Take More Money and Run

More Take the Money...
And Run ^
Will money and politics in the Senate have environmental consequences?
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E N V I R O N M E N T A L G R O U P W O R K I N G
TM
Daniel J. Weiss
Andrew B. Art
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Molly Evans who designed and produced the report and to Ken Cook and Carl Pope for their guidance and advice in overseeing this project. The Sierra Club thanks the following people for their help in preparing this report: John Barry, Barry Bergman, Kathryn Hohmann and Becky Steckler. The Environmental Working Group thanks Jacqueline Savitz for her editing and advice. This report was made possible by grants from The Schuman Foundation and The Joyce Foundation. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Schuman Foundation or The Joyce Foundation. Copyright February 1997, by the Environmental Working Group/The Tides Center and the Sierra Club. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America, printed on recycled paper.
E N V I R O N M E N T A L G R O U P W O R K I N G
TM
The Environmental Working Group is a nonprofit environmental research organization based in Washington, D.C. The Environmental Working Group is a project of the Tides Center, a California public benefit corporation based in San Francisco that provides administrative and program support services to nonprofit programs and projects. Kenneth A. Cook, President. Mark B. Childress, Vice President for Policy. Richard Wiles, Vice President for Research.
SIERRA CLUB
The Sierra Club is Americas largest grassroots organization with more than 600,000 members. The Sierra Club is a non-profit, member-supported, public interest organization that promotes conservation of the natural environment by influencing public policy decisions via legislative, administrative, legal and electoral action. Adam Werbach, President. Carl Pope, Executive Director.
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Environmental Working Group publications are available on the World Wide Web at <www.ewg.org>. More information about the Sierra Club and its publications can be found at <www.sierraclub.org>.
Take the Money... ^ And Run.

