$dp afdph R>
L$, ep AeplgTu_p Apd_y[Ly$gpl l$ [pL$p[lu. (A\p[ :- l
Bdp_hpmpAp, `flT L$fp Agpl_u _pdfTuep[(d_pB L$fgu)
bpb[p\u `flTNpfu_p L$dpg kp\)
dS>Ly$f Apep[`pL$dp AgplApgpA `p[p_u _pdfTuep[
AV$g L$ d_pB L$fgu bpb[p\u `flT L$fhp_p Ap]i Apep R>. `f[y
kp\ AL$ i[ `Z fpMgu R> L$ Ap `flT `flTNpfu_p L$dpg kp\ L$fp
A_ Ap `flTNpfu_p L$dpg `Z Bgpk_u ]pg[ hX$ S> lpkug \pe
R>, AV$g L$ `flT L$fhp `pR>m `Z AgplApgp_u My_y]$u S> lpkug
L$fhp_p l[y lphp BA _lu L$ L$pB
`Z L$pf_p ]yehu X$f L$ ce L$ gpc
A\hp gpgQ, Ap\u kpbu[ \ey L$ Bgpk_u pu AS> `flTNpfu_p
L$dpg R> [dS> A S> kygLy $Ag
gpl_p [dS> rhgpe[ pr[_p dpN `Z
R>. [dS> A hp[ `Z kpbu[ \B L$ [L$hp_p L$dpg rhgpe[_u pr[
hNf lpkug \B iL$[p _\u. [p Ap fu[ dS>Ly$f Apep[`pL$_p Bip]
345
dyS>b rhgpe[ lpkug L$fhu hpb R>. AV$g L$ L$pB L$pdug-dyL$dug

ùfp dyiw]$_u flbfu _uQ kygyL$Aggpl _p dpN [e L$fhp hpb R>.
lk], L$u_p-L$`V$, OdX$, qfep, ]c, AlL$pf, gpc, gpgQ
[dS> Ap rkhpe_u A_L$ _uQhr[Ap_y lfpd lphy Ly$Ap_`pL$ [dS>
Alp]uj`pL hX$ [dS Apgudp_p khp_yd[ kpbu[ R ; Sep kyû Ap
L$pf_u _uQ A_ A^dhr[Ap ]yf_ \pe ep kyû [L$hp_p L$dpg L$hu
fu[ lpkug \pe ? Bkp__p _akdp\u Ap L$pf_u A^dhr[Ap ]yf
L$fhp dpV$ [Z a_pA _ak lpkug L$fhy [dS> Ny_plp_ R>pX$hp S>$fu R>,
S> ]ug_u kapB hNf iL$e _\u, A_ [_ S> kyauhp]_u cpjpdp
[auepA L$b L$lh
pdp Aph R>. l]uj ifuadp Apey R> L$, Bkp__p
b]_dp Np[_p AL$ Vy$L$X$p R>, [ kpgl(_L$)R> [p [dpd b]_ kpgl
R> A_ [ Mfpb R>, [p [dpd b]_ Mfpb R> A_ [ ]$ug R>.
D`fp[ QQp\u kpbu[ \ey L$ [auepAL$b (]$ug_u
hR>[p)A_ [TL$uepA _ak (_k_u `rh[p)Ap ky g y L $
Aggpl_p dpN_ `pf L$fhp\u S> lpkug \B iL$ R> [dS> [_p hX$ S>
`flTNpfu_p L$dpg lpkug \pe R>. Ap kygLy $Ag
gpl_p dpN_p Bd_p
kb^
Bd bpr[_ kp\ R>, L S> ku_p-b-ku_p lpkug \pe R>. S> Aprgdp
`pk Bd luf_u kp\ Ap L$pf_y Bdbpr[_ _ lpe [ Mygyk
(Bgpk)\u [_ Mpgu lpe R>, dpV$ S> lTf[ ipl hgueygpl dpluj
]lhu(fld[ygpl Agel) adpey L$, Aprgd MyL$_u kplb[\u
]|f cpNp. Alu Aprgd MyL$\u dyfp] [ Aprgdp R>, L$ S>Ap Bd
bpr[_\u Mpgu R>, Ap A_yk^
p_ S lTf[ L$pTu k_pDgpl `p_u`r[
(fld[ygpl Agel)A adpey R> L$, (1) Bd bpr[_ aT R>. (2)
[gb [fuL$[ hpb R> A_ (3) beA[ \hy ky_[ R>.
lh, Alu ly My]u \u ]yf...My]p\u L$fub \hp_p [fuL$p AV$g
kygyL$Aggpl `pf L$fhp_u fu[ gMu fp Ry>, S> Adpfp Mp_]p_
Apguip_ _ib]uepl-dyS>]uepl_p [fuL$p dyS>b R>. A_ [_y
L$pfZ A R> Ap Mp_]p__p Tu$-au$ [pqgb dpV$ Ae Mp_]p__p
[fuL$pAp_p dyL$pbgpdp M|b S> kfm A_ S>]u My]p kyû `lpQ
pX$_pfp
R>. _ib]u [fuL$p kfm lphp_p OZp L$pfZp R>, [ `L$u Ap [fuL$p_p
AL$pbuf byTN
y p_p L$V $gpL$ Ah[fZp fS|> L$fu fp Ry>.
Bdpdy [fuL$p lTf[ hp blpDu_ipl _Lib ]
(f]$uegplp Apgp Alp) adph R> L$, b^p S> [fuL$pAp dybpfL$ A_
346
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
_yfp_u R> [dS> Agpl kyû `lpQpX$ R>, `f[y AgplApgpA d_ S>
[fuL$p B_pe[ afdpep R>(_ib]u [fuL$p) [dp OZu S Apkp_u R>
A_ [_p hX$ Agpl kyû S>]u `lpQpe R>.
Ap`_p Ap afdp_ `pR>m c]$ A R> L$ Ap [fuL$pdp (_ib]$u
[fuL$pdp)Tu$ L$bu R> A_ Tu$ L$budp S>TbA fbp_u Ry>`pegp R>,
S>_p hX$ Bgplu ApL$jZ [dS> gN_ `]$p \pe R>, S> [pgub_ S>]u
[dS> kfm[p`|hL $ hg_u ]pg[ lpkug L$fphu ] R>; L$pfZL$ [dp e_p
L$ dl_[ L$fhu `X$[u _\u `f[y S>TbpA fbp_u S> [_ d[gyb
(AgplApgp) kyû MQu_ `lpQpX$u ] R>, epf Ae [fuL$pApdp
\d Tu$rgkp_u(S>bp_u Tu$)R>, S>_u A]$f kygyL$ R> A_ kygyL$_p
kb^ h e_p kp\ R> A_ [_ `pf L$fhp dpV$ dl_[p di$[ L$fhu
`X$ R>. [dS> OZuS> fuepT[p A_ dyl]$pAp L$fhp `X$ R> A_ Tu$_u
Tbp gNphhu `X$ R> epf `R>u [pgub_ hg_u ]$pg[ lpkug \pe R>.
[p Ap fu[ Ap b_ dpNp hQ AV$g L$ S>Tbp A_ kygyL$_p dpN hQ
L$V$gy rhipm A[f R> ? [_u D`f tQ[_-d__ L$fhp\u Ap [fuL$p_u
kfm[p `$ \B S>i.
Ap S> A_yk^p_ lTf[ hpTp blpDu_ipl _ib]
(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)A AL$ Ae S>epA adpey R> L$,
dpdyfp]pBd, dpaTrgepBd (A\p[:-Ad d[gybpdp\u R>uA, Ad
aTghpmpApdp\u R>uA.)
lL$_p [gbNpfpdp AL$ dyfp] R> A_ bu dyfu] R>. dyfp] A R>
L$ S>_ AgplApgp `p[p_u [fa MQ R> AV$gL$ Bgplu ApL$jZ_p
dpN \L$u Qpg R> epf dyfu] A gpL$p R L$ S>Ap `p[p_p e_p [\p
dl_[ hX Agpl [fa Spe R>.
lTf[ hp blpDu_ipl _ib](f]uegplp Alp)_p
D`fp[ bu adp_\u kpbu[ \pe R> L$ Ap [fuL$p_p(_ib]$u
[fuL$p_p) ]fL$ [pgubp dyfp]$p `L$u A_ aTghpmpAp `L$u R>, dpV$ S> Ap
[fuL$p dyfu]p A_ [pgubp dpV$ Apkp_ R>.
[]y`fp[ Ap [fuL$p [pgubp dpV$ kfm lphp_p L$pfZ S> lTf[
Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp Alp) A
`p[p_p MguapAp_ OZu S>epA gMu S>Zphgy R> L$,
L$pB
[pgub lL$([dpfu `pk Aphu_ _ib]u rkhpe bu
L$pB)dybpfL$ [fuL$pdp beA[ \hp BR [p apq[lp hX$ Bkpg khpb
347
L$ep `R>u ([ [pgub S> [fuL$pdp beA[ \hp Qpl R>) [ S> ([fuL$p_p)
byTN
y p_
p hkugp\u [d `p[p_p dpV$ A_ [pgub_p dpV$ AgplApgp_u
S>_pbdp kam[p dpV$ ]yAp dpNp (A_ `R>u [pgub_u dpN dyS>b) A
S> rkgrkgpdp [_ beA[ L$fp, `f[y [_ Tu$ [p _ib]u [fuL$p_p S>
iuMhp L$pfZL$ A Apkp_ R> A_ Agpl kyû S>]u `lpQ R>.
[]y$`fp[ Ap [fuLp Apkp_ lphp_p bu b L$pfZp `Z ]$Mpe
R>. (1) bu dybpfL$ [fuL$pApdp Tu$ L$bu R>hV$ b[phhpdp Aph R>,
`f[y _ib]u [fuL$pdp Tu$ L$bu\u S> i$Ap[ \pe R>. A_ (2) bu
[fuL$pApdp aT dmhhp dpV$ dpV$pcpN Adp A_ rkap[ Bgplu S>d L$
ep fludp...ep L$fudp hNf_
p Tu$\u [pgub _ aTepb L$ep `R>u Agpl
Apgp_u Tp[ [fa(BdTp[) dyMp[ub L$fhpdp Aph R> `f[y _ib]$u
[fuL$pdp ku^pS> BdTp[(Agpl) _p Tu$ b[phhpdp Aph R> A_
[_p \L$u [pgub_u rld[_ Tp[bl[ AV$g L$ AgplApgp_u Tp[
[fa dyMp[ub L$fhpdp Aph R>. dpV$ Bdpdy[fuL$p lTf[ hpTp dpld
]$
_ib]$ (Ly$kuflz) adph R> L$,
Ahg dp AprMf dy fi [lu,
AprMf dp S>b [dfi_p [lu.
(A\p[ :- buAp_p ep A[ R> ep\u Adpfu i$Ap[ R>
A_ Adpfp A[ [p ApfTyAp_p ]pd__ Mpgu L$fu ] R>)
lh Alu lz L$u[pb Ap]pb kpguL
kpguL$ L$ S> Adpfp Apgp lTf[,
L$pdug-dyL$dug Aprgep, Ty]$[ydL$pdp[, Agpdp, lTf[ dpgp_p
dy[u dpld]$ dD]ipl kplb ]lhu _ib]u dy]u(fld[ygpl
Agel)A gMu R> [dS> S>dp Tdudpl AV$g L$ kygyL$Aggpl_p
[fuL$p_p Ddfp L$fu_ [Ap_p ANkf Mguap lTf[ dpgp_p AlpS>
ke] dpld] $_yu_ipl Ahfu kplb(fld[ygpl Agel)A
lu.k.1350dp afuhpf R>`phu epfbp] [Ap_p Mguap A_ dpfp
ùfpdi
y u]_p ]$p]$pùf dlbb
y kd] lTf[ kyau AgpL$ Ald] kplb
_ib]u-dy]u fpd`yfu kyd Ald]$pbp]u(fld[ygpl Agel)A
NyS>fp[_p dyfu]p dpV$ [iful L$fu_ kpfu fu[ kdS>dp Aph A dpV$
D]ydp\u NyS>fp[u rgrèp[f L$fu_ lu.k.1377dp afu R>`phu, S>dp\u
ly Alu dS>Ly$f qL$[pb_p Tdudpl AV$g L$ kygLy $ Aggpl_u S>$fu hp[p_
\pX$pL ky^pfp-h^pfp kp\ iy^ NyS>fp[u cpjpdp fS|> L$fu fp Ry>.
348
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

