Presentation Outline: EE669-Special Topics in Signal Processing Geo-Signal Processing

EE669-Special Topics in Signal Processing Geo-signal Processing Week 1 An Introduction to Seismic Reflection Surveying: Acquisition & Processing for
DSP Audience
Wail A. Mousa Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering Sciences wailmousa@kfupm.edu.sa
Presentation outline
Syllabus & Grading policy Projects, & our communication
Course objectives
Motivation

Signal processing Digital signal processing (DSP) DSP theory Application to Geophysics and seismic Why? How? Convolution model How to understand it ourselves? How? Analog & digital
Seismic acquisitions: Seismic data processing
Some problems Noise types Workflows and other stuff
2/20/2010
KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa
Course objectives
Contribute to serve the petroleum industry which is a vital component of the Saudi Arabian economy Provide an excellent combination of digital signal processing background and its applications to seismic data Motivate students to conduct research in multidisciplinary and new areas To attract more students to the DSP area
2/20/2010 KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa 3
Textbook
Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the course, the reading material will consist of: selected chapters from various reference books and papers and scientific reports of tutorial nature However, we will focus on the book titled "Applied Geophysics" by W. Telford et al particularly for the 1st 8 weeks of the semester.
2/20/2010
Syllabus & grading policy

Introduction to seismic theory, the convolution seismic model, acquisition of 2-D, 3-D and 4-D seismic data, and understanding of noise types in seismic data: random and coherent noise types (7-8 Weeks) Sampling of seismic signals including rectangular and hexagonal schemes (2 Weeks) Discrete transforms used for seismic data analysis that includes DFT, FFT (rectangular and hexagonal), Slant Stack and z-transforms (2 Weeks) Design of FIR and IIR 2-D & 3-D digital filters like Fan Filters and Wavefield Extrapolation Filters (2 Weeks) Fundamentals of digital Wiener optimum filtering, seismic deconvolution & noise cancellation (1 Week)
2/20/2010
Visits
There will be a visit to Saudi Aramcos seismic data processing center (Week 6 or 7).
2/20/2010
Syllabus & grading policy (cont.)

Grading Policy:
Computer Assignments Term Project Midterm Exam Final Exam 15% 30% 25% 30%
6-8 Computer assignments:

All the computer assignments and term projects are done using MATLAB. They should include loading and sorting the data till obtaining a seismic image through various processing techniques.
Term projects
The term projects & their marks out of 30% should be divided according to the following stages for each student:
End of week 1 Topic selection End of week 4 Literature survey (3%) End of week 5 Presentation on the problem definition & how to solve it (2%) 1. 2. 3. Week 15 Submission of a detailed report (10%) Submission of the codes (8%) The project presentation (7%)
List of suggested term projects are: Design and application of 1-D FIR wavefield extrapolators for anisotropic media Design and implementation of 2-D IIR wavefield extrapolators for isotropic media Estimation of seismic wavelets using adaptive filtering Simultaneous inverse-Q filtering and seismic migration The design of 1-D FIR wavefield extrapolators with power-of-two coefficients
Our communication
Office hours: By appointment Office/Tel: 59-2067 / 7708 WebCT: https://webcourses.kfupm.edu.sa/webct Email: wailmousa@kfupm.edu.sa
2/20/2010
Some useful bookssee also the list the syllabus

Seismic Data Analysis (2 Volumes)
Oz Yilmaz
An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration (3rd edition)

P. Kearey, Michael Brooks, M. Brooks, Ian Hill, Philip Kearey
& useful resources
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com http://www.cwp.mines.edu/ http://sepwww.stanford.edu/ http://www.dgsonline.org/
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Signal Processing
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signals This is done through operations performed using physical devices (analog electrical circuits) or software realizations (using computers or digital circuits) that will result in a desired representation of the processed (analog/digital) signal
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

DSP is concerned with the representation of signals as a sequence of numbers and the algorithmic operations carried out on the signals to extract specific information contained in them
It is a technology driven field where it studies signals represented digitally and the related processing methods of these signals
How can we digitally process our signals?

