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ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Category GeneralApproach MLA TheModernLanguageAssociation (MLA)providesamethodforsource documentationthatisusedinmost humanitiescourses.Thehumanities placeemphasisonauthorship,somost MLAcitationinvolvesrecordingthe authorsnameinthephysicaltext.The authorsnameisalsothefirsttoappear intheWorksCitedpageattheendof anessay.

ThemostrecentMLA formattingcanbefoundintheseventh editionoftheMLAmanual. APA TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation (APA)providesamethodforsource documentationthatisusedismost socialsciencecourses.Thesocial sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea workwascreated,somostAPAcitation involvesrecordingthedateofa particularworkinthephysicaltext.The dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter theauthorsnameintheReferences pageattheendofanessay.Themost recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual. BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire authorname,publicationyear,work title,publicationcity,andpublisher.

1 CMS TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth editionoftheCMSmanual. BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity, publisher,andpublicationyear.

CitingBooks

BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire theauthorname,worktitle, publicationcity,publisher,year published,andanindicationofthe publicationmedium,suchasprint. Generalbook Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores format Dilemma.NewYork:Penguin dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin Group,2006.Print. Group. Singleauthor Pollan,Michael. Pollan,M.(2006). Twoorthree Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968). authors Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., threeauthors Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S. (1993). Morethan Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R., sevenauthors Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J. SLastAuthorsName(1993). Corporate/ AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma. NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006. Pollan,Michael. Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn. Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Organization author Unknown author Twoormore worksbythe sameauthor Twoormore worksbythe sameauthor inthesame year. Authorwith aneditor Authorwitha translator Editorwithno author Workinan anthology (2005). OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Nochangetonameformat,change notedbytitle. Nochangetonameformat,change notedbytitle. Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997). Slechty,P.C.(2001). Slechty,P.C.(1997a). Slechty,P.C.(1997b). Poston,T.(2000).Adraftofhistory K.A.Hauke,(Ed.). Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical essayonprobabilities.(F.W. Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.). Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.). (1997).Consequencesofgrowing uppoor. Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome: Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide: Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.24 34).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann. OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Nochangetonameformat.

Nochangetonameformat.

Editionother thanfirst Multivolume work

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed. KathleenA.Hauke. Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott andF.L.Emory. ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor. Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.Brooks Gunn. Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging ReluctantWriters."ATutor's Guide:HelpingWritersOneto One.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann,2000.2434. Print. Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D. Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5th ed. DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed. P.Wiener.4Vols.

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Editedby KathleenA.Hauke. P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayon Probabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.Truscott andF.L.Emory. Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging ReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide: HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedby BenRafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH: Heinemann,2000.

Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman, R.D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5th ed.). Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryof thehistoryofideas(Vols.14).

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman. TheBatteredChild.5thed. Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryof Ideas.4vols.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Encyclopedia/ Dictionary Posner,Rebecca.Romance Languages.TheEncyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia.15thed. 1987.Print. Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction. PermanenceandChange:An AnatomyofPurpose. Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages. InTheencyclopediaBritannica: macropedia(15thed.). Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke, PermanenceandChange:An AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv). UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill Company,Inc. InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby initials;thepublicationyeargoes betweenparentheses,andisfollowed byaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly thefirstwordandpropernounsare capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten intitlecase,andisfollowedbythe volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is alsoitalicizedorunderlined. Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV makesatooclosecall.Time,20, 7071. Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe subalterninMahaswetaDevis BashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesin WomensLiterature(15.1)4150. Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1. Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24). [Editorial]TheWallStreetJournal

3 Citedinendnotesonly. 1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia, 15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages. Duncan,HughDalziel.Introductionto PermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof Purpose.

Foreword, introduction, preface,or afterword ArticlesinPeriodicals

Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarly tomostbooksources,MLAsseventh editionmakessomedistinctions specifictoperiodicals.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname, articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate, andissueinformation.CMSalsorequires citationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessed online.