A_ ldpATy[
[(bL$p)_u kdep_p DL$g `Z Ap ]pBfpl_u A]f S>
Ry>`pegp R>. S> fu[ h[ym_u fQ_p Ap`pAp` `p[p_u dm \[u _\u,
`f[y derb]y hX$ \pe R>, R>[p debv]y$ A_ h[ym b__y As[h
AgN AgN R>. b__p L$epfe dmp` \B iL$[p _\u, [dS> _ [p b_
AL$budp cmu S>B_ AL$pL$pf \B iL$ R>. A S> fu[ Agpl ApgpA
dgyL$_ `]p L$fu R>. [p `R>u dgyL$ Agpl Apgpdp AL$pL$pf L$ [_u
A_ L$hu fu[ b_u iL$? Ap fu[ ]pBfpl AV$g L$ h[ym_u kop hX$
kyraepA L$u$fpd kyLy $fp-d[u_u lpg[dp L$lg
p L$V $gpL$ L$gpdp(hpep)_y
kpfufu[ A\OV$_ \B e R>.
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)_p kip^_ A_ykpf Ap ]pBfpA BL$p__p kb^ Bkp_dp
Ry`pegp ]k g[uapAp kp\ R> S> `L$u `pQ g[uapAp (1)dpV$u (2)`pZu
(3)lhp (4)Ar A_ (5) _ak. A Apgd ML$_p AV$g L$ cp[uL$
S>N[ kp\ kL$mpegp R>. epf Ap `pQ g[uapAp (1) L$b(2) $l
(3) rkf (4) Mau A_ (5) Bap.A Apgd Ad_p AV$gL $ ApepsdL$
L$ $lp_u S>N[ kp\ kL$mpegp R> Ap ]$ke g[uapAp_ Apgd BL$p_
L$l R>, S>_p ]$pBfpl Ap dyS>b R>.
* My]p_p f[p `f Qpghy AV$g L$

kygLy $ `pf L$fhp_p [fuL$p
_ld]ply h _ykgu Agp fkygluL$fud
epfbp] Zhy L$ Agpl ApgpA `p[p_u L$pdug A_ dlp_
Ly$]f[ hX$ b L$pf_p S>N[(]y$_uep)`]p adpep R> (1)AL$_y _pd R>
Apgd ML
ML$ (cp [ uL$ S>N[) A_ (2)bu_y _pd Apgd
Ad(ApepsdL$ S>N[) Ly$Ap_ d]dp [_y hZ_ A fu[ R> L$,
Mbf]pf \B h, [_p(My]p)dpV$ ML$p-Ad R>. bfL$[hpmp R
Agpl S> kdN kr$Ap_p `pg_lpf R>.
lh Ap (1) Apgd ML$ (cpq[L S>N[)S>du_$ù `p\fZp\u
Ai kyû agpegy R>, [dS> [ Qlfp-lpfpAp, fN-$` A_ ApLr[Ap
[dS> ipfufL$ Y$pQpAp ^fph R> A_ [_u D`r[ AgplApgpA ûd
ûd $di: A_ ApNm `pR>m L$fu R>, epf (2)Apgd Ad ($lp_u
S>N[, ApepsdL$ S>N[)L$ S> Ai_u D`f R>, [ Qlfp-lpfp, fN-$`
A_ [dpd L$pf_u ApL$r[Ap\u `pL$ R> Ap S>N[ AgplApgpA Ly$_
adpey A_ AL$ukp\ S> `]p \B Ney (Ly$_ aeLy$_) Ap b_ L$pf_p
Apgdp_ kyauhp]$_u cpjpdp Apgd BL$p_ L$lhpdp Aph R> L$pfZ L$
[ dydL$u_p[ `L$u R>, epf dp AL$ Agpl Apgp_u Tp[ S>
hprS>byhSy>] R>. [dS> Apgd BL$p__p bu A\ A R> L$ [ `lgp
Aq[h ^fph[y _ lp[,y `f[y Agpl Apgp_p lyL$d\u lf \ey, Ap
hp[_u kdS|>[u `V$ [_p ]$pBfpl AV$g L$ h[ym ]iphhpdp Aph R>, S>_
]$pBfpA BL$p_ L$lhpdp Aph R>. kpguL$ epf Ap ]pBfpA BL$p__
`pf L$fu g R> epf [ L$yb lL$_p hipf `f `lpQ R>.
* ]pBfpA Apgd BL$p_
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp
Alp)A ]fL$ dL$pd_p AL$ ]pBfpl _$u L$ep R> S> `L$u Ap ]pBfpA
BL$p_ A kh\d ]pBfpl R> L$ S>_ `pf L$fu_ kpguL$ rhgpe[_p
dL$pddp hi L$f R>. ]$fL $ dL$pd dpV$ ]$pBfpl AV$g L$ h[ym
_$u L$fhp_y
L$pfZ A R> L$ S>hu fu[ ]$pBfpl(h[ym)_p L$pB `lgy, L$pB MyZp ]uip L$
A[ _\u A S> fu[ L$b
y Bgplu_u pr[dp kpguL$_u L$pB
r]ip L$ l] _\u
A_ buSy> (2)L$pfZ A R> L$ kyraepA qL$fpd_p b dL$pdp ldpD[
ldpD[(a_p)
349
Bap
Mau
kuf
$l
L$b
A pg
d
M
L$
fpA Apgd BL$p_

]pe
_k
lhp
`pZu
ApN
dpV$u
Alu Apgd Ad_p ]fL$ g[uapAp_u S>X$ AV$g L$ Akg Ai_u

D`f R> epf Apgd ML$_p ]fL$ g[uapAp S>X$ AV$g L$ Akg Ai_u
_uQ R>.
lTf[ Bkp_ AV$g L$ Ap]du L$ S> kp\u R>g D`_ \egu
dgyL$ R> AV$g L$ [dpd kr$Ap_u `]pBi `R>u `]$p \egp R>, [_y
hSy>]$ b_ Apgdp(Apgd ML$ A_ Apgd Ad)_p Aip hX$ b_gy R>.
Ap]du_y lfu b]_ Apgd ML$_p `pQ g[uapAp AV$g L$ dpV$u,
350
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`pZu, lhp, ApN A_ _ak (`Qdlpcy[)\u b_gy R>, S>_ `Qdlpcy[
L$ cpq[L$ [hp `Z L$lh
pdp Aph R>, epf [_p b]__p Ap[qfL$ rlkp
L$ kydifuf Apgd Ad_p `pQ g[uapAp AV$g L$ L$b, $l, rkf, Mau
A_ Bap hX$ b_gy R>. Ap fu[ Ap]du_y Ly$g hSy>] Apgd ML$ A_
Apgd Ad_p Aip hX$ As[hdp Apey R>, S>_ lTf[ Bkp_ L$lh
pdp
Aph R>. g[uapAp Ahu _pSy>L$ QuT R> L$ S>_ _fu ApM B L$ kd
iL$p[p _\u, S>hu fu[ lhp $l hNf g[ua(_pTyL$)Qu B iL$p[u
_\u. Agpl ApgpA Ap L$pf_u MybuAp Bkp__ A`Z L$fu_
[_u ip_dp Qpf L$kdp MpB_ afdpey L$, Ad Bkp__ khW
iL$gp-kyf[ `f `]p L$ep, [ Mfpb L$pep_ R>pX$u_ kpfp A_ kpfp S>
L$pep L$f R> [p aqf[pAp\u `Z D`f _uL$mu Spe R> A_ A_ Mfpb
D`f Mfpb L$pep L$f R>,[p r__ L$npA S>B `lpQ R> A_ i[p_ `Z
[_p\u cpN R>. kpfp _L$ L$pep L$fhp\u S>_[dp [dS> My]p kyû `lpQ

R>, byfp(Mfpb)L$pep \L$u ]$pTMdp Spe R>.
_p^ :- Apgd Ad_p AL$ g[uap Apgd ML$_p AL$ g[uap
(_p
kp\ kL$mpegp R> L L$b kp\ _ak, $l kp\ lhp, rkf kp\ `p_u,
Mau kp\ ApN A_ Bap kp\ dpV$u_y [h kL$mpegy R>, [p epf ùf
L$pdug `p[p_u is[ipmu [hl A_ Apdbm hX$ [pgub_p
Apgd Ad_p AL$-AL$ g[uap_ Mp_]p_ _ib]uepl_p kygyL$ dyS>b
`pf L$fph R>, [p kp\ kp\ Apgd ML$_p g[uapAp [dp Ap` dm S>
`pf \B e R>, S> Ap [fuL$p_u(_ib]$u [fuL$p_u) kfm[p A_ Mybu
R>. [dS> dpN AL$]d Vy$L $p b_u e R>, dpV$ S Ap [fuL$p ApS>_p Ap^yr_L$
eyN_p Akk lpBh kdp_ R>.)
Bkp__p ifufdp ku_p_u A]f Ap Apgd Ad_p `pQ
g[uapAp AL$ r_q[ \p_ Aphgp R>. ]fL$ g[uap_p Ahpfp_p fN
AgN-AgN R>, [dS> ]fL$ g[uap L$pB
AL$ èNbf(Aglukgpd)
_p dybpfL$ L$]d _uQ Aphgp R> dpV$ ]fL$_u rhgpe[ AgN-AgN
Mprke[p A_ MybuAp ^fph R. Alu L$]d _uQ lphp_p A\ A S> R> L$
A g[uap_u rhgpe[ [ S> _bu_p `rh L$]d _uQ R>, [_u Mybu ^fph
R>. lh Ap ]$fL$ g[uap_p \p_p, [_p Ahpfp_p fNp, [dS> [ L$ep
_bu(Agelukgpd)_p `rh L$]d _uQ R> [_u rhN[p [dS> _ip
Ap dyS>b R>.
351
d_L$u ApM Mpg