The goal of DSP is usually to measure or filter continuous real-world analog signals &, hence, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog to digital converter. Often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a digital to analog converter
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Advantages of digital representations

More and more aspects of signal processing are being carried out in the discrete-time/digital domain. The decision about whether to go analog or digital depends upon the task to be carried out, bandwidths required, cost, whether signal is already digital or not, etc The main advantages are:
Many of the signal processing tasks that were conventionally performed by analog means are realized today by:
Less expensive and Often more reliable digital hardware
Digital processing hardware allows programmable operations where one can modify the signal processing functions to be performed by the hardware, hence, we have more flexibility Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media without deterioration or loss of signal fidelity beyond that introduced in the A/D conversion step. This allows off-line processing and makes the data transportable More sophisticated signal processing algorithms can be performed using digital hardware and software Finally, more higher order of precision achievable with digital hardware and software compared with analog circuits and analog signal processing systems
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General DSP Theory

Filter structures and design Fast algorithms Time/frequency signal analysis Multirate filtering Adaptive filters Nonlinear signals and systems Spectrum estimation & modelling Multidimensional signal processing Least squares problems & real-time solutions Wavelet transforms Space-time signal processing Source separation Higher-order statistics Neural networks Applied DSP
Some applications of DSP

Audio signal processing, Audio compression, Digital image processing, Image & video compression, Speech processing, Speech recognition, Digital communications, Radar, Sonar, Seismology, geology, and mineralogy Biomedicine. Weather forecasting, Economic forecasting, Analysis and control of industrial processes, Computer-generated animations in movies, Medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, Image manipulation & many others
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Little of History
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DSP milestones
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Levinson-Durbin algorithm for linear prediction problem Efficient recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms Fast, cheap, DSP Technology DSP chips, FPGAs, etc Algorithmic improvement
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The Earth
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Plates
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Plate boundaries
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The petroleum system
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What is Geophysics?
The application of physical theories and measurements to discover the properties of the Earth
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Oil exploration objectives

To find a specific resource - in our case hydrocarbons Could the hydrocarbons be there?
Are the required rock units and structure present? Has the temperature, pressure and structural history been favorable?
Where exactly is it? How deep? What location? How much is there, if there is any at all? Is it economical to drill for it and attempt to extract it?
To find oil we need to .

Find a likely Structure Determine the rock types Determine Lithology
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How do we start ?
Sink an oil well: problem-$8-10 million/well Want a cheaper and more reliable solution:
Need to look into the earth Locate suitable rock structures Then sink an oil well
How to look into the earth?

Surface area of the Earth183,322,724 sq.km. = 2x108 km2 Where do we start ? Geologists walk around looking at rocks Measure PHYSICAL properties of the Earth GEOPHYSICS
End shot
Detectors
Oil & gas exploration: different rocks have different physical properties
Greek seismos (earthquake/earth motion) Geophysical Survey methods
Seismic (Acoustics)
Gravity
Magnetic
Electrical
Electromagnetic
To delineate the subsurface by SURFACE measurements Travel times of reflected/refracted seismic waves
Fossil fuel exploration (Oil, Gas, Coal)
2/20/2010
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Convolution model of the reflection seismic trace (cont.)

Geological section Acoustic impedance log Reflection coefficient log Reflection function Input pulse
Seismic trace
Depth
2/20/2010
Time
30
Convolution model of the reflection seismic trace

v(n)
w(n)
y(n)
2/20/2010
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Seismic reflection surveying involves

Removing noise Determining the input pulse. Remove it and obtain the reflectivity function
Depth
Geological Acoustic section impedance log Reflection coefficient log Reflection function Input pulse
Seismic trace
*
e
Time
Determining the velocity function to allow conversion from time to depth axis
Determining acoustic impedance (or other properties)
2/20/2010
Pl
32
us no is
Main issues in seismic data processing

Filtering & deconvolution Compression Feature extraction (Seismic attribute analysis) Determination of seismic velocity model
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Recorded data
Two bits of information are recorded on computer tape: The time for the energy to travel from the source to the detector The strength of the signal as it reaches the detector
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Wiggle plot (variable area) display

Reflection amplitude
2/20/2010
time
Examples of reflections
35
Variable density display like an image
2/20/2010
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Seismic acquisition
Onshore Surveys
1. Signal emitted by source e.g. vibrator truck 2. Reflected waves received by Geophones 3. Data transmitted to Recording Truck
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Offshore Surveys
1. Seismic airgun source 2. Reflected waves received by hydrophones & transmitted back down streamer to vessel
2/20/2010
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Seismic acquisition (cont.)

