The Universal Timeline

Summary of contents Classical unification of Newtons Gravity with Coulombs Law NeoNeo-Classical unification of Charles Ratio and Fine Structure Ratio Linking the product of the above two ratio with space time curvature C onnection between Singularity and Charles Ratio, growth rate, relativity ratio. Explanation to Galaxy rotation, missing mass problem Relativity Horizon and beyond that, probing reality of Hubbles UDF images Nature of Dark matter, Dark energy.

Laws governing the Gravity Two major physical theories which we believe describes gravity are: 1. Newtons law of motions and Gravity 2. Einsteins General Relativity Newtons first law of motion is about inertia of matter which implies unless force is applied a body in rest shall continue to be in rest and a moving body shall continue to move forever. Later it was understood, as all bodies in the universe are moving, there shall be no place of absolute rest. The lack of absolute rest mean lack of absolute position, from where one can determine absolute distances of other objects or the absolute time lag between two events that takes place at different time. We stepped into relativity here itself but understood later when Einstein came out with the broader picture of relativity. Newtons second law of motions defines the nature of force, its acceleration on mass of bodies. In a smooth system like space an applied force shall constantly accelerate bodies for ever results ever increasing velocities with increments equal to the acceleration. This is the reason the force exerted by big bang constantly accelerating the galaxies further away. Newtons third law of motions states that for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction: or the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in opposite directions. This implies that any object accelerating forward the space time shall feel a negative acceleration called gravity and this gravity is measured from law of gravity. According to Newtons law of universal gravitation, all bodies in the universe are attracted towards each other by a force that is stronger the more massive the bodies and the closer they are to each other. It is this same force that causes objects to fall to the ground. Newtons theory of gravity like general relativity (discussed later) also implied that the universe in which gravity is always attractive, cannot be static, either it has to expand to escape its own gravity or it has to collapse at some point.

Einsteins Special relativity incorporates the principle that the speed of light is the same for all inertial observers regardless of the state of motion of the source. Special relativity also predicted that the speed of light is the highest speed limit any object may attain when its rest mass tends to zero. The fundamental postulate of the theory of relativity, as it was called, was that the laws of science should be the same for all freely moving observers, regardless of their speed. If we extend this we can see that relativity will not be different from reality i.e. if our measurement of our relative distance, relative time is correct then 5/2,7.5/3, 10/4 would give same result. Einsteins General relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation. He transformed three dimensional space into four dimensional Space time, and abandon the idea of absolute time (absolute time if anything shall remain Gods own Property). He showed that the curvature of space-time is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations. Inspired by static model of the universe, in his original field equations Einstein introduced a new antigravity force, which, unlike other forces, did not come from any particular source but was built into the very fabric of space-time (a more detailed explanation to Newtons third law effect on Gravity). When Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, the cosmological constant, which he introduced, called the biggest mistake of his life. But cosmological constant was an integral part of the equation inevitable from the Space time Relativity without that special relativity i.e. constant speed of light is not maintained. The beauty of his field equation is that his antigravity or cosmological constant comes as an addendum to the equation, if in short run, we leave it we see the universe is expanding but in long run we need to add it so that the acceleration is controlled otherwise the acceleration goes beyond control. This created assignment problem while making CDM model of the universe, with which physical state of mass or energy this cosmological constant lambda can be associated to. So a new term Dark energy was coined and to support its mass Dark Matter. The obvious result came, thousands years of our knowledge got only 4% pie of the bigger picture of our universe. Hubbles UDF Images When Hubbles telescope brought us its ultra deep field images from distance 13.3 billion light years away, the question arises whether these images are our past or their present or mix of both? Without knowing the exact space time curvature we cannot determine the origin of the lights. If space time curvature is greater than one then past light never meets present they are totally internally reflected back to past. On the other hand if space time curvature is less than one then past light enters present and it creates a bizarre picture of the universe. The weirdness increase as space time flattens. Somehow we are convinced that these are our past lights alone. Mind starts boggling when we try to reconcile the light path and object path, presence of gravity increases the weirdness as being mass less speed of light should have negligible effect compared to the effect of gravity on the object path. If the universe is 13.7 billion years old and we are seeing those lights now then straight forward question arise whether light was sleeping like the rabbit in the race between rabbit and tortoise or gravity gave the galaxies key to wormhole path where they can recede faster than light without losing any rest mass and gave light path to singularity so that majority of its time are consumed inside the singularity so that ct meets vt now. If we think of inflation which can stretch 13.7 billion year to 46 billion year then also our initial position must have been poles apart from the centre of big bang, but CMB gives us a central position pointing towards infinity both side. We were at the central position violating Copernican principle and there was inflation and even after that we are still at the central position is