Magazine

Journal paginatedby issue

Daily newspaper Editorialin newspaper

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:70 71.Print. Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe SubalterninMahaswetaDevi's BashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin Women'sLiterature15.1(1996): 4150.Print. Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating." NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1. Print. "OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooClose Call."Time,November20,2000. Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms: TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahasweta Devi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin WomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYork Times,May2007. Citedinnotesonly. 1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart 2003:A14.Print. Hamer,John.Letter.American JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan. 2007:7.Print. Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir. GaryBurnsandJimBrown.New YorkTimes30May2007lateed.: E1.Print. MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources weredevelopedundertheassumption thatcontentcanbefindonlineaslong asinformation,suchasauthorandtitle, wereincluded.ThereforeMLAdoesnot requireaURLlisting.MLAcitationof onlinesourcesdoes,however,askfora publisherorsponsorofthewebpage. Authorsforwebsitesareoften corporations,orgovernments(Hacker). east,p.A14. Hamer,J.(2006/2007, December/January).[Lettertothe editor].AmericanJournalism Review,7. Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreally callitliving[Reviewofthefilm RadiantCity,directedbyGary BurnsandJimBrown].NewYork Times,lateed.:E1.

4 2003. Citedinnotesonly. 1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor, AmericanJournalismReview,December 2006/January2007. Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity, DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown. NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Late edition.

Lettertothe editor

Bookorfilm review

OnlineSources

General format

Entire Website

Pagefrom Website

InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften includewhatareknownasDOIs,or digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle, sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda URLorDOI. Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]). Created(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium. Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication Dateaccessed. Title,volumeorissuenumber.Retrieved fromhttp://urladdress UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards. Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan. standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA 2006 websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A WorldIssue.Nativeweb. thirdworldissue.Nativeweb.

CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedat theendofthecitationbutnotthedatethe contentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsource istimesensitive,includethedateofaccess aftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMS documentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards. http://water.epa.gov/drink. Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorld Issue.Nativeweb.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Retrievedfrom http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/l egal/shiva.html MediaGiants.Frontline:The Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline, MerchantsofCool.Retrievedfrom 2001.Web.7Feb.2006. PBSOnline http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fr ontline/shows/cool/giants/ Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV. IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldel MuseoNationaldelPrado. Prado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldel Retrievedfrom Prado.Web.22May2006. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ hd/goya/hd_goya.htm Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI. Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec. 2008. Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The EducationofHenryAdams.By Adams.Boston:Houghton,1918. N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooks Online.Web.8Jan2007. Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI. PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom http://www.poetryfoundation.org/ archive/poem.html?id=174002 Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The educationofhenryadams. Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. Retrievedfrom http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.ht ml Bent,H.(2007).Professionalizationof thePh.D.degree.College CompositionandCommunication, 58.4,0145. Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting thelivingweb.AListApart:For PeopleWhoMakeWebsites. Retrievedfrom http://www.alistapart.com/articles Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb. 2006.

5 http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi va.html. MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof Cool. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /shows/cool/giants. Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV. MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800. Painting. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/ hd_goya.htm Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof OriginalPublication. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/ poem.html?id=174002 Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition, Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Pagefrom Websitewith unknown author Imagefroma Website

Onlinebook

Portionofan onlinebook

Articleinan Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof onlinejournal thePh.D.Degree.College CompositionandCommunication 58.4(2007):0145.Web.5Dec. 2008. Articleinan Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting online theLivingWeb."AListApart:For magazine/ PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList newspaper ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4 May2009.

Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe Ph.D.Degree.CollegeCompositionand Communication58,no.4(2007):0145. AccessedDecember5,2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving Web.AListApartMagazine.August16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout. WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007. Web.19Jan.2007. /writeliving Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/th echeckout/ Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved from:URLorDOI

Entireblog

Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog). http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheck out/

Responseina blog

CDROM

Email

MultimediaSources

Videoorfilm

Editor,screenname,author,or compilername(ifavailable).Posting Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber(if available).Nameof institution/organizationaffiliatedwith thesite(sponsororpublisher).Medium ofpublication.Dateofaccess. Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglish Language.4thed.Boston; Houghton,2000.CDROM. Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist Literature."Messagetothe author.15Nov.2000.Email. MLAformatformultimediasources requiresamediumdescriptionatthe endofthecitation.Film,DVD,Radio, Web,Performance,andother descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing referenced. AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore. Paramount,2006.DVD.

BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby WritersName,Dateofpost.

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].The AmericanHeritageDictionaryofthe EnglishLanguage.4thed. Notincludedinreferences.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed. Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM. Citedinnotesonly. 1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto author,November15,2000. WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat, includeasmuchinformationasisavailable regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot neededinCMSformatting.

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmay includeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI) number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmay beusedinplaceofaURLaddress.An onlinesourceshouldincludeeithera DOIoraURL.

Podcast/ YouTube

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L. (Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient truth[DVD].UnitedStates: ParamountHomeEntertainment. Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7 foragoodprofilepiece. Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008. [YouTube].Project:Report.

AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates: ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94 min. Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece. Project:Report.YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2V

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart Retrievedfrom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =cuA2VcdqB9k/ Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram, K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005). Earlyviolentdeathindelinquent youth:aprospectivelongitudinal study.[Presentation].Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingof theAmericanPsychologyLaw Society.LaJolla,CA. Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7). Fourmaincomponentsforeffective outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting Lab.Retrievedfrom http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ resource/544/01/ ContinentalCongress.(17741789). Journalsofthecontinental congress.Washington,DC.1904 1937. Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries indeathritualsduringthenorthern songdynasty(Doctoral dissertation).Availablefrom ProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426). cdqB9k/

Lecture/ Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent Publicaddress DeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy. AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla, California.March,2005. Presentation. OtherSources ThePurdue OWL Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four MainComponentsforEffective Outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting Lab.PurdueUniversity,7April, 2010.Web.20Dec.2010. ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789. WashingtonDC.19041937. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries inDeathRitualsduringthe NorthernSongDynasty.Diss. UniversityofChicago,2008.Web. ContestingImaginariesinDeath RitualsduringtheNorthernSong Dynasty. Likemostsourcedocumentation systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto givereadersinformation,anddirect

Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM. Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc e/544/01/ ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols. Washington,DC,190437. Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesin DeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSong Dynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago, 2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).

Government publication

Dissertation

InTextCitations CitingBooks

APAaddstotheMLAstylebyincluding bothanauthorname(s)andpage number,aswellasthedate.Thedateis

Footnotesorendnotesareusedwhenciting withinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument. Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinal

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart readerstothemorespecificWorks Citedpageshouldareaderwantto pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA intextcitationrequiresanauthor name,andapagenumberwherethe informationbeingcitedcanbefound. Thiscanbeformattedinavarietyof ways. Authornamed PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto inasignal thisphenomenonasacumulative phrase collaborationofevidence(49). generallyprovidedparenthetically whenevertheauthorsnameisgiven whilepagenumbersalwaysappearat theendofthesentence.Thedateis importantinsocialsciencebecauseit helpsdemonstratetherelevance (newness)oftheworkbeingcited.

8 bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource informationatthebottomofthepage,orina separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview. FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber. PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration ofevidence.12

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961) referstothisphenomenonasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence (p.49).

Authornot namedina signalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Unknown author

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(WorldHypotheses49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p. 49). Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper,Evidenceand Corroborationsection,para.22).

Unknown Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas pagenumber acumulativecollaborationof evidence(Pepper).

