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Chapter 12

12-1

Given d

m a x

= 1.000 i n and b

min

min

= 1.0015 i n , the minimum radial clearance is

m i n

1 .0015

1 .000

_2

0.000 75 in

l/d = 1

Also

r = 1.000/2 = 0.500
r/c = 0.500/0.00075 = 667
N = 1100/60 = 18.33 rev/s
P = W/(ld)

= 250/[(1)(1)] = 250 psi


8(10 )(18.33) '
-6

Eq. (12-7):

(667 )
2

250
h /c

Fig. 12-16:

00

Q/(rcNl)

Fig. 12-19:
Fig. 12-18:

fr/c

Fig. 12-20:

Q / Q

0.595

5.8

0. 261

3.98
0.5

h0 = 0.595(0.00075) = 0.000466 i n
-

5.8

r/c

5.8

Ans.

0.0087

667

The power loss i n Btu/s is


H

2:T fWrN
778(12)

2n (0.0087)(250)(0.5)(18.33)
778(12)

= 0.0134 Btu/s

Ans.

Q = 3.98rcNl = 3.98(0.5)(0.000 75)(18.33)(1) = 0.0274 in /s


3

Q = 0.5(0.0274) = 0.0137 in /s
3

m i n

r =

bmin - dmax

1.252

Ans.

1.250

= 0.001 in

1 .25/2 = 0.625 i n

r/c = 0.625/0.001 = 625


N = 1150/60 = 19.167 rev/s
400
P =

1 .25(2.5)
l/d = 2.5/1.25 = 2

(625 )(10)(10 )(19.167)


2

S =

128 psi

-6

128

= 0.585

313

Chapter 12

The interpolation formula of Eq. (12-16) w i l l have to be used. From Figs. 12-16, 12-21,
and 12-19
Q
For
3.09
//d = oo, h /e = 0.96,
PI p
= 0.84,
reNl
o

//d

= 1,

l/d

h /e

= 0.77,

P/p

h /e

= 0.54,

P/p

m a x

= 0.42,

h /e

= 0.31,

P/p

m a x

= 0.28,

1
= ,
2
1
= ,
4

l/d

m a x

max

= 0.52,

3.6

reNl
Q

4. 4

reNl
Q

5.25

rcNl

Equation (12-16) is easily programmed by code or by using a spreadsheet. The results are:

l/d
ho/e

2
2
2

pP / pPmax

Q / reNl
h

max

0.96
0.84
3.09

0.77
0.52
3.60

= 0.88(0.001) = 0.000 88 i n
128

yi

0.64

200 psi

1/2

0.54
0.42
4.40

1/4

0.31
0.28
5.25

0.88
0.64
3.28

Ans.

Ans.

Q = 3.28(0.625)(0.001)(19.167)(2.5) = 0.098 in /s
3

12-3
e

min

bmin - dmax

3.005 - 3.000
2

0.0025 i n

r = 3.000/2 = 1 .500 in
.

l/d

= 1 .5/3 = 0.5

r/e = 1 .5/0.0025 = 600


N = 600/60 = 10 rev/s
P

800

1 . 5(3)

177.78 psi

Fig. 12-12: SAE 10, ' = 1.75 /zreyn


1.75(10 )(10)
-6

S = (600 )
2

Figs. 12-16 and 12-21:

h /e

= 0.11,

max

177.78
P/p

m a x

0.0354

= 0.21

= 0.11(0.0025) = 0.000 275 in


= 177.78/0.21 = 847 psi

Ans.

Ans.

Ans.

314

Solutions Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Fig. 12-12: SAE 40, = 4.5 r e y n

(
= 0.19,

h /e
o

4.5 \
) = 0.0910
1 . 75

P/p

= 0.275

m a x

= 0.19(0.0025) = 0.000475 i n

pmax = 177.78/0.275 = 646 psi


12-4
e

Ans.

bmin - dmax
3.006 - 3.000
2
=
2
= 0.003

m i n

Ans.

r = 3.000/2 = 1 . 5 i n
.

l/d

r/e = 1 .5/0.003 = 500


N = 750/60 = 12.5rev/s
600
P

3(3)

66.7 psi

Fig. 12-14: SAE 10W, = 2.1 r e y n


'2.1(10 )(12.5)
-6

S = (500 )
2

66.7

0.0984

From Figs. 12-16 and 12-21:


h /e

= 0.34,

P/p

m a x

= 0.395

= 0.34(0.003) = 0.001 020 i n

Ans.

66.7
p

m a x

0.395

= 169 psi

Ans.

