CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT ON FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP

SUBMITTED BY: Apekshamrit Madhukulya Class XII, Roll no.Sec- A

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certificate

This is to certify that Apekshamrit Madhukulya, student of class- XII (Sceince) bearing Roll no. has done his Chemistry

Project on FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP under my supervision according to the requirements laid down by CBSE for class- XII ( Science) exams. This in depth study is the result of his own workThe undersigned wishes her success in all endeavors of life.

Teacher In-charge

Class teacher

.. Principal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I m grateful to SIR HEMEN BARMAN for his continuous support for the project, from initial advice and encouragement to this day. Special thanks of mine goes to my group member who helped me in completing the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts and made this project easy and accurate. At last but not the least my grateful thanks are also extended to all my teachers for the proper guidance and assistance extended by them.

Yours sincerely Apekshamrit Madhukulya

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CONTENTS
Page nos. INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENT

5--7 7 - - 10

Procedure Observations Result 10 - - 11

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SOAP

Fat in Soap Preparation of Soap Hot process Cold Process

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHEMISTRY PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 1020 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease. Mechanism of micelle formation Let us take the example of soap solutions. Soap is sodium or potassium salt of a higher fatty acid and may be represented as RCOONa+ (e.g., sodium stearate CH3(CH2)16COONa+, which is a major component of many bar soaps). When dissolved in water, it dissociates into RCOO and Na+ ions. The RCOO ions, however, consist of two parts a long hydrocarbon chain R (also called non-polar tail) which is hydrophobic(water repelling), and a polar group COO (also called polar-ionic head),which is hydrophilic (water loving).

Fig.: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of stearate ion

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Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
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CHEMISTRY PROJECT 2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na+

(Water soluble) (ppt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Mg +2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.

Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+ Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Experiment 1:
Aim:

To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps.

Apparatus:

5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.

Materials Required:

5 different samples of soap and distilled water

Theory:

The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of soap and its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of soaps by taking the same concentration of solution and shaking them. The foam is formed and the time taken for disappearances of foam in all cases is compared. The lesser the time taken by a solution for the disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.

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Procedure:

Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and numbered 1 to 5. In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm) of the given samples of soap shavings or granules are taken and 50 ml of distilled water is added.

Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the soap completely. In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 5

One ml of the five soap solution is then poured in the test tubes of corresponding number. 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube. Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times. The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container. Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of 2mm foam is noted.

Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same force and the time taken for the disappearance of foam in each case is recorded.

The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the foaming capacity.

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Observations
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment:

Foaming Capacity Of Soap

Sample Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 Lux Savlon Dove Lifebuoy Cinthol 15 cm 14 cm 15.3 cm 14.8 cm 14.5 cm 13.3 cm 11.9 cm 10.5 cm 12 cm 11.8 cm 1.7 cm 2.1 cm 4.8 cm 2.8 cm 2.3cm Initial length Final length Decrease

Effect of addition of washing soda to foaming capacity of soaps

Sl.no Water used

Initial length

Final length

Decrease

Distilled water

15.2 cm

14 cm

1.2 cm

Hard water

12 cm

9.8 cm

2.2 cm

Hard water + Na2CO3

12.1 cm

10.3 cm

1.8 cm

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In terms of soaping

Capacity : distilled water > hard water + Na2CO3 > Hard water

RESULT

The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order: Dove

>

Lifebuoy

>

Cinthol

>

Savlon .

>

Lux

From this experiment, we can infer that Dove has the highest foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity. Commercial production of soap The most popular soap making process today is the cold process method, where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline solution, while some soapers use the historical hot process. Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually, an excess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali (super fatting), and in that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a naturally moisturizing soap and not pure detergent. Often, emollients such as jojoba oil or Shea butter are added at trace (the point at which the saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken), after most of the oils have saponified, so that they remain unreacted in the finished soap.

Fat in soap Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium Tallowate, a common ingredient in much soap, is derived from rendered beef fat. Soap can also be made of vegetable oils, such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer. An array of saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa butter to provide different qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap;
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coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. Smaller amounts of unsaponifable oils and fats that do not yield soap are sometimes added for further benefits.

Preparation of soap

In cold-process and hot-process soap making, heat may be required for saponification. Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient temperature to ensure the liquification of the fat being used. Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can be used right away because the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at the higher temperatures used in hot-process soap making. Hot-process soap making was used when the purity of alkali was unreliable. Cold-process soap making requires exact measurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin-friendly. Hot process In the hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together at 80100 C until saponification occurs, which the soap maker can determine by taste or by eye. After saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the excess liquid drained off. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold.

Cold process A cold-process soap maker first looks up the saponification value of the fats being used on a saponification chart, which is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali. Excess unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or irritate skin. Not enough alkali and the soap are greasy. The alkali is dissolved in water. Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at room temperature. Once both substances have cooled to approximately 100-110F (37-43C), and are no more than 10F (~5.5C) apart, they may be combined. This alkali-fat mixture is stirred until trace. There are varying levels of trace. After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. Trace corresponds roughly to viscosity. Essential and fragrance oils are added at light trace.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Internet sites

www.chemistry.about.com www.sciencebuddies.org www.scienceclub.org Books: NCERT text book class 12

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