Purchasing management directs the flow of goods and services in a company and handles all data relating to contact

with suppliers. Effective purchasing management requires knowledge of the supply chain, business and tax laws, invoice and inventory procedures, and transportation and logistics issues. Although a strong knowledge of the products and services to be purchased is essential, purchasing management professionals must also be able to plan, execute, and oversee purchasing strategies that are conducive to company profitability. Sourcing reliable suppliers is a crucial part of purchasing management. Purchasing managers, agents, and buyers usually learn about new products and services from Internet searches,trade shows, and conferences. They meet with potential suppliers in their plants whenever possible. Skills in foreign languages may be helpful for sourcing suppliers in other countries.Purchasing management professionals must always assess potential suppliers in terms of the supplier's ability to deliver quality merchandise at a suitable price on time. Purchasing management professionals must be good negotiators, understand technical product information, have good mathematical ability, understand spreadsheet software, understand marketing methodology, and be outstanding decision makers. Increased responsibilities inpurchasing management require good leadership skills, and higher positions often require a master's degree in a business related subject. Entry level purchasing management positions such as junior buyers, assistant buyers, and purchasing clerks, often require a college degree and some product knowledge.
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Larger distributors may require a bachelor's degree for entry level purchasing managementpositions. Training and learning typically start in sales, then supervision, and invoice and stock monitoring. Professional purchasing management designations include Certified PurchasingProfessional (CPP) in the United States, and Certified Professional Purchaser (CPP) in Canada. Purchasing managers, buyers, and materials managers control budgets, manage staff, and may analyze procurement methods as well as negotiate supplier contracts. Purchasingmanagement professionals must understand tax laws, purchasing trends,

ethics, and globaloutsourcing issues. Buyers and purchasing agents usually deal specifically with purchasingtasks, while purchasing managers usually supervise others, including purchasing agents. However, titles and duties vary greatly between industries and employers. Buyers often have assistants to place orders and keep track of delivery details. Buyers need the ability to select products that consumers will want to buy, so they need to understand trends as well as economic conditions that affect consumer buying decisions. Buyers employed in small stores may be responsible for purchasing the store's entire inventory, while buyers working for larger operations may focus on a few product lines. Merchandise managers may work with an advertising team to create a campaign for the goods they purchase. Follow up is an important part of purchasing management as responsibility does not end in purchasing goods. For example, merchandise managers need to check to be sure the products they buy are being displayed well to attract consumers. Buyers must keep track of customer demands for new products as well as determine how well goods are selling.

Purchasing management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since November 2007. It may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since April 2010.

Purchasing management is the management of purchasing process, and related aspects in an organization. Because of production companies purchase nowadays about 70% of their turnover, and service companies purchase approximately 40% of their turnover [1], purchasing management is one of the most critical areas in the entire organization and needs intensive management. Purchasing management also covers the areas of outsourcing and insourcing. Models used to aid purchasing managers include the Newsboy model as well as the Order up To (OUT) model.
Contents
[hide]

1 Purchasing Process 2 Purchasing Management Process 3 Purchasing Tracking 4 Purchasing Reporting

5 References

[edit]Purchasing

Process

Purchasing Process includes as usual 8 main stages as follows: 1. Market survey Requisitioning 1. Approving 2. Studying Market 3. Making Purchase Decision 4. Placing Orders 5. Receipting Goods and Services Received 6. Accounting Goods and Services 7. Receiving Invoices and Making Payment 8. Debit note in case of material defect

[edit]Purchasing

Management Process

Purchasing Management Process consists usually of 3 stages: 1. Purchasing Planning 2. Purchasing Tracking 3. Purchasing Reporting == Purchasing Plannimay include steps as follows:

creating purchasing projects and tasks providing related information (files, links, notes etc.) assigning purchasing tasks to employees setting task priorities, start/finish dates etc. assigning supervisors setting reminders control and evaluation

[edit]Purchasing

Tracking

Purchasing Tracking consists of:

checking task's status and/or history of changes receiving status notifications sorting, grouping or filtering tasks by current status highlighting overdue tasks,,,

[edit]Purchasing

Reporting

Purchasing Reporting includes:

comparing actual and estimated values calculating purchasing task and project statistics sorting, grouping or filtering tasks by attributes creating charts to visualize key statistics and KPIs

Purchase requisition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Requisition. (Discuss) Proposed since January
2012.