Receiver Source
(geophone/hydrophone)
Ideal Primary Trace
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Seismic acquisition (cont.)
A B
Horizon I
2 time(sec)
Horizon II
6 0 1000 2000 3000 offset(m) 4000
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Examples of receivers (geophones)
Geophones
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Some problems
We measure time rather than depth Velocity relates the two Many types of noise are also recorded and are difficult to attenuate with this type of acquisition
2/20/2010
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Seismic acquisition: conventional & single sensor technologies

Analogue Signals
A N A L O G U E S U M
Single Digital Output
Aliased energy
Field Acquisition System
Field Tape
Conventional uses: Analogue Group Forming
Digital Signals
Field Acquisition System
Digital Group Forming
Field Tape
Single-sensor uses: Digital Group Forming
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Quality improvements
2/20/2010
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Volume of data on typical survey (conventional)

60 km2 of data collected 2,400,000 Shot Records 2,750,000 Megabytes of data 275 3590 cassettes
Can you imagine the amount it will take to process?!

Signal of interest
The signal of interest is: the energy that is most coherent & desirable for geophysicists interpretation of primarily reflected arrivals
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Additive noise model

v(n)
w(n)
r(n)
y(n)
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Noise types
Source Receiver Ideal P+M Trace
Coherent noise
Recorded signal
related to the source: Multiple reflections, Surface waves (ground roll), etc.
R = S + Nc + Nr
Desired signal Random noise
not related to the source: white or colored noise to instruments
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Removing noise using filtering
Objectives are to: Maximize the SNR Improve vertical resolution (VR) of each individual trace
VR: the measure of the ability to recognize individual, closely-spaced reflectors
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Filtering of Seismic Data

Random (None-coherent) noise Frequency Filtering (1-D LPF/BPF) Inverse Filtering (Deconvolution)
Coherent noise
Velocity Filtering (Fan filtering)
Can improve SNR but potentially damage the vertical resolution
Improves vertical resolution at the expense of a decrease in the SNR
Remove noise on the basis of particular angles at which the seismic events dip.
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A typical raw data set

Trace Number Source Detector Distance
Direct P-Wave Arrival (Linear)
Time since start of shot
Refraction (Linear)
Reflections (Hyperbolic) GroundRoll & Airwave (Linear)

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa 50
2/20/2010
Surface seismic processing
T i m e
D e p t h
Raw shot records
Final Migration
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And in 3D
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Generic processing flow

Basic Processes
Reformat Geometry Signal Processing Velocity Processing Pre-stack Imaging Stack Pre-conditioning for Migration Migration Post-migration Processing Final image
Field data in Geometry Field statics Amplitude recovery Noise rejection Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction Residual statics Mute 2D DMO & Stack Migration Filtering Amplitude scaling Final products
loop
Initial velocity field 2D DMO Final velocity field
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Finally, interpretation
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Every one will be happyoil or gas is there
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EE669-Special Topics in Signal Processing Geo-signal Processing Week 1 An Introduction to Seismic Reflection Surveying: Acquisition & Processing for

Syllabus & Grading policy Projects, & our communication

Seismic acquisitions: Seismic data processing

Some problems Noise types Workflows and other stuff

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Syllabus & grading policy

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Syllabus & grading policy (cont.)

6-8 Computer assignments:

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Some useful bookssee also the list the syllabus

An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration (3rd edition)

& useful resources

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com http://www.cwp.mines.edu/ http://sepwww.stanford.edu/ http://www.dgsonline.org/

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

How can we digitally process our signals?

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Advantages of digital representations

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

General DSP Theory

Some applications of DSP

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

The petroleum system

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Oil exploration objectives

To find oil we need to .

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

How to look into the earth?

Fossil fuel exploration (Oil, Gas, Coal)

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Convolution model of the reflection seismic trace (cont.)

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Convolution model of the reflection seismic trace

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Seismic reflection surveying involves

Determining acoustic impedance (or other properties)

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Main issues in seismic data processing

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Wiggle plot (variable area) display

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Variable density display like an image

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Seismic acquisition (cont.)

Ideal Primary Trace

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Seismic acquisition (cont.)

6 0 1000 2000 3000 offset(m) 4000

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa

Examples of receivers (geophones)

KFUPM-Dr. Wail A. Mousa