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom ofthepage) 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12 12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles: UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49. Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

9 (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961). PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis thisphenomenonasacumulative phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration collaborationofevidence(World ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints earlierworkaswell.13 towardinearlierworkaswell (Emergence,1926,p.241). 12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses, (LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress, 1961),49. 13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926). RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing importanceofredefiningexpectations Publictheimportanceofredefining forfacultywork(p.3). expectationsforfacultywork.6 6.ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeiser,Going Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010). In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst, Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat undergraduateperspectivesofacademic focusedspecificallyonundergraduate writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2 perspectivesofacademicwriting,and foundavarietyofapproachesinplace 2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross (p.11). CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport onWayswithAcademicWords,College CompositionandCommunication41,no.1. Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof roleofprayerasacopingmechanism prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9 forhealth(AmericanPsychological Association,2011,p.67). 9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation, NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion

Morethan oneworkby thesame author

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto thisphenomenonasacumulative collaborationofevidence(World Hypotheses49),whichhehintstoward inearlierworkaswell(Emergence 241).

Twoorthree authors

ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernotein GoingPublictheimportanceof redefiningexpectationsforfacultywork (3).

Fourormore authors

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon undergraduateperspectivesof academicwritingfoundavarietyof approaches(Andersonetal.11).

Corporate author

TheAmericanPsychological Associationsstudydemonstratedthe significantroleofprayerasacoping mechanismforhealth(67).

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart andSpirituality. Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswill differentiate.

10

Authorswith thesamelast name Encyclopedia

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith 19). Romancelanguageshaveacurious history(RomanceLanguages).

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A. Smith,2009,p.19). Romancelanguageshaveacurious history(Posner,1987).

Multivolume work Twoormore worksinthe same parentheses

Usevolumenumberfollowedbypage numberincitation,e.g.,(2:119). Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors notedtheimportanceofreligionin conceivingnature(Emerson1123; Thoreau1994).

Usepagenumberanddate,volume indicatedinreferencesectiononly. Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors notedtheimportanceofreligionin conceivingnature(Emerson1836; Thoreau,1862).

Anentire work

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalking(1862) demonstratesafascinationwith sauntering. Citethespecificworkonly,notthe anthologyoritseditor. Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis capturedbyHurstonscandid autobiography,FromDustTracksona Road(1942). Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease date. TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

Workinan anthology

MultimediaSources Videoorfilm

Useselectionsnameandpagenumber, noteditor. Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis capturedbyHurstonscandid autobiography,FromDustTracksona Road(336). Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease date. TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin bibliography. 1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica: Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance Languages. 10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand Sons,2004). Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted theimportanceofreligioninconceiving nature.22 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862; RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836. ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa fascinationwithsauntering.22 22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862. 19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork: Norton,1999),336.

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directed byJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA: ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish. Podcast/ YouTube Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand giventitle. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money. Lecture/ Theproblemofviolentdeathamong Publicaddress delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology LawSociety. contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish (1993). Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if known,title,andpostingdate. Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet Money(2011). Theproblemofviolentdeathamong delinquentyouthswascarefully documentedbyTeplinetal.inan addressdeliveredattheAnnual MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology LawSociety(2005).

11

Treatasdocumentfromwebsite. 31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeinthe WrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast, NationalPublicRadio, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

OtherSources ThePurdue OWL

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteinthe OnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity that,Researchbasedwritingin Americaninstitutions,botheducational andcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthat writers,particularlybeginners,aren't awareofordon'tknowhowtofollow

Ifunpublishedlectureoraddress,citein writingonly. PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson August1,2011that Ifpublished,followingthisexample: 41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla, CA,March2005. KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011) KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenotethat, writeintheOnlineWritingLabat ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican PurdueUniversitythat,Research institutions,botheducationalandcorporate, basedwritinginAmericaninstitutions, isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly botheducationalandcorporate,isfilled beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow withrulesthatwriters,particularly tofollow.23 beginners,aren'tawareofordon't

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart (AvoidingPlagiarism). knowhowtofollow.

12 23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab, PurdueUniversity, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/ 27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera: Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire, 2011.

Government publication

AccordingtoPennsylvaniaDepartment ofConservationandNaturalResources, theEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof countyquarantinesinrecentyears.

TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof countyquarantinesinrecentyears (PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).

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