Purchase Requisition or Purchase Request is a precise document generated by an internal organization or external to notify the purchasing department of items it needs to order, their quantity, and the time frame that will be given in the future. It may also contain the authorization to proceed with the purchase. It is also called Purchase Order Request. As part of an organization's internal financial controls, the accounting department may institute a purchase requisition process to help manage requests for purchases. Requests for the creation of purchase of goods and services are documented and routed for approval within the organization and then delivered to the accounting group. Typically an accounting staff member is assigned responsibility for purchase order management, referred to commonly as the PO (purchase order) Coordinator. Purchase requests are tracked against both internal departmental budgets as well as general ledger (GL) categories.

[edit]Structure

A purchase requisition is a request sent to the purchasing department to procure goods or services. It is originated and approved by the department requiring the goods or services. Typically, it contains a description and quantity of the goods or services to be purchased,preferred make, a required delivery date, account number and the amount of money that the purchasing department is authorized to spend for the goods or services. Often, the names of suggested supply sources are also included. A purchase requisition is owned by the originating department and should not be changed by the purchasing department without obtaining approval from the originating department. This important distinction (e.g. essential control) is not clearly defined in some of the more popular integrated procurement software systems on the market today. A purchase from a taxation point of view is also a cost that depletes profits that reduces a tax liability, the onus lies with the originator to prove the cost incurred is for generating income or to better a service to promote sale that fulfills an objective, whilst ensuring valuable resources are best used and not wasted in the interest of the company. In some industrial (e.g. production line) environments, the purchasing department may be assigned responsibility for requesting and purchasing goods. This is especially true for raw material purchases where the purchasing department is also responsible for inventory management. A purchase requisition is not a purchase order and therefore should never be used to purchase goods or services or be used as an authorization to pay an invoice from a supplier or service provider.

Purchase order request

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A purchase order request or purchase requisition is a request sent internally within a company to obtain purchased goods and services, including stock. The request is a document which tells the purchasing department or manager exactly what items and services are requested, the quantity, source and associated costs. A Purchase Requisition Form (PRF) is filled out prior to purchasing goods as a form of tangible authorisation. Purchase request forms are often used in smaller business who do not have a computer-based system. However, many computer (included web-based solution) systems are available on the market that can facilitate the capture of purchase request information. Purchase order requests can also be passed to the purchasing department via a management information system.

A PRF may contain budget and purchase values to make the individual aware of the annual and remaining budget before a purchase is made. Such a system is there to guarantee that goods and services are purchased with the consent of the line manager and that a sufficient budget is available.

delivery receipt
A document that has been signed by the person receiving goods to show that they have been delivered a document sent by the post office, telling someone who has sent a letter by recorded delivery that it has been delivered. [1]

delivery receipt
Definition
A document that is typically signed by the receiver of a shipment to indicate that they have in fact received the item being shipped and have taken possession of it. Most businesses that transport valuable items via mail or parcel post will require the completion of a signed delivery receipt to make sure that the goods were actually received by the intended recipient.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/delivery-receipt.html#ixzz1zMUmtVZg

Invoice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the Japanese company, see Invoice (company). An invoice or bill is a commercial document issued by a seller to the buyer, indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller has provided the buyer. An invoice indicates the buyer

must pay the seller, according to the payment terms. The buyer has a maximum amount of days to pay for these goods and is sometimes offered a discount if paid before the due date. In the rental industry, an invoice must include a specific reference to the duration of the time being billed, so in addition to quantity, price and discount the invoicing amount is also based on duration. Generally speaking each line of a rental invoice will refer to the actual hours, days, weeks, months, etc. being billed. From the point of view of a seller, an invoice is a sales invoice. From the point of view of a buyer, an invoice is a purchase invoice. The document indicates the buyer and seller, but the terminvoice indicates money is owed or owing. In English, the context of the term invoice is usually used to clarify its meaning, such as "We sent them an invoice" (they owe us money) or "We received an invoice from them" (we owe them money).
Contents
[hide]

