1

Hidayat Jamal & Zulhilmi

ismail
Hydraulics & Hydrology
Department, FKA, UTM
Introduction
Water distribution network analysis provides the basis for the
design of new systems and extension of existing systems.
The design criteria are that specified minimum flow rates and
pressure head~ must be attained at the outflow points of the
network.
The flow and pressure distributions across a network are
affected by the arrangements and sizes of the pipes and the
distribution of outflows.
The flow in any network, however complicated, must satisfy
the basic relations of continuity and energy as follows:
(a) The algebraic sum of flow rates in the pipes meeting at a
junction is zero
out in
Q Q E = E
Introduction
(b) The flow in each pipe must satisfy the pipe-friction laws (Darcy-
Weisbach, Hazen-William, etc) for flow in a single pipe.
(c) The algebraic sum of the head losses in the pipe, around any closed loop
formed by pipes, is zero
0 = E
f
h
n
f
kQ h =
Hardy Cross Method
2 solutions:
(1) Balancing Head ----- Assume Q
(2) Balancing Flow ----- Assume h
f
(i) At a junction:
(ii) Equation for head loss due to friction, h
f
:
(k and n values depend on the eqn used (Darcy-
Weisbach, Hazen-William, etc)
out in
Q Q E = E
n
f
kQ h =
(a) Darcy-Weisbach Eqn.
(b) Blasius Eqn.
g
v
d
fL
h
f
2
4
2
=
,
3
2
5
Q
d
fL
=
2 = n
,
1253
75 . 1
75 . 4
Q
d
L
h
f
= ,
1253
75 . 4
d
L
k =
75 . 1 = n
5
3d
fL
k =
(c) Hazen-William Eqn.
Where;
C
HW
= Hazen-William roughness coef.
(refer Table)
85 . 1
87 . 4
67 . 10
Q
d C
fL
h
HW
f
=
85 . 1 = n
87 . 4
67 . 10
d C
fL
k
HW
=
Pipe Material C
HW
Plastic, PYC 150
Asbestos Cement 140
Welded Steel 120
Riveted Steel 110
Concrete 130
Asphalted Iron -
Galvanised Iron -
Cast Iron (New) 130
Cast Iron (Old) 100
Corrugated Metal -
Table: Hazen-Williams Coefficient,
C
HW
for different types of pipe
1. Balancing Head Method
Applicable if the followings are known:
(i) Pipe characteristics such as diameter (d), Length (L)
and friction factor (f)
(ii) Q
in
, Q
out
in the system
Where discharges and pressure head are to be
determined????
Balancing Head Method
Procedures:
(i) Label the pipe network into close loops
(ii) Assumed values of Q in each pipe, but make sure:
at any junction: , where
(iii) Depending on the head losses eqn. used, calculate
h
f
for each pipe, i.e
(Note: sign for h
f
follows the sign for Q)
0 = EQ
out in
Q Q E = E
n
f
kQ h =
Balancing Head Method
(iv) For any loop:
0 = E
f
h
Balancing Head Method
Example:
0 = E
f
h
Balancing Head Method
(v) Calculate h
f
for each pipe in each loop (circuit)
(vi) For each loop/circuit, calculate the value of
(vii) Compute the error, Q:
(Note: n = 2 for Darcy-Weisbach eqn. &
n = 1.85 for Hazen-Williams eqn.)
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
Q
nh
f
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
nh
h
Q
f
f
Balancing Head Method
(viii) Calculate the corrected discharge, Q
(Note: consider +ve or ve sign)
(ix) Repeat the procedures until the error, Q 0
(Note: The working procedures is preferably carried
out in tabular form)
Q Q Q A + =
'
16
Figure below shows layout of pipe network for a
water supply system. Determine the flow rate in
each pipe in the network by using Darcy-
Weisbach approximations.
(Note: assume that friction factor, f = 0.0025 for
all pipes)
Example
17
Pipe Network
Pipe data
Solution
18
- Initial assumption for values and directions of Q
in each pipes
- (Note: At a junction, Q
in
= Q
out
)
Solution
19
Equations to be used:
(i) Darcy-Weisbach eqn.
(ii)
(iii)
Construct the Table!!!
2
5
3
f
fL
h Q
d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
h
h
Q
f
f
2
Q Q Q A + =
'
Solution
20
Loop Trial 1
1
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
Q
1
h
f
=kQ
1
2
2h
f
/Q
1
Q
1
Q= Q
1
+Q
1
AB 0.5 1000 26.666 0.2 1.0667 10.667 -0.0783 0.1217
AC 0.75 1200 4.2140 -0.3 -0.3793 2.5284 -0.0783 -0.3783
BC 0.5 1500 40.00 0.2 1.600 16.000 0.0581 0.2581
Total, 2.2874 29.1951
0783 . 0
1951 . 29
2874 . 2
2
1
1
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
h
h
Q
f
f
Solution
21
Loop Trial 2
2
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
Q
1
h
f
=kQ
1
2
2h
f
/Q
1
Q
1
Q= Q
1
+Q
1
BC 0.5 1500 40.000 -0.2 -1.6000 16.000 -0.0581 -0.2581
BD 0.25 1000 853.33 0.3 76.800 512.000 -0.1364 0.1636
CD 0.5 700 18.667 -0.3 -1.6800 11.200 -0.1364 -0.4364
Total, 73.52 539.2
1364 . 0
2 . 539
52 . 73
2
1
1
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
h
h
Q
f
f
Solution
22
Loop Trial 2
1
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
Q
2
h
f
=kQ
2
2
2h
f
/Q
2
Q
2
Q= Q
2
+Q
2
AB 0.5 1000 26.666 0.1217 0.3946 6.4880 -0.0810 0.0407
AC 0.75 1200 4.2140 -0.3783 -0.6031 3.1883 -0.0810 -0.4593
BC 0.5 1500 40.00 0.2581 2.6440 20.6440 -0.0283 0.2297
Total, 2.4542 30.3164
0810 . 0
3164 . 30
4542 . 2
2
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
h
h
Q
f
f
Solution
23
Loop Trial 2
2
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
Q
2
h
f
=kQ
2
2
2h
f
/Q
2
Q
2
Q= Q
2
+Q
2
BC 0.5 1500 40.000 -0.2581 -2.6636 20.6440 0.0284 -0.2297
BD 0.25 1000 853.33 0.1636 22.8534 279.2957 -0.0526 0.1110
CD 0.5 700 18.667 -0.4364 -3.5550 16.2923 -0.0526 -0.4890
Total, 16.6348 316.2320
0526 . 0
2320 . 316
6348 . 16
2
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
Q
h
h
Q
f
f
24
Solution
25
- Result: (Check the continuity at every junction),
Q
in
= Q
out
)
2. Balancing Flow Method
When pressure head at a point in pipe network is known.
But the flow rates/discharges and pressure head at other
points in the network are to be determined
Balancing Flow
Procedures:
(i) Make assumption of head at junction J, (H
j
)
(ii) Calculate the value of Q in each pipe by using value
of assumed H
j
and head loss eqn:
(iii) Calculate values of Q
in
and Q
out
at junction J
n
f
kQ h =
n
f
k
h
Q
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Balancing Head Method
(iv) Calculate value for each pipe then determine
the value of
(v) For correction purposes, calculate:
(vi) Recalculate the value of new head at J:
(vii) Repeat the procedures until
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
f
f
nh
Q
Q
h
f j j
h H H A =
'
|
|
.
|