Executive Summary ................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Regulatory Reform............................................................... 5 Chapter 2. The Threat to Cleaner Air .................................................13 Chapter 3. Methodology ......................................................................21 Appendix 1. Top 50 member companies of the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation, Project Relief, and the Air Quality Standards Coalition. ............................................23 Appendix 2. Top Contributors to members of the Senate from Alliance for Reasonable Regulation, Project Relief, and Air Quality Standards Coalition PACs...........................................25
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Executive Summary
Donors and politicians alike concur that Capitol Hill is where the rubber met the road in reconciling special interest demands and legislative decision-making. Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1997. - or Show me the money!!!! Wide Receiver Rod Tidwell in Jerry Maguire
ince 1990, there has been an unprecedented explosion of campaign cash in our electoral process. The Washington Post noted that Election 96 ranked as the costliest ever (Feb. 9, 1997). Political action committees especially industry PACs are one of the main sources of these dollars for congressional races. In the 1995-1996 election cycle, PACs donated a record $186 million to U.S. Senate and Anti-environmental House candidates. Contributions from PACs increased $12 million over PACs contributed $29 million to senators as the 1994 election cycle, and were $62 million more than in the 1990 part of their campaign election cycle. These millions of dollars bought donors access to legislators and tremendous leverage over the congressional agenda. The never-ending search for campaign contributions increases the pressure on many senators and representations to advocate special-interest legislation that benefits several hundred large corporations at the expense of the rest of us. During the past two years, anti-environmental corporations vigorously attempted to convince the U.S. Senate to undo environmental health and safety standards. We searched public disclosure records to determine whether generous contributions from PACs associated with an antienvironmental agenda were an effective tool to help them persuade senators to support such an agenda. Our research shows that over the last three election cycles, regulatory reform and antiClean Air Act PACs contributed more than $29 million to senators serving in the 105th Congress. In the 104th Congress, the Senate attempted to pass a sweeping regulatory reform law that would have weakened every environmental law. The Senate did pass another measure that blocked the enforcement of the Clean Air Act and other environmental laws. These efforts failed because of an outcry of opposition by the American people, a principled group of senators, and President Clinton.
to weaken environmental laws.
Environmental Working Group/Sierra Club
The polluters and their Senate allies havent given up on their efforts to roll back environmental protection standards. In the first days of the 105th Congress, Senate leaders promised to pursue this agenda again in 1997. It is no coincidence that regulatory reform and an attempt to block stronger clean air health standards are on the Senates agenda, thanks to the massive dollars doled out by polluter PACs to their Senate allies. Americans have the right to know how their senators voted on previous attempts to gut environmental laws, and how much money they received from companies that would benefit from those votes. This study, Take More Money . . . and Run, documents which senators took large contributions from anti-environmental corporate PACs, and how they voted on weakening key environmental protection programs. The study Senators that voted focuses on two votes cast in the 104th Congress critical decisions for regulatory reform where Americas health hung in the balance. The 1995 votes on regulaand anti-Clean Air tory reform and blocking clean air standards endangered the clean, safe Act legislation environment that Americans hold dear. Senate leaders indicate that received an average regulatory reform and clean air standards are likely to be two of the bigof $410,000 from gest environmental debates in the Senate in 1997. Senators are likely to anti-environment vote on both of these issues this year. PACs. In this study, we found that those PAC contributions from anti-environmental interests who advocated regulatory reform and stopping clean air enforcement were closely linked with votes in favor of these special interest bills. We identified 473 PACs that advocated these two anti-environmental provisions. They gave more than $29 million to senators from January 1991 through November 1996. The 46 senators currently serving in the 105th Senate who voted for both the regulatory reform and the anti-Clean Air Act enforcement proposals took a total of $18.9 million in anti-environmental PAC money since 1991, an average of $410,540 per senator. It is critical that the public and the media understand the connection between these votes and polluter PAC dollars before the Senate votes on these issues again.
Regulatory Reform
We want broad regulatory reform . . . I think weve got the votes to do it this time. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.), in a speech to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Jan. 8, 1997. In the summer of 1995, there was an epic struggle in the Senate over Sen. Bob Doles (RKan.) regulatory reform bill, S. 343. This bill would have undermined environmental health standards, and made it difficult, if not impossible, to address new environmental threats. Under the guise of streamlining government, special interests, led by oil and chemical companies, advocated proposals that would have weakened all of our environmental protection programs with the passage of a single bill. In July 1995, Sen. Dole brought S. 343 to the floor of the Senate. A group of senators, led by John Kerry (D-Mass.), refused to end debate on S. 343, knowing that this bill would have gutted
Take More Money...And Run.
environmental protection. In an attempt to cut off debate and pass the bill, Sen. Dole forced three cloture votes. Each attempt failed to get the required 60 votes. Doles third attempt the squeaker failed by a mere two-vote margin. That close vote is examined in this study. Take More Money . . . and Run analyzes the campaign contributions from a total of 407 PACs funded by companies that are members of the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation and/or Project Relief, the two leading coalitions that lobbied for Doles bill. These PACs gave lavishly to senators currently serving in the 105th Congress more than $26 million from January 1991 through November 1996. About two-thirds of their contributions went to senators who voted for their efforts to roll back environmental standards. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) has repeatedly said that broad based regulatory reform continues to be a critical agenda item. The Senate is virtually certain to consider such legislation in 1997.
Clean Air
Absolutely we are going to consider economic impact and loss of jobs. Majority Leader Lott, when asked about the proposed new clean air health standards and other environmental issues in a speech to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, January 8, 1997. In 1995, Congress tried to block enforcement of the Clean Air Act, a law that opinion polls show is supported by the vast majority of Americans. Rather than attack the Act directly, congressional leaders chose to attach a provision to the Environmental Protection Agencys 1996 spending bill that would have prevented the agency from enforcing clean air standards, and blocked it from issuing new controls on toxic air pollution from oil refineries. (There were many other anti-environmental provisions attached to this bill.) In a Nov. 3, 1995 article, the Wall Street Journal called these provisions a concerted effort by the GOP to restrict EPA enforcement of clean air and clean water rules. These back-door efforts to undermine environmental protection were included in the House version of the funding bill, H.R. 2099. The Senate approach was more subtle: the attack on the environment was hidden in an obscure document that accompanied its version of the bill (the Senate Appropriations Committee conference report). The EPA and other agencies generally treat directives in reports from the Appropriations Committee as a direct order from Congress. Therefore, senators who voted for the Senate version of H.R. 2099 essentially voted for the provisions to block Clean Air Act enforcement and air toxic standards for oil refineries.
The Senate leadership has indicated that it intends to resurrect efforts to pass regulatory reform legislation, and may attempt to block proposed clean air health standards.
This study demonstrates that senators who supported these provisions were also the biggest recipients of PAC dollars from the companies dedicated to blocking new clean-air health standards. From 1991 to 1996, the 202 PACs affiliated with the Air Quality Standards Coalition gave $8 million to the 47 senators who voted for the EPA spending bill. Thats an average contribution of $175,639 per senator. Over the same period, the 37 senators who opposed the bill received an average of only $64,013.
In November 1996, the EPA proposed new, stricter health standards for smog and soot. The proposed standards would prevent an estimated 20,000 premature deaths annually, and reduce the number of annual serious childhood respiratory cases by 250,000. The new standards would reduce the suffering of children, senior citizens and those with respiratory ailments. The new standards will save lives, reduce suffering, and save billions of dollars in health care bills, lost productivity and other economic costs. The industry coalition is dedicated to blocking these standards. The clean air standards must be finalized by July 19, 1997. After that, Congress has 45 legislative days (which can last far longer than 45 calendar days) to vote to overturn the final standards. Undoubtedly, the coalition will lobby strenuously to overturn more protective standards in Congress. The Senate may vote on the new health standards sometime this summer or fall. The influence and campaign cash of the industry coalition will be felt as long as the health standards are held hostage.
Conclusion
Many senators take great exception to the notion that campaign contributions affect their votes. However, this study demonstrates that there seems to be a relationship between senators votes on environmental issues and the amount of campaign contributions they accept from antienvironmental interests. This seemed to be true in the case of the two critical votes we studied during the last Congress. In 1997, the Senate will face critical decisions on environmental protection. It will decide whether our air, water and land continue to get cleaner, or are once again choked with pollution and made unfit for human use and enjoyment. The Sierra Club and Environmental Working Group believe that when forced to choose between special interests with campaign cash and voters with environmental concerns, too many senators will decide to take more money and run from their responsibilities to protect Americas environment for our families and our future. With critical decisions on regulatory reform and clean air just around the corner, it is up to the media to inform the public about the connection between big money and a dirty environment. And it is the responsibility of an informed public to communicate its outrage to their elected senators.
Carl Pope Executive Director Sierra Club
Ken Cook President Environmental Working Group
Regulatory Reform
Regulatory reform will top the U.S. oil industrys agenda this summer, as the full Senate debates measures to ease environmental and other rules for business, an oil industry spokesman said The Journal of Commerce, June 7, 1995 here is little debate that some government programs can be streamlined. We should eliminate unnecessary red tape and needless delays from the regulatory system. In June 1995, the Sierra Club testified before the Senate that we supported efforts to make environmental regulations more effective and tougher, not weaker. The Broad regulatory Club supported approaches which would improve the effectiveness, reform legislation reduce the intrusiveness, and lower the cost of protecting the environmental rights of the American people. The Sierra Club urged the Sen- was designed to ate to examine the specific statutes, needs, and problems with each indi- undermine nearly vidual law or program, and to remedy them on a case by case basis. At every health, safety, and environmental the same time, regulatory reform efforts should not weaken the health protection enacted in and environmental protection programs that safeguard us all. Regulatory reform should not jeopardize our families health or environmen- the last 25 years. tal protection. Unfortunately, the effort to enact regulatory reform in the 104th Congress ignored this prescription for more effective environmental programs. Instead, it was really an attempt by special interests to use one sweeping, complex law to undermine fundamental health, safety and environmental protection programs. Rather than address specific problems with individual environmental laws, the Senate attempted to pass broad regulatory reform legislation that could have weakened nearly every public health and environmental safeguard enacted in the last 25 years. Beginning in 1970, Congress enacted a comprehensive array of programs to protect our food, air and water. Refined over 25 years, these standards keep us safe from poisons in our food, smog in our air and toxic chemicals in our water. The programs worked: Americas air and water are significantly cleaner than they were in 1970, although much work remains before our environment will be completely safe for our families. Despite this success, there was a concentrated effort to undo these fundamental protections. This study shows that the senators who supported this legislation often received the most money from special interests. Oil and chemical companies, working with high-powered law firms, designed the legislation which was sold to the public as regulatory reform. This so-called reform legislation would have required federal agencies to conduct lengthy, expensive studies before the adoption of new
public health and environmental protections. If the easy-to-measure industry cleanup costs outweighed the hard-to-calculate societal benefits by even a single dollar, then environmental standards would not be implemented or enforced. Industry lawyers would have had dozens of new opportunities to sue in order to block the new standards. Some observers dubbed the regulatory reform legislation a full employment program for industry lawyers. In 1995, then-Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole introduced an extreme version of regulatory reform, S. 343, containing a cornucopia of special-interest provisions. The bill allowed existing environmental standards no matter how successful to be challenged by requiring the government to conduct lengthy and expensive cost-benefit studies. The uncertainty and drained agency budgets would have stopped voluntary The top 5 recipients compliance in its tracks, taking the environmental cop off of the beat. from pro-regulatory Finally, the EPA estimated it would have to hire nearly 1,000 new bureform PACs: reaucrats and spend $200 million annually just to conduct all of these Hutchison (R-TX) studies. The proposals would have snarled important environmental DeWine (R-OH) protection programs in red tape. Instead of solving problems, governSantorum (R-PA) ment would be forced to study and litigate.
Inhofe (R-OK Burns (R-MT)
No wonder; the very special interests that would have benefited from its enactment helped write the S.343. The Associated Press reported in March 1995 that three lawyers from the firm of Hunton & Williams briefed senators on their provisions in the bill. This is a duty typically reserved for Senate staff, not lawyers representing power plants eager to escape pollution controls under the Clean Air Act. After prompt committee approval of the bill, Sen. Dole brought S. 343 to the floor in early July 1995 for debate and quick passage. The bill was strongly supported by Project Relief and the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation. Both coalitions included lobbyists for tobacco, pharmaceutical and other special interests. In addition, the American Petroleum Institute, Chemical Manufacturers Association and other industry trade groups joined in the effort to ram the bill through the Senate. Fortunately, a collection of principled senators including John Kerry (D-Mass.), Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.), Carl Levin (D-Mich.), and Joe Biden (D-Del.), decided to fight this legislation. They stopped the bill with a filibuster. Senate rules allow unlimited debate on a bill unless 60 senators vote for cloture. These pro-environment senators revealed how the bill would stop meat safety inspections, air and water pollution controls, worker safety inspections and other vital health programs. Dole made three attempts to get 60 votes to end debate and pass the bill. He fell only two votes short on the final vote, losing 58 to 40 (Table 4). This was a huge defeat for the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation and Project Relief which had been lobbying heavily for regulatory reform, since the House easily passed a similar bill in March 1995. Doles inability to get the required 60 votes doomed regulatory reform in the 104th Congress. A total of 407 PACs associated with the two coalitions dedicated to weaker environmental standards are analyzed in this study. These PACs gave generously to senators who are now serving in the 105th Congress, providing $26 million since 1991 (Table 5). Two-thirds of the
Table 1. Senators who voted for regulatory reform in the 104th Senate received, on average, more than two and a half times the ARR and Project Relief PAC contributions than senators who opposed the industry bill.
Voted Pro-Environment on S.343 Members of 105th Senate Democrats Republicans Pro-Regulatory "Reform" PAC Contributions Average Contribution to Member of 105th Senate 36 36 0 $5,309,299 Voted Anti-Environment on S.343 47 1 46 $17,411,064
Did Not Vote 1 1 0 $149,900
$147,481
$370,448
$149,900
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data, January 1991-November 1996.
money was funneled to the 47 senators in the 105th Senate who had supported rolling back environmental standards by voting for cloture on S. 343 during the 104th Congress (Table 1). The 47 senators who voted for cloture received a total of $17,411,064 in contributions from the Project Relief and ARR PACs since 1991. The average contribution to senators supporting the industry bill was $370,448. That is two and a half times the $147,481 received on average by the 36 current senators who opposed this effort to gut environmental safeguards. Sen. Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) who was absent and did not vote on cloture on S.343, has received a total of $149,900 from the ARR and Project Relief PACs since 1991. Twenty-nine of the top 30 recipients in the Senate of ARR and Project Relief PAC contributions are Republicans. Of those 29 Republican senators, 28 voted for cloture on S.343. Sen. Gordon Smith (R-Ore.), elected in Nov. 1996, did not serve in the 104th Senate. Smith was, however, the most favored recipient of ARR and Project Relief PAC contributions in the 1996 election cycle, raking in 275 contributions totaling $482,572. The lone Democrat among the top 30 Senate recipients of ARR and Project Relief PAC contributions was North Dakotas Kent Conrad. He was also the top recipient of these special interests cash to vote against cloture on S.343. Conrad received $453,151 from these PACs since 1991. Bob Dole may be gone from the Senate, but the proponents of regulatory reform fight on. They are already pushing the Senate to take up their cause in the belief that they now have the votes needed to shut off debate and pass the bill. Majority Leader Lott has been very responsive to industrys hue and cry. He has pledged to take up regulatory reform in 1997, so another fierce battle over this bill is inevitable.
Table 2. Senators who voted for regulatory reform while serving in the House in the 104th Congress received, on average, about twice the ARR and Project Relief PAC contributions than senators who opposed the industry bill in the House.
Voted Pro-Environment on H.R. 9 Members of 105th Senate Democrats Republicans Pro-Regulatory "Reform" PAC Contributions Average Contribution to Member of 105th Senate 4 4 0 Voted Anti-Environment on H.R. 9 5 1 4
$596,331
$1,443,088
$149,083
$288,618
There are nine senators (eight first elected in November 1996 and Ron Wyden, elected in January 1996) who voted on similar regulatory reform legislation during their tenure in the House. For the purposes of this study, we used the vote on H.R. 9, which passed the House on March 3, 1995. The five senators who voted for regulatory reform on H.R. 9 received a total of $1,443,088 in special interest PAC contributions from 1991 through November 1996. This group received, on average, almost twice as much in contributions from the ARR and Project Relief PACs than the four senators who voted against H.R. 9 (Table 2). Seven newly elected senators have not voted on regulatory reform in the Senate or House (Table 3). These senators took an average of $167,812 from the ARR and Project Relief PACs during their race for the Senate. The five Republicans in the group averaged $223,447, while the two Democrats averaged $28,725. The looming debate on regulatory reform could be determined by the votes of these senators. Will they vote to protect their constituents by opposing this legislation? Or will they do the bidding of the big companies that, in some cases, were major bankrollers of their campaigns?
Table 3. The 7 first-term Senators who did not previously serve in the House of Representatives received $1,174,683 from ARR and Project Relief PACs in the 1995-96 election cycle.
Gordon Smith (R-OR) Jeff Sessions (R-AL) Susan Collins (R-ME) Michael Enzi (R-WY) Chuck Hagel (R-NE) Mary Landrieu (D-LA) Max Cleland (D-GA) $482,572 $252,315 $169,228 $139,352 $73,766 $28,750 $28,700
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data.
Table 4. In general, senators who supported S. 343 received more money from ARR and Project Relief PACs than senators opposed to regulatory reform.
PAC Contributions Received from the ARR & Project Relief PACs (1991-1996) $26,084,365 $826,721 $804,193 $653,708 $624,752 $522,361 $499,111 $492,542 $488,663 $482,572 $480,874 $475,736 $472,429 $453,151 $433,299 $432,514 $418,721 $414,976 $412,239 $409,997 $394,200 $385,495 $384,541 $381,329 $375,479 $374,420 $372,702 $369,184 $368,008 $356,993 $353,748 $334,049 $334,045 $331,967 $326,265 $324,901 $324,535 $324,331 $305,515 $301,065 $297,871 $281,256 $278,126 $273,502 $266,436 $265,608 $265,345 $263,870 $252,315 $252,061 $251,877 $250,688 $238,575 $235,875 $225,315 $219,470 $212,536 $211,769 $204,627 $199,561 $192,555 $190,871 $188,035 Number of Contributions from the ARR & Project Relief PACs 23,550 555 611 664 675 465 402 388 442 275 445 384 467 481 413 467 371 378 441 362 362 345 382 347 342 394 330 351 293 277 332 334 346 289 304 304 312 214 252 260 285 237 228 235 243 277 160 258 161 186 247 255 229 208 152 145 172 189 184 257 197 175 155 Senate Vote for Cloture on S.343 Roll Call No. 315 Jul. 20, 1995 Y= N=+ "" = 47, "+" = 36 N/A + N/A N/A + + + N/A + N/A + N/A + + + + N/A + + House Vote on H.R. 9 Roll Call No. 199 Mar. 3, 1995 Y= N=+ "" = 5, "+" = 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + N/A N/A N/A
Rank
Senators in the 105th Congress Total to 105th Senate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
Kay Hutchison (R-TX) Mike DeWine (R-OH) Rick Santorum (R-PA)* James Inhofe (R-OK)* Conrad Burns (R-MT) John Warner (R-VA) Fred Thompson (R-TN) Jon Kyl (R-AZ)* Gordon Smith (R-OR) Dan Coats (R-IN) Don Nickles (R-OK) Christopher Bond (R-MO) Kent Conrad (D-ND) Richard Shelby (R-AL) Pat Roberts (R-KS)* Mitch McConnell (R-KY) Slade Gorton (R-WA) Wayne Allard (R-CO)* Orrin Hatch (R-UT) Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY) Lauch Faircloth (R-NC) Arlen Specter (R-PA) Trent Lott (R-MS) Rod Grams (R-MN)* Craig Thomas (R-WY)* John Ashcroft (R-MO) John McCain (R-AZ) Olympia Snowe (R-ME)* Phil Gramm (R-TX) Ted Stevens (R-AK) Ernest Hollings (D-SC) Frank Murkowski (R-AK) John Breaux (D-LA) Robert Smith (R-NH) Pete Domenici (R-NM) Larry Craig (R-ID) Spencer Abraham (R-MI) Paul Coverdell (R-GA) Wendell Ford (D-KY) Charles Grassley (R-IA) Daniel Moynihan (D-NY) Jesse Helms (R-NC) Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID) William Roth (R-DE) Sam Brownback (R-KS)* Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) Richard Lugar (R-IN) Jeff Sessions (R-AL) Christopher Dodd (D-CT) Tim Hutchinson (R-AR)* John Chafee (R-RI) Joseph Lieberman (D-CT) Strom Thurmond (R-SC) Bill Frist (R-TN) Ben Campbell (R-CO) Bob Kerrey (D-NE) Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) Charles Robb (D-VA) Jack Reed (D-RI)* Max Baucus (D-MT) Thomas Daschle (D-SD) Judd Gregg (R-NH)
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Table 4, Continued.
PAC Contributions Received from the ARR & Project Relief PACs (1991-1996) $184,900 $184,875 $184,863 $182,626 $181,650 $180,865 $175,413 $169,228 $155,450 $149,900 $148,457 $143,889 $140,689 $140,500 $139,352 $131,159 $112,986 $108,356 $103,925 $98,921 $98,456 $97,849 $96,258 $80,850 $73,766 $67,354 $54,800 $28,800 $28,750 $28,700 $27,275 $16,678 $14,850 $10,700 $1,500 $300 $0 $0 Number of Contributions from the ARR & Project Relief PACs 172 153 258 150 158 204 157 110 147 127 126 134 144 137 91 120 159 108 93 124 99 73 103 96 61 55 65 34 23 28 61 24 20 12 8 7 4 14 Senate Vote for Cloture on S.343 Roll Call No. 315 Jul. 20, 1995 Y= N=+ + + N/A + + N/A + nv + + + + N/A N/A + + N/A + + + N/A N/A + + + N/A N/A + + + + + + + House Vote on H.R. 9 Roll Call No. 199 Mar. 3, 1995 Y= N=+ N/A N/A + N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + N/A N/A + N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Rank 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 T99 T99
Senators in the 105th Congress Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) John Glenn (D-OH) Richard Durbin (D-IL)* Thad Cochran (R-MS) Robert Bennett (R-UT) Bob Graham (D-FL) Richard Bryan (D-NV) Susan Collins (R-ME) John Rockefeller (D-WV) Daniel Inouye (D-HI) Dale Bumpers (D-AR) Tom Harkin (D-IA) Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) Robert Byrd (D-WV) Michael Enzi (R-WY) James Jeffords (R-VT) Robert Torricelli (D-NJ)* Harry Reid (D-NV) Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL) Ron Wyden (D-OR)* Carl Levin (D-MI) Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) Byron Dorgan (D-ND) Tim Johnson (D-SD)* Chuck Hagel (R-NE) Barbara Boxer (D-CA) Daniel Akaka (D-HI) Patty Murray (D-WA) Mary Landrieu (D-LA) Max Cleland (D-GA) Patrick Leahy (D-VT) Paul Wellstone (D-MN) Russell Feingold (D-WI) Connie Mack (D-FL)* Edward Kennedy (D-MA) John Kerry (D-MA) Herb Kohl (D-WI) Joseph Biden (D-DE)
*Denotes senators whose totals include payments to their House of Representatives election committees from 1991-1996. Note: Senators may later refund contributions to their contributors. In these cases, the refunds are totaled as negative contributions. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data.
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Table 5. In the last six years, member-companies of ARR or Project Relief contributed $26 million to Senators serving in the 105th Congress.
Amount Contributed to Current Members of 105th Senate (1991-1996) $26,084,365 $1,121,172 $760,730 $634,611 $616,088 $613,100 $512,300 $506,560 $497,300 $473,449 $438,184 $410,964 $378,364 $375,984 $368,214 $353,398 $345,200 $343,670 $326,273 $318,050 $279,509 $275,049 $271,024 $258,500 $257,700 $257,295 $244,199 $240,750 $219,860 $215,000 $213,849 $211,494 $209,700 $208,250 $206,800 $203,000 $190,700 $183,300 $176,470 $174,000 $170,055 $170,032 $167,500 $165,600 $165,250 $163,962 $163,750 $161,069 $160,847 $159,476 $158,811 Number of Contributions to Current Members of 105th Senate (1991-1996) 23,550 528 661 642 465 288 272 567 214 444 260 339 173 308 368 231 200 377 335 318 331 105 252 213 163 227 179 202 197 190 187 215 183 435 245 105 141 163 183 64 168 137 100 88 87 95 166 166 189 208 140
Rank
Top 50 Companies with PACs in the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation or Project Relief Total from ARR & Project Relief Members
Number of PACs 407 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 5 1 3 7 1 4 2 1 4 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service Of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] CNW Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc.* Federal Express Corp. General Electric Co. / Kidder Peabody, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America General Motors Corp. National Federation of Independent Business ** Independent Insurance Agents Of America, Inc. National Restaurant Assoc. BellSouth Communications, Inc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Chevron Corp. Exxon Co. U.S.A. American Trucking Assoc. Food Marketing Institute CSX Corp. Beech Aircraft Corp. International Paper Co. Bankamerica Corp. Tenneco Textron, Inc. Chase Bank Of Arizona National Mining Assoc. Nus Corp. Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc. FMC Corp. Rockwell International Corp. Ford Motor Co. United Technologies Corp. Southern Co. Amoco Corp. Associated Builders & Contractors International Council Of Shopping Centers, Inc. Occidental International Corp. Chrysler Corp. Westvaco Corp. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Printing Industries of America, Inc. National Electrical Contractors Assoc., Inc. Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors National Assoc. Mobil Oil Corp. National Assoc. of Convenience Stores Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Texaco, Inc. du Pont de Nemours & Co., E.I. Columbia Gas Transportation Corp. (colum Gas Sys) ITT Corp.
*Contributions from NBWA include a $60,000 independent expenditure against Senator Wellstone. **Contributions from NFIB include a $3,600 independent expenditure against Senator Feingold. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data, January 1991-November 1996.
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The Threat to Cleaner Air