contradictory. It sound so unbelievable that if this has to be true then edge/unbounded boundary of the universe has to be trillions of light years away from us that the time 13.7 billion year looks relatively small and it can be worked out without any inflation, in other words established 46/13.7 is according to original scale valid for the centre of the universal space-time conditions prevailing at the time of origin of the universe. Since then the universe has changed scales 1000(derived later) times. Copernican principle still holds good that there cannot be any preferred position, right time of looking in cosmos then why 46/13.7 alone. Time dilation cannot be infinitely intensive. If UDF images were from past lights then gravitational lensing would have created multiple images and huge distortion in the images could not be ruled out. To explain x, y, z three commoving galaxies images may have been formed like (a, x, h), (b, x, q) (a, y, h), (b, y, q) (a, z, h), (b, z, q) but Hubbles images are not that much distorted. Actually Hubbles UDF images appear so real as if there is no difference between relativity and reality. The reality is we are no more there and our pictures are erased by new pictures and we cannot play it back. Our past, there present, nature doesnt differentiate this way, nature maintains only one time (If you say Gods time) or doesnt maintain any time (If you dont like Gods time then all time relative to gravity) either way its the present very present, neither future nor even past. It is so sad that even after spending billions of dollars to make telescopes we cannot get pictures of our past and the situation will not improve even if the size of the telescopes goes bigger. When we pass through a big tunnel our straight-line vision shows the other end of tunnel as a point (in case of a flat tunnel) or even black (in case of a curved tunnel). Because of tunnel vision (even telescopes eyes are not better than ours), further we look as if looking through 50 meter straw the picture will not change it will maintain the same brightness with increased number of galaxies as if we are not looking into past rather we are looking at our very present. So with these wonderful telescopes we should feel happy again as we got the live broadcast right of the Mega universal show without spending a single dollar. This is possible only because space is opaque; space time is curved with curvature close to one, where photons are virtually imaged on real time. Even if we reach the distance by telescope, to see a lighted object (We cant see lights, we see lighted objects) the object must have to be there otherwise no images are formed. When the object is there, the virtual images are formed depicting their real position i.e. free from relativity. All the irregularities of relativity gets erased in gravity transposed frame of relativity-reality, otherwise there would have been so many images for every object at interval of every second that their lights would have solved the Olbers paradox and we could have been able to track the whole life evolution of a single star from birth to death. It appears that uncertainty, relativity; all are local phenomenon confined within a certain boundary. Within this boundary if we try to determine our own position thats the highest point relativity i.e. uncertainty, if we are determining position of others relative to our position then thats half reality, if we are determining position of others relative to other then thats reality. Beyond this boundary everything is average provided we account the scale factor. Its like looking at a meter rule from a different angle or from different distance, only the right angle at right distance view gives the correct measurement and looking at an angle less than right angle and right distance gives a relativistic view, when the angle goes below fraction of a degree the measurement become uncertain. For example future telescope may give more accurate data so we get the correct age of the universe. Hubbles data may not be conclusive because beyond Hubbles sphere radius still we see the galaxies receding faster than light. The Ultimate Telescope is yet to be made which you look through farthest possible distance you dont see any galaxy receding faster than light. Now question arises if through telescopes we can see real-time reality then why light from sun requires approx eight and half minute to reach earth. Its just due to difference between locality and reality. There is a clear boundary maintaining a gap of sliding scale throughout the universe.

Red Shift and the expanding Universe Red Shift of spectra of lights coming from far away objects is an important tool for astronomers to calculate the distances of the objects. This tool has brought us twentieth centurys greatest discovery of expanding universe as well as mind boggling puzzles what the universe is expanding into, what is the driving force behind the expansion, whether anything can stop the expansion etc. As Hubbles images depicts the reality, what shall the red shifts imply which is calculated based on Hubbles data. It shall bounce us back ours the very ours Milky Way galaxys relative expansion. It will not be safe to attribute the expansion wholly to the universal expansion. The Actual universal expansion should be the second order derivative of Hubbles parameter and its relatively slow but constant pace. The expansion is driven by supply of more ordinary baryonic matter from potentially infinite space time. This continuous expansion is continuously changing the scale across the space time and if we take grand average scale we can say that the universe has taken a 1000(derived later) leaps or completed 1000(derived later) complete rotation or in universal times its just 1000 year (derived later) time elapsed which in earthly scale equivalent to 166 billion year (derived later) and in this time the universe has grown across 46 trillion light years in radius. Gap of the Scale Reason of both the pioneers we lost connection cannot be one (Power constraint) as they were twins yet pioneer 10 probed for 8 year longer time which may be its relativity boundary from earth. If we see its life time data then we find: Although Pioneer 10 was accelerated up to 12.56 Km /sec its velocity was slightly brought down to 12.51 during this 30.89 years journey starting from Date of launch 2-Mar-72 to Date of last communication 23-Jan-03. In this time i.e. 974,199,600 seconds (aprox) 12 billion km was travelled by pioneer 10 (as noted from Wikipedia). Once an objects velocity is gravitationally adjusted then it can maintain its velocity forever. In case of pioneer 10 the relativistic distance it should have crossed in 31 years starting with 12.56 Km /sec initial velocity comes to be 12,235,945,740 Km which is 12.56 multiple of 974,199,600 seconds (aprox). 12 billion km travelled by pioneer 10 (as noted from Wikipedia) has deviated slightly from its relativistic value mainly because of unexplained acceleration known as pioneer anomaly. Relativistically speaking even in the presence of gravity where universe is expanding its relativistic orbital velocity should not have slowed down at all. What is this gap? This is a gap of scale moving across space time. If the scale factor to be 1 somewhere near to centre of Milky Way galaxy then by the time we reach earth trajectory this sale factor we see got increased near to 1000(derived later). This may be called Relativity scale factor. Because of this reason even if we corrected Newtonian g by relativistic g the difference did not answer everything as this difference yet to be scaled up by 1000(derived later) times as it escapes earths trajectory and result is the exact answer to pioneer anomaly. But for light this relativity radius will be 300,000,000 year which is highest radius of relativity horizon at any point of time. Beyond 300,000,000 light year distance whatever we see through telescopes is a virtual image of reality. When this boundary is crossed the present light cone converged into an image depicts the real position.