g[uap_p \p_p, Afihpfp_p
fNp hNf_
u rhN[p [dS> [_p _ip
*(1) g[uapA L$b :- Ap g[uap_p Ahpfp_p fN ùmp
(T]) R>, [_y \p_ ku_pdp X$pbu bpSy>A ù[p_\u b ApNm _uQ
`pkmu `pk R> A_ Ap g[uap lTf[ Ap]d (Agelukgpd)_p L$]d
dybpfL$ _uQ R>, Ap g[uap kp\ Apgd ML$_p g[uapA _ak cpq[L$
[h$` kL$mpegp R>.
(2) g[uapA $l :- Ap g[uap_p Ahpfp_p fN gpg R>.
*(2)
[_y \p_ R>p[udp S>dZu bpSy> ù[p_\u b ApNm _uQ R> A_ Ap
g[uap lTf[ Bbplud(Agelukgpd)_p L$]d _uQ R>. Ap g[uap
kp\ Apgd ML$_y lhp_y cpq[L [h kL$mpegy R>.
(3) g[uapA rkf :- Ap g[uap_p Ahpfp kyfS>_u S>d
*(3)
Tmlm[p ka] fN_p R> [_y \p_ R>p[udp X$pbubpSy> ù[p_\u D`f
b ApNm R A_ Ap g[uap lTf[ dykp(Agelukgpd)_p L$]d
dybpfL$ _uQ R>. Ap g[uap kp\ `pZu_y cp[uL$ [h kL$mpegy R>.
(4) g[uapA Mau :- Ap g[uap_p Aphpfp_p fN L$pmp
*(4)
R>. [_y \p_ S>dZubpSy> R>p[udp ù[p_\u b ApNm D`f R>. Ap
g[uap lTf[ Bkp(Agelukgpd)_p L$]d dybpfL$ _uQ R>. [_u kp\
Apgd ML$_y ApN_y [h kL$mpegy R>.
(5) g[uapA Bap :- Ap g[uap_p Ahpfp kT AV$g L$
*(5)
gugp fN_p R>. Ap g[uap_y \p_ R>p[udp bfpbf hQ D`f_u [fa
Aphgy R>. Ap g[uap lyTyf _buA`pL$ dpld]yfkygygpl kggplp
Agel hkgd_p L$]d dybpfL$ _uQ Aphgp R>. A_ Ap g[uap kp\
Apgd ML$_y dpV$u_y [h kL $mpegy R>. Ap fu[ dpV$u_y [h khp`fu[p
gB Ney.
Ap rkhpe, Bkp__p ifufdp b Ae g[uapAp
(1)g[uapA L$pgbuep ::- L$ S>dp `yfy ifuf AL$ g[uap $` R> A_
(2)g[uapA _akp d_ :- L$ S>_y \p_ AdyL$ kyraepA qL$fpd_u _S>]uL$
ìp_udp R>, AdyL$_u _S>]uL$ Xy$V $u_u _uQ R>. Ap g[uap Apgd ML$_p
Qpfe cpq[L$ [hp dpV$u,`pZu,ApN A_ lhp_p r_QpX$ R>, [_p
Ahpfp fNrhlu_ L$ Qp]_u S>hp cyMfp fN_p R>. Apd Ap fu[ Bkp__p
ddp Ly$g kp[ g[uapAp R> S>_ g[uapA kul `Z L$l R>.
lh Ap ]fL$ g[uapAp_p \p_p hNf ]iph[p _L$ip Ap dyS>b
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-10
354
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

Apd [p AgplApgp kyû `lpQ
hp_p A_L$ dpNp R>, dpV$ S>
lTf[ hp _ib](Ly$kufl)y A adpey L$, S>V$gp _ak R> AV$gp
S> Agpl_ dmhhp_p dpNp R>. `f[y luf [dS> bp[u__ dy_hf
A_ _yfp_u L$fhp [\p [_u ky^pfZp dpV$ Z [fuL$pAp Adpfp
byTN
y p(_ib]u byTN
y pA) Agpl Apgp_p aTgp L$fd A_ Blpdp
\L$u L$pY$ep R>, (1)fpb[pl-A-ùf (2) Tu$ L$bu(]ug_p Tu)$ A_
(3)dyfpL$ubpl Apep[ Ly$Ap _u_p. L$pB
[pgub_ Ap Ze dpNp AL$u
kp\ p[ \B e [p _y$_ Agp _yf R>, _lu [p Ap Ze `L$u AL$_
dS>b|[u\u `L$X$u gi [p biL$ My]p kyû BipAgpl S>$f `lpQu
S>i. lh ]fL$_p $di: Mygpkp Ap dyS>b R>. (1)fpb[pl-A iM
(ùf)_p kpdpe A\ [p k`L$ mhhp L$ kb^ R>, `f[y kyauhp]_u
`qfcpjpdp fpb[pl AV$g ùf kp\ $lp_u k`L$ L$mhhp_u Mpk
`^[u [dS> bu A\dp fpb[pl [_ L$lhpdp Aph R> L$ ùf_u
dplb[_ Ae[ [pTud A_ lb[ [\p Mpa_u kp\ q]gdp A fu[
\p_ Ap` L$ L$pB bu L$pdug A_ eyN_p ùf_u dplb[ [dS>
dpV$pB_u q]g_u A]f bugLy$g NyBi L$ S>ep _ fl [dS> [Ap_u
kyf[_u rlapT[([khyf)[Ap_u kpd A_ [Ap\u AgN[p_u
s\[udp AV$gu l] lpe L$ bMy]u A_ bMbfu_u lpg[dp My]p_p lyTyf
[_u D`f Mygu e. Ap A Myb S> dlp_ S>X$ A_ Akg R> L$ S>_u D`f
[dpd dl_[p_p Ap^pf R> A_ [_p hX$ S> rl]$pe[ dmhhu i[ \B
NB. Dh[yhyL$p lTf[ hp dpld] dpkyd kflu]u(f]uegplp
Apgp Alp)fpb[pl kb^ afdph R> L$, qT$ b fpb[pl dyrkg
_[ h fpb[pl b qT$ Agbpl dyrkg A[. (A\p[:- Tu$
fpb[pl rh_p Agpl kyû `lpQ
pX$[p _\u, `f[y fpb[pl Tu$ rh_p S>
Agpl kyû `lpQpX$u ] R>.) lTf[ ipl A]ygATuT dpluj ]
S>dugdp adph
lhu(fld[ygpl Agel) `p[p_u qL$[pb il L$hgyS>dugdp
R> L$,
aL$uf_u _S>]uL$ bu [dpd dpNp L$f[p fpb[pl- A-iM
khW R>.
[dS> lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u (f]uegplp
Apgp Alp)A `Z fpb[pl-A-iM rhi adpey R> L$,
[L$gya A_ b_phV$ rh_p dyfu]_ ùf_p fpb[pl p[
\B e [p ([)ùf [\p dyfu]_u hQ dy_pkub[ L$pdug lphp_u
R> :Mp_]p_ dy]uepl_p kygyL$ L$pB`Z Mp_]p_dp ]$pMg L$

dyfu] lpe(L$pfZ L$ Mp_]p_ dy]uepl _h Mp_]$p__p aT ^fph
R>.) `f[y [ _ib]$uep [fuL$p `f S> i$ \pe R> A_ q_b[ [dS> _yf
]fL$ Mp_]p__y L$, S>dp [ ]$pMg \egp R>, [_p ku_pdp BL$p L$fu ]hpdp
Aph R> (KX$gu ]hpdp Aph R>.) Ap dlp_ _ib]uepl Mp_]p_
rkhpe Ae Mp_]p_pdp kygyL$Aggpl_u i$Ap[ g[uapA _akh-d_ \u \pe R>, S>_p dpV$ [pgub ipfufuL$ dl_[p L$fhu `X$ R>, epf
My]p kyû `lpQ R>, epf Mp_]p_ _ib]uepldp kygyL$Aggpl
L$b AV$g L$ ]ug\u i$ \pe R>; AV$gp dpV$ Ae Mp_]p_pdp Ap kaf
OZu S> gpbu A_ L$$]peL$ \B NB R>. ep kyû dyfu] rQgpL$iu,
fpTp, Tu$-au$, L$dp_u Tbp A_ k[ dyl]pAp _\u L$f[p, ep
kyû Apgd Ad_p g[uapAp_p fNp [_u `f lf \[p _\u, epf
Mp_]p_ _ib]uepldp Alu OZu S> kfm[p R>, A_ klgpB\u
g[uap_p fNp lf \pe R>, S> [ g[uap_ `pf L$ [e L$ep_u r_ip_u R>.
Ap dlp_ rkgrkgpA _L$ib ] uepl_u kef($lp_u
kaf)Apgd Ad\u i$ \[u lphp_p L$pfZ [dp OZu S> kfm[p \B
NB R>, A_ Ly$b My]$ph]$u_p dpN OZp S> _uL$V$_p \B Nep R>. Apgd
ML$_u kef bu Mp_]p_pdp hjp kyû \pe R> [ Ap Mp_]p_dp
(_ib]u Mp_]p_dp)Apgd Ad_u kef kp\ S> S>]u `pf \B e
R>. rkgrkgpA _ib]uepldp kh\d [p ifuA[ A_ ky_[_u
`pb]u bly S> R>, S> Agpl A_ [_p fkyg_p ]MpX$gp f[p R> [dS>
]fL$ L$pedp ded dpN $` R>. _ak A_ [_u hpluip[p_ dpfhp dpV$
A_ [_u ky^pfZp dpV$ ifuA[A_ ky_[\u hû_ L$pB
dyl]$p _\u.
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyu] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp Alp)A
Ap A_yk^p_ S> adpey R> L$, L$p B [pgub_ Adpf ep
Bdbp[u_dp lukp _ dm [p [Z b]q]$g _ \hy BA,
L$pfZL$ Akg dL$k] brnk R> A_ brnk_p Ap^pf ky_[_u
BbpA `f R> A_ ky_[_u BbpA Adpf ep afep[ R>.
Ap\u Ap fu[ `p[p_p Tpluf_ ifuA[ `f fpMhy [fuL$[ [dS>
dyfu]u dpV$ Mpk S>X$$` [dS> A[N[ rlkp$` fpMhpdp Aphg R>.
Ae gpL$p Ap hp[_u ApS>L$pg ]fL$pf _\u L$f[p dpV$ S> _pdyL$dug flu
e R>.
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-11
355
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-12
356
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