Corporate Americas immediate objective is to amass enough grassroots strength and to drop enough political bombshells to force the Clinton administration to yank the new regulations. Industry is also ginning up opposition in Congress. National Journal, Jan. 4, 1997. he Clean Air Act provides fundamental environmental safeguards. It is designed to eradicate urban smog, acid rain and toxic air pollution. These pollutants cause or exacerbate asthma and other respiratory illnesses, cause cancer, and poison rivers, lakes and streams. Children, senior citizens and those suffering from respiratory diseases are most vulnerable. It took 10 years for Congress to pass the Clean Air Act of 1990, which was designed to significantly reduce these pollutants. The Act has succeeded; levels of all major air pollutants are lower. For example, since 1985, the level of carcinogenic benzene is down by nearly 40 percent. Nonetheless, an estimated 64,000 Americans die prematurely every year due to exposure to soot and urban smog. Three in 10 Americans live in communities that violate the current health standard, which does not adequately protect their health. Clearly, more air pollution reductions are needed to protect our families and our future.
Stricter clean air health standards are needed to protect children, senior citizens and others from soot and smog.
During the debate over the original Clean Air Act, industry made dire predictions that the Act would cause massive loss of jobs. As expected, these warnings turned out to be completely unfounded. The EPA found that since 1970, total air pollution has decreased while our gross domestic product has increased. Despite this success, the oil, utility, chemical, auto and other industries want to eviscerate the Clean Air Act. They believe it is more profitable to keep polluting, knowing that without strong health standards and mandated pollution reductions, the public pays the price and the polluters dont. In 1995, the polluters, their Washington lobbyists and their allies on Capitol Hill devised a back-door strategy to undo the Clean Air Act and other environmental health programs. Rather than face the voters wrath with a frontal attack on the Clean Air Act, they chose a behind-the-scenes approach. The House Republican leadership added 17 anti-environment provisions (or riders) in the House version of the HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriations bill for Fiscal Year 1996 (which includes funds for the EPA), H.R. 2099. Pro-environment legislators mounted a valiant effort to remove the riders, but failed by a narrow margin.
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After the uproar in the House over the riders, opponents of the environment in the Senate became even more covert. Rather than include all the riders in the Senate version of H.R. 2099, the Senate leadership buried them in the Appropriations Committee conference report that accompanied the bill. The report indicated that the EPA should halt its plans to reduce airborne toxic chemicals emitted by oil refineries, as required by the Clean Air Act, even though refineries emit significant amounts of benzene and other chemicals known to cause cancer. The report said that EPA should not implement programs . . . in a manner inconsistent with the intent of Congress . . . The [Appropriations] Committee strongly encourages EPA to reevaluate the refinery [standard]. Report 104-140, pp 95-96. The report included another provision that would have blocked the EPA from enforcing companies compliance with their air pollution permits. These permits are the major enforcement mechanism in the Clean Air Act. Without a permit program, we would never know whether companies are emitting illegal levels of air pollution.
The top 5 recipients of donations from proregulatory reform PACs: Hutchison (R-TX) DeWine (R-OH) Inhofe (R-OK) Warner (R-VA) Burns (R-MT)
Although committee conference reports do not carry the weight of law, they often include directives that federal agencies must follow, lest they anger the senators responsible for appropriating money to the agencies. In other words, the EPA would not have taken steps to reduce oil refinery air pollution, or enforce existing air pollution limits, if H.R. 2099 became law.
Finally, the Senate version of H.R. 2099 would have made draconian cuts in money for enforcement, thereby handcuffing the EPAs ability to effectively enforce the Clean Air Act and other environmental laws. Together, these three provisions would have blocked critical air pollution reduction programs. EPA Administrator Carol Browner warned: The environmental budget passed by the Senate places the American public at serious risk. Thus, when 55 senators voted for H.R. 2099 on Sept. 27, 1995, they were supporting a bill that contained provisions that would have boosted the amount of air pollution and respiratory illnesses, cancer and death. Forty-seven of those 55 senators are currently serving in the 105th Congress (Table 9). Fortunately, President Clinton vetoed H.R. 2099, and forced Congress to remove the provisions that weakened protection from air pollution and other environmental threats.
EPA Proposes New Clean Air Health Standards