\
|
f
nh
Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
f
nh
Q
0 ~ A
f
h
29
Using Darcy-Weisbach approximations, compute
and sketch the flow distribution in the pipe network
below:
Example 3
Solution
30
Equations to be used:
(i) h
f
= difference of level between reservoir and junction J
(ii) Darcy-Weisbach eqn: where
(iii)
n
f
k
h
Q
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 ,
3
5
= = n
d
fL
k
|
|
.
|

\
|
E
E
= A
f
f
nh
Q
Q
h
Solution
31
(iv)
- Based on Principle of Flow
10 m < H
j
< 50 m
- Assumption: Flow from A to B, C and D
30 m < H
j
< 50 m
Assume H
j
= 35 m
Construct the Table!!!
f j j
h H H A =
'

Solution
32
Trial 1
H
j
= 35 m
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
h
f1
Q
1
=(h
f
/k)
1/2
Q
1
/(2h
f1
)
AJ 0.6 500 10.7167 15 1.1813 0.0394
BJ 0.3 1000 685.871 -5 -0.0584 0.0085
CJ 0.3 1500 1028.806 -25 -0.1559 0.0031
DJ 0.45 3000 270.9614 -15 -0.2353 0.0078
Total, 0.7065 0.0589
9884 . 11
0589 . 0
7065 . 0
1
= = A
f
h
9884 . 46 ) 9884 . 11 ( 35 = = '
J
H
Solution
33
Trial 2
H
j
= 46.9884 m
pipe d(m) L(m) k=fL/3d
5
h
f2
Q
2
=(h
f2
/k)
1/2
Q
2
/(2h
f2
)
AJ 0.6 500 10.7167 3.0116 0.5301 0.0880
BJ 0.3 1000 685.871 -16.9884 -0.1574 0.0046
CJ 0.3 1500 1028.806 -36.9984 -0.1898 0.0026
DJ 0.45 3000 270.9614 -26.9884 -0.3156 0.0058
Total, -0.1325 0.1011
3110 . 1
1011 . 0
) 1325 . 0 (
2
=

= A
f
h
6774 . 45 3110 . 1 9884 . 46 = = '
J
H
Solution
34
- Results (from table): after 4 trials
Check: At junction J:
(OK) H
j
= 45.56 m
s m Q
AJ
/ 6436 . 0
3
+ =
, 0 = EQ
3070 . 0 1856 . 0 1506 . 0 6436 . 0 = EQ
s m Q
BJ
/ 1506 . 0
3
=
s m Q
CJ
/ 1856 . 0
3
=
s m Q
DJ
/ 3070 . 0
3
=
, 0 = EQ
Solution
35
36
37
The End