Fig. 12-14: SAE 20W-40, = 5.05 r e y n


' 5.05(10 )(12.5)
-6

S = (500 )
2

66.7

0.237

From Figs. 12-16 and 12-21:


h /e
o

= 0.57,

P/p

max

= 0.47

ho = 0.57(0.003) = 0.001 71 i n
66.7
p

m a x

0.47

= 142 psi

Ans.

Ans.

315

Chapter 12

m i n

=
=

bmin - dmax

2
2
-

d
=
2 2

=
2

2.0024 - 2

1in,

l/d

= 0.0012 in

1/2 = 0.50

r/c = 1/0.0012 = 833


N = 800/60 = 13.33 rev/s
P

600
=

300 psi

2(1)
Fig. 12-12: SAE 20, = 3.75 r e y n
0.115

S = (833 ) ' 3.75(10 )(13.3)


300
2

-6

From Figs. 12-16, 12-18 and 12-19:


h /c

= 0.23,

rf/c = 3.8,

Q/(rcNl)

= 5.3

= 0.23(0.0012) = 0.000 276 i n Ans.


3.8

f =

= 0.00456
833

The power loss due to friction is


2:T fWrN
H =

2n (0.004 56)(600)(1) (13.33)


=

778(12)

= 0.0245 Btu/s

778(12)
Ans.

Q = 5.3rcNl
= 5.3(1)(0.0012)(13.33)(1)
= 0.0848 in /s
3

12-6
c

Ans.

_ bmin - dmax _ 25.04 min


_

25

r ' d/2 = 25/2 = 12.5 mm,


r/c = 12.5/0.02 = 625

= 0.02 m m
l/d = 1

N = 1200/60 = 20 rev/s
1250
P =
25

2MPa

50(10 )(20)
-3

l o r = 50 MPa s,

(625 )
2

2(10 )
6

0.195

From Figs. 12-16, 12-18 and 12-20:


h /c

= 0.52,

f=

fr/c = 4.5,

Q /Q = 0.57

= 0.52(0.02) = 0.0104 m m
4. 5
625

T = fWr

Ans.

0.0072

= 0.0072(1.25)(12.5) = 0.1125 N m

316

Solutions Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

The power loss due to friction is


H = 2nTN
Q

= 0.57 Q

12-7
c

= 2n(0.1125)(20)

m i n

= 14.14 W

The side flow is 57% of Q

bmin - dmax

30.05 - 30.00

Ans.
Ans.

= 0.025 mm

d
30

= 15 mm
2 2

r
15
- =
= 600
c
0.025
N =

P =

1120

= 18.67 rev/s

60
2750

= 1.833 MPa

30(50)

' 60(10 )(18.67)


-3

S = (600 )
2

1 . 833(10 )
6

0.22

l
50
= = 1.67
d
30
This / / d requires use of the interpolation of Raimondi and Boyd, Eq. (12-16).
From Fig. 12-16, the h /c

values are:

y/

0.18,

1 4

yi/2

0.34,

yi

0.54,

5.0,

4.05,

y^

0.89

h
= 0.659
c
o

Substituting into Eq. (12-16),


From Fig. 12-18, the fr/c
y /
1

values are:
7.4,

Substituting into Eq. (12-16),


From Fig. 12-19, the Q/(rcNl)
y /
1

5.65,

y /
1

6.0,

yoo

4.0

fr
= 4.59
c
values are:
y /
1

5.05,
Q

Substituting into Eq. (12-16),

2.95

= 3.605

rcNl
h

= 0.659(0.025) = 0.0165 m m

f = 4.59/600 = 0.007 65

Ans.

Ans.

Q = 3.605(15)(0.025)(18.67)(50) = 1263 mm /s
3

Ans.

317

Chapter 12

bmin - dmax

m i n

l/d = 36/75 = 0.5


r

d/2

75

= 0.05 mm

(close enough)

75/2

75.10

37.5 mm

r/c = 37.5/0.05 = 750


N = 720/60 = 12 rev/s
2000
P

75(36)
Fig. 12-13: SAE 20, 1 = 18.5MPa s

0.741 MPa

18.5(10 )(12)
-3

S = (750 )
2

0.169

0.741(10 )
6

From Figures 12-16, 12-18 and 12-21:


h /c

= 0.29,

fr/c

= 5.1,

P/p

max

= 0.29(0.05) = 0.0145 m m

= 0.315

Ans.

f = 5.1/750 = 0.0068
= 0.0068(2)(37.5) = 0.51 N m

T = fWr

The heat loss rate equals the rate of work on the film
2:r TN = 2n (0.51)(12)

//loss

= 0.741/0.315 = 2.35 MPa

m a x

38.5W

Ans.