1 Invoice 2 Variations

2.1 Utility bills

3 Electronic invoices

o o o o

3.1 EDIFACT 3.2 Open Application Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) from OAGi 3.3 UBL 3.4 ISDOC

4 Payment for invoices 5 Standardization 6 See also 7 External links 8 References

[edit]Invoice
INVOICE Company Name 123 Fake Street Springfield

A typical invoice contains[1][2]

Invoice No

Date

Terms

The word invoice (or Tax Invoice if in Australia and amounts include GST).
Description Amount Owed:

A unique reference number (in case of correspondence about the invoice)

Date of the invoice. Tax payments if relevant (e.g. GST or VAT) Name and contact details of the seller

Invoice Total

Tax or company registration details of seller (if relevant)[e.g. Australia Business Number (ABN) for Australian businesses.]

Name and contact details of the buyer Date that the product was sent or delivered Purchase order number (or similar tracking numbers requested by the buyer to be mentioned on the invoice)

Description of the product(s) Unit price(s) of the product(s) (if relevant) Total amount charged (optionally with breakdown of taxes, if relevant) Payment terms (including method of payment, date of payment, and details about charges for late payment)

In countries where wire transfer is the preferred method of settling debts the printed bill will contain the bank account number of the debtor and usually a reference code to be passed along the transaction identifying the payer. The US Defense Logistics Agency requires an employer identification number on invoices.[3] The European Union requires a VAT (value added tax) identification number. In Canada, the registration number for GST purposes must be furnished for all supplies over $30 made by a registered supplier, in order to claim input tax credits.[4] Recommendation about invoices used in international trade is also provided by the UNECE Committee on Trade, which involves more detailed description of logistics aspect of merchandise and therefore may be convenient for international logistics and customs procedures.[5]

[edit]Variations
There are different types of invoices:

Pro forma invoice In foreign trade, a pro forma invoice is a document that states a commitment from the seller to provide specified goods to the buyer at specific prices. It is often used to declare value for customs. It is not a true invoice, because the seller does not record a pro forma invoice as an accounts receivable and the buyer does not record a pro forma invoice as anaccounts payable. A pro forma invoice is not issued by the seller until the seller and buyer have agreed to the terms of the order. In few cases, pro forma invoice is issued for obtaining advance payments from buyer, either for start of production or for security of the goods produced.

Credit memo - If the buyer returns the product, the seller usually issues a credit memo for the same or lower amount than the invoice, and then refunds the money to the buyer, or the buyer can apply that credit memo to another invoice.

Commercial invoice - a customs declaration form used in international trade that describes the parties involved in the shipping transaction, the goods being transported, and the value of the goods.[6] It is the primary document used by customs, and must meet specific customs requirements, such as the Harmonized System number and the country of manufacture. It is used to calculate tariffs.

Debit memo - When a company fails to pay or short-pays an invoice, it is common practice to issue a debit memo for the balance and any late fees owed. In function debit memos are identical to invoices.

Self-billing invoice - A self billing invoice is when the buyer issues the invoice to himself (e.g. according to the consumption levels he is taking out of a vendor-managed inventory stock).

Evaluated receipt settlement (ERS) - ERS is a process of paying for goods and services from a packing slip rather than from a separate invoice document. The payee uses data in the packing slip to apply the payments. "In an ERS transaction, the supplier ships goods based upon an Advance Shipping Notice (ASN), and the purchaser, upon receipt, confirms the existence of a corresponding purchase order or contract, verifies the identity and quantity of the goods, and then pays the supplier."[7]

Timesheet - Invoices for hourly services such as by lawyers and consultants often pull data from a timesheet. A Timesheet invoice may also be generated by Operated equipment rental companies where the invoice will be a combination of timesheet based charges and equipment rental charges.

Invoicing - The term invoicing is also used to refer to the act of delivering baggage to a flight company in an airport before taking a flight.[citation needed]

Statement - A periodic customer statement includes opening balance, invoices, payments, credit memos, debit memos, and ending balance for the customer's account during a specified period. A monthly statement can be used as a summary invoice to request a single payment for accrued monthly charges.

Progress billing used to obtain partial payment on extended contracts, particularly in the construction industry (see Schedule of values)

Collective Invoicing is also known as monthly invoicing in Japan. Japanese businesses tend to have many orders with small amounts because of the outsourcing system (Keiretsu), or of demands for less inventory control (Kanban). To save the administration work, invoicing is normally processed on monthly basis.