Derivation of Singularity Value Lets assume the universe was in its totality, singularity was broken by big bang and (x) number of galaxies was created, entropy after big bang (1/x), initial velocity just after big bang was (x), big bang acceleration (x), rest mass of any galaxy (x/2), big bang expansion lasted for time (x), Required time for light to reach the nearest galaxy from the big bang central galaxy(x), Rest Energy of any galaxy just after big bang = m.v2=x.x2=x3 ------ (1) (Not .m.v2 as there was no gravity, there was no interaction, everything was running one-way) Energy of first galaxy got light after big bang =1/2.m.c2=x/2.c2 -------- (2) (Not m.c2 as there was no light, a complete half of the mass was needed to create light energy) Comparing 1, 2, above: X/2.c2= x3 OR c=2.x -------- (3) Required time for light to reach the nearest galaxy from the big bang central galaxy(x) Distance crossed by light from the big bang central galaxy c.t=2.x2 -------- (4) Velocity of nearest galaxy expansion=v=u+ft=x+x2=x(x+1) from the big bang central galaxy after big bang

Distance crossed by nearest galaxy from the big bang central galaxy s=u.t+1/2.f.t2 =x. x(x+1) +1/2.x.x2 OR s= x2(x+1 +1/2.x) -------- (5) Comparing 4, 5, above: 2.x2= x2(x+1 +1/2.x) x= (2-1)/ (1+1/2)=.41/1.5=0.273 ~ 0.276 Derivation of Relativity Scale Factor We know gases expand in proportion of 1/273 with the increase of energy, does this have any connection to the universal expansion i.e. is the universe expanding same fashion. The answer will be yes there is a deep connection that is why a singularity value derived from some known universal laws shows numerical similarity leaving a factor meaning of which yet to be understood. Comparing Singularity Value with Charles constant 1/273 we get 1000 which is our (earthly scale) todays relativity scale factor. We should not misunderstand this exact value of 1000 as arising from decimal system itself. We have taken two intervals since the origin of the universe as under Newtonian mechanics we need U1 to determine the position of any object relativistically we need U1 and U2 further if we accelerate this constantly then maintaining Galilean/Newtonian inertia or Einsteins equivalence principle the object will maintain constant speed, further if we put more mass into the balloon then the dots on the balloon starts receding and the scale changes. 273 and 1000 can be seen as latitude and longitude of our position in the universe where 273 represents the three dimensional space coordinate and 100 represents the time coordinate. Elsewhere in the universe it is different as

the scale they are operating is different so also the numerical value of the nature constants. Nothing remains numerically constant except the law. Einstein realized this when he said "as far as the as laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and a s far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality." Here are some other astonishing numerical confirmations of presence of such expanding relativity scales. 1. If we product todays expansion 273 by singularity .276 we get Numerical part of the Hubbles Constant i.e. 75 i.e. 273*.276=75 2. SQRT(Hubbles Constant/(1+singularity))*(1+singularity) gives numerical value for Acceleration due to gravity(g) i.e. SQRT(73/(1+.276))*(1+.276) =9.82 3. Acceleration due to gravity*(1+singularity) gives numerical value for Average Velocity of Stars/ Escape velocity i.e. 9.82/(1+.276)=12.53 4. Singularity/Speed of light gives numerical value for pioneer anomaly i.e. .276 /300000000= 9.2E-10 or Singularity* pioneer anomaly= Speed of light It may be hard to accept the crude mathematics but such kind of scalar adjustments can arise as nature obeys the underlying universal laws also in Gods dimensionless world (see below the gods way) this kind of normalization is not at all illogical.
[GOD created this universe but it was not working. Then he thought, if I cut into pieces it may work. He did so in time (x) with perfection and full concentration so that nothing was wasted. He didnt count it how many pieces (x) he made but it was his sense of equity that every piece was equal, he was so concentrated that when he finished with last piece in his hand and saw to his surprise (his divine touch got everything x) that some kind of entropy (1/x) (due to destruction of absolute rest i.e. absolute zero) were taking all the pieces away from him as well as from themselves at unknown speed (x), at unknown acceleration (x).Then he decided to catch all those pieces with one piece remaining in hand. He lighted its rest mass (1/2x) with energy (1/2x).c2 so that it can light up the first piece travelling with rest energy x.x2, from (1/2x).c2= x.x2 i.e. c=2.x he saw, after time (x) at distance 2.x2= x2. (1+x+x/2) the rst piece got lighted.]

Derivation of Time since Origin Having derived the singularity, now we can interpolate and extrapolate to find out other nature constants. At the Universal level we have we know precisely the following constants 1. Speed of light c 2. Gravitational constant G 3. Acceleration due to Gravitational free fall g Also we know Charles ratio for expansion of Gas on increase in energy (pressure remaining constant) 1/273, Todays Relativity Scale factor (1000) We can derive time since origin t= G/g.c2. (Reciprocal of Charles Ratio). (Relativity Scale factor) =6.673*10-11/9.80*299792458*273*1000= 1.65583E+11 i.e. 166 billion years Comparison: 166 billion years/13.7 billion years=12.04 i.e. Average velocity of Stars, thus spins are conserved into orbital velocity.