Ans.

Fig. 12-13: SAE 40, 1 = 37 MPa s


S = 0.169(37)/18.5 = 0.338
From Figures 12-16, 12-18 and 12-21:
= 0.42,

ho/c

= 8.5,

fr/c

P/pmax

ho = 0.42(0.05) = 0.021 mm

0.38

Ans.

f = 8.5/750 = 0.0113
= 0.0113(2)(37.5) = 0.85 N m

T = fWr
H

= 2 n TN = 2n (0.85)(12) = 64 W

l o s s

pmax = 0.741 /0.38

m i n

=
=

bmin - dmax

2
d/2

50/2

= 1 .95 MPa

=
2
=

50.05 -

50

Ans.

Ans.

= 0.025 mm

25 mm

r/c = 25/0.025 = 1000


l/d = 25/50 = 0.5,
2000
P =

25(50)

N = 840/60 = 14 rev/s

= 1.6MPa

318

S o l u t i o n s Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to A c c o m p a n y Mechanical Engineering Design

Fig. 12-13: SAE 30, X = 34 MPa s


r34(10 )(14)
-3

S = (1000 )
v

1.6(10 )
6

0.2975

From Figures 12-16, 12-18, 12-19 and 12-20:


h /c

= 0.40,

fr/c

= 7.8,

Q / Q = 0.74,
s

= 0.40(0.025) = 0.010 m m

f=

Ans.

7.8/1000 = 0.0078

T = fWr

= 0.0078(2)(25) = 0.39 N m

H = 2n TN = 2n (0.39)(14) = 3 4 . 3 W
Q = 4.9rcNl

Ans.

= 4.9(25)(0.025)(14)(25) = 1072 mm /s
2

Q = 0.74(1072) = 793 mm /s

Ans.

12-10

Q/(rcNl)

Consider the bearings as specified by


minimum f:

+tb

maximum W:

-0

and differing only in d and d'.


Preliminaries:
l/d = 1
P = 700/(1.25 ) = 448 psi
2

N = 3600/60 = 60 rev/s
Fig. 12-16:
minimum f:

S = 0.08

maximum W:

S = 0.20
1.38(10 )reyn

Fig. 12-12:

-6

IJLN / P

1.38(10 )(60/448) = 0 . 1 8 5 ( 1 0 )
-6

-6

Eq. (12-7):
r

XN / P

For minimum f:
r

0.08
0.185(10 )
-6

658

c = 0.625/658 = 0.000 950 = 0.001 in

= 4.9

319

Chapter 12

I f this iS C i ,
m

b d = 2(0.001) = 0.002 in
The median clearance is
, d + b

, d + b
+ 2 = 0.001 + 2
t

c = c

m i n

and the clearance range for this bearing is


.
d
Ac =
t

which is a function only of the tolerances.


For maximum W:
r
/
0.2
-c = Jy
0.185(10 ^) = 1040
c
\ 0
6

I f this is c

c = 0.625/1040 = 0.000 600 = 0.0005 in


m i n

b d' = 2 c

m i n

= 2(0.0005) = 0.001 in

, d +b
n^nr.
d + b
+
2 = 0.0005 + 2
t

c = c

m i n

.
d + b
Ac =
2
t

The difference (mean) in clearance between the two clearance ranges, c


c

r a n g e

= 0.001 +

r a n g e

, is

I 0.0005 + 2 I

= 0.0005 in
For the minimum f bearing
b d = 0.002 in
or
d = b 0.002 in
For the maximum W bearing
d ' = b 0.001 in
For the same b, tb and td, we need to change the journal diameter by 0.001 in.
d ' d = b 0.001 (b 0.002)
= 0.001 in
Increasing d of the minimum friction bearing by 0.001 i n , defines d ' of the maximum load
bearing. Thus, the clearance range provides for bearing dimensions which are attainable
in manufacturing. Ans.