Continuation or Recurring Invoicing is standard within the equipment rental industry, including tool rental. A recurring invoice is one generated on a cyclical basis during the lifetime of a rental contract. For example if you rent an excavator from 1 January to 15 April, on a calendar monthly arrears billing cycle, you would expect to receive an invoice at the end of January, another at the end of February, another at the end of March and a final Off-rent invoice would be generated at the point when the asset is returned. The same principle would be adopted if you were invoiced in advance, or if you were invoiced on a specific day of the month.

Electronic Invoicing is not necessarily the same as EDI invoicing. Electronic invoicing in its widest sense embraces EDI as well as XML invoice messages as well as other format such as pdf. Historically, other formats such as pdf were not included in the wider definition of an electronic invoice because they were not machine readable and the process benefits of an electronic message could not be achieved. However, as data extraction techniques have evolved and as environmental concerns have begun to dominate the business case for the implementation of electronic invoicing, other formats are now incorporated into the wider definition.

[edit]Utility

bills

Bills from utility companies are based on measured (metered) use of electricity, natural gas or other utilities at a residence or business.[8][9] When an individual or business applies for service from the utility (opens an account), he signs an agreement (contract) to pay for his metered use of the utility.

[edit]Electronic

invoices

Some invoices are no longer paper-based, but rather transmitted electronically over the Internet. It is still common for electronic remittance or invoicing to be printed in order to maintain paper records. Standards for

electronic invoicing vary widely from country to country. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards such as the United Nation's EDIFACT standard include message encoding guidelines for electronic invoices.

[edit]EDIFACT
The United Nations standard for electronic invoices ("INVOIC") includes standard codes for transmitting header information (common to the entire invoice) and codes for transmitting details for each of the line items (products or services). The "INVOIC" standard can also be used to transmit credit and debit memos.[10] The "IFTMCS" standard is used to transmit freight invoices.[11] In the European Union legislation was passed in 2010 in the form of directive 2010/45/EU to facilitate the growth of Electronic Invoicing across all its member states. This legislation caters for varying VAT and intercountry invoicing requirements within the EU, in addition to legislating for the authenticity and integrity of invoices being sent electronically. It is estimated that in 2011 alone roughly 5 million EU businesses will send Electronic Invoices. [12]

[edit]Open

Application Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) from OAGi

The XML message format for electronic invoices has been used since the inception of XML in 1998. Open Application Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) has included an invoice since 2001.OAGi (Open Applications Group) has a working relationship with UN/CEFACT where OAGi and its members participate in defining many of the Technology and Methodology specifications. OAGi also includes support for these Technology and Methodology specifications within OAGIS.

[edit]UBL
The XML message format for electronic invoices has been used in recent years. There are two standards currently being developed. One is the cross industry invoice under development by the United Nations standards body UN/CEFACT and the other is UBL (Universal Business Language) which is issued by OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards). Implementations of invoices based on UBL are common, most importantly in the public sector in Denmark as it was the first country where UBL is mandated by law for all the invoices of the public sector. Further implementations are under way in the Scandinavian countries as result of the NES (North European Subset) project. Implementations are also underway inItaly, Spain, the Netherlands (UBL 2.0)[13] and with the European Commission itself. The NES work has been transferred to CEN (European Committee for Standardization), (the standards body of the European Union) workshop CEN/BII, for public procurement in Europe. The result of that work is a precondition for PEPPOL, pan European pilots for public procurement, financed by the European commission. There UBL procurement documents will be implemented in cross border pilots between European countries.

Agreement has been made between UBL and UN/CEFACT for convergence of the two XML messages standards with the objective of merging the two standards into one before end of 2009 including the provision of an upgrade path for implementations started in either standard.

[edit]ISDOC
ISDOC is a standard that was developed in the Czech Republic as a universal format for electronic invoices. On 16 October 2008, 14 companies and the Czech government signed a declaration to use this format within one year in their products.

[edit]Payment

for invoices

Organizations purchasing goods and services usually have a process in place for approving payment on the invoice based on an employee's confirmation that the goods or services have been received.[14][15][16][17] Typically, when paying an invoice, a remittance advice will be sent to the supplier to inform them their invoice has been paid.