Americas air quality has improved drastically over the past 25 years. Nonetheless, serious air pollution problems persist and pose a direct threat to human health. This link is extraordinarily well demonstrated in the peer reviewed scientific literature. A series of studies from across the country and around the world have repeatedly shown that polluted air increases premature mortality rates. Moreover, the Natural Resources Defense Council estimates that soot causes 64,000 premature deaths annually and the EPA has estimated that air pollution causes 70,000 premature deaths each year1. Other research shows that long-term exposure to smog results in permanent scarring of childrens lungs, and not just temporary effects. To determine whether current health standards are adequate, scientists reviewed more than 3,000 studies (including 270 comprehensive studies of human subjects) on the link between air pol-
14
lution and health. An independent panel of 21 scientists, including industry scientists, concluded that the existing health standards for tiny soot particles (particulates) and ground-level ozone (smog) are inadequate to protect public health. Four of these scientists wrote to EPA Administrator Carol Browner that health studies show a causal relationship between particulate air pollution and excess mortality and morbidity. Following its scientists recommendation, the EPA proposed more protective health standards for particulates and smog. The proposed health standards would prevent an estimated 20,000 premature deaths annually, and reduce childhood respiratory ailment cases by 250,000 per year. The EPA made its proposal on Nov. 27, 1996, and is required to issue final standards by July 19, 1997. The Clinton administrations proposed PM2.5 standard for particulates represents a significant improvement in the status quo. But in order to fully protect the public health, and particularly the health of the most vulnerable individuals in the population, it must be strengthened substantially. By the EPAs own calculations, the proposed rule would reduce premature mortality from airborne particulates by 50 percent, while tens of thousands of premature deaths will continue even after the proposed health standards are met. (Environmental News, Nov. 27, 1996). To better protect public health, the Environmental Working Group and the Sierra Club support the annual average PM2.5 standard of 10 g/m3 as recommended by the American Lung Association and the Natural Resources Defense Council. This goal will provide dramatic health benefits when achieved, and puts the agency more squarely in compliance with the basic requirements and intent of the law. To guard against the adverse health effects of peak particulate exposures, we recommend a 24-hour PM2.5 standard of 20 g/m3. In reaction to the EPAs proposal to provide more protection for Americans, the polluters have been mobilized by the National Association of Manufacturers to defeat these standards. As the National Journal reported in January 1997, [c]orporate giants from the oil, chemical, electric utility and trucking industries are working together under the banner of the Air Quality Standards Coalition. . . . The coalition boasts more than 500 members and a war chest thats estimated at well over $2 million. The coalitions strategy is to persuade senators to kill the new health standards by prevailing upon President Clinton to weaken or drop them. If Clinton resists this pressure, then Congress has 45 legislative days to vote to overturn the new standards. This action must be signed by the president. If he vetoes it, then two-thirds of the Senate and House must vote to override his veto of the bill to block adoption of the new health standards. Analysis of the PACs associated with members of the Air Quality Standards Coalition (AQSC) revealed that they gave a total of $ 11.9 million to current senators from 1991 through 1996 (Table 10). They contributed a total of $ 8.2 million to 47 senators of the 105th Congress who voted in the 104th Congress to weaken the Clean Air Act as part of H.R. 2099, an average of $175,639 per senator since 1991 (Table 9). On the other hand, the 37 Senators of the 105th Congress who opposed H.R. 2099 received $2.4 million from the AQSC PACs an average of $65,791 per senator since 1991. In other words, of the Senators in the 105th Congress, those who supported the industry position on H.R. 2099 received nearly three times as much in PAC contributions from AQSC members than the senators who opposed H.R. 2099 (Table 6).
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Table 6. Senators who voted to block Clean Air Act enforcement in the 104th Senate received, on average, nearly three times the Air Quality Standards Coalition PAC contributions than senators who voted against H.R. 2099.
Voted Pro-Environment on H.R.2099 Senators in 105th Congress Democrats Republicans Pro-Regulatory "Reform" PAC Contributions Average Contribution to Member of 105th Senate 36 36 0 Voted Anti-Environment on H.R.2099 47 1 46
$2,368,490
$8,255,032
$65,791
$175,639
Nine senators (eight first elected in 1996 and Ron Wyden, elected in January 1996) voted on clean air as members of the House during the 104th Congress. For the purposes of this study, we used the vote on an amendment to remove the anti-clean air provisions from H.R. 2099, which failed on July 31, 1995. The four recent House veterans who voted to block enforcement of the Clean Air Act received a total of $611,853 between 1991 and 1996, an average of $152,963 per senator. The five recent House veterans who voted to enforce the Clean Air Act received a total of $203,783, an average of $40,757 per senator. That is about one-fourth of what the average senator received who supported the special interests while serving in the House (Table 7). Seven newly elected senators have not voted on clean air in either the Senate or House. These senators took an average of $67,199 from the same polluter PACs during their races for the Senate in 1996 (Table 8). The upcoming debate on stronger clean air standards could be determined by the views of these senators. Will they support efforts to protect their constituents by opposing this special-interest legislation? Or will they do the bidding of the big companies that, in some cases, were major bankrollers of their campaigns?
Note
1For
more information about the link between air pollution and human health, contact the Environmental Working Group.
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Table 7. Senators who voted to block Clean Air Act enforcement while serving in the House in the 104th Congress received, on average, about four times the Air Quality Standards Coalition PAC contributions than senators who opposed the industry bill in the House.
Voted Pro-Environment on H.R.2099 Senators in 105th Congress Democrats Republicans Pro-Regulatory "Reform" PAC Contributions 5 5 0 Voted Anti-Environment on H.R.2099 4 0 4
$203,783
$611,853
Average Contribution to Member of 105th Senate
$40,757
$152,963
Table 8. The 7 first-term senators who did not previously serve in the House of Representatives received $470,391 from Air Quality Standards Coalition PACs in the 1995-96 election cycle.
Gordon Smith (R-OR) Jeff Sessions (R-AL) Michael Enzi (R-WY) Susan Collins (R-ME) Chuck Hagel (R-NE) Max Cleland (D-GA) Mary Landrieu (D-LA) $178,141 $108,150 $73,000 $49,000 $32,650 $18,700 $10,750
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Table 9. In general, senators who supported H.R. 2099 received more money from Air Quality Standards Coalition PACs than senators opposed to full enforcement of the Clean Air Act.
PAC Contributions Received from the Air Quality Standards Coalition (1991-1996) $11,909,549 $451,934 $336,928 $286,700 $269,215 $265,927 $261,028 $259,270 $255,732 $255,600 $252,896 $231,687 $225,474 $213,283 $212,300 $207,672 $207,650 $202,163 $199,501 $197,900 $188,882 $188,720 $187,900 $183,243 $178,141 $177,550 $176,866 $170,300 $169,798 $165,613 $165,370 $163,648 $161,762 $161,600 $154,350 $151,450 $143,250 $139,100 $136,172 $136,127 $135,568 $134,248 $121,519 $121,102 $116,000 $115,850 $112,121 $108,500 $108,150 $106,678 $104,551 $103,275 $100,601 $100,445 $96,500 $93,850 $92,000 $90,950 Number of Contributions from the Air Quality Standards Coalition 11,278 298 287 344 217 246 308 232 259 220 209 220 266 251 190 208 143 215 172 178 164 228 178 174 133 168 171 152 156 202 169 160 159 144 133 146 99 133 130 141 119 125 122 115 127 97 107 96 75 62 88 91 80 100 101 108 75 98 Senate Vote on H.R. 2099 Roll Call No. 470 Sept. 27, 1995 Y= N=+ 37 = +, 47 = + N/A N/A N/A + + + N/A + N/A + + + + N/A + House Vote on H.R. 2099 Roll Call No. 605 Jul. 31, 1995 Y=+ N= 5 = +, 4 = N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Rank
Senators in the 105th Congress Total to 105th Senate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Kay Hutchison (R-TX) Mike DeWine (R-OH) James Inhofe (R-OK)* John Warner (R-VA) Conrad Burns (R-MT) Rick Santorum (R-PA)* Dan Coats (R-IN) Christopher Bond (R-MO) Don Nickles (R-OK) Fred Thompson (R-TN) Richard Shelby (R-AL) Kent Conrad (D-ND) Pat Roberts (R-KS)* Mitch McConnell (R-KY) Arlen Specter (R-PA) Phil Gramm (R-TX) Jon Kyl (R-AZ)* Orrin Hatch (R-UT) Ted Stevens (R-AK) Lauch Faircloth (R-NC) Wayne Allard (R-CO)* Trent Lott (R-MS) John McCain (R-AZ) Gordon Smith (R-OR) Larry Craig (R-ID) Frank Murkowski (R-AK) Robert Smith (R-NH) Pete Domenici (R-NM) Craig Thomas (R-WY)* John Ashcroft (R-MO) Slade Gorton (R-WA) Rod Grams (R-MN)* John Breaux (D-LA) Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID) Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY) Spencer Abraham (R-MI) Richard Lugar (R-IN) Paul Coverdell (R-GA) Ernest Hollings (D-SC) Jesse Helms (R-NC) Wendell Ford (D-KY) Charles Grassley (R-IA) Olympia Snowe (R-ME)* Sam Brownback (R-KS)* Strom Thurmond (R-SC) William Roth (R-DE) Daniel Moynihan (D-NY) Jeff Sessions (R-AL) Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) Thad Cochran (R-MS) John Glenn (D-OH) Charles Robb (D-VA) Joseph Lieberman (D-CT) John Chafee (R-RI) Tim Hutchinson (R-AR)* Bob Kerrey (D-NE) Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)
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Table 9, Continued.
Rank 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 T99 T99
Senators in the 105th Congress Bill Frist (R-TN) Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) John Rockefeller (D-WV) Robert Byrd (D-WV) Ben Campbell (R-CO) Robert Bennett (R-UT) Bob Graham (D-FL) Daniel Inouye (D-HI) Michael Enzi (R-WY) Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) Max Baucus (D-MT) Thomas Daschle (D-SD) Judd Gregg (R-NH) Christopher Dodd (D-CT) Richard Durbin (D-IL)* Robert Torricelli (D-NJ)* Tom Harkin (D-IA) Harry Reid (D-NV) Carl Levin (D-MI) Susan Collins (R-ME) Dale Bumpers (D-AR) James Jeffords (R-VT) Richard Bryan (D-NV) Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL) Byron Dorgan (D-ND) Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) Chuck Hagel (R-NE) Tim Johnson (D-SD)* Jack Reed (D-RI)* Max Cleland (D-GA) Ron Wyden (D-OR)* Barbara Boxer (D-CA) Patrick Leahy (D-VT) Daniel Akaka (D-HI) Mary Landrieu (D-LA) Russell Feingold (D-WI) Patty Murray (D-WA) Connie Mack (R-FL) Paul Wellstone (D-MN) John Kerry (D-MA) Edward Kennedy (D-MA) Herb Kohl (D-WI) Joseph Biden (D-DE)
PAC Contributions Received from the Air Quality Standards Coalition (1991-1996) $89,999 $87,250 $87,000 $85,500 $83,667 $82,048 $76,250 $74,100 $73,000 $72,680 $70,300 $69,375 $66,000 $64,749 $63,783 $61,800 $60,812 $56,919 $51,100 $49,000 $45,600 $41,250 $37,508 $34,449 $34,250 $34,000 $32,650 $30,750 $28,900 $18,700 $18,550 $15,250 $12,000 $11,850 $10,750 $7,100 $6,850 $3,500 $2,700 $2,000 $1,000 $0 $0
Number of Contributions from the Air Quality Standards Coalition 65 86 80 76 97 72 82 54 44 64 68 75 61 63 102 84 54 55 44 39 49 45 44 33 42 33 32 56 47 16 28 15 21 14 16 7 10 4 5 2 3 0 2
Senate Vote on H.R. 2099 Roll Call No. 470 Sept. 27, 1995 Y= N=+ + + + + + N/A + + + + N/A N/A + + + N/A + + + + + N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + + + N/A + + + + + + +
House Vote on H.R. 2099 Roll Call No. 605 Jul. 31, 1995 Y=+ N= N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + + N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + + N/A + N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
*Denotes senators whose totals include payments to their House of Representatives election committees from 19911996. Note: Senators may later refund contributions to their contributors. In these cases, the refunds are totaled as negative contributions. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data.
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Table 10. In the last six years, member-companies of the Air Quality Standards Coalition PACs contributed nearly $12 million to Senators serving in the 105th Congress.
Amount Contributed to Current Members of 105th Senate (1991-1996) $11,909,549 $509,034 $473,449 $368,214 $353,398 $352,964 $345,200 $343,670 $275,049 $258,500 $244,199 $237,650 $229,220 $215,000 $213,849 $211,494 $209,700 $208,250 $206,800 $203,000 $189,000 $183,300 $176,470 $174,000 $170,032 $165,250 $161,069 $160,847 $147,090 $143,250 $135,362 $135,000 $131,800 $129,100 $127,142 $125,261 $122,750 $110,605 $109,162 $108,800 $107,400 $104,100 $103,550 $102,800 $98,712 $98,254 $89,200 $88,069 $87,000 $86,417 $85,747 Number of Contributions to Current Members of 105th Senate (1991-1996) 11,278 429 444 368 231 359 200 377 105 213 179 174 231 190 187 215 183 435 245 105 150 163 183 64 137 87 166 189 129 159 118 75 112 86 146 83 128 139 111 109 96 103 102 95 99 87 79 102 61 82 80
Rank
Top 50 Companies with PACs in AQSC Total PAC Contributions from AQSC Members
Number of PACs 202 4 3 3 1 3 1 5 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Northrop Grumman Corp. General Motors Corp. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Chevron Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Exxon Co. U.S.A. American Trucking Assoc. International Paper Co. Tenneco National Mining Assoc. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Boeing Co., The FMC Corp. Rockwell International Corp. Ford Motor Co. United Technologies Corp. Southern Co. Amoco Corp. Associated Builders & Contractors AlliedSignal Aerospace Occidental International Corp. Chrysler Corp. Westvaco Corp. Printing Industries of America, Inc. Mobil Oil Corp. Texaco, Inc. du Pont de Nemours & Co., E.I. ARCO National Broiler Council USX Corp. Schering Plough Corp. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. Koch Industries, Inc. National Cotton Council Ashland, Inc. Mapco Petroleum, Inc. American Meat Institute General Mills, Inc. Dresser Industries, Inc. American Bakers Assoc. Shell Oil Co. American Textile Manufacturers Institute TRW, Inc. Holland & Knight Unocal Corp. Deere & Co. American Portland Cement Alliance Cargill, Inc. Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge American Farm Bureau Federation
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data, January 1991November 1996.
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Methodology
e used Federal Election Commission data on contributions from PACs affiliated with companies and trade associations that are actively involved in lobbying in support of anti-environment regulatory reform and/or blocking enforcement of the Clean Air Act. These companies belong to one or more coalitions such as Project Relief, the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation, and the Air Quality Standards Coalition. These companies contributed resources to efforts to enact these two radical anti-environmental bills. Some of the companies that are members of the ARR, Project Relief, or the Air Quality Standards Coalition are not commonly thought of as polluting industries. Many of these companies, however, have specific anti-environmental agendas. For example, United Parcel Service advocates weakening the Clean Air Act requirement that fleet trucks burn cleaner fuels. For the National Association of Realtors, a top priority is gutting wetland protections to increase land available for development. Whatever their specific anti-environmental goals, all of the companies analyzed in this report are members of one or more of the coalitions we studied.
The $29 million in campaign contributions is a very conservative estimate because it does not include all the contributions from polluter PACs and individuals.
We examined PAC contributions from 1991 through November 1996. This time range includes the last three Senate elections (1992, 1994 and 1996), which provides a fair comparison of every senator during his or her re-election cycle, which is when senators raise the bulk of their campaign contributions. Moreover, while senators run for reelection only once every six years, many of them raise money during their entire term, and not just in the two years before their next election. It is important to note that these PAC contribution figures underestimate the total contributions senators received from anti-environment interests. First, these figures only include actual PAC contributions. It is highly likely that many executives from these companies also made individual contributions to these senators, but these are not included in this study. Second, many companies with PACs have lobbied the Senate to enact regulatory reform or weaken the Clean Air Act, but are not official members of the broad industry coalitions. PAC and individual contributions from these companies are also excluded. Third, the totals do not reflect the unlimited soft money contributions that companies can make to political parties that may have been used in support of particular senators.
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Finally, some companies without PACs are members of the coalitions analyzed and lobby on these issues. Individual contributions from these companies executives and lobbyists are not included in this study. For these reasons, the PAC figures understate the actual amount of campaign contributions from the anti-environment interests profiled herein. We used two key votes in this study. The cloture votes on Sen. Doles regulatory reform bill, S. 343, which occurred on July 20, 1995. It failed on a 58-40 vote. (Sixty votes are required for cloture.) The vote on passage of the Senate version of the HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriations bill for Fiscal Year 1996, H.R. 2099, which occurred on Sept. 27, 1995. This bill included funding for the EPA. It passed 55-45. These votes were chosen because they were the two key indicators of where senators stood on anti-environment regulatory reform, and blocking enforcement of the Clean Air Act. Fifteen new senators were elected in 1996. Eight of these senators served in the House in 1995-1996. They had an opportunity to vote on very similar regulatory reform and anti-Clean Air Act legislation. We used two votes for these former representatives. The vote to pass the Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act, H.R. 9, which included regulatory reform provisions very similar to those in S. 343. On March 3, 1995, the bill passed by a vote of 277-141. The vote to remove the anti-environmental provisions from the House version of the HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriations bill for Fiscal Year 1996, H.R. 2099. This vote occurred on a motion by Reps. Boehlert (R-N.Y.) and Stokes (D-Ohio). On July 31, 1995, it failed on a 210-210 tie vote. Although the seven new senators who did not previously serve in the House may have made statements either for or against the regulatory reform and the proposed clean air health standards, these statements are unlikely to be specific or definitive enough to determine whether they will be opponents or proponents of these proposals in 1997. We analyzed and reported on their PAC contributions from the polluter PACs so that their constituents will know who they received money from. The reports of these figures do not imply that these senators either support or oppose to these proposals.
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Appendix One. Top 50 member companies of the Alliance for Reasonable Regulation, Project Relief, and the Air Quality Standards Coalition.
Amount Contributed to Current Members of 105th Senate (1991-1996) Corporate Membership Alliance Air For Quality Reasonable Project Standards Regulation Relief Coalition
Rank
Top 50 Companies PAC Contributions*
Total for Top 50 PACs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] CNW Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc.** Federal Express Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. General Electric Co. / Kidder Peabody, Inc. Assoc. Gen. Contractors of America [Nebraska Bldg Chpt.] General Motors Corp. National Federation Of Independent Business*** Independent Insurance Agents Of America, Inc. National Restaurant Assoc. BellSouth Communications, Inc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Chevron Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Exxon Co. U.S.A. American Trucking Assoc. Food Marketing Institute CSX Corp. Beech Aircraft Corp. International Paper Co. Bankamerica Corp. Tenneco Textron, Inc. Chase Bank Of Arizona National Mining Assoc. Nus Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Boeing Co., The Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc. FMC Corp. Rockwell International Corp. Ford Motor Co. United Technologies Corp. Southern Co. Amoco Corp. Associated Builders & Contractors International Council Of Shopping Centers, Inc. AlliedSignal Co. Occidental International Corp. Chrysler Corp. Westvaco Corp. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Printing Industries of America, Inc. National Electrical Contractors Assoc., Inc. Sheet Metal & Air Cond. Contractors National Assoc. Mobil Oil Corp. National Assoc. of Convenience Stores
$16,410,327 $1,121,172 $760,730 $634,611 $616,088 $613,100 $512,300 $509,034 $506,560 $497,300 $473,449 $438,184 $410,964 $378,364 $375,984 $368,214 $353,398 $352,964 $345,200 $343,670 $326,273 $318,050 $279,509 $275,049 $271,024 $258,500 $257,700 $257,295 $244,199 $240,750 $237,650 $229,220 $219,860 $215,000 $213,849 $211,494 $209,700 $208,250 $206,800 $203,000 $190,700 $189,000 $183,300 $176,470 $174,000 $170,055 $170,032 $167,500 $165,600 $165,250 $163,962 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
*Note: Contributions from more than one PAC affiliated with a company may be included in total amount contributed to 105th Senate. **Contributions from NBWA include a $60,000 independent expenditure against Senator Wellstone. ***Contributions from NFIB include a $3,600 independent expenditure against Senator Feingold. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from Federal Election Commission data (January 1991-November 1996.) Complete list available upon request.
Sierra Club
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Appendix Two. Top contributors to members of the Senate from Alliance for Reasonable Regulation, Project Relief, and Air Quality Standards Coalition PACs.
Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Drummond Co., Inc. International Paper Co. National Federation of Independent Business Associated General Contractors of America Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Southern Co. Drummond Co., Inc. Chase Manhattan Corp. Bankamerica Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American International Group, Inc. Union Pacific Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. Associated General Contractors of America Chevron Corp. General Electric Co. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Federal Express Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Boeing Co., The General Motors Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. Rockwell International Corp. Textron, Inc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. United Technologies Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors National Federation of Independent Business United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Food Marketing Institute Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Federal Express Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Phelps Dodge Corp. AlliedSignal Co. Associated General Contractors of America Food Marketing Institute General Motors Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Georgia-Pacific Corp International Paper Co. Entergy Services, Inc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. National Federation of Independent Business National Assoc. of Realtors National Restaurant Assoc. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $270,815 $10,100 $10,000 $10,000 $8,257 $8,000 $503,049 $16,746 $15,750 $15,000 $14,118 $12,500 $378,212 $12,500 $11,500 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $407,248 $12,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $531,063 $64,798 $15,697 $13,620 $12,500 $11,700 $421,301 $14,000 $12,000 $11,300 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $165,857 $10,000 $8,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,500 $268,177 $19,000 $14,500 $14,331 $13,500 $10,500 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 177 3 4 4 4 2 468 6 23 5 14 10 389 8 11 12 3 3 12 369 5 6 5 9 6 6 7 8 4 6 489 12 8 22 6 12 393 8 9 8 2 4 6 9 4 144 4 3 3 9 5 265 11 5 9 8 3
State Alabama
Senator Sessions, Jeff (R-AL)
Shelby, Richard (R-AL)
Alaska
Murkowski, Frank (R-AK)
Stevens, Ted R-AK)
Arizona
Kyl, Jon (R-AZ)*
McCain, John (R-AZ)
Arkansas
Bumpers, Dale (D-AR)
Hutchinson, Tim (R-AR)*
Sierra Club
25
Appendix Two, continued.