L$, Ly$_y dAkp]L$u_ AV$g L$ kpQp gpL$p_p(AhguepAp_p)kNp\
L$fp [p ldip_p kp\ [khyf hX S> \B iL$ R>.
lTf[ Bdpd fbp_u dyS>u] Aajp_u(f]uegplp Apgp
p ùf_p [khyf flhp Ap ]pg[
Alp)adph R> L$, fpb[pl A_ ldi
]$fL$ dyfu]_ dmu iL$[u _\u, `f[y dyfu] fiu] _ S> dmu iL$ R>.
Ap`\u khpg L$fhpdp Apep L$, _dpTdp ùf_p [khyf \B e [p
L$h
?y adpey, S> fu[ Bbp][dp L$pbpifua Agpl_u _S>]uL$_p hkugp
R> A S> fu[ Agpl_y kp_ue(Ly$b)lpkug L$fhp_p hkugp ùf R>,
Bbp][dp _ [p dL$ky](l[y)L$pbp ifua R>, _ [p dsS>]$_u dlfpb L$
q]hpf R> L$ S>_u [fa kS>]p L$fhpdp Aphu fp R>. Akg (ee)A_
dL$ky] A_ dpAby][p AgplApgp_u Tp[ R> A S> fu[ ùf dL$ky]
_\u, `f[y [_p hkugp\u dL$k]y My]p R>. A_ fpb[pl_p [fuL$p [dpd
[fuL$pApdp kp\u r_L$V$_p f[p R>. Adpf ep(Adpfp _ib]u
Mp_]p_dp) fpb[pl S> `lpep R> A_ hLy$aL$bu AV$g L$ q]g\u lf
OX$u hpL$ua flh,y lyTfy L$bu A_ dyfpL$ubpl_p [_u A]f S> kdphi \B
e R>, AV$g L$ fpb[pl _u A]f S> Ap bû h[y lpkug \B e R>
A_ klpbpA qL$fpd(qf]hp_ygpl Apgp Agelud AS>dB_)_p
kplb[_p [fuL$p dyS>b BA L $pku
$pku(q[bub $`) aeT A_
BskbpNu
BskbpNu(S>hp kN [hp fN)AL$k dyfu]_p q]gdp _pMhp A_
`p[p_p fNdp fNu ]hp R>. (klpbp A L$ufpd(fu]hp_ygpl AS>dB_)_
lyTyf(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u `rh kplb[ hX$ Ap S> fu[
BAL$pku A_ BskbpNu aeT lpkug \[p l[p, S>_ L$pfZ [Ap lyTfy
(kggplp Agel hkgd)_p fNdp fNpB Nep l[p, AV$g L$ Ap
fpb[pl _p [fuL$p l[p S> ApS> `Z Ap dlp_ _ib]u Mp_]p_dp
fu A_ ku_p-b-ku_p `lpQgp R>, dpV$ S> Ap [fuL$p_p AL$pbufpA
Ap [fuL$pA _ib]$uepl_ A_ klpbpA qL$fpd_p [fuL$p L$p R>.)
Ap lTf[(kggplp Agel hkgd)adpey R> L$, S> L$B
My]pA dpfp ku_pdp _pey R> L$, [ b^y S> d rkuL$ AL$bf_p ku_pdp
_pMu ]u^y. Ap S> [fuL$p _ib]$uApdp R>. `f[y AdyL$ dp Tu$
L$bu, AdyL$ dyfpqL$bpl _p [fuL$p fpep R>, epf Adpf ep (AV$g L$
_ib]uAp_u A_L$ ipMpAp `L$u qL$[pb Ap]pb kpguL$_p dyk_ua
lTf[ dy[u dD]ipl(fld[ygpl Agel)_u ipMp S>dp Ap
L$u[pb_p gML$ A_ kL$g_L$[p_p `Z kdphi R>.) AL$pA r_b[
r_ip_u R>, L$ S> ape]p `lpQ

pX$hp dpV$_
p [\p ape]p p[ L$fhp dpV$_
p
kbb R>. Agpl\u r_L$V$[p p[ L$fhp dpV$ fpb[pl L$f[p QqY$ep[p
bu [fuL$p _\u. Tu$ L$f[p fpb[pl_ bl[f L$lh
pdp Aph R>, [ _ap_u
r$A R> L$pfZ L$ dyfu]_ dTL$$| f(S>_p Tu$ L$fhpdp Aph R>-Agpl)\u
ape]p p[ L$fhp dpV$ lSy L$pdug dy_prkb[(lpkug \B) _\u.
hp Db]ygpl Alfpf(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$,
kpepA flbf bl[f AT Tu$ lLL$
(A\p[ :- Tu$ lL$_p L$f[p ùf_p kpep (R> R>pep) kpfp R>.)
Ap fu[ fpb[pl Myb S> Dd ]pg[ R> A_ [_y L$pfZ A S> R> L$
fpb[pl hX$ [pgub `p[p_p iM `pk\u, [_p Bqkpg $lp_u
(a_paufkyg) A_ bpq[_u L$dpgp[p_p _yf_p L$pfZ Ahp L$dpg p[
L$fu g R> L$ S>hu fu[ dplf _u R>p` L$pNm `f `X$u S>pe R>.
[dS> fpb[pl _p dym dL$k] A R> L$, S>hu fu[ Bbp][_p
dpV$ MpguL$ A_ dgyL$_p ]fep_ ifuA[dp Mp_A L$pAbpl fpb[pl
R> L$ A S> fu[ [fuL$[dp iM_p fpb[pl R> L$pfZ L$ Agpl_p _yf_y b
S>epA D[fhy kprb[ \egy R>, L$ep [p be[ygpldp AV$g L$ L$pbp
ifuadp A\hp [p L$b A]ygpl AV$g L$ Agpl_p b]p_p q]gdp.
(Alu Agpl_p b]p\u dyfp] L$pdug-dyL$dug iM_u Tp[Nufpdu
R>. )
(Alu fpb[pl_p dpdgpdp bu AL$ hp[ ep] fpMip L$
fpb[pl Ahp iM_p ape]pL$pfL$ R> L$ S> a_p-A-[pd (`qf`|Z a_p)A_
bL$pA-AL$dg(L$pdug bL$p)hX$ dyifa lpe. Aphp iM qL$bu e[ Aldf
_p lyL$d ^fph R> AV$g L$ Nd [hu Akpe h[y_ kpe L$fu ]hp_u
is[ ^fph R>. S>dp_p AgplApgp_p Aphp Mpk b]pAp\u Mpgu
_\u.)
S> iM Ap fu[_u a_p A_ bL$p hX$ dyifa _\u. [_p fpb[pl
[pgub_ _yL$ip_ `lpQ
pX$ R>, L$pfZ L$ A^yfp L$ _pqL$k iM_p q]gdp S>
_pqL$$k epgp[p Aph R>, [_u Akf\u [pgub_y ]$ug Mfpb \pe R>.)
`R>u fpb[pl rhi Ap]$pb kprgL$dp ApNm gey R L$,
kylp_gpl, Ap fpb[pl A iM A L$V$gu dpV$u ]pg[ R>. ip dpV$ _
lpe? l]uj ifuadp R> L$, Ap]du [_u kp\ S> R> S>_p\u [ dplb[
L$f R>. [p (Ap fu[)dyfu] ]fL$ kde ùf_u kp\ S> \ep A_ ùf
My]p_u kp\ R>, [p dyfu] `Z ep kyû `lpep. Ly$Ap_ d]dp `Z R>
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-13
357
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-14
358
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
AV$g L$ aeT KXghp A_ `lpQpX$hp R. (D`fp[ lyTyf (kggplp

Agel hkgd)_p afdp_ dyS>b)S>_p L$pfZ dprML$ [pgud hNf S>
L$b\u Tu$ i$ \B e R>, A\hp [p q]gdp Tu$_y _yf \peu \B e
R> A_ Ap L$pfZpkf S> (Alu)kplb [kfay (dS>by[ Apdbmhpmp)
ùf_u S>$f[ R> L$ S> dyL$dug _yfp_u A_ _yfbi lpe. Ap S> L$pfZkf
Adpfp rkgrkgpdp(_ib]u rkgrkgpdp)a_pA A[d A_ bL$pA
AL$dg `R>u S> rMgpa[ A_ BT[ Ap`hpdp Aph R>.
Al]p g ugpl, A_ Ap fu[ B ] ufpS> r_lpe[
aubu]pe[ _u fu[ dyS>b i$Ap[dp S> A[_u QpkZu QMpX$u
] h u A Adpfp ùfp _ y L$pe R> . S> _ p q]gdp Tu$_y _y f
L$ped(\peu)\B Ney [_ Tu$_u S>$f[ _\u.
`R>u fpb[pl rhi ApV$gu QQp L$fu_ Ap]pb kpguL
kpguL$_p
Tdudpldp lTf[ ke]$L$_y]u_ipl kplb Aghfu(fld[ygpl
Agel)A adpey L$, Adpfp AL$pbuf lTf[ ke]BdpdAgu ipl
kplb(fld[ygpl Agel) S>_ S>_p dpV$ epe kdSep A B_pe[
adpeyy, L$pB_ Tu$ L$bu, L$pB_ dyfpqL$bpl epf Adpfp Apgp lTf[
AV$g L$ lTf[ dy[u dD]ipl kplb ]lhu(fld[ygpl Agel)_
fpb[pl _u ]pg[ A`Z L$fu S> qkgrkgp b rkgrkgp lSy> kyû `lpQ
u
flu R>.
epfbp] fpb[pl_u S> QQp L$f[p gey L$, lTf[ ipl
L$gudygpl S>lpbp]u rQ[u(fld[ygpl Agel) L$L$pg L$gudu dp
gM R> L$, _ib]uApdp Z [fuL$p R>, S>dp fpb[pl _p [fuL$p Agpl
kyû `lpQ
hp_p kp\u r_L$V$_p dpN R>, A_ OZu S> Abp Nfub hp[p
[p [dp lf \pe R>. [_p dpV$ lfu A_ bpq[_u Ap]pbp i[ R>,
L$pfZ L$ A]b Tp[u [pf `f ùfp_p q]gp_ MQ
hphpmp R> dyfu] [_p hX$
S> ùfp_p q]gp_ `p[p_u [fa MQ R>, L$pBA L$pB dmey R> [ A]b
\L$u S> dmey R>. b A]bu hrQ[[p (dl$du)_y L$pfZ R>. dyfu]p dpV$
hpb R> L$ Ap Ap]pb kpguL$ `f Myb S> Adg L$fu_ `p[p_p rdTu
[dS> lqL$L$u `pg_lpf AV$g L$ rdTu `pg_lpf ùf A_ lL$uL$u
`pg_lpf My]p_ Myi L$fu_ [_u _uL$V$[p lpkug L$f.
(2) bu [fuL$p q]g_p qT$p_p(qT$L$bu_p)A fu[ R> L$
ApM, dpY$y b^ L$fu_ c(S>bp_)[pmhp([pgy)kp\ gNpX$u_ q]g\u
gaT Agpl Agpl epg_u kp\ L$pY$, S>_p hX$ S>Tbp
S>Tbp è]p \pe
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-15
359
R>.(qL$[pbpdp `Z [_u fu[ gMgu R> A_ gpL$pA hdm Tu$ L$bu