320
12-11

Solutions Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Given: SAE 30, N = 8rev/s,


W = 3000N

T = 60C,

bmin - dmax

m i n

l/d = 1,

b = 80.08 mm,

80.08 80

d = 80 mm,

= 0.04 mm

r = d/2 = 80/2 = 40 mm
r
40
- =
= 1000
c
0.04
3000
P =
= 0.469 MPa
80(80)
Trial #1: From Figure 12-13 for T = 81C, \x = 12 MPa s
AT = 2(81C 60C) = 42C
12(10 )(8)
-3

S = (1000 )
2

0.469(10 )
6

0.2047

From Fig. 12-24,


0.120AT
P

0.349 + 6.009(0.2047) + 0.0475(0.2047) = 1.58


2

0.469\

I = 6.2C
0.120 /

Discrepancy = 42C 6.2C = 35.8C


Trial #2: From Figure 12-13 for T = 68C, \ = 20 MPa s,
AT = 2(68C 60C) = 16C

20\
I
12

0.341

From Fig. 12-24,


0.120AT
P

0.349 + 6.009(0.341) + 0.0475(0.341) = 2.4


2

0.469\

I = 9.4C
0.120 /

Discrepancy = 16C 9.4C = 6.6C


Trial #3: \ = 21 MPa s,

T = 65C
AT = 2(65C 60C) = 10C

21 \
I = 0.358
12

Chapter 12

321

From Fig. 12-24,


0.120 AT

0.349 + 6.009(0.358) + 0.0475(0.358) = 2.5


2

0.469\

I = 9.8C
0.120 /

Discrepancy = 10C 9.8C = 0.2C

= 65C

av

T = T
1

T = T
2

O.K.
Ans.

av

AT/2

= 65C ( 1 0 C / 2 ) = 60C

av

+ AT/2

= 65C + ( 1 0 C / 2 ) = 70C

S = 0.358
From Figures 12-16, 12-18, 12-19 and 12-20:
h

c
o

0.68,

fr/c

7.5,

Q
rcN l

ho = 0.68(0.04) = 0.0272 m m
f =

7.5
1000

3.8,

0.44

Ans.

= 0.0075

T = fWr

= 0.0075(3)(40) = 0 . 9 N m

H = 2n TN = 2n (0.9)(8) = 4 5 . 2 W

Ans.

Q = 3.8(40)(0.04)(8)(80) = 3891 mm /s
3

Q
12-12

= 0.44(3891) = 1712mm /s
3

Given: d = 2 . 5 i n , b = 2.504 i n , c
N = 1120 rev/min, and l = 2 . 5 i n .

m i n

Ans.

= 0.002 i n , W = 1200 l b f , S A E = 20, T = 110F,


s

For a trial film temperature Tf = 150F


S

A T (From Fig. 12-24)

0.0921

18.5

Tf

150

2.421

av

= T +
s

AT
2

= 110F +
2

18.5F

= 119.3F

Tf Tav = 150F 119.3F


which is not 0.1 or less, therefore try averaging
(Tf )

n e w

150F + 119.3F

= 134.6F

322

S o l u t i o n s Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Proceed with additional trials

New

Trial
Tf

l-i'

AT

150.0
134.6
128.1
125.5
124.5
124.1
124.0

2.421
3.453
4.070
4.255
4.471
4.515
4.532

0.0921
0.1310
0.1550
0.1650
0.1700
0.1710
0.1720

Tf

18.5
23.1
25.8
27.0
27.5
27.7
27.8

134.6
128.1
125.5
124.5
124.1
124.0
123.9

119.3
121.5
122.9
123.5
123.8
123.9
123.7

Note that the convergence begins rapidly. There are ways to speed this, but at this point
they would only add complexity. Depending where you stop, you can enter the analysis.
(a) \jt! = 4 . 5 4 1 ( 1 0 ) ,

S = 0.1724

h
From Fig. 12-16: = 0.482,
c
o

From Fig. 12-17: 0 = 56


(b) e = c h

= 0.482(0.002) = 0.000 964 in

Ans.

= 0.002 0.000 964 = 0.001 04 i n

fr
(c) From Fig. 12-18: = 4.10,
c
(d) T = fWr

Ans.

f = 4.10(0.002/1.25) = 0.006 56

= 0.006 56(1200)(1.25) = 9.84 l b f in


H =

2 n TN
778(12)

(e) From Fig. 12-19:

Q
rcNl

2n (9.84)(1120/60)

= 0.124 Btu/s

778(12)

= 4.16,

Q
From Fig. 12-20: = 0.6,
Q
s

From Fig. 12-21:

P
p

= 0.45,

max

1200
= 2
= 427 psi
2.5 (0.45)
2

Ans.

(h) Tf = 123.9F
(i)

Ans.

T + AT = 110F + 27.8F = 137.8F


s

Ans.

3
3

Ans.

I (2.5)

Ans.

0
p

60

Q = 0.6(0.485) = 0.291 in /s

max

(g) <h = 82

Ans.

1120

Q = 4.16(1.25)(0.002M

= 0.485 in /s

(f)

Ans.