[edit]Standardization
This section requires expansion with: 27 September 2009.

Invoices are different from receipts. Both Invoices and receipts are ways of tracking purchases of goods and services. In general the content of the invoices can be similar to that of receipts including tracking the amount of the sale, calculating sales tax owed and calculating any discounts applied to the purchase.[18] Invoices differ from receipts in that invoices serve to notify customers of payments owed, whereas receipts serve as proof of completed payment.[19]

What's the difference between official receipt and charge invoice?

4 years ago Report Abuse

rangapad...

Best Answer - Chosen by Voters

Charge Invoice is a documemt raised when a product is sold. Official Receipt is a document confirming the receipt of payment against a Charge Invoice.

Canvassing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Canvasser" redirects here. For the sales occupation, see Peddler. "Canvassing" redirects here. For the Parks and Recreation episode, see Canvassing (Parks and Recreation).

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since August 2008. It may contain original research. Tagged since August 2008.

For the Wikipedia guideline on canvassing, see Wikipedia:Canvassing

Senior British Labour Party politicianJack Straw canvassing with local councillors in Blackburn.

Part of the Politics series

Political campaigning
Finance Grassroots fundraising

Management Opposition research Consultation Message Advertising Canvassing Election promise Getting out the vote Lawn signs Negative campaigning Attack ad Fear mongering Push poll Smear campaign Voter suppression

Key people

Candidate Campaign manager

Campaign staff Politics portal

Canvassing is the systematic initiation of direct contact with a target group of individuals commonly used during political campaigns. A campaign team (and during elections a candidate) will knock on doors of private residences within a particular geographic area, engaging in face-to-face personal interaction with voters.

Canvassing may also be performed by telephone, where it is referred to as telephone canvassing. The main purpose of canvassing is to perform voter identification to poll how individuals are planning to vote rather than to argue with or persuade voters.[1] This preparation is an integral part of a 'get out the vote' operation, in which known supporters are contacted on polling day and reminded to cast their ballot.
Contents
[hide]

1 Purposes of canvassing 2 Canvassing and GOTV 3 Role of canvassing in persuasion 4 Types of canvassing

o o o

4.1 Field canvasses 4.2 Candidate canvasses 4.3 Phone canvasses

5 Paid canvassing 6 Disadvantages of canvassing 7 See also 8 References

[edit]Purposes

of canvassing

The above qualification notwithstanding, canvassing may be performed to achieve a combination of the following objectives. For example, a canvass focused on persuading people to vote for a particular candidate or ballot issue may also solicit funds and sign up new members to an organization:

Identifying supporters (voter identification or voter ID) in preparation for a Get out the vote (GOTV) operation.

Performing GOTV during an election, known as 'knocking up' Distributing information and printed materials Winning individuals by persuasion Fundraising Signing up new members Voter registration Educational Campaigning Campaign/Issue Visibility

[edit]Canvassing

and GOTV

A key concept in canvassing is to target the population that is being contacted. For example, if the goal of a canvass is to turn out voters on election day for a Democratic candidate, then knocking on Republican doors may not be a great use of time and resources. Targeting can be quite complex and sophisticated and may employ voting history data, census data, and consumer habits. Part of an overall field strategy may be to do a canvass focussed on identifying likely supporters who will then be approached at a later date by another canvass for GOTV. Even if sophisticated data is not available, most field operations professionals will spend energy trying to reduce randomness in their contacts in an attempt to optimize their use of time and resources.

[edit]Role

of canvassing in persuasion

While converting voters would ideally be a central goal, it is difficult, requiring knowledgeable and charismatic canvassers, and time-consuming. To reach every voter in a district a canvasser cannot spend more than one or two minutes per person, rarely enough time to have a significant discussion. Persuasion canvassing will often involve the dropping of literature and campaign marketing materials like lawn signs, window signs, and bumper stickers (given to supporters). As canvassers work a population they will often make careful notes and use classification codes to record their interaction with the public.