bL$ kyg[p_yATL$pf kyû L$fg R>,`f[y ùf_u [pgud rh_p [fL$u
\B iL$[u _\u.)[dS> M[fpAp A_ _akp_u hpluip[p_ ]yf L$fhp
dpV$ _au-Bbp[ AV$g L$ gpBgplp Bggpl _p Tu$ OZp S> ape]pL$pfL$
R>. [_u fu[ A R>L$, hpk_ X$yV$u_u _uQ fpL$u_,S>bp_ [pmhp\u
gNpX$u_, dp epg hX$ ifuf_u L$pB`Z `L$pf_u lgQg hNf S> gp
_ Xy$V$u_u _uQ\u MQu_ r]dpN kyû `lpQpX$ A_ Bgplp _ q]dpN\u
S>dZp Mcp `f `lpQpX$ A_ Bggpl _ S>dZp Mcp `f\u q]g `f
dpf;`R>u epf hpk Myb [N \B h [p dpld]yfkygygpl `f R>pX$u
]. A_ L$gdp _p A\ L$ L$pB dAby] A_ dLky] _\u, `f[y Agpl.
A_p epg L$f.
_hp dyfu] AL$ lTpfhpf aS>f, dNfub L$ Bip_u _dpT `R>u
Tu$ BdTp[ Agpl L$fu gu^p L$f. [dS> _au Bbp[ S>Vguhpf Qpl,
`f[y$ AL$u kep_p epg fpM. epf q]g\u Tu$ Agpl i$ \B
e [p ùf_ AfS> L$f epfbp] ùf_p afdp_ dyS>b dL$pd g[ua A
$l \u Agpl-Agpl L$f. epfbp] bu g[uapAp hX$ $dhpf TuL$
Qpgy L$f[p fl. q]g_p Tu$dp L$V$guL$hpf f\u AhpS> _uL$m R>,
L$V $guL$hpf bu gpL$p `Z kpcmu g R>. bu g[uapApdp _pX$u _u S>d
M|b S> ûdu lfL$[ \pe R>. epf [dpd g[uapApdp Tu$ Qpgy \B_
`yfp ifuf A_ fNfNdp A]f Akf L$fu e [p kyg[p_yATL$pf AV$g
L$ Tu$_p bp]ipl_p df[b `lpQ
u Nep.epf Apgd ML$dp Tu$ Mau
hX$ kapB \i [p Apgd Ad_p g[uapAp_p Ahpfp [dp lf \i.
g[uapdp L$pB
`Z L$pf_u lfL$[_p Alkpk _ \pe [p [_u `fhp _
L$f L$ A S>$fu _\u A\hp [p Ahpfp_p fN _ ]Mpe [p `Z `fip_
\hp_u S>$f[ _\u. Akg dL$k] Ap g[uapAp _ u [h l
(ep_)A_ lyTyfu(gu_[p)My]$p_u [fa lphu R> Ap [hSl
A_ lyTyfu S> L$fpd[p\u hû_ R>. ùf_u kplb[ hX$ A_ dl_[
\L$u Bd p[ \B e R> A_ epf q]g_u lyyTyfu (gu_[p)lprkg
\B e [p Tu$ R>pX$u ]. A_ dyfpqL$bp[ A_ [hlp[_u A]f ùf_p
lyL$d\u Bq[NfpL$ AV$g X$ybu S>hy A_ bMbf \B S>hy `]p L$f. Ap_p
`lgp Tu$ L$fhphpmp Apbu]p `L$u l[p lh Apfuap AV$g L$ My]p_
Ap m M_pfpAp _ p kdy l dp ]$pMg \B Nep . lTf[ dp g p_p
$d(fld[ygpl Agel)Ap b_ kefp_p [aph[ ]iph[p gM R> L$,
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-16
360
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Bap _ BapA lyTyf (kggplp Agel hkgd)_p kpd fpMu_

ip_ dA AV$g L$ Ahu ip_ L$ S> khL$pB ^fph R> [_p aT_u ]yAp L$f
epf Bap a_p \i [p [_u Ap][ My]p_u Ap][_p _dy_p b_u S>i.
L$pfZ L$ a_pA Bap Bkp__p df[bpAp_p [_ A[ R> L$ [ rhgpe[
dpld]u(kggplp Agel hkgd) \u kb^ ^fph R>, [dp hg
Dep AV$g L$ Agpl Apgp_u Mpguk Tp[ L$ S>_p\u dyfp] [S>guA
Tpr[epl R> [ lprkg \pe R>. Alu ApV$gy kdS>hy S> L$pau R>.bpL$u
d[bpAp A_ dL$pdp[p dyfpqL$bpAp_u rh`yg[p, ùf_u kplb[
A_ dl_[ [dS> aTg Bgplu `f Ap^pqf[ R>.
lTf[ hp blpDu_ _ib](f]uegplp Apgp Alp)
adph R>L$, dp aTrgep_d AV$g L$ Ad aTghpmp R>uA Adpfu
D`f aTg S> aTg R>, ùf A aTg hX$ S>,S> dyfu]p kpQp R>
[ d p [kfy a L$f R> A_ `p [ p_u bpr[_u Ly $ h[(Ap [ qfL$
iq[)hX$ [ S> dL$pd_p aeT BR> R> [ dyfu]_ [_u dl_[
hNf S> A`Z L$f R>. Alu AV$gy ]MpX$hy S> L$pau R>L$, kp \d
g[uapA L$b_u a_p AV$g L$ q]g_u a_p,]pBfpA BL$p_ [dS> 10
dL$pdp _ `pf L$ep hNf lf \[u _\u. A_ Ap 10 dL$pdp_y bep_ Ap
dyS>b R>. (dL$pdp[ Afpl)
(1) [p b pl :- S>_p Apfc Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$fu_ `gV$hy R>
A_ [_p A[ A R> L$ q]gdp Ny_plp_p epg `Z _ NyS>f.
(2) hfA-`flTNpfu :- AV$g L$ _ak h d__ _p_p Ny_plp
A_ iL$p`] L$pep\
u fpL$hp.
Tp
l
]
(3)
] :- AV$g L$ ]yq_ep_p Akbpbp A_ dpgp ]pg[\u
fNb[(gNph)A_ dplb[ _ fl.
(4) [hL$Ly$g :- My]p `f `pLp cfpkp L$fhp A_ fpTu-qfTL$
dpV$ L$pB f[p L$ kbb _ lpe [p `Z `fip_ L$ D]pk _ flhy.
(5) L$_pA[ :- AV$g L$ S> L$B dmu e [_u `f$ S> kb L$f,
gpgQ$ù L$] [dS> ]yr_ep_u Ddu]p_u rTg[ [dS> hpfu\u dy[
flhy.
(6) DTg[ :- AV$g L$ Npip_iu_u(AL$p[hpk) b^p\u
AgN MyZpdp, AL$p[
dp bWhy A\hp[p S>kpAp A_ `yL$m Ap]duAp
cNp \ep lpe R>[p`Z q]g_y ep_ My]p [fa fpMhy.
(7) kb
kb :- hpluip, dTpAp A_ e\ L$pdp\u _ak h d__
Agpl_p Tu$ L$fhphpmp_u kef fp[cf Tu$ L$ep [p AL$ q]hk_p

dpN My]p_u [fa S>hp bfpbf `pf L$ep A_ Apfua AV$g L$ My]p_
ApmMhphpmp_u kef AL$ S> nZdp Ai d] kyû R>.
(3) dyfpqL$bpl A_y _pd R> L$ dyfu] Tu$ A_ fpb[pl hNf
q]g_ epgp[p\u bQphu_ ApqS>Tu_u kp\ Agpl Apgp [fa
ep_u[ \B_ ep_ L$f S> My]p_u Tp[ A_y`d A_ AX$ R>,A_ (Ap
fu[) My]p_p aeT_p B[Tpf L$f ep kyû L$ [hl Aggpl AV$g L$
q]g_y ep_ ]fL$ kde Agpl [fa flhp gpN. Ap lyTfy u S> ]yhi
u,ùfu
A_ aL$ufu_u dpgp ]pg[ R>. dyfpqL$bp_u [_p Dkygp kp\ ldi
p L$pm
fpMhp_p [fuL$p A R> L$ dyfpL$ubp_u A]f `p[p_p q]g_ Ap lTf[
(kggplp Agelhkgd)_p q]$g [dS> L$b_p dyL$pbgpdp fpMu_
AfT L$f L$, [S>guA AaApg(Agpl Apgp_p L$pdp_u [S>gu)_p
aT S> lTf[ Ap]d (Aglukgpd)_p L$b dybpfL$\u `lpep R> [
dpfp q]g `f `lpQpX$. ep kyû L$ q]g_p g[uap [S>guA aAguudp
a_p \B e A_ a_p_u ApmM A R> L$ My]p_p aAgp A_ L$pdpdp
`p[p_p A_ dgyL$_p L$pdp_ Nyd [dS> _pby] [\p _ lphp_y `pd. AV$g
L$ [dpd aAgp_ My]p_p S> aAgp [fuL$ Sy>A epfbp] Ap S> fu[ `p[p_p
g[uapA $l_ Ap lTf[ (kggplp Agel hkgd)_u $l dy_hf
_p dyL$pbgpdp fpMu_ ]yAp L$f L$, Bgplu aeT [S>guep[ rkap[
kby[uep S> $l dybpfL$ fkyg My]p(kggplp Agel hkgd)\u $l
dybpfL$ lTf[ Bbplud A_ _yl(Agelukghp[p h[gudp[)_
`lpep R>, [ d_ `lpQpX$. ep kyû L$ Agpl Apgp_u rkap[u
[S>guep[pdp a_pA g[uapA $l lpkug \B e A_ Ap a_p_u
r_ip_u A R> L$, `p[p_u [dS> [dpd dgyL$p[_u rka[p Agpl
Apgp_u rka[p S>Zphp gpN. A S> fu[ g[uapA rkf _ kpd fpMu_
AT L$f L$, aT riey_p[ AV$g L$ AgplApgp_u Tp[_u ip__p
aeT L$ S> rkf dybpfL$ Ap lTf[ kggplp Agel hkgd\u rkf
lTf[ dykp(Agelukgpd)kyû `lpep, [ d_ `Z `lpQpX$.
ep kyû L$ `p[p_u Tp[_ Tp[ lL$dp Nyd [dS> a_p `pd. A S> fu[
g[uaA Mau_ Ap lTf[(kggplp Agel hkgd)_u kpd fpMu_
aeTp rkap[ kgrbep S> rka[p gB ghpdp Aphu [_u [gb L$f A_
[_u a_p_u r_ip_u A R> L$ [dpd dgyL$p[ A_ [dpd Apgdp A_
S>lp_pdp Agpl Apgp_u rkap[ AgN S> yh. epfbp] g[uapA
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-17
361
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-18
362
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
fpL$h.y
kde M[fpAp [dS> epgp_y r_ip_ `Z bpL$u _lu fl [dS> r_b[