= 16

Ans.

Ans.

323

Chapter 12

12-13

Given: d = 1.250 i n , ta = O.OOlin, b = 1.252in, tb = 0.003in, / = 1.25in, W = 250lbf,


N = 1750 rev/min, SAE 10 lubricant, sump temperature T = 120F.
s

Below is a partial tabular summary for comparison purposes.

c
0.002 in

min

0.001 in
Tf

AT
T

max

n'
S
e
fr
c
Q
rcNjl
Q
s

Q
h
o

c
f
Q
Q
h

132.2
24.3
144.3
2.587
0.184
0.499

max

0.003 in

125.8
11.5
131.5
3.014
0.053 7
0.775 0

124.0
7.96
128.0
3.150
0.0249
0.873

4.317

1.881

1.243

4.129

4.572

4.691

0.582

0.824

0.903

0.501

0.225

0.127

0.006 9
0.0941
0.0548
0.000 501

0.006
0.208
0.172
0.000 495

0.005 9
0.321
0.290
0.000 382

Note the variations on each line. There is not a bearing, but an ensemble of many bearings, due to the random assembly of toleranced bushings and journals. Fortunately the
distribution is bounded; the extreme cases, c
and c , coupled with c provide the
charactistic description for the designer. A l l assemblies must be satisfactory.
m i n

m a x

The designer does not specify a journal-bushing bearing, but an ensemble of bearings.
12-14

Computer programs w i l l varyFortran based, M A T L A B , spreadsheet, etc.

12-15

I n a step-by-step fashion, we are building a skill for natural circulation bearings.


Given the average film temperature, establish the bearing properties.
Given a sump temperature, find the average film temperature, then establish the bearing
properties.
N o w we acknowledge the environmental temperature's role i n establishing the sump
temperature. Sec. 12-9 and Ex. 12-5 address this problem.
The task is to iteratively find the average film temperature, Tf, which makes H
and
H
equal. The steps for determining c
are provided within Trial #1 through Trial #3
on the following page.
gen

l o s s

m i n

324

S o l u t i o n s Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Trial #1:
Choose a value of Tf.
Find the corresponding viscosity.
Find the Sommerfeld number.
Find fr/c,

then
H

Find Q/(rcNl)

gen

2545

WNc

1050

and Q / Q. From Eq. (12-15)


s

AT

0.103P(fr/c)
'
(1 0.5 Q / Q
)[Q/(rcNjl)]
J

Display Tf, S, H
Trial #2:

g e n

loss =

, H

hcR A( Tf Too)
\

'

l o s s

Choose another Tf, repeating above drill.

Trial #3:
Plot the results of the first two trials.

Choose (Tf )3 from plot. Repeat the drill. Plot the results of Trial #3 on the above graph.
I f you are not within 0.1F, iterate again. Otherwise, stop, and find all the properties of
the bearing for the first clearance, c . See i f Trumpler conditions are satisfied, and i f so,
analyze c and c .
The bearing ensemble i n the current problem statement meets Trumpler's criteria
(for nd = 2).
This adequacy assessment protocol can be used as a design tool by giving the students
additional possible bushing sizes.
m i n

m a x

b (in)

tb (in)

2.254
2.004
1.753

0.004
0.004
0.003

Otherwise, the design option includes reducing l/d to save on the cost of journal machining and vender-supplied bushings.

Chapter 12

12-16

325

Continue to build a skill with pressure-fed bearings, that of finding the average temperature of the fluid film. First examine the case for c = c
m i n

Trial #1 :
Choose an initial Tf.
Find the viscosity.
Find the Sommerfeld number.
Find fr/c,

h /c,
o

and e.

From Eq. (12-24), find AT.


AT

Tav = Ts +

Display Tf, S, AT, and

T.
av

Trial #2:
Choose another Tf. Repeat the drill, and display the second set of values for Tf,
S, A T, and T .
Plot T vs Tf :
av

av

1
i
/ r I

i
,

/1T

/1T

Uf)3

\if>2

Uf)l

if

Trial #3:
Pick the third Tf from the plot and repeat the procedure. I f (Tf ) and ( T ) differ by more
than 0 . l F , plot the results for Trials #2 and #3 and try again. I f they are within 0 . l F , d e termine the bearing parameters, check the Trumpler criteria, and compare / /
with the
lubricant's cooling capacity.
Repeat the entire procedure for c = c
to assess the cooling capacity for the maximum radial clearance. Finally, examine c = C to characterize the ensemble of bearings.
3

a v

l o s s

m a x

12-17

A n adequacy assessment associated with a design task is required. Trumpler's criteria


w i l l do.
d = 50.00+0 05 mm,

b = 5 0 . 0 8 4 + ' 0 mm
01

SAE 30, N = 2880 rev/min or 48 rev/s,


c

m i n

bmin - dmax

r = d/2 = 50/2
r/c

50.084 -

50

= 0.042 mm

25 mm

= 25/0.042 = 595.
1
- (55
2

l
l'/d

=
2

W = 10 k N

5)

