Math 54 Final Exam Solution

(1) Multiple Choice

(1) b (2) d (3) d (4) b (5) a (6) d (7) d (8) XXX (9) b (10) c
(11) d (12) b (13) c (14) c (15) b (16) b (17) b (18) b (19) b (20) b
(2) (a) Describe Lagranges method of Variation of parameters for solving the second-order inhomogeneous ODE
x

(t) + a
1
(t)x

(t) + a
0
(t)x(t) = g(t)
(b) Solve the ODE
1
2
x

+ 2x = tan(2t),

4
< x <

4
.
Solution: First solve the homogeneous equation
1
2
x

+2x = 0, whose characteristic equation

1
2
r
2
+2 = 0 has roots
r = 2i, giving us the two independent (real) solutions
x
1
(t) = cos 2t, x
2
(t) = sin 2t
We now need one particular solution x
p
to the original equation. This can be done by variation of parameters,
setting x
p
= v
1
x
1
+ v
2
x
2
, where v
1
and v
2
are to be determined. They are found by solving the equations
x
1
v

1
+ x
2
v

2
= 0
x

1
v

1
+ x

2
v

2
= 2 tan(2t),
where the factor of 2 on tan 2t is a result of the coecient
1
2
on x

. This is equivalent to the matrix equation

cos 2t sin 2t
2 sin 2t 2 cos 2t

v

1
v

0
2 tan 2t

.
The (Wronskian) matrix on the left is invertible since x
1
and x
2
are independent, so we can invert it and compute

1
v

cos 2t sin 2t
2 sin 2t 2 cos 2t

1

0
2 tan 2t

cos 2t
1
2
sin 2t
sin 2t
1
2
cos 2t

0
2 tan 2t

sin 2t tan 2t
sin 2t

To nd v
1
we must nd an antiderivative of sin 2t tan 2t, as follows:

sin 2t tan 2t dt =

sin
2
2t
cos 2t
dt =

1 cos
2
2t
cos 2t
dt
=

1
cos 2t
dt +

cos 2tdt
=
1
2
log
sin t + cos t
sin t cos t
+
1
2
sin 2t
Thus v
1
=
1
2
log
sin t+cos t
sin tcos t
+
1
2
sin 2t. Also, v
2
=

sin 2tdt =
1
2
cos 2t. Putting this all together, we nd that
x
p
= cos 2t

1
2
log
sin t + cos t
sin t cos t
+
1
2
sin 2t

+ sin 2t

1
2
cos 2t

=
1
2
cos 2t log
sin t + cos t
sin t cos t
,
so the general solution is
x(t) = c
1
cos 2t + c
2
sin 2t
1
2
cos 2t log
sin t + cos t
sin t cos t
(3) (a) Find the Fourier cosine series for the function f(x) = sin x on the interval [0, ].
(b) Specialize your Fourier series to x = /2 to get an interesting identity.
Solution:
(a) The coecients a
n
(n 0) for the cosine series are given by the formulae
a
n
=
2

0
sin xcos nxdx
First notice a
0
=
2

0
sin xdx =
4

. To compute the integral for n > 0, recall that sin(A+B) = sin Acos B+
sin B cos A and sin(AB) = sin Acos B sin B cos A. Subtracting these formulae gives the relation sin(A+
B) sin(AB) = 2 sin B cos A. We use this in the above integral, taking B = x, A = nx. This gives
a
n
=
2

0
1
2
(sin(n + 1)x sin(n 1)x) dx
When n = 1, the integrand is sin 2x sin 0 = sin 2x, so a
1
=
2

0
1
2
sin 2xdx =
2

1
2

1
2
cos 2x

0
= 0. For
n 2, we calculate
1
2 MATH 54 FINAL EXAM SOLUTION
a
n
=
2

0
1
2
(sin(n + 1)x sin(n 1)x) dx
=
1

1
n + 1
cos(n + 1)x +
1
n 1
cos(n 1)x

0
(this makes sense since n = 1)
=
1

1
n + 1
(1)
n+1
+
1
n 1
(1)
n1
+
1
n + 1

1
n 1

=
1

(1)
n

1
n + 1

1
n 1

+
1
n + 1

1
n 1

=
1

((1)
n
+ 1)

1
n + 1

1
n 1

=
1

((1)
n
+ 1)

2
n
2
1

4
(1n
2
)
n even
0 n odd
Thus the fourier cosine series for f is
sin x
2

n=2
1

((1)
n
+ 1)

4
1 n
2

cos nx =
2

k=1
4
(1 4k
2
)
cos 2kx.
(b) At x = /2, we get after multiplying through by , = 2 +

k=1
(1)
k
4
14k
2
.
(4) (a) Write the general form of dAlemberts solution to the wave equation

2
u
t
2
=

2
u
x
2
for a function u(x, t) with
x, t R. Briey explain how the ingredients of the solution can be found from the initial conditions.
(b) By dAlemberts method or otherwise, solve the equation explicitly with 2-periodic functions of x, subject
to the intial conditions u(x, 0) = sin
2
x and
u
t
(x, 0) = cos x.
Solution:
(a)
(b) Using dAlemberts formula
u(x, t) =
1
2

sin
2
(x + t) + sin
2
(x t)

+
1
2
(sin(x + t) sin(x t))
=
1
2

sin
2
(x + t) + sin
2
(x t) + 2 sin t cos x

= (sin xcos t)
2
+ (sin t cos x)
2
+ sin t cos x
(5) (a) Write the general solution of the vector-valued ODE
dx
dt
=

1.4 1.6
.8 .2

x.
(b) Draw a phase diagram of this ODE, roughly sketching a few trajectories.
(c) Which axis is the rst to be crossed, if we start with the initial value x(0) =

2
1

?
Solution:
(a) Let A denote the matrix appearing in the equation. The solutions to a rst-order vector ODE have the form
e
t
x, where x is an eigenvector for A with eigenvalue . The eigenvalues of A are =
3
5

4
5
i. An eigenvector
for =
3
5
+
4
5
i is v =

1 + i
1

. This breaks into real and imaginary parts

1
1

and

1
0

, yielding two
real independent solutions
x
1
(t) = e
3
5
t

cos
4
5
t

1
1

sin
4
5
t

1
0

and x
2
(t) = e
3
5
t

sin
4
5
t

1
1

+ cos
4
5
t

1
0

Then the general solution has the form x(t) = c

1
x
1
(t) + c
2
x
2
(t), where c
1
, c
2
R are arbitrary.
(b)
(c) The condition x(0) =

2
1

allows us to solve for c

1
and c
2
. Notice that at t = 0, the exponentials are all 1,
and the terms involving sin
4
5
t vanish, so x(0) = c
1

1
1

+c
2

1
0

, and we see by inspection or by writing

out a system of two equations in the unknowns c
1
, c
2
that c
1
= 1 and c
2
= 3. So the desired solution is
MATH 54 FINAL EXAM SOLUTION 3
x(t) = x
1
(t) + 3x
2
(t), where x
1
and x
2
are as above. Simplifying this yields
x(t) = e
3
5
t

cos
4
5
t

2
1

+ sin
4
5
t

4
3

The trajectory of this solution is an outward spiral which begins (t = 0) at

2
1

and moves initially

toward the vector

4
3

. Thus the rst axis to be crossed is the xaxis.