Derivation of Radius of the Universe From s=u.t+1/2.f.t2 / c Where u f and =singularity value of .276, c= Present speed of light and t= time since origin 1.66E+11 Radius of the Universe= 45,978,018,926,667 i.e. 46 trillion light years Comparison: 46 trillion light years /46 billion light years =1000 i.e. relativity scale factor Time Line of the universe and the Nature Constants:
Avg Velocity Reciprocal Speed of Light Curvatature, Accleration of Stars/ of Fine relative to Density of Radius of the Charles Scale Hubbles due to Escape Structure Space-time in Gravitational Plank Electrical the Universe Ratio Factor Parameter gravity velocity Ratio earthly scales Constant Constant Constant Universe 0.276000002 2.760000167 27.60001667 276.0016667 2760.166667 27616.66667 277666.6667 2926666.667 44266666.67 1942666667 1.69427E+11 1.66943E+13 2.0197E+13 2.40331E+13 2.82025E+13 3.27053E+13 3.75414E+13 4.27108E+13 4.54205E+13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 17 167 184 200 217 234 250 267 275 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 61 605 665 726 786 846 907 967 997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 46 51 55 60 64 69 74 76 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.39 0.83 2.44 7.67 8.04 8.40 8.74 9.07 9.39 9.70 9.85 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.50 1.06 3.12 9.78 10.26 10.72 11.15 11.57 11.98 12.37 12.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 83 92 100 108 117 125 133 138 138 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,002 300,018 300,181 301,812 318,116 481,159 2,111,594 18,415,942 181,459,420 199,575,362 217,691,304 235,807,246 253,923,188 272,039,130 290,155,072 299,213,043 3.3E+09 3.3E+08 3.3E+07 3335709 333550 33334.2 3312.71 311.749 19.047 0.23332 0.00029 1.1E-07 3.4E-10 2.4E-10 1.8E-10 1.4E-10 1.1E-10 8.4E-11 6.9E-11 4E-08 1.3E-09 4E-11 1.3E-12 4E-14 1.3E-15 3.8E-17 8.6E-19 4.6E-21 1.2E-24 5.5E-29 5.4E-33 3.6E-33 2.4E-33 1.7E-33 1.2E-33 8.9E-34 6.8E-34 6E-34 4.3E+09 4.3E+08 4.3E+07 4321976 432195 43216.8 4318.98 429.215 40.3921 2.46785 0.03023 3.8E-05 1.5E-08 4.4E-11 3.2E-11 2.3E-11 1.8E-11 1.4E-11 1.1E-11 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.005 1.054 1.513 4.389 8.721 9.853 1.100 1.091 1.083 1.077 1.071 1.067 1.031 1.006

Time 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 1E+10 1E+11 1.1E+11 1.2E+11 1.3E+11 1.4E+11 1.5E+11 1.6E+11 1.65E+11

The origin of the universe and fate of the universe The origin of the universe and fate of the universe remains unsolved. Perhaps these two remain unsolved unless we encounter any one. However from our todays observation we can interpolate and extrapolate to make out a picture. Today we are seeing the galaxies are moving away from each other, does not necessarily mean that they were all together in past; of course it means that the gap must have been less, then also not necessary same number of galaxies as today, most may have got created recently and got position in the front seats then also our picture remains in the same observation frame. Todays expansion is happening because of todays events, if we go back to time then by default we will see the first picture of universe was smooth and even, without any gravity, perfectly stable. But this stability how long it last, particles with its quantum fluctuation came into action and created relative hot filaments and cold plasma zones almost maintaining the same smoothness throughout the universe and gravity came into existence and the journey started. So it was a very slow process, I believe not like the whole universe in a peanut, 1035 to 1034 seconds after big bang, inflation after big bang. Although there was no necessity at all (Quantum fluctuation can create a spark as trees in vicinity can set the miles of trees on fire in a jungle), Big Bang theory could have been accepted as an isolated event in a small space with small mass involved at a relative slow pace, which resulted small anisotropies which were corrected by gravity thereafter. It cannot be a theory of total universe as still we have mass, space-time, which were not touched by Big Bang as apparent from the homogeneous nature of the universe. The hypothetical inflation field came out to make up the gap of scales which we could not grasp properly. May be CMB gave us an accurate value for observable universe which is 46 billion light years, But question arise when the universe is expanding how could the speed of light remain constant same as at the time of big bang. Today we see light travels at 300000000 (approximate) meters/ sec, it was not the same speed it was travelling just after so called big bang as matter was denser, gravity was stronger. The speed of light was 1000 times slower than today with respect to todays diluted time. If we multiply 46 billion light years by thousand then we get 46 trillion light years the correct radius of the universe, everything will come into this, and if future telescopes can reach this distance then it will not see any galaxy receding faster than light. Least massive Stars which can shine for trillions of years will not be excluded from the picture. The picture will be continuous without having any horizon problem the hypothetical inflation field will vanish as the expansion itself will look straight line and big bang will look like a tiny quantum fluctuation, Dark matter and Dark energy will vanish as the basic laws property of inertia, laws of motion, special and general relativity, mass- energy conservation etc will explain everything. Then correct age of the universe thus calculated shall be 166 billion years (see the derivation). We need to correct the ratio 46 billion /13.7 billion =3.35 to 46trillion/166 billion=277 so that it will not contaminate our other results. Perhaps Big Bang was accepted to answer all the non questions of singularity into one singularity but unfortunately it put us into cycle of false. Our life could have been simpler if we had followed Conservation of mass and energy by heart. Realistically Conservation of mass and energy together cannot happen unless mass and energy are conserved independently. Mass contain some energy, to make the atomic structure, to form the mass. Energy cannot come to light unless some atomic structure is destructed. So there is a common area between them, rests are their individuality. Mass cannot be converted into energy and Energy cannot be put into mass. Any transaction happens in common area i.e. zero point energy. When atomic structure is destructed, the baryons free themselves from energy bond and thus Baryon Numbers are conserved (if it needs to be conserved at all in a scale changing universe) and the atomic energy gets converted to other forms. So mass can be released to some atomic energy, light energy which again working with