25 mm

= 25/50 = 0.5

p =

W
4rl'

10(10 )
6

4(0.25)(0.25)

= 4000 kPa

326

S o l u t i o n s Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Trial #1: Choose (Tf ) = 79C. From Fig. 12-13, JZ = 13 MPa s.


1

13(10 )(48)'
3

S = (595 )
2

0.055

4000(10 )
3

fr
= 2.3,
c

From Figs. 12-18 and 12-16:

e = 0.85.

AT = 978(10 ) ( f r / c ) S W

From Eq. (12-25),

1 + 1.5e
978(10 )

pr
2.3(0.055)(10 )

1 + 1 . 5(0.85)

200(25)

= 76.0C

= T + AT/2

av

= 55C + ( 7 6 C / 2 ) = 93C

Trial #2: Choose (Tf ) = 100C. From Fig. 12-13, JI = 7 M P a s.

7 ^\
S = 0.055 (
13

0.0296

fr
= 1.6,

From Figs. 12-18 and 12-16:


978(10 )

1.6(0.0296)(10 )

AT

= 55C +

av

e = 0.90
2

1 + 1 .5(0.9)

200(25)

26.8C

26.8C
z = 68.4C
2

100

(100C, 100C)
(79C, 93C)

90
80

(79C, 79C)

70

(100C, 68.4C)
>

L _ 60
|
V

1
70

85 C
80

L
100

90

Trial #3: Thus, the plot gives (Tf ) = 85C. From Fig. 12-13, JX = 10.8MPa s.
3

10.8 \
I = 0.0457
13

fr
= 2.2,

From Figs. 12-18 and 12-16:

e = 0.875

978(10 )

2.2(0.0457)(10 )

AT

av

Result is close. Choose

1 + 1 .5(0.875 )
2

= 55C +

Tf =

58.6C
2

85C + 84.3C

200(25)
= 84.3C

= 84.7C

58.6C

327

Chapter 12

= 10.8MPa s

Fig. 12-13:

(
fr
= 2.23,
c

10.8\
I

13 /

0.0457

978(10 )

2.23(0.0457)(10 )

AT

= 55C +

av

h
= 0.13
c

e = 0.874,

1 + 1.5(0.874 )

200(25 )

59.5C
2

59.5C

O.K.

= 84.7C

From Eq. (12-22)


Q

= (1 + 1.5e )
2

p rc

3l'
n (200)(0.042 )(25)
3

= [1 + 1.5(0.874 )]
2

3(10)(10 ) ( 2 5 )
6

= 3334 mm /s
3

= 0.13(0.042) = 0.005 46 m m

or

0.000 215 in

Trumpler:
0.0002 + 0.000 04(50/25.4)

ho

= 0.000 279 i n
T

m a x

Not O.K.

= T + AT = 55C + 63.7C = 118.7C


s

= 4000 kPa

st

n = 1, as done

or

581 psi

or

245.7F

O.K.

Not O.K.

Not O.K.

There is no point i n proceeding further.


12-18

So far, we've performed elements of the design task. Now let's do it more completely.
First, remember our viewpoint.
The values of the unilateral tolerances, tb and td, reflect the routine capabilities of the
bushing vendor and the in-house capabilities. While the designer has to live with these,
his approach should not depend on them. They can be incorporated later.
First we shall find the minimum size of the journal which satisfies Trumpler's constraint of P < 300psi.
W
< 300
2dV
st

W
2d 1 ' / d
2

< 300

==

d >

900
d

min

2(300)(0.5)

W
600(l'/d)
1.73 in

328

Solutions Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

In this problem we w i l l take journal diameter as the nominal value and the bushing bore
as a variable. I n the next problem, we w i l l take the bushing bore as nominal and the journal diameter as free.
To determine where the constraints are, we w i l l set tb = td = 0, and thereby shrink
the design window to a point.
We set

d = 2.000 in
b = d + 2 c i = d + 2c
m

nd = 2

(This makes Trumpler's nd < 2 tight)

and construct a table.


d
2.0020
2.0022
2.0024
2.0026
2.0028
2.0030
2.0032
2.0034
2.0036
2.0038
2.0040

0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0015
0.0016
0.0017
0.0018
0.0019
0.0020

max

ho

312.0
293.0
277.0
262.8
250.4
239.6
230.1
220.3
213.9
206.9
200.6

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

215.50
206.75
198.50
191.40
185.23
179.80
175.00
171.13
166.92
163.50
160.40

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

*Sample calculation for the first entry of this column.