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Federal Express Corp. Genentech, Inc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. National Assoc. of Realtors Nestle U.S.A. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc. Bankamerica Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Northrop Grumman Corp. Federal Express Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business National Assoc. of Realtors National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Chevron Corp. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Amoco Corp. Chevron Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Bankamerica Corp. Federal Express Corp. Chase Manhattan Corp. Aetna, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. Federal Express Corp. ITT Hartford Group Inc Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge Textron, Inc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. United Technologies Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Chrysler Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America General Motors Corp. International Paper Co. du Pont de Nemours & Co., E.I. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Food Marketing Institute Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Jim Walter Corp. Holland & Knight Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $78,354 $12,000 $7,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $310,523 $24,500 $20,250 $16,520 $16,248 $15,000 $454,034 $22,735 $20,000 $19,850 $14,100 $13,749 $246,170 $108,953 $15,500 $10,000 $9,000 $7,800 $277,211 $18,253 $15,499 $15,000 $14,900 $14,000 $289,075 $13,500 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $286,936 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,051 $9,000 $9,000 $213,065 $10,000 $9,999 $9,500 $9,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 64 8 3 4 7 2 1 1 182 10 14 10 8 4 497 10 12 12 13 18 170 8 7 6 8 4 212 7 12 4 10 5 276 12 3 6 4 6 4 9 14 2 2 4 6 261 4 10 2 11 3 5 237 4 7 5 5
State California
Senator Boxer, Barbara (D-CA)
Feinstein, Dianne (D-CA)
Colorado
Allard, Wayne (R-CO)*
Campbell, Ben (R-CO)
Connecticut
Dodd, Christopher (D-CT)
Lieberman, Joseph (D-CT)
Delaware
Biden, Joseph (D-DE)
Roth, William (R-DE)
Florida
Graham, Bob D-FL)
26
Take the Money...And Run.