A_ bpq[_u [dS> Ap[qfL$ lpg[pdp k[[ [f$u \i.$
*rl]pe[ (2) Akgu l[y My]p_u lyTyfu A_ My]p\u ApNpl
A_ hpqL$a flhy R>. q]g_p qT$ kde S> ly T y f lpe R> [ q]g_p rT$_p
lyTyf lpe R>. A_ dyfpqL$bp kde_p lyTyf My]$p_u kp\ lphp_p lyTyf R>
dl_[ [dS> dyfpqL$bpl L$f[p flhp\u Ap ly T y f ldip_p \B iL$ R>.
ldi
p_u lzTfy u_u r_ip_uA R> L$, kyB_ EWep `R>u q]g_ yA L$ lpTuf
R> L$ Npaug cygg
y My]p_. lpTuf Sy>A [p Zu g L$ d_ ldi
p_u lyTfy u
lpkug \B NB R>. AgplApgp _p iy$ A]p L$f.
(Alu lyTyfu AV$g Agpl_u ep]dp lf`m q]g_y gu_ flhy
A\hp [p Agpl_u ep]$dp [de[p.)
*rl]pe[ (3) L$V$gpL$ _hp dyfu]p_u A afuep] lpe R> L$,
Ad_ L$iu S> Mbf `X$[u _\u L$Alkpk \[p _\u(L$iy aug _\u
\[)y [Ap Alkpk \hp kyf[p-iL$gp_ hp_ kdS> R> A\hp [p bu
lpgp[p S>Tbp, hS>] L$ lpg hNf_ L$ `R>u _yf (Ahpfp)hp_ kdS>
R>, L$ [_ p[ \egu kp\u dpV$u ]pg[ [p Ap AL$pN[p A_ q]g_y
Bqd_p_ S> R> AV$g L$ bM[fNu(hkhkp, M[fpAp A_ epgp_y _
Aphhy) A\hp [p L$dM[fNu AV$g L$ rhQpfp_,y M[fpAp_y ApR>y Aphhy
[p baTglu Apgp `lgp S> q]hk `]p \B eR>. A_ ip dpV$ _ lpe
L$ rkgrkgpA Aprgepl _ibq]epl
]epldp kpQp dyfu]p_ dl$du
(hrQ[[p)_\u. [ApA My]p_p Nef_ hp_u hplui A_ ApfTy
q]g\u rbLy$g ]yf L$fu ]hu BA A_ My]p\u dp My]p_ S> Qpl A_
dpN. (AV$g L$ L$iy aug \hp_u AppfTy _ fpMhu BA iy bM[fNu L$
L$dM[fNu S>hu ]pg[ lpkug \hu A `yf[y _\u?)Aphu h[yAp hp
dpV$ [p ]yr_epdp OZu S> R> dyfprL$bpdp hp_u L$piui ip dpV$ L$fhu
BA? Ap AL$pN[p, A_ b M[fNu [dS> q]g_p Bsd_p__ S> Myb
dpV$u _Ad[ kdS>. Ap OZu S> dpV$u ]pg[ R>. [_u S> A]f My]p_u
lyTyfu AV$g L$ [hlAggpl-Agpl_u [fa q]g_u [hSl_
L$lhpdp Aph R> [ p[ \B e R>.A_ BipAgpl, [_u hfTui
(`L$V$uk)A_ ldip dyfpqL$bpl_u `pb]u\u ldip [f$u \[u fli.
*rl]pe[ (4) Ap q]g_u AL$pN[p [dS> M[fpAp A_
epgp_y _ lphy Ahu ]pg[ R> L$ S>_ p[ L$ep `R>u S> hp[ L$ S> L$pd_u
rld[ q]g_u [hl kp\ L$fi (AV$g L$ AL$pN[p kp\ S> L$pd L$ hp[
(8) iy :- AV$g L$ S> _Ad[p dm [_ My]$p AV$g L$ _Ad[

Ap`_pf [fa\u hu A_ [_p Alkp_ dp_hp.
(9) [gud :- AV$g L$ `p[p_ rbgLy$g k`|Z`Z Agpl_
kpù ]h.y
(10) fTp :- AV$g L$ S> L$B My]p [_u kp\ L$f [_u `f fpTu
flh,y Ap L$pdug A_ `yf`
fu dlpb[ My]ph]u_y am R>. lTf[ dpgp_p
A]yg L$buf ed_u (fld[ygpl Agel) adph R> L$, L$dpg Bgpd
[gud A_ fTpdp R> , [gud A_ fTphpmp Ap]duAp_p Nmpdp
gpA_[_p [pL$ i[p__u S>d _pMu ]hpdp Aph[p [ Ahp Myi \peR>,
S> fu[ dpdu_ `p[p_p Bdp_\u Myi \pe R>, L$pfZ L$ My]p_p kpQp
ApiuL$ dykgdp_ `yf`yfp epf S> b_ R> L$ dlbyb_u fTpdp fpTu [_p
lyL$dp A_ bgpAp\u Myi \pe R> L$ Ap _pTp A]p dpiyL$_u R>. lTf[
iM kp]u(fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, [y M
]y p_ ]p[ fpM R>p
A_ [_ ApmM R>p, [p S> L$B
[_u [fa\u `lpQ
[ kpfy gpN L$pfZ L$ S>
]p[ L$f R> [ ]p[_u S>d dlbyb A_ re lpe R>.
p\rdL$ L$np_p dyfu]$ dpV$ S>$fu rl]$pe[p
dyb[]u dyfu] AV$g L$ _hp A_ p\qdL$ L$np_p dyfu]
dpV$ L$V$guL$ S>$fu rl]pe[p A_ dyfpqL$bpAp rhi S>$fu hp[p
*rl]pe[ (1) dyfprL$bpdp M[fpAp hkhkpAp A_
epgp[p h^y Aph [p Z, L$ `pQ hpf r]dpN\u hpk_ _uQ_u [fa
f\u blpf L$pY$ A_ epg [dS> M[fpAp_ ]yf L$fhp_p e_ L$f
A_ R>[p`Z _ e [p ùf_u kyf[_p epg L$f. A_ [_p\u `Z _
e [p Ly$gADTpb fbuagL$ A_ Ly$gADTp b fbufi_pk _u
kyf[p Z-Z hpf `Y$u_ My]p\u `_pl A_ bQph dpN, A_
[_p\u `Z _ e [p Agpl_u [fa\u kd_ Agpl_u kp\ lphp_p
A_ [_p Ofu ghp_p dyfpqL$bpdp diNyg \B e.[ adph R> L$, h lphp
dALy$d Ae_ dp Ly$fi[yd. (A\p[ :-[ My]p [dpfu kp\ R> ep `Z [d
R>p.)A_ hgplp rbLy$g ieB_ dylu[ (AV$g L$ Agpl [dpd QuTp_
Ofgu R>.)A_ Agpl_ `p[p_p ifuf_p AA A_u kp\ [dS>
kr$_p A A A_u kp\ yA. bu Ape[_p dyfpL$ubp A fu[ L$f
L$, Agpl_p _yf_ kp \d `p[p_ `R>u [dpd S>lp__ Ofgy yA
A_ Ap lpg[_u r_b[_u ldi
p ]fL $ `m rlapT[ L$f. [p dyfpqL$bp_p
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-19
363
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-20
364
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

`R>u [pbpl _ L$fu, Ny$f(OdX$)L$ep A_ dpau _ dpNu [p df]y] bpfNpl
L$fu_ L$pY$u dyL$hpdp Apep. AV$gp dpV$ Ap]duA `p[p_p ]p]p lTf[
Ap]$d(Agelukgpd)_y A_ykfZ L$fhy S>pBA, _lu L$ i[p__y, L$pB
byTN
y _
p lp\ `f [pbpl L$fhu, [_ Agpl_u bpfNpldp Nhpl b_phhp
R>.
*(3) dyfu] bep `R>u ùf S> ifuA[_p D[p] `Z R> A_
Agpl_p f[p ]MpX$hp_p flbf `Z R>, [ S> lyL$d Ap` [_ q]g\u
dp_hp A_ [_u D`f Qpghy BA, _ak A_ hpluip[ [dS>
i[p__p lyL$dp `f Qpghy _ BA, L$pfZ L$ ùf S>_[_p, My]p \u
dmp`_p dpN b[ph R> epf _ak A_ i[p_ ]pTM_p dppN ]MpX$ R>.
A_ Ahy _ L$f L$ ùf S> lyL$d dyfu]_u dfTu dpZ _ ] [_ [p huL$pfu
g A_ S> My]p A_ fkyg_u dfTu_p lyL$d Ap` [_ _ L$f A\hp [p
lyL$d\u dpYy$ afhu g A_ _pfpT \pe [dS> byfy dp_ Ap dykgdp__u
r_ip_u _\u; bL$ `p[p_ S> fu[ dyX]yy(de[)h[p_p lp\dp lpe R>
A fu[ `p[p_ ùf_p lp\dp kp`
u ]. gpY$y S>epf ApN_u c$udp `p[p_
ApN_ kpù ] R>, [p \pX$p S> kdedp ApN_u S>hy \B e R>. S> dyfu]
`p[p_ k`yZ`Z ùf_ kpù ] R> [p \pX$p S> Afkpdp ùf_p fNdp
fNpB_ a_pauieM AV$g ùfdp a_p \B_ ùf_u S>hp S> b_u e
R>.A_ Ap a_pauieM S> a_paugpl
a_paugpl_u kuXu R>.
*(4) dyfu] \[u hM[ dp Agpl hp[ dyfu] b_. ]yr_ep_p
L$pB
d[gb, hp\ hNf q]gdp _ lpe; ]yr_ep_p d[gb dpV$ dyfu]
b_i [p b_ S>lp\u L$B
S> lpkug \i _lu A_ Agpl hp[ dyfu]
\i [p Ddu] R> L$ My]p_u r_L$V$[p, [_u fTpd]u A_ My_y]u lpkug
\i [dS> ]yr_ep`Z S>$f[ dyS>b dmu S>i.
(5) lTf[ rdTp dTlf __p ilu](fld[ygpl
Agel)_hp dyfu]p_ adph[p L$, Adpf ep _dL$lu_(hp]-lu_)
`\f QpV$hp_p R>, A dS>y f lpe [p Aphu h. AV$g L$ dyfu] b_u_
]fAp dmhp A_ Ap[qfL$ kef L$fhu A_ Ahpfp hNf hp_u
[d_p _ lpe dp iy^ fu[ Agpl_u Qpl[ lpe. ipl aTgyfl d
p_
NS>dyfp]pbp]u(fld[ygpl Agel)_hp dyfu]_ adph[p L$, ]yr_ep_u
lpS>[p dpV$ [phuT [p _lu dpNp _? L$lh
p_y [pè A S> L$ i$Ap[\u
S> (dyfu]_) Aphu hp[p\u fpL$u ][p l[p.
(6) Agpl Apgp adph R> L$, S>Z beA[ L$fu A_
[fa ep_u[ \i)BipAgpl, [ L$pd S>]u `y$ \B S>i. A_ [ L$pedp