Tf = 215.5F

Iteration yields:

fS S
s s

Pst

Tmax

Ss

s
s
s
s
s
s
s

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
S

s s

fom
-5.74
-6.06
-6.37
-6.66
-6.94
-7.20
-7.45
-7.65
-7.91
-8.12
-8.32

With Tf = 215.5F, from Table 12-1


X = 0.0136(10 )exp[1271.6/(215.5 + 95)] = 0 . 8 1 7 ( 1 0 ) r e y n
900
N = 3000/60 = 50 rev/s, P =
= 225 psi
4
-6

-6

0.817(10 )(50)

0.001

225

-6

From Figs. 12-16 and 12-18:


Eq. (12-24):

0.7,

0.182
fr/c

0.0123(5.5)(0.182)(900 )

5.5

ATf

[1 + 1.5(0.7 )](30)(1 )
2

= 120F +

av

191 .6F
2

191 .6F

= 215.8F = 215.5F

For the nominal 2-in bearing, the various clearances show that we have been i n contact
with the recurving of ( ^ ) . The figure of merit (the parasitic friction torque plus the
pumping torque negated) is best at c = 0.0018 i n . For the nominal 2-in bearing, we w i l l
place the top of the design window at c
= 0.002 i n , and b = d + 2(0.002) = 2.004 in.
A t this point, add the b and d unilateral tolerances:
0

m i n

m i n

2.000+0 of) in,


0

b = 2.004+0'00 in

329

Chapter 12

Now we can check the performance at c , c, and c . O f immediate interest is the fom
of the median clearance assembly, 9.82, as compared to any other satisfactory bearing
ensemble.
I f a nominal 1.875 i n bearing is possible, construct another table with tb = 0 and
m i n

m a x

td = 0.

0.0020
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060

1.879
1.881
1.882
1.883
1.885
1.886
1.887

1.875
1.875
1.875
1.875
1.875
1.875
1.875

max

ho

194.30
157.10
147.10
140.10
131.45
128.80
126.80

157.2
138.6
133.5
130.0
125.7
124.4
123.4

S
S
S
S
S

Pst

S
S
S
S
S
S

Tmax

fos

fom

S
S
S
S

S
S
S
S
S
S

7.36
8.64
9.05
9.32
9.59
9.63
9.64

S
S

The range of clearance is 0.0030 < c < 0.0055 in. That is enough room to fit i n our de
sign window.
d = 1.875+0 o0i in,

b = 1.881+ '[ 0 in
0

The ensemble median assembly has fom = 9 . 3 1 .


We just had room to fit i n a design window based upon the ( h )
constraint. Further
reduction i n nominal diameter w i l l preclude any smaller bearings. A table constructed for a
d = 1.750 in journal w i l l prove this.
We choose the nominal 1.875-in bearing ensemble because it has the largest figure
of merit. Ans.
o

12-19

m i n

This is the same as Prob. 12-18 but uses design variables of nominal bushing bore b and
radial clearance c.
The approach is similar to that of Prob. 12-18 and the tables w i l l change slightly. I n the
table for a nominal b = 1.875 i n , note that at c = 0.003 the constraints are "loose." Set
b

1.875 in

d = 1.875 2(0.003) = 1.869 in


For the ensemble
b = 1.875+0 0?,
0

Analyze at c

m i n

= 0.003, c = 0.004 in and c

m a x

d = 1.869+o0
= 0.005 in

At c
= 0.003 in: Tf = 138.4, \' = 3.160, S = 0.0297, H
Trumpler conditions are met.
m i n

A t c = 0.004 in: Tf = 130F, \' = 3.872, S = 0.0205,


9.246 and the Trumpler conditions are O.K.

At c
= 0.005 i n : Tf = 125.68F,
\' = 4.325 /zreyn,
1129 Btu/h and the Trumpler conditions are O.K.
m a x

00

l o s s

l o s s

= 1035 Btu/h and the


= 1106 Btu/h,

S = 0.01466,

fom =
H

l o s s

The ensemble figure of merit is slightly better; this bearing is slightly smaller. The lubricant cooler has sufficient capacity.