time can bind some unstructured mass back. The initial amount of mass and energy are both conserved neither cannot be created nor cannot be destructed. So we can say when a supernova takes place all the baryons free them to a further place but light goes to catch them again. Conservation of mass and energy alone is enough to carry on the mega galactic show like a recycled water fountain for ever even without external power. Galaxy will take birth, recede from each other, one day without being able to recede, will break into pieces and recycle once again to run the show. One obvious possibility from so called Big Bang model may be, now we are going through divergence, after the first Half- life convergence will start, after the second Half- life our relative galaxies will go through a reverse process(Big Crunch) perhaps this time olbers paradox will come true, night sky would be as bright as day. But we have seen that CPT symmetry is not followed in nature as thought of. The reverse process cannot restore everything back to the same position as now. Beyond this swap point it will be absolutely uncertainty, nothing matches our reality today. Also then what could be the purpose of gravity taking our galaxy away in a controlled manner as if giving our galaxy a safe exit so that another galaxy can enter and the cycle goes on, why the nuclear fusions are self controlled, why not blowing up everything at one go so that galaxies recede at speed near to the speed of light (theoretically not impossible), why the universe looks so smooth every direction, why speed of light is constant, why density of the universe do not fall below the critical density, why alpha fine structure constant is so fine. Eternal space time sounds more appropriate and confirms our observation. It can be directly derived from Special Relativity. Nothing can travel faster than light, in other words nothing (any object or any subsequent light) can travel a distance longer than the Universe (the whole object or the first light). Galaxies will continue to recede for ever there will be no big crunch, but any galaxy before it goes back to its origin (the eternity of space time) it will donate some of its light (energy) and gravity (black hole mass) gravity to a new born galaxy. When Einstein thought of a static universe, conserving mass-energy, momentum he was dynamically right. But when Hubble saw the universe is expanding, we made a mistake; we couldnt grasp the relative size of the universe as we cannot follow the story when we enter late at cinema hall but towards the end we can make it out, also we didnt check it with special relativity. The acceleration was so clear and obvious that we didnt give a thought that this acceleration could be relative to our relative space (the galaxies from which we receding) our relative time (the time we came to existence), the universal truth being the day this relative acceleration stops is the final day for our galaxy, but other galaxies will continue receding with acceleration and we the people of earth may or may not get any place there in that new galaxy, neither physics cannot answer this nor this should be its subject.

Revised Gravitational In Search of R evised Gravitational laws We may think we know enough about gravity as Newtonian Gravity and General Relativity have not let us down when we send the first rocket or in explaining the anomalous perihelion shift of planets. Our last job is to find graviton to connect standard model with general relativity. But if we understand the far reaching consequence of Einsteins equivalence principle then we will accept the need for some kind of control on the exchange of mass-energy ratio i.e. the speed of light or critical density ratio, space-time ratio i.e. expansion ratio of the universe and the curvature of the space-time. Out of these multiple concepts of one universe we cannot determine which one is dependent variable which one is independent variable. If we try to do so we encounter chicken-egg problem or hierarchy problem. It is wiser to start with a singularity and interpolate or extrapolate the other variables. Who can be the best candidate for singularity? Its Gravity. We know Gravity is pseudo force it should not exist in reality but still it exists both locally and universally, because it is the culmination of all the fields arising out of exchange of mass-energy and expansion of the space-time. The whole of gravity we cannot assign to any individual one such as expansion of the universe, at the same time we cannot break the singularity as it will loss substantial information. To understand Gravity from the scratch lets go through once again Newtons law of universal gravitation. After reading several times we shall come across the following fallacies, 1. The theory do not explain the origin of gravity, neither it assume any initial condition. 2. The theory has a tendency to point towards infinity, like the force of gravity is assumed to be infinity in free fall, there shall be potentially infinite number of stars to escape the fall. Gravity work on point to point; it does not create a gravitational field. 3. The theory determines the effect of gravity on planetary system like ours with accuracy, but it does not explain how it works, its nature i.e. being a force how it can always be attractive? Or it is the net positive after cancelling the negative? Or there is bottom line for both positive and negative force maintaining a constant ratio between the two? 4. The theory describes many to many relationships, but the equation is restricted to one to one relationship, its like many to many clue is missing. 5. The many to many model is not stable and by default collapses to one point and when it collapses Gravity become zero. 6. The theory cannot explain problem of missing mass calculated by Zwicky in rotation of stars in a galaxy system where unlike planetary system anti gravity plays an important role.