kam[p p[ \i. bgpAp_ ]yf L$fhp, rbdpfuAp _ ]yf L$fhp hNf dpV$
`Z Ap AL$pN[p_u S>$f[ R>. [_p lpkug \B Nep `R>u rld[ A_
[hl AgplApgp_u [fa S> fl R>. h AprMfp ]Ahp_p A_ug
l]prggpl fbuApgdu_ h kggplp Apgp Agp Mef ML$lu
dyld]uh Agp Apglu h Alpblu hkgud.
S>$fu _kul[p
OZu [lL$uL$p[p(kip^_p)`R>u dyfu] b_hy hpb A_
S>$fu kpbu[ \ey. A_ Akgu ùf_u r_ip_uAp [dS> ApmMp
`Z b[phu ]uû. A_ dyfu] bep `R>u_p Ap]pbp `Z hZhu
]u^p, [p L$V$gpL$ ]p[p_y d[e Ahy fy L$, S> A p dy f u]
\hp BR> L$ dyfu] b_u e [_p dpV L$V$guL$ S>$fu _kul[p
`Z gMu ]hpdp Aph S> ape]p\u Mpgu _lu lpe, dpV$ My]p_u
[pauL$\u [ gMhpdp Aph R>.
*(1) S> eq[ L$pB `pb] ifuA[,kpQp ùf_p dyfu] \hp
BR> [p kp \d$ A Zu g L$ dyfu] b_u_ iy iy L$fhy `X$i? `R>u
My]p[bu, My]$p_ Qplhp_u A_ My]p\u dmhp_u kpQu r_e[ A_
q]gdp [X$` `]p L$f A_ beA[_p-hQpe S>hp_p AV$g L$ `p[p_ ùf_u
Nygpdudp Apù ]hp_p `pL$p Bfp]$p L$fu_, Agpl_p cfpk dyfu] b_u
e. ]Mp]Mu L$ L$pB
_p L$lh
p kpcmhp\u dyfu] b_hy L$pd_y _\u. bL$
`p[p_p q]gu ipL$ A_ AL$u][\u dyfu] b_hy BA A_ [_u `f L$ped
flhp dpV$ L$df rld[ dS>by[ bpû_ My]p\u B[L$pd[ A_ Adg_u
[pauL$_u AfT A_ L$pL$g]y u L$fhu BA.
*(2) dyfu] \[u hM[ kpQp q]g_p Bfp]p kp\ ùf epf
[pbpl L$fph [p [pbpl L$f A_ q]gdp `pL$p Bfp]p L$f L$ lh L$epfe Ny_pl
_lu L$fy, L$]pQ afu L$epfe Ny_pl \B e `f[y [ kde [p kpQu
r_e[\u [pbpl L$fhp\u [pbpl L$bg
y \hp_u Ddu] R>. l]uj ifua R>
L$, [pbpl L$fhphpmp Ahp R> L$ Z [Z Ny_pl L$ep S> _\u.
([pbpl_u aTug[ `V$ Ap qL$[pb_y \d L$fZ hpQhy. )byTN
y p _y adp_
R> L$, My]p Ny_pl L$fhp\u AV$gp _pfpS> \[p _\u S>V$gp [pbpl _
L$fhp\u _pfpS> \pe R>, L$pfZ L$ bif dp if gpNgy R> Ny_pl Ap]du\u
\hp S>$fu R>. lTf[ Ap]d(Agelukgpd)\u S>_[dp gNTui
\B NB, [f[ S> [pbpl L$fu, dpau \B NB. i[p_ `Z _pafdp_u L$fu
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-21
365
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-22
366
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
Agpl\u Al] L$fu_ [dpd Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$fu `R>u afuhpf Al]
[pX$ep A_ [pbpl `f AX$N _ flep [p [Z L$pB_y iy bNpX$ey? `p[p_y
S> _yL$ip_ L$ey, ApMf[ bNpX$u A_ S>Z Al] `yfp L$ep A_ [_u `f
AX$N fp [_p dpV$ OZp S> dlp_ ]fAp R>, A_ khpb dmi.
[p Ap fu[ Agpl Apgp_p afdp_ dyb Al] [pX$hp _ BA
Ny_pl \B e [p [f[ S> [pbpl L$fu g S>\u Ny_pl gMhpdp S> _ Aph.
S> X$pbu bpSy>_p aqf[p Ny_pl gM R ,[_ lyLd R> L$ b OXu `R>u gM S>\u
A ]fep_ b]p [pbpl L$fu g, [p gMhy S> _ `X$.
*(7) dyfu] bep `R>u ifuA[ `f ldip flhy BA [dS>
[_u `f AX$N flhp_p e_p L$fhp BA. ifuA[ rhfy^_p L$pep\u
bQhy BA A_ `S>Np_p _dpT bpS>dpA[_u `pb]u [dS> hTuapApdyfpqL$bp_u `pb]u L$f. epf lpg[ dS>by[ \pe [p _dpT [lSy>] A_
BifpL$ `Z `Y$.
*(8) ]$]ifua ApR>pdp ApR>p ]ffpS> AL$ lTpf (1000)
A_ A[apf ApR>pdp ApR>p `pQkp(500)hpf AQyL$ `Y$ L$epfe Ry>V$
_lu q]hk fp[dp Nd epf `yfp L$fu g `R>u S>V$gp `Z h^pfu iL$ [dp
h^pfp L$f. ]$]ifua A_ A[apf_u Ly$Ap_`pL$ A_ l]ujp dp OZu
S> aTug[p Aphu R>. b_ S>lp_p ape]p R>. fuTL$dp bfL$[ \pe, Ny_plp
dpa \pe A_ ]$] ifua `Y$hphpmp_u lyTyf rkapfui afdphi. [dS>
dyfpqL$bp_u `pb]u AQyL$ `Z L$f. dNfub L$ Bip_u _dpTbp] A_
aS>f_u _dpT bp] fpS> L$f[p fl [p bpr[_u [fL$u \[u fli.
*(9) dyfpqL$bp L$f[p kde epg L$f L$ ùf kpd dpS>y] R>,
[Ap_p lp\dp dpfp lp\ R> A_ [hl Apù flep R>, `R>u `p[p_p
q]g_p EX$pZdp D[f ]$ug_u A]$f g[uapA L$b R>,S>V$gp h^y JX$pZdp
S>i bM]y u A_ a_p \[u S>i [dS> S>Tbp[-fph-y Aplp cfhu, My]p\u
BL$_y NV$uL$fZ \i A_ S>V$gu l] ùf_u rM]d[ A_ ùf\u dplb[
h^y L$fi, A_ [_p [khyf fpMi AV$gu S> l] aT h^y dmhi. dyfu]
_u `pk ùf_p aT ghp_p S>qfep dplb[ A_ rM]d[ R>.
*(10) dMgyL$ Bgplu dyqgd dpdu_cpBAp\u Mpk L$fu_
`p[p_p ùfcpBAp\u A_l] dplb[ fpM L$ b_ A AL$ S> ùf_p
lp\ `L$X$ep R>. S> fu[ ]y$^ ifuL$ cpB-bl_p_p lL$ fpMhpdp Apep R>,
AS> fu[ ùfcpBAp Ap`kdp Afk-`fk l$p ^fph R>.
*(11) S>dp_p L$epd[_u _S>]uL$_p R>. gpL$p_
u kplb[p OZu
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-23
367
S> Mfpb R>. kplb[pdp Akf lphp_y l]ujpdp `Z Apey R> A_ gpL$pA

A_ych \L$u AS>dphu_ B `Z gu^y R> L$ S> S>dp bWp A S> fNdp
fNpB Nep. AV$gp dpV$ S> byfp gpL$p, ifuA[_u rhfy^ L$pep L$f_pf
Ap]duAp A_ S> `p[p_p ùfp_u rMgpa A_ byfpB L$fhphpmpAp lpe
[Ap\u ]yf cpN. AL$ byTyN adph R> L$, kp`_u ]p[u kpfu-Mfpb
]p[p L$f[p L$pfZ L$ kp` L$fX$i [p _ S> S>i, Bdp_ [p _lu e.
epf byfp ]p[ Bdp_ MpB_ ]pTMdp gB S>i. Ly$Ap_ d]dp R>
L$, ]pTM_p ATpb B_ L$li L$ lpe Aakpk, Ad Ahp gpL$p\u
]p[u L$fu L$ S>_p L$pfZ ]pTM dmu L$ Adpfp kyû lyL$d My]$p `lpQu
QyL$ep l[p. l]uj`pL$dp R L$, Ap]du_p l [_p ]p[p_u kp\
\i. ]p[ _L$ A_ kpfp R> A_ [ My] byfp R> [p `Z ]p[p_u kp\
S>_[dp S>i. A_ ]p[ byfp R> A_ `p[ kpfp R> [p [Ap_u kp\
]pTMdp S>i. $ Ly$[fp [ _p`pL$ lphp R>[p Alpb L$la_u kp\ flhp_p
L$pfZ S>_[dp S>i. bAdbDf S>hp Aprb] A_ Tplu] ely]uAp_
kp\ Apep [p [ A Ly$[fp_u Mpg `lfu_ ]pTMdp S>i. lh [d_
Ar^L$pf R> L$, byTyNp, ùfp kpfp gpL$p_u ]p[u L$fu_ [Ap_u kp\ l
L$fphp A\hp [p byfp ]p[p_u kp\ flu_ ]$pTMdp Ap.
*(12) dyfu]p dpV$ ApRy> Mphy-ApRy> bpghy A S>$fu R>, lkudTpL$_u d_pB R>. AhpS> L$pY$u_ lkhy q]g dy]p lphp_u r_ip_u R>. S>_y
q]g Agpl_u ep]\u h[ li [ L$epfe f\u lki _lu. Ly$Ap_
d]dp R> L$, lkp \pX$y L$,fphp MybS> dpV$ My]p\u X$fhy BA S>V$gp
L$ X$fhp_p lL$ R>. A_ [_p\u Ddu] `Z AV$gu S> fpMp L$ [ Nay$flud
R>. Adpfp Ny_pl [_u fld[ A_ aTg_u kpd iy rhkp[ ^fph R>?
qT]Nudp My]p_p X$f `p[p_u D`f Npgub fpMp L$ Ny_pl _ \pe. df[p
kde [_u biui_u Ddu] fpMp A_ `p[p_p ùfp_ ]fL$ _L$
L$pdp, hu] hTpBa_p khpb `lpQpX$[p flp. [Ap dpV$ ]yApAp
L$ep L$fp L$ [Ap_p [dpfu D`f dpV$p lL$ R> L$ [d_ _L$ f[p `f
gNpX$ep, [dpfu d_$ù Ap M p _ Mp g u...[d_ Agpl_u
Ly$b[_p f[p ]MpX$ep bL$ A f[p `f Qgpep. A_ [d_
Aagykpagu_
\u Apgp Bgue_ kyû `lpQpX$ep.
u_\u
pX$ep.A[dp ]yAp
R>.
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-24
368
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg
ApN A`_ BL$L$u cf ] q]g rbdpf d,

Ly$R> L$du lpNu _lu Bkk [fu kfL$pf d.
AhrgepA _ib]p L$p NfT lf L$pf d,
L$f iapA[ L$p hkugl A`_ [y ]fbpf d,
dyT rkepl $, `yf-M[p, rdL$v$-N]p L$ hp[.
bk bQp g _ak h ie[p k Bgplu q]g dfp,
L$f dy_hfp lyb fldp k Bgplu q]g dfp.
`pL$ L$f Tydp[ Bepk Bgplu q]g dfp,
L$f ] fhi_ _yf Bap k Bgplu q]g dfp.
fld L$f dyT ` My]p Ly$g Ahrgep L$ hp[
NfQl _pgpBL$ ly d b]L$pf, Apf Tprgd S>lyg,
`f d f p dL$k] q]gu lp h qL$ku ky f [ ly k y g .
B_ byTyNp L$p iauA gpep ly d lpL$f dgyg,
qL$ep [y AT d f u B_L$u bfL$[ k L$by g .
lp\ EWphy S>b [ f ApN ]y A p L$ hp[ .
h AprMfp ]$Ahp_p Ar_gl]$prggpl fbuApgdu_
***...iS>f-A-[ebpl...***
Mp_]$p_ Apguip_ _ib]uepl-dyS>]uepl
Ab fld[ hpS>A kfrlfi]$ Ald]$ L$ [yag,