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. National Assoc. of Realtors National Utility Contractors Assoc. Mack, Connie (R-FL)* Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Sensormatic Electronics Corp. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. Associated Builders & Contractors Chase Manhattan Corp. Colt Industries, Inc. FMC Corp. General Electric Co. National Restaurant Assoc. National Soft Drink Assoc., Inc. Sea-land Service, Inc. (subsidiary) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge Federal Express Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Amoco Corp. BellSouth Corp. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Chrysler Corp. Georgia-Pacific Corp Holland & Knight Northrop Grumman Corp. Tyson Foods, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business Southern Co. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Bakers Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] BHP Hawaii, Inc. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] General Electric Co. General Motors Corp. Sea-land Service, Inc. (subsidiary) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America Chevron Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Exxon Co. U.S.A. Food Marketing Institute National Assoc. of Realtors National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Mining Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Chevron Corp. FMC Corp. Union Pacific Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $8,000 $8,000 $10,700 $1,200 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $41,200 $5,500 $5,000 $3,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $323,515 $13,492 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,072 $56,800 $10,000 $6,000 $5,400 $3,500 $3,000 $181,900 $24,000 $18,500 $9,850 $9,000 $9,000 $359,185 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $305,252 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 7 6 12 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 269 5 15 6 9 5 67 9 7 8 3 3 146 13 11 5 7 8 342 2 6 4 5 10 8 3 5 9 264 6 4 8 8
State
Senator
Georgia
Cleland, Max (D-GA)
Coverdell, Paul (R-GA)
Hawaii
Akaka, Daniel (D-HI)
Inouye, Daniel (D-HI)
Idaho
Craig, Larry (R-ID)
Kempthorne, Dirk (R-ID)
Sierra Club
27