Now knowing that our universe is expanding, if we let the many to many relationship fall into one universe, we get the following: 1. Space must be potentially infinite and perfectly elastic, when matter take its place on the space-time fabric it creates a natural slope so that the lighter matters feel gravity towards it, resulting the Universe falling back to its own centre of gravity (As the space is potentially infinite the nearest mass point may serve as centre of gravity).The strength of the gravity is directly proportional to mass. It works in the direction of centre of gravity.

2. Presence of energy or energetic matter energizes all the objects in the universe to escape the gravity by squaring its distance from the centre of gravity. It is the repulsive gravity resulting from Newtons third law of motions itself or in Einsteins language when matter flows towards gravity then space time fabric releases equivalent amount of tension in the form of gravitational waves. It works in the opposite direction of centre of gravity. So basically its a split of the original law with two different forces working in two different directions. But as a whole the equations remain same; the gravitational constant become variable and gets two variable components. Lets take a real life example. Its frequently seen among kids playing soccer, when the ball goes to nearby pond, one of the tall guy asks another heavy weight guy to give a hand, and he literally float his body weight over the pond where both may fall just by balancing one anothers gravity and the first one reaches the ball by stretching his hand. Doing so, of course they both do some work and losses energy, but roughly the lighter guy do little more work. In space also lighter galaxies are escaping from gravity with support from heavier galaxies and so on. As in the space there is no fulcrum or holding point like surface of the earth shown in the example, sliding becomes inevitable by squaring its distance from the centre of gravity. The energy is supplied by chain loss of little mass in descending order of lighter to heavier galaxies. It also tell us, why the stars have to burn there self in a controlled manner by absorbing little energy from the neighboring star (as we light up our candle and pass the light back in a religious place). Now lets look into antigravity which symmetrically arises from degeneracy pressure of electron in the energy domain. We can transform Newtons law of universal gravitation, symmetrically to law of universal antigravity and integrate into revised gravitational laws which shall look like: each body in the universe is repulsed from every other body by a force that is stronger the more rest energy the bodies carry and apart they are i.e. inverse square of the distance they are to each other. In fact this is coulombs law / gausss law on electromagnetic flux unified by Maxwell. Gausss law of gravity was left from the unification as there was a basic problem. Gausss law of gravity assumed gravity to be a conservative force having curls equal to zero also his equation for gravitational divergence wanted the density of matter which is not known at large scale. Notable to see that the antigravity proportionately varies with rest energy not rest mass and inverse square of the distance same as gravity. This is the reason in a field where both gravity and antigravity are present the accumulation of mass need not be centralized as the gravity component and antigravity component in same distance is cancelled because of their opposite direction. Now if we merge this two gravity/ antigravity force laws, four individual components then they dont cancel each other completely rather they coexists according to their intensity layer by layer. But At large we cannot identify whether a gravitational force felt by any object whether due to gravity or antigravity as they losses their individual direction (evidence being two pioneers direction, one towards the centre of milky way and the other took opposite direction) leaving a torque or curl effect, which ultimately determines the curvature of the path the of the whole object driven by these forces. ga' = Ga.M/R2--------(1)

ga = Ga.E/R2--------(2) OR ga = Ga.M. v2/2R2--------(3) 2. (ga/ ga')/ (Ga/Ga) = g dividing 3 by 1, where g=torque or curl effect on velocity (ga/ ga') represents the coupling constant between gravity and electromagnetic force which causes expansion of space between matter and has value in ascending order from innermost disk to outermost disk of a galaxy. The value of (ga/ ga') ranges from (1/276) to (1/273), followed by Charles empirical constant. (Ga/Ga) represents the coupling constant between electrostatic force and electromagnetic force which causes the electron to move along the atomic orbitals at quantum level and also has value in ascending order from innermost disk to outermost disk of a galaxy. The value of (Ga/Ga) ranges from (1/138.5) to (1/137) followed by Fine structure Constant. g =2. (1/276) / (1/138.5) =277/276= 1.003623= k Constant> 1 g =2. (1/273) / (1/137) =274/273= 1.003663= k Constant> 1 So we can see that velocity of a star in a galaxy do not depend on any parameter. Its purely parameter. associated with the long term expansion rate of the galaxy it belongs. Fine structure Constant or alpha is well understood from different angles as lots of work has taken place at quantum level but nowadays classical physics is almost dead in the limelight of quantum entanglement. Whereas Charles empirical constant based on which we made the absolute scale of temperature is not further studied. But working silently two scalars are responsible for everything happening in the cosmos down to quantum level in double slit experiment. Anyhow these two scalar, Charles empirical constant and (1/273) and Fine structure Constant (1/137) are near to half or double of one another because they are just two faces of one single constant. We can see this from different angles Einsteins space time curvature which arises from interaction of matter and energy or Friedmans critical density ratio or more fundamental concept of special relativity i.e. mass energy equivalence of which the former two are by products. If we compare Newtons energy at work and Einsteins energy we get .m.v2=m.c2 That means if v has to reach c then half of its rest mass has to be converted to rest energy, but according to second law of thermodynamics no process is possible in which energy completely converts into work so half never ends and v never reaches c or reaches c when its rest mass tends to zero. Similarly the above said constant never becomes half or doubles of one another and the space time curvature, critical density ratio do not fall below one. As our space time curvature, critical density ratio is just greater than one space time must be curved like a sphere and the universe is built not to meet any singularity like big crunch i.e. there shall be quantum fluctuation and there shall be no light off, galaxies shall recede forever. Whether universe will meet any singularity or not it may remain debatable but Charles empirical scalar working in the nature can be obtained from a singularity. Whether this singularity was big bang or tiny quantum fluctuation in small small regions shall again remain debatable.