[edit]Types [edit]Field

of canvassing

canvasses

Field canvasses are done by going door to door to every home and apartment in a district, a ZIP code or some other unit of geographic measurement. They have the advantage that people are generally more open to talking to someone in person and literature can be delivered and lawn signs put up at the same time as the canvass. A field canvass can also guarantee completeness as each house can be accounted for. A field canvass is usually done by one or two individuals, either both at one door, or one on each side of the street. For Contractors utilizing "Field Canvassing" it works best when working around a current or previous jobsite. Otherwise called Jobsite Radiation. On election day itself a Party will often visit the homes of known supports asking them to vote, this process is often referred to as 'Knocking up'.

[edit]Candidate

canvasses

A variation of the field canvass is a candidate canvass; these are done with the actual candidate in a district. With only one candidate, however, time is a valuable commodity. The candidate is thus usually accompanied by a half dozen or more volunteers who knock on doors. If they find no one home, the candidate does not go to that home. If they find a person, the volunteer finds out if they would like to meet the candidate. If they would, the volunteer signals the candidate.

[edit]Phone

canvasses

Canvassing can also be done by telephone by activists who will be working from a script. The following is an excerpt from a script used by the UK Labour Party in the build up to a general election: Hello, can I speak to (voter's name) please? Hello (voter's name) my name is (name). I'm calling on behalf of (MP/parliamentary spokesperson). I'm calling to find out your views on the Labour government's priorities. Which of the following do you think are the three most important priorities for the government? [Lists five policy areas 'better schools', 'better hospitals', 'more jobs', 'less crime' and 'strong economy'] Let me tell you what Labour is doing in these areas and what the Tories would do if they were re-elected [refers to 'dividing lines' table where Conservative policies are compared unfavourably with Labour]. Now can I ask you which party you think you will vote for at the next general election?[2] The script then divides into two sections based on whether the voter intends to support Labour or another party. The section for Labour supporters encourages the use of postal votes, asks whether the individual would consider displaying a poster in their window or deliver leaflets on their street and asks whether the individual would consider joining the party.[2] The section for non-Labour voters asks the following questions:[2] This sample script is also representative of elections in the United States, in which a volunteer might ask, "if the election for (congress, governor, president, etc.) were held today, would you vote for (Candidate A) or (Candidate B)? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which main political party do you identify with? There will be elections in (date), which party will you vote for at these elections? How did you vote in the last general election? Who would be your second choice? Do you vote at every election?

The script concludes by thanking the voter before ending the call.

[edit]Paid

canvassing

While canvassing is often performed by unpaid volunteers, many organizations and campaigns may also hire paid canvassers. This allows organizations to reach a larger number of people by hiring and training a dependable staff. While many organizations recognize the importance of paid canvassers, usually they are not paid a living wage. Job security may also be limited by short canvass cycles, often taking place before elections or in months with uncomfortable weather. Some organizations, such as the AFL-CIO, may have year-round, permanent canvassing offices. Depending on the difficulty of the required tasks and the level of pay, these positions often have a high turnover rate. Some employees of advocacy groups and political

campaigns may be required to canvass as part of their larger job requirements, in order to supplement canvassing staff. However, some individuals do work full-time as canvassers. Some canvassers, including those employed by the Fund for the Public Interest, have been blocked in their attempts to unionize in order to receive better wages and benefits. Other groups such as Connecticut Citizen Action Group are unionized shops that include their canvass into the bargaining unit.

[edit]Disadvantages

of canvassing

While canvassing can be productive, it also is likely to frustrate many would-be voters. If constituents are contacted too often, they may feel that their privacy is threatened. The fact that annoyed constituents lash out at canvassers is a reason to the high turnover rate for canvassing positions. Canvassers are informed during initial training that "No Soliciting" signs hold no legal power in most communities, and canvassers are taught to ignore such signs. While ignoring "No Soliciting" signs may make sense from a political and legal standpoint, canvassers who choose to disturb constituents who wish to have their privacy respected may often frustrate said constituents, a result counterproductive to the campaign. Some areas have a low density of targets. Campaigns will typically try to canvass higher density areas by foot, but lower density areas may require canvassers with cars or for the campaign to skip those areas altogether. The standard measure of canvass target density used by campaigns is the Stoddard, or targets per acre. Typically campaigns will try to canvass areas with a Stoddard of 10 or higher.