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. International Paper Co. Illinois Durbin, Richard (D-IL)* Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Federal Express Corp. General Electric Co. WMX Technologies, Inc. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $8,500 $209,513 $16,200 $14,480 $10,350 $8,000 $7,500 $7,500 $122,925 $11,000 $9,800 $7,500 $7,500 $7,075 $537,324 $12,000 $12,000 $10,500 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $306,620 $10,000 $9,999 $9,500 $9,000 $8,500 $329,351 $11,789 $10,875 $10,750 $10,000 $9,000 $163,201 $9,000 $9,000 $8,000 $8,000 $7,500 $284,058 $12,000 $11,600 $11,500 $11,000 $10,687 $482,189 $23,000 $15,000 $12,500 $11,750 $10,500 $10,500 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 3 295 10 22 14 5 9 7 106 3 8 6 2 6 494 9 14 11 11 2 3 2 8 5 6 9 292 4 7 9 7 8 316 12 5 10 2 10 152 8 7 2 6 4 295 6 7 5 7 10 525 10 11 14 17 7 5
State
Senator
Moseley-Braun, Carol (D-IL) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Federal Express Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Bankamerica Corp. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Indiana Coats, Dan (R-IN) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Norfolk Southern Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. General Motors Corp. Amoco Corp. Associated Builders & Contractors Associated General Contractors of America International Paper Co. National Assoc. of Realtors National Restaurant Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. United Technologies Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America Union Pacific Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. National Assoc. of Realtors Food Marketing Institute Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Trucking Assoc. National Assoc. of Realtors Union Pacific Corp. Associated General Contractors of America General Motors Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Raytheon Co. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Food Marketing Institute United Technologies Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Union Pacific Corp. National Restaurant Assoc. Koch Industries, Inc. Federal Express Corp. National Federation of Independent Business Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors FMC Corp. Union Pacific Corp. Western Resources Koch Industries, Inc. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc.
Lugar, Richard (R-IN)
Iowa
Grassley, Charles (R-IA)
Harkin, Tom (D-IA)
Kansas
Brownback, Sam (R-KS)*
Roberts, Pat (R-KS)*
28

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Ashland, Inc. Federal Express Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Ashland, Inc. Brown-Forman Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Restaurant Assoc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Union Pacific Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. United Technologies Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Fisheries Institute Chevron Corp. American Trucking Assoc. International Council of Shopping Centers, Inc. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Restaurant Assoc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs BellSouth Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Amoco Corp. Bankamerica Corp. Chrysler Corp. Entergy Services, Inc. National Fisheries Institute Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Georgia-Pacific Corp International Paper Co. National Lumber & Building Material Dealer Assoc. National Federation of Independent Business Champion International Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors International Paper Co. Associated General Contractors of America International Council of Shopping Centers, Inc. Union Camp Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Westinghouse Electric Corp. General Motors Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. Boeing Co., The Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Westvaco Corp. Federal Express Corp. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $327,565 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,998 $9,810 $459,871 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $372,517 $11,250 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $31,500 $5,000 $5,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $172,728 $10,000 $10,000 $7,908 $7,600 $6,401 $379,158 $43,267 $20,000 $12,750 $12,000 $11,050 $186,989 $21,089 $11,500 $11,200 $10,900 $10,350 $106,849 $9,999 $9,500 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $1,500 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 283 3 3 5 8 6 413 2 5 7 5 7 6 5 2 7 335 4 4 8 4 6 2 31 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 116 2 2 8 4 6 308 11 6 7 5 5 186 7 9 14 13 9 83 5 7 3 3 4 8
State Kentucky
Senator Ford, Wendell (D-KY)
McConnell, Mitch (R-KY)
Louisiana
Breaux, John (D-LA)
Landrieu, Mary (D-LA)
Maine
Collins, Susan (R-ME)
Snowe, Olympia (R-ME)*
Maryland
Mikulski, Barbara (D-MD)
Sarbanes, Paul (D-MD)
Massachusetts
Kennedy, Edward (D-MA)
Sierra Club
29

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. American Trucking Assoc. Norfolk Southern Corp. General Electric Co. Litton Industries, Inc. Tenneco Kerry, John (D-MA) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs General Motors Corp. Holland & Knight American Society of Travel Agents, Inc. Bankamerica Corp. American International Group, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business General Motors Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Exxon Co. U.S.A. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs General Motors Corp. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Detroit Edison Co. Chrysler Corp. Consumers Power Co. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Koch Industries, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs West Publishing Co. Dorsey, Windhorst, Hannaford, Whitney... CENEX, Inc. Centocor, Inc. Eastman Kodak Co. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs BellSouth Corp. International Paper Co. Food Marketing Institute General Motors Corp. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. Chevron Corp. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Federal Express Corp. Sea-land Service, Inc. (subsidiary) Northrop Grumman Corp. International Paper Co. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America Chevron Corp. Exxon Co. U.S.A. Food Marketing Institute Ford Motor Co. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $1,000 $500 $0 $0 $0 $1,300 $1,000 $1,000 $300 $0 -$1,000 $332,331 $16,422 $13,000 $10,500 $10,000 $10,000 $104,456 $11,000 $10,000 $9,600 $8,000 $7,750 $397,729 $18,130 $15,000 $15,000 $13,000 $12,000 $17,078 $9,428 $2,950 $1,800 $1,000 $1,000 $195,301 $10,000 $8,000 $7,000 $7,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 $427,329 $13,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,050 $398,101 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 1 1 2 2 2 8 1 1 1 2 3 224 8 6 3 2 2 105 10 4 11 4 6 360 9 7 9 7 5 25 3 4 3 1 1 163 3 3 4 5 3 2 4 392 10 6 7 10 7 359 2 5 6 8 17 2 9
State
Senator
Michigan
Abraham, Spencer (R-MI)
Levin, Carl (D-MI)
Minnesota
Grams, Rod (R-MN)*
Wellstone, Paul (D-MN)
Mississippi
Cochran, Thad (R-MS)
Lott, Trent (R-MS)
Missouri
Ashcroft, John (R-MO)
30

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Chase Manhattan Corp. General Motors Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. Associated General Contractors of America National Assoc. of Realtors Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Convenience Stores National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. WMX Technologies, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] American Trucking Assoc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated Builders & Contractors Federal Express Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] BellSouth Corp. General Motors Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America Associated Builders & Contractors Exxon Co. U.S.A. National Assoc. of Convenience Stores Grocery Manufacturers Assoc., Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Federal Express Corp. General Electric Co. Schering Plough Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Federal Express Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. ITT Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Jim Walter Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Raytheon Co. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Exxon Co. U.S.A. WMX Technologies, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Associated General Contractors of America Northrop Grumman Corp. Union Pacific Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $544,234 $14,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $221,355 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,000 $9,000 $580,304 $17,500 $16,000 $14,090 $11,000 $11,000 $11,000 $75,266 $10,000 $5,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,500 $248,536 $12,000 $12,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $188,913 $18,943 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,500 $138,594 $13,000 $8,238 $8,000 $8,000 $6,000 $206,035 $12,250 $11,500 $10,000 $7,500 $7,000 $366,265 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,554 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 541 11 13 7 2 5 7 218 3 3 7 6 8 520 6 7 10 15 8 9 63 2 2 2 2 3 196 9 4 4 8 3 5 171 7 6 5 7 15 130 5 8 2 6 7 171 7 4 7 4 7 337 4 7 8 6
State
Senator Bond, Christopher (R-MO)
Montana
Baucus, Max (D-MT)
Burns, Conrad (R-MT)
Nebraska
Hagel, Chuck (R-NE)
Kerrey, Bob (D-NE)
Nevada
Bryan, Richard (D-NV)
Reid, Harry (D-NV)
New Hampshire
Gregg, Judd (R-NH)
Smith, Robert (R-NH)
Sierra Club
31