Applied Revised Gravitational laws With variable ga/Ga model of Newtons law of universal gravitation the antigravity (ga) force comes from the gravity itself but it works opposite direction of gravity (Ga). A precondition to this model to work is constant supply of the fuel i.e. matter but as per Big Bang model the creation of matter has stopped after being separated from antimatter from matter-antimatter primordial soup and cooled down gradually. If roughly the same amount of matter were there yesterday then why today gravity is stronger resulting the galaxies spread away. The only explanation is that fused particles of ordinary baryonic matter (including higgs boson) spread all across the space were less denser maintaining gap more than planks length between the particles so that gravity can be avoided (If 4% of ordinary matter left then end of the universe should not be far away, Its better to call dark matter just ordinary matter again). Now by the passage of time they are coming closer forming nebulae or inter stellar material. These are denser and attract gravity. Answer to the question why they are coming close now is to meet the demand of fuel coming from nearest galaxies, do they have brain of course not but they follow gravity and special relativity they maintain the ga/Ga balance. As the matters are getting denser, so the tension on the space, so the attractive gravity, so the release of tension, so the repulsive gravity, back and forth back and forth and thus universe cannot be static it must be expanding. Friedman mathematically proved so from Einsteins General relativity. So the construction deconstruction processes are happening all within the same universe, same galaxy, and same time but in different zone hot filament zone and cold plasma zone. There is absolutely no necessity to create Multiverse, extra dimensions to hold that. Any such idea can easily knock down by gravity alone to our well known idea of the universe. By way of analyzing the spectrum of the light coming from hot zone we know fusion of hydrogen atom to helium atom is going on in hot zone. In cold zone nothing similar is actually happening, but its fully under the control of gravity. As we have seen earlier that space works like a perfect reflector, it makes it a perfect white body too reflecting all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions, this is why light can travel great distances in space. But its emissivity is slight less than one as space is not empty but contains fused particles (including higgs boson) at very low density. As the radiation from a galaxy passes through the intergalactic space, the photons energy is absorbed by those fused particles (including higgs boson) and they get kinetic energy. With this kinetic energy they start moving, sooner they cross the Plancks length and now they are now in dense plasma form controlled, by gravity. This journey does not continue long as heavier elements like helium precipitate below the lighter elements like hydrogen to form a black hole (inner core) and hydrogen remains in the outer layer surrounding the black hole separated an event horizon which again is empty space. The volume of this two different layers i.e. inner helium core outer hydrogen layer initially do not correspond to their atomic mass as hydrogen are found in more abundance than helium. Also because of quantum fluctuations the size of black holes differs in sizes among different zones. This difference in sizes is time driven and creates many to many gravity i.e. the heavier zones start attracting lighter zones and heavier zones gets heavier. This way in a galaxy, first generation star formation and galaxy formation starts simultaneously. Gravity also give birth to Antigravity which starts the lighter zones taking away from the heavier zones in the galaxy and lighter hydrogen layer taking away from heavier core in a star. But initially the antigravity being weaker than gravity, huge volume of hydrogen layers starts running towards the core, this hot up the hydrogen layer more and more to start the nuclear fusion reaction which makes the antigravity