MpTu _y f l d[ kB] $ bp kap L $ hp[ .
hpS>A dpkyd Apf A]y$g Al]$ dlbyb lL$,
ipl l_ua fpT]$p fpT My ] $p L $ hp[ .
AT À hp dy l d]$ fpT]$ p ùf lz ] $ p ,
ipl dy l d]$ dTlfuA bpkap L $ hp[ .
AT bfpA ipl Tdp h lp Ald]$ dyL$u,
hpA lp lz k _ q]$g$bp L $ hp[ .
AT bfpA lTf[ k e ]$ Bdpd bp Agu,
aTg L$f dkD]$ ipl Ap g uep L $ hp[ .
] $ dy T kp T dy l b[ [p duV $ d f u My ] $u,
$L$_y u_ ùf bflL$ `pfkp L $ hp[ .
Mp[dp rbgM f L$f d f p My ] pA ]p S>lp ,
ky a uA AgpL $ Ald]$ bp My ] $p L $ hp[ .
] $ dy T [p a uL$ d Qg[p flz fpl fTp,
A]y $ f l d p ùf bflLL$ `pfkp L $ hp[ .
S>TbA rM]$d[ A[p L$f lTf[ Ddp_ L$p,
e ]y $ ApL$fg Ly $ by g B_ Aauep L $ hp[
]pd ]y fi ep Ap f d$ _kp ie[p k bQp
ep Bgplu hTufAgu A fl_ydp L$ hp[.
]$ dylb[ A`_u blf hpS>Np_ _ib]$,
lp\ DW$p[ l e Bgplu ld ]y $ Ap L $ hp[ .
bi ] $ ep fb dy l d]$ dy [ap L $ hp[ ,

lTf[ kuuL$ AL$bf bpMy]$p L$ hp[.
hp kgdp hp L$prkd hp af L$ [yag,
fld afdp bpeTu] $ fl_y d p L hp[ .
AT À dlbyb kylp ipl MfL$p byg lk_,
by Agu h hp eykya dyL$[]$p L$ hp[.
ùf bflL$ A]$ MpguL$ hp Apfua L$ [yag,
hp dldy]$ lbub qL$bqfep L$ hp[.
qL$ ] $ h A A l g rkap hp Agu fpd [ _u,
bpbp kdpku Ly g pg dy L $[]$p L $ hp[ .
aMf Sy>dgp hpS>Np hp blpDu_ ipl,
hp epLy$b Bdpdyg Apguep L$ hp[.
lpdue ]$u_ d[u hp Db ] y $ gpl ipl,
hp Tprl]$ ùf bflL$ `pfkp L$ hp[.
hp ]y$hi hp AdL$Nu L$ k]$L$ d My]$p,
fld afdp bpL$u rbgpl bpMy]$p L$ hp[.
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-25
*** S>$fu hTpBa ***
]$$]$ MuS>fu ifua
kggplp Agp lbublu dyldq]$h

h Apglu h Alpblu hkgd
(]$fL$ [pgub L$ dyfu]$ ApR>pdp ApRy>
]$ffpS> lf(1000) hpf AQyL$ `Y$)
ke]y$g A[Napf
A[Nau$pl lg ATudTu gpBgpl

Bgp lphg leyg L$eyd h A[ybp Bgl.
(]$fL$ [pgub L$ dyfu]$ ApR>pdp ApRy>
]$ffpS> `pQkp(500) hpf AQyL$ `Y$)
369
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-26
370
d_L$u ApM Mpg
d_L$u ApM Mpg

(12) lTf[ dldy]$ AbyMf aN_hu (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 17 fbuDg Ahg luS>fu-771,
d]$a_ : hpL$_u (byMpfp `pk)
(13) lTf[ hp ATuTp_ Agu fpd[_u (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 28 >gL$pA]$ luS>fu-715,
d]$a_ : hpfTy>d
(14) lTf[ hp dpld]$ bpbp kdpku (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 10 >S>dp.ApMuf $luS>fu-755,
d]$a_ : kdpk(byMpfp)
(15) lTf[ ke]$ ikyu_ Aduf Ly$gpg (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 8 >S>dp]$uDg Ahg luS>fu-772,
d]$a_ :kpMpf (byMpfp)
(16) lTf[ hp blpDu_ ipl _L$ib]$ (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 3 >fbuDg Ahg luS>fu-791,
d]$a_ : byMpfp ifua (friep)
(17) lTf[ dpgp_p epL$yb QMw (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 5 >kaf luS>fu-851,
d]$a_ : la[y (bgN_y_-[pS>qL$[p_)
(18) lTf[ hp _pku$u_ Db]y$gpl Alfpf(Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ :kdfL$]$ (friep)
(19) lTf[ dpgp_p dpld
]$ Tplu]$ (Ly$kufl)y
d]$a_ :hi (AaOp_u[p_)
(20) lTf[ dpgp_p hp dpld]$ ]y$hi (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 19 dplfd luS>fu-970,
d]$a_ :dpS> BkL$fpf (dphfpDfi_lpf-[yL$[p_)
(21) lTf[ dpgp_p hp dpld]$ AdL$Nu (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 22 ipbp_ luS>fu-1008,
d]$a_ :AdL$_p (byMpfp friep)
(22) lTf[ hp dpld]$ bpL$u bugpl (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 25 S>dp.ApMuf luS>fu-1012,
d]$a_ :-q]$lu ifua (_buA L$fud L$b[p_,gplpfu NV$)
(23) lTf[ dyS>]$]$u Aajp_u iM Ald]$ (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 28 kaf luS>fu-1034,
d]$a_ :-kflufi]$ ifua (`b)
iS>fpl ifuadp Aph[p

byTyNp `L$u L$p_p Dj epf?
(1) lzTyf _buA L$fud (kggplp Agel hgd)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

d]$a_ : dq]$_p ifua
lTf[ ke]$p_p kuuL$ AL$bf (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 22 S>dp.ApMuf luS>fu-13,
d]$a_ : dq]$_p ifua
lTf[ kgdp_ apfku ApiuL$ fkyg (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 10 fSS>b. luS>fu-33,
d]$a_ : d]$pB_ ifua (Bfp_)
kufpSy>g Apguep lTf[ L$pkud (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 24 S>dp]$uDg Ahg luS>fu-101,
d]$a_ : dq]$_p ifua
lTf[ Bdpd af kp]$uL$ (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 15 fSS>b luS>fu-148,
d]$a_ : dq]$_p ifua
lTf[ bpeTu]$ by[pdu (f]$uegplp Afilp)
d]$a_ : by[pd
lTf[ Abylk_ MuL$p_u (f]$uegplp Afilp)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 10 dplfd luS>fu-425,
d]$a_ : MuL$p_
lTf[ iM by Agu apfd]$u(Ly$kuflz)
d]$a_ : [yk
lTf[ hp eykya ld]$p_u (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 27 fSS>b luS>fu-535,
d]$a_ : dh (MERVY- _hy _pd - dpfu )([yL$ dpr_ep)
lTf[ hp A]y$gMpguL$ NS>]$hp_u (Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ : NS>]$hp_(byMpfp)
lTf[ hp dpld]$ Apfua fhNfu (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 1 khpg luS>fu-616,
d]$a_ : fhNf (friep)
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-27
371
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-28
372
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
(24) lTf[ MpTu_yfld[ hp dpld]$ kB]$ (Ly$kufly)

[pfuM rhkpg: - 27 S>dp.ApMuf luS>fu-1070,
d]$a_ :kflufi]$ ifua (`b)
(25) lTf[ Dh[yhyL$p hp dpld]$ dpkyd (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg: - 9 fbuDg Ahg luS>fu-1079,
(26) lTf[ hp A]y$g Al]$ hl]$[ (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 28 lS> luS>fu-1128,
(27) lTf[ hp dpld]$ l_ua(Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ :-bpduep_p (AaOpr_[p_)
(28) lTf[ hp dpld]$ TL$u fpT]$p ( Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 28 lSS> luS>fu-1143,
d]$a_ :-Asfi[Lu$gp_L$u(Bfi_L$ugpBau-Afb[p_)
(29) lTf[ iM hp dpld]$ dTlf(Ly$]$kfl)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 9 lSS> luS>fu-1149,
d]$a_ :-dLL$p ifua(Afb[p_)
(30) ky[p_yg Apguep lTf[ dpld]$ Tdp_ (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 4 L$pA]$> luS>fu-1188,
d]$a_ :-gyhpfu ifua (tk^- `pL$u[p_)
(31) lTf[ hp lp Al
d]$ d
y L$u(L$ykufl)y
[pfuM rhkpg : - 16 L$pA] luS>fu-1223,
d]$a_ :- L$pNpW$ [p. kaf_]$ l]$fpbp]$ tk^
(32) lTf[ lp lzk_ Agu ipl (Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ :- f[f-R>[f, . Ny$]$pk`yf, `b
(33) lTf[ kfL$pf ke]$ Bdpd Agu ipl(Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 12 ihpg luS>fu-1282,
d]$a_ :f[f-R>[f, . Ny$]$pk`yf, `b
(34) lTf[ aL$ulzlv]$ dpld]$ dD]$ ipl (Ly$kufly)
[pfuM rhkpg : - 10 fSSb luS>fu-1309,
d]$a_ :- q]$lu ,Alp[p bpL$u bugpl
(35) lTf[ ke]$ $L$_y$u_ ipl dTyf Ald]$ (Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ :-Aghf (fpS>\p_)
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-29
373
d_L$u ApM
Mpg
(36) lTf[ kyau AgpL$ Ald]$ kplb (Ly$kufly)

[pfuM rhkpg : - 24 L$p]$ luS>fu -1390,
d]$a_ : -NS> ipl]$p L$b[p_ (Ald]$pbp]$)
(37) lTf[ kyau A]y$fldp_ kplb (Ly$kufly)
d]$a_ :-^pgL$p (.Ad]$php]$)
(38) lTf[ Ddp_tdep ipl kplb (Ly$kuflz)
d]$a_ :-kfMS> - Ad]$php]$
(39) lTf[ ke]$ ùf hTuf Aguipl kplb
(]$pd[apeyTplzd)
fp_L$ bi d_]$ Bip]$ -cyS> ifua(L$R>)

BL$ L$ B[lp
epA_
u
AlhpgyAauep
My]u k ]yf `p_p _.-30
374

Man Ki Ankhen Khol (Gujarati)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Man Ki Ankhen Khol (Gujarati)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

d_L$u ApM

d_L$u ApM Mpg...

lTf[ ky[p_ bplz L$p]$fu (fld[ygpl Agel)

dp du_ ieB_ Albp Bggpl du_ ibpbu_ [pBb

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-1

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-2

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

[pbpl _u Qpf if[p R>...

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-3

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-4

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-5

b]p `p[p_p Ny_plp\u [pbpl L$f R [p AgplApgp A_p fnL$

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-6

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

lS>f[ Aby Ddf Sy>_](fld[ygpl Agel)adph R> L$, d

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-7

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-8

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

dpdu__ L$pauf A\hp L$pB_ rb]A[u L$ Nydfpl L$lhpdp Aph [p Aphp

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-9

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-10

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

`yRey, l Aby A]ygpl! A Lep Ny_pl l[p ? [p Ap` adpey L,

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-11

b_phu, Ad [Ap_ [pbpl biu. S> `Z d_ `pL$pfi ly [_u `pL$pf

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-12

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-13

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-14

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-15

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-16

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

dpfp Ny_pl Ap` adpey, [pfp Ny_pl dpV$p R> L$ fb SygS>gpg?

* AL$ ercQpfu u_u [pbpl

* AL$ ]] cfu [pbpl

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-17

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-18

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

fkyggpl(kggplp Agel hkgd) Ap` ercQpf u_u

klul_(byMpfu A_ dygud ifua)_u l]uj R> L$ lyTfy _buA

* AL$ eyhL$_u iftd]Nu

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-19

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-20

d_L$u ApM Mpg

d_L$u ApM Mpg

S>V$gy _L$ gpL$p _u h[u\u _L$ `pd[p, [_ biu ]hpdp Apep.

L$gpdd]_u r[gph[ L$fy [p [ kpcmu_ k[dp k[ ]$e_p Ckp_

lTf[ Bdpd lk_ bkfu(f]uegplp Apgp Alp) _p

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-21

AL$ _]pd[ `p_p _.-22

d_L$u ApM Mpg

`uf_u S>$f[ ip dpV$ ?