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. New Jersey Lautenberg, Frank (D-NJ) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs AlliedSignal Co. Public Service Electric And Gas Co. Schering Plough Corp. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. National Utility Contractors Assoc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. Public Service Electric And Gas Co. National Assoc. of Realtors Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. BellSouth Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. Family Health Program, Inc. National Assoc. of Realtors Union Pacific Corp. General Motors Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Interstate Natural Gas Assoc. of America Northrop Grumman Corp. Union Pacific Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. General Motors Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American International Group, Inc. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Bankamerica Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. Chase Manhattan Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Chase Manhattan Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors American International Group, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Federal Express Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Carolina Power & Light Co. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Textile Manufacturers Institute BellSouth Corp. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. General Motors Corp. International Paper Co. National Assoc. of Realtors National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $9,500 $255,949 $12,500 $12,498 $12,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $150,186 $17,750 $14,176 $9,750 $7,250 $6,500 $219,900 $13,500 $10,000 $9,000 $8,500 $8,000 $365,401 $10,996 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,000 $438,600 $16,000 $14,500 $13,750 $13,400 $13,250 $318,256 $17,927 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $431,295 $12,000 $12,000 $11,000 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $316,276 $15,000 $11,000 $10,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 6 218 5 9 4 7 4 9 8 5 203 10 14 7 9 11 204 13 4 8 5 10 336 13 2 7 7 8 404 6 9 8 11 11 268 12 7 3 11 2 4 5 382 7 10 5 6 7 8 2 2 3 2 264 8 3 6
State
Senator
Torricelli, Robert (D-NJ)*
New Mexico
Bingaman, Jeff (D-NM)
Domenici, Pete (R-NM)
New York
D'Amato, Alfonse (R-NY)
Moynihan, Daniel (D-NY)
North Carolina
Faircloth, Lauch (R-NC)
Helms, Jesse (R-NC)
32

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. American Textile Manufacturers Institute Associated General Contractors of America BellSouth Corp. Carolina Power & Light Co. Duke Power Co. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. North Dakota Conrad, Kent (D-ND) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Federal Express Corp. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Mining Assoc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Restaurant Assoc. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Ashland, Inc. West Publishing Co. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors National Restaurant Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Associated General Contractors of America National Mining Assoc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Northrop Grumman Corp. Federal Express Corp. General Motors Corp. Rockwell International Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs United Parcel Service of America, Inc. National Assoc. of Realtors National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Federation of Independent Business Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Associated Builders & Contractors Exxon Co. U.S.A. Federal Express Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Electrical Contractors Assoc., Inc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business Georgia-Pacific Corp National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Restaurant Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] National Assoc. of Retail Druggists National Assoc. of Realtors Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $498,051 $22,000 $18,000 $16,000 $16,000 $15,999 $99,758 $10,000 $7,500 $6,500 $5,000 $5,000 $867,193 $60,441 $20,000 $16,000 $15,000 $15,000 $214,625 $12,000 $10,100 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $670,752 $29,150 $23,700 $20,850 $19,000 $17,500 $528,986 $13,000 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $510,264 $71,749 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $109,971 $14,221 $11,000 $9,600 $7,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 8 3 6 7 3 5 538 20 9 13 14 12 107 3 6 4 1 1 660 7 5 7 6 6 182 7 11 3 9 7 8 734 27 16 10 15 14 429 13 5 7 5 2 7 2 6 301 28 4 4 4 8 138 17 5 5 5
State
Senator
Dorgan, Byron (D-ND)
Ohio
DeWine, Mike (R-OH)
Glenn, John (D-OH)
Oklahoma
Inhofe, James (R-OK)*
Nickles, Don (R-OK)
Oregon
Smith, Gordon (R-OR)
Wyden, Ron (D-OR)*
Sierra Club
33

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Holland & Knight ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc. Pennsylvania Santorum, Rick (R-PA)* Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors National Federation of Independent Business National Restaurant Assoc. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. General Motors Corp. PECO Energy Co. Rockwell International Corp. Boeing Co., The Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Textron, Inc. Union Pacific Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. National Assoc. of Realtors National Marine Manufacturers Assoc. Schering Plough Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Textron, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Trucking Assoc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] American Textile Manufacturers Institute United Parcel Service of America, Inc. BellSouth Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Carolina Power & Light Co. National Assoc. of Realtors Northrop Grumman Corp. Scana Corp. American Textile Manufacturers Institute United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. Occidental International Corp. General Electric Co. Union Pacific Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. CENEX, Inc. Dorsey, Windhorst, Hannaford, Whitney... Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs BellSouth Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $5,000 $5,000 $696,208 $35,506 $30,673 $17,000 $16,500 $15,000 $437,990 $13,199 $11,000 $10,000 $9,700 $9,250 $290,188 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,300 $9,000 $9,000 $9,000 $208,061 $25,500 $18,250 $17,850 $15,250 $13,825 $373,049 $17,443 $15,500 $12,000 $12,000 $11,500 $272,375 $10,500 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,000 $9,000 $211,871 $10,696 $10,000 $9,000 $8,999 $8,000 $91,850 $12,000 $11,000 $9,750 $5,750 $5,250 $236,315 $14,000 $11,000 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 1 1 711 13 12 8 8 10 438 13 10 7 6 8 291 5 10 8 7 7 6 9 268 21 15 13 23 16 361 21 17 8 10 7 235 7 7 2 5 7 7 202 6 4 9 9 5 117 8 10 7 10 2 159 7 3
State
Senator
Specter, Arlen (R-PA)
Rhode Island
Chafee, John (R-RI)
Reed, Jack (D-RI)*
South Carolina
Hollings, Ernest (D-SC)
Thurmond, Strom (R-SC)
South Dakota
Daschle, Thomas (D-SD)
Johnson, Tim (D-SD)*
Tennessee
Frist, Bill (R-TN)
34

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. National Federation of Independent Business Eastman Chemical Co. Exxon Co. U.S.A. Federal Express Corp. Thompson, Fred (R-TN) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs BellSouth Corp. Federal Express Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Eastman Chemical Co. Chevron Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. Texas Utilities Services, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Baker & Botts, L.L.P. BellSouth Corp. Chevron Corp. Enron Corp. General Motors Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Restaurant Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. National Federation of Independent Business Caterpillar Tractor Co. Enron Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Union Pacific Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors General Electric Co. National Mining Assoc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Chevron Corp. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Associated Builders & Contractors Associated General Contractors of America Caterpillar Tractor Co. Federal Express Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. National Mining Assoc. Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America NYNEX Corp. National Assoc. of Realtors Federal Express Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs General Electric Co. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Holland & Knight United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $10,960 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $536,217 $20,500 $19,000 $17,500 $16,000 $14,000 $402,693 $12,000 $12,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $934,283 $20,000 $17,600 $17,511 $17,000 $17,000 $199,198 $11,000 $10,000 $8,000 $8,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 $463,497 $10,500 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $136,659 $15,000 $10,000 $7,500 $6,084 $6,000 $36,275 $4,775 $4,000 $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 $245,627 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 6 5 2 3 424 10 6 7 9 9 304 3 6 2 2 2 2 2 7 3 5 624 4 14 7 4 5 172 4 4 7 3 4 6 3 406 7 2 4 4 7 2 3 3 126 12 3 4 4 4 74 12 2 3 3 3 213
State
Senator
Texas
Gramm, Phil (R-TX)
Hutchison, Kay (R-TX)
Utah
Bennett, Robert (R-UT)
Hatch, Orrin (R-UT)
Vermont
Jeffords, James (R-VT)
Leahy, Patrick (D-VT)
Virginia
Robb, Charles (D-VA)
Sierra Club
35

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Northrop Grumman Corp. Chevron Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Federal Express Corp. Tenneco WMX Technologies, Inc. Warner, John (R-VA) Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors Northrop Grumman Corp. American Furniture Manufacturers Assoc. ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc. Asea Brown Boveri, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. General Motors Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Tenneco Union Pacific Corp. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Federation of Independent Business American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Northrop Grumman Corp. Weyerhaeuser Co. National Assoc. of Realtors Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Bankamerica Corp. Arctic Alaska Fisheries Corp. Boeing Co., The American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] General Electric Co. WMX Technologies, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Northrop Grumman Corp. National Mining Assoc. American Trucking Assoc. American Electric Power Co. National Assoc. of Realtors National Assoc. of Retail Druggists United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. General Motors Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Drummond Co., Inc. Manufactured Housing Institute National Assoc. of Realtors Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] Philip Morris Co.s, Inc. Continental Illinois Corp. WMX Technologies, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs American Telephone & Telegraph Co. [AT & T] United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $13,000 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $577,211 $40,880 $20,000 $13,000 $11,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $455,726 $14,098 $13,750 $11,000 $10,500 $10,145 $34,650 $7,450 $5,000 $3,350 $3,250 $2,500 $2,500 $162,500 $12,000 $10,000 $7,250 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $174,950 $10,000 $8,000 $6,500 $6,400 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 $16,950 $5,250 $4,000 $2,000 $2,000 $0 $0 $0 $150,352 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 8 7 7 2 6 4 457 9 8 6 10 5 4 7 10 3 6 6 6 413 4 11 10 10 8 43 8 3 5 8 3 2 152 6 2 6 7 3 2 6 164 9 12 3 7 2 3 3 24 6 2 2 3 4 2 2 95
State
Senator
Washington
Gorton, Slade (R-WA)
Murray, Patty (D-WA)
West Virginia
Byrd, Robert (D-WV)
Rockefeller, John (D-WV)
Wisconsin
Feingold, Russell (D-WI)
Kohl, Herb (D-WI)
Wyoming
Enzi, Michael (R-WY)
36

Total and Amount contributed from each of the top 5 PACs analyzed. Chevron Corp. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Exxon Co. U.S.A. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Union Pacific Corp. Thomas, Craig (R-WY)* Total from ARR/Project Relief/AQSC PACs National Assoc. of Realtors United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Union Pacific Corp. National Beer Wholesalers' Assoc. Cyprus Amax Minerals Corp. Amount of Contributions (1991-96) $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,270 $395,170 $20,036 $19,300 $16,000 $13,000 $11,750 Number of Contributions (1991-96) 2 3 2 4 2 425 9 21 14 6 19
State
Senator
Sierra Club
37

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