stronger enough to take the star away from the centre of the galaxy and settle at a certain radius, certain shape ( mostly spherical ). This state is near to a state of rest as the star losses very less amount of energy orbiting the centre of the galaxy. The smaller stars settle around a bigger star. Planets which are remnant of a cooled down star settle around a small star and a galaxy structure is formed. Sometime if the bigger star is big enough to independently run the show, it forms a smaller galaxy side by side a bigger galaxy, with support from the big brother. So the centre of the galaxy do not have to contain as much mass as those of billions of stars, rather being the nearest mass point for all the objects of the galaxy, it has to maintain a critical mass to cancel the angular component of resultant torque or curl vector towards the centre of gravity of the galaxy. In continuation to the galaxy structure, the hydrogen layers very near to the centre of galaxy cannot escape gravity easily and the whole layer keeps rotating at very high speed around the centre. At the centre of a galaxy the energy level is so huge that its gravitational waves produces radio like waves. The super massive black holes in the centre of galaxies are known as quasars. These quasars are the centre of gravity for a galaxy, all the star system and sub system travels around these. Because of huge spin the centre of the galaxy exfoliates little at centre and Relativistic jet come out along the galactic axis. The quasars also spins at a relative speed, causing the heaviest material formed in the process of nuclear fusions return back to the space through the space separating radius of the event horizon which only increases (but never decreases) from the hot core as we see in the biological centrifuge instrument. The centripetal force also releases equivalent amount of hot gas with immense energy from the centre of the galaxy. The erupted hot gas expands exponentially along the galactic axis and once it comes out of the centre it take different shape (most common being spiral shape for active galaxies). This two- way process happens in simultaneous sequence in perfect synchronization. When the centrifugal gravity reaches its crest /troughs the spin reverses and centripetal antigravity force reaches its troughs / crest back and forth back and forth without changing the axis. This becomes clear when we look at the picture of a spiral galaxy taken by Hubbles Telescope. The same spiral we can visualize as going in and coming out only the spin reverses. As in electromagnetic field if we change both the direction of electric/magnet they do not change the flow similarly here also there is no visible impact but the pulsar effect are detected. When the out coming hot gas cools down little, it forms nebulae where further stars and other stellar formations take birth. While cooling down, the gravity starts once again getting stronger, to avoid the gravitational collapse, huge volume of hot gas speeds up the nuclear fusion reaction and settles down to a certain orbit keeping aside its critical mass into a son black hole. So Black Hole is not formed after death of a second generation star, but it is formed at the very birth of any active object in the universe. Yesterdays son become a father and the father becomes grandfather and so on everybody one step up.Unlike earthly father-son relation they are not short lived; black holes being the seeds for universal life, they both are eternal, only difference being one evolved little earlier than the other from the eternal space-time. This father-son relationship may raise question like, who is the grand most of all fathers. Whether he is one alone or he has some brothers too? Does todays son visit him periodically? Actually in space time these are non questions, as long as the galaxies are connected through space filaments they are part of the whole family. It may not be a miracle if we see that seven galaxies orbits around a central galaxy to make a strong octet bond among the eight galaxies forming a local group, similarly a cluster of galaxies, similarly a super cluster and so on.and the Universe as whole rotating an universal black hole. The problem of missing mass as calculated by Zwicky can be solved by rotation of galaxies. As the galaxies are not receding at its own will, they have very less control on their velocity, path. Which path they choose if it is decided by gravity then it is not impossible that gravity will give them mostly curved path as seen elsewhere among the stars. But our telescopes have not seen any such path. In presence of tunnel

vision our telescope cannot clearly detect the path of a galaxy as it appears to be clear in case of a star in a galaxy, where the spirals itself shows the path. But galaxies have to maintain far greater distances among them relative to the strength of their gravity. This huge space between two galaxies makes it impossible to focus two galaxies to study their relative movement relative to their position at one frame. To make an idea of their motion from two different real positions taken from a larger distance frames at two different times, the gap between those two times has to be very large relative to our earthy time scale. But as the early days astronomers, by just keeping an eye on the night sky generation by generation kept on adding new constellate, newer galaxies which part form of our todays view, similarly keeping an eye on todays telescopes for a fairly long period of time will show some movement among the galaxies, a hundred years time is too less to grasp their path. What immediately we can do, we can fix the missing mass problem by taking a component of the gravity from continuous gravity chain. We cannot isolate a galaxy from the universe to test known gravitational laws, obvious result will be missing mass problem of a magnitude of 273 multiples relative to actual mass of the galaxy. To confirm rotation of galaxies we can visualize Hubbles observed recession from relativistic angle. The recession is not perpendicular but it has a sideways movement. From this sideways movement if we are able to calculate the curvature with respect to distance equivalent to estimated age of that galaxy and if this curvature eventually comes to be more than 1 then the galaxies must be rotating to some central object not necessarily the centre of the universe but a central mass points of the filaments. If we add a few central mass points we shall get an spiral axis of rotation of galaxies with same spin, and there shall be as many spiral axis as the number of galaxy in the early universe. In one such spiral axis all the father and son galaxies shall appear in order of their age from outer to centre. At any point of such spiral axis the centrifugal force due to gravity and centripetal force due to anti gravity balances each other by summing up their vector components both inward and outward space time. The intersection point of two such spiral axis we know as Worm Hole where galaxies do some space time adjustments or gravitational correction. Now lets see how a galaxy evolutes and why. The reason why can be worked from variable ga/Ga model of Newtons law of universal gravitation. Earlier we have seen that there cannot be stability of universal kind of superstructure, which also mathematically proved by Friedman from general relativity equations. The whole universe becomes unstable as it losses energy. If this energy is not refilled then it should collapse. Where to get energy? The answer is a question itself, where from universe get energy? Yes, it is atomic energy stored in mass in E = mc2 form. Where to get fresh mass? All the available mass is allocated. A little portion can be recycled from the mass released by atomic energy in the past which are still in the galaxy system. But the galaxy has left a bigger portion mass behind the space time as it has moved a long way in time. How to bring it back to cycle? As universe is closed and mass and energy are conserved, the space being almost smooth everywhere it serves as a buffer stock feeder for recycled mass. A Galaxy just needs light energy t to catch it up. All the light energy it has radiated in front of space time, its time for them to go back into the system as mass to fill the energy gap. But still there may be gap if the energy scale it was running very high. Then that high energy itself creates suitable condition to off load the outermost disc containing giant stars. Heaviest of these giant stars form the centre and give birth to an associate galaxy. Further transfer takes place from the father to son as they both become stable and move on. With applied Revised Gravitational laws, the dark matter and dark energy problem can be solved, and the universal composition pie chart data need to be refreshed by reducing the dark energy slice to zero and moving equivalent dark matter to baryon matter. Now the universal composition pie chart should look good leaving a reasonable difference which is responsible for the universal energy show.