330

12-20

Solutions Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

From Table 12-1, Seireg and Dandage,

= 0.0141(10 )reyn and b = 1360.0


6

( r e y n ) = 0.0141 exp[1360/(T + 95)]

( T i n F)

= 0.0141 exp[1360/(1.8C + 127)]

(C i n C)

( M P a s) = 6.89(0.0141) exp[1360/(1.8C + 127)]

(C i n C)

For SAE 30 at 79C


= 6.89(0.0141) exp{1360/[1.8(79) + 127]}
= 15.2MPa s
12-21

Ans.

Originally
d = 2.000+0 001 i n ,

b = 2.005+0'00 in

Doubled,
d = 4.000+0 00 in,

b = 4.010+0'00o

The radial load quadrupled to 3000 l b f when the analyses for parts (a) and (b) were carried
out. Some of the results are:

Part
(a)
(b)

Trumpler
S

fr/c

h /c

loss

ho

ho

0.007 3.416 0.0310 135.1 0.1612 6.56 0.1032 0.897 9898 0.000 722 0.000 360 0.005 67
0.0035 3.416 0.0310 135.1 0.1612 0.870 0.1032 0.897 1237 0.000 361 0.000 280 0.005 67
The side flow Q differs because there is a c term and consequently an 8-fold increase.
H
is related by a 9898/1237 or an 8-fold increase. The existing h is related by a 2-fold
increase. Trumpler's ( h )
is related by a 1.286-fold increase
3

l o s s

fom = 82.37

for double size 1


}
for original size J

fom = 10.297
12-22

m i n

an 8-fold increase for double-size

From Table 12-8: K = 0.6(10


) i n min/(lbf ft h). P = 500/[(1)(1)] = 500 psi,
V = nDN/12 = n(1)(200)/12 = 52.4 ft/min
Tables 12-10 and 12-11:
Table 12-12:

f1 = 1 .8,

PVmax = 46 700 psi ft/min,


P

m a x

P =
PV

4 F
n DL
F
DL

4(500)
n

= 500 psi

f2 = 1
Pmax = 3560 psi,
= 637 psi < 3560 psi

Vmax = 100 ft/min


O.K.

V = 52.4 ft/min

= 500(52.4) = 26 200 psi ft/min < 46 700 psi ft/min

O.K.

Chapter 12

331

Solving Eq. (12-32) for t


t =

n DLw
4/1 f

n(1)(1)(0.005)

= 1388 h = 83 270 min


4(1.8)(1)(0.6)(10 )(52.4)(500)

KVF

10

Cycles = Nt = 200(83 270) = 16.7rev


12-23

= f

Estimate bushing length with f

Ans.

= 1, and K = 0.6(10

1 0

) i n min/(lbf ft h)

1(1)(0.6)(10 )(2)(100)(400)(1000)

_10

L =

Eq. (12-32):

= 0.80in

3(0.002)
= 0.03 from Table 12-9 applying nd = 2 to F

From Eq. (12-38), with f

and hcR = 2.7 Btu/(h f t F)


720(0.03)(2)(100)(400)
L =
778(2.7)(300
70)
2

0.80

<

<

3.58 in

3.58 in

Trial 1 : Let L = 1 i n , D = 1 i n
P

m a x

4(2)(100)

2(100)
=

1(1)

V =

= 255 psi < 3560 psi

O.K.

200 psi

n (1)(400)
12

= 104.7ft/min > 100 ft/min

Not O.K.

Trial 2: Try D = 7 / 8 i n , L = 1 i n
P

m a x

n(7/8)(1)
2(100)

V =
PV

4(2)(100)

7/8(1)

n(7/8)(400)
12

= 291 psi < 3560 psi

O.K.

229 psi
= 91.6ft/min < 100 ft/min

= 229(91.6) = 20 976 psi ft/min < 46700 psi ft/min


V
33
91.6
100

O.K.

O.K.

/1

1.3
1.8

91.6
100

L = 0.80(1.74) = 1.39 in

33\
33

1.74

332

S o l u t i o n s Manual Instructor's Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Trial 3: Try D = 7/8 i n , L = 1.5 in


4(2)(100)
P

= 194 psi < 3560 psi O.K.


n(7/8)(1.5)
2(100)
P =
= 152 psi,
V = 91.6 ft/min
7/8(1 .5)

m a x

PV = 152(91.6) = 13 923 psi ft/min < 46700 psi ft/min


D = 7/8in,

L = 1.5 in

Suggestion: Try smaller sizes.

is acceptable

Ans.

O.K.

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