EU Horticultural Imports

Highlights: EU Imports from Third Countries

Between 1996 and 2000, the dollar appreciated by 17 percent against the ECU, making EU exports that much more competitive compared to imports. On the import side, six product categories accounted for over 90 percent of the decline in value: cassava, bananas, fresh vegetables, soy sauce, water and canned fruits. Imports of certain selected items reflected a price inelasticity of demand. Total imports values declined despite lower prices, and in some cases higher imported volumes. Import volumes of U.S. almonds increased and walnuts remained fairly stable despite the appreciation of the dollar, due to lower U.S. domestic prices. The total import value of raisins, the principal imported dried fruit, likewise reflected an inelastic demand. Total volumes imported remained fairly constant due to precipitous devaluation of the Turkish Lira against the ECU. U.S. volumes fell off due to strong prices and the appreciating dollar.

EU Total Agricultural Trade With Third Countries

Billion $ 80

Imports from Third Countries

75

70

65

Exports to Third Countries

60

55 1996 1997 Source World Trade Atlas 1998 1999 2000

The EU Remains a Net Importer from Third Countries of Horticultural Products, but the Gap Narrows
Billion $ 20

Total Horticultural Imports

18

16

Total Horticultural Exports

14

12

10 1993 1994 1995 1996 Source: EuroStat and the World Trade Atlas 1997 1998 1999 2000

Tropical Fruits, Nuts and Off Season Produce Account for over 50 percent of EU's Negative Trade Position
Billion $ 12 Apples, Pears Fresh Citrus Dried Fruit Wine 8 Juice Tree Nuts 6 Bananas

EU Imports From Third Countries

10

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas 1998 1999 2000

EU Imports of Selected Tree Nuts: By Value, By Country

1000 U.S. $ 1,000,000 United States 800,000 Turkey Iran

600,000

400,000

200,000

0 1993 1994 1995 Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

EU Third Country Imports of Leading Tree Nuts

Metric Tons Hazelnuts 150,000 Almonds Pistachios Walnuts

100,000

50,000

0 1993 1994 1995 Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

EU Import Unit Values of Primary Suppliers

$/ton 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Almond Hazelnuts Walnut Pistachio US Turkey US Iran

Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Fruit and Vegetable Juice Imports Market Share of Leading Third Country Suppliers
46% 46.7%

3.5% 13% 9.8% 8% 9% 24% 8.3% 31.6%

$1.42 Billion

$1.19 Billion

1993
Brazil Israel United States

2000
Poland Other

Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Fruit and Vegetable Juice Imports Market Share by Type

71%

73.5%

29%

26.5%

$1.42 Billion

$1.19 Billion

1993
Citrus Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas Other

2000

EU Imports of Fruit and Vegetable Juices: By Value, By Country

1000 U.S. $ 900,000

750,000

600,000

450,000

300,000

150,000

0 1993 1994 Brazil 1995 Other 1996 Israel 1997 1998 1999 Poland 2000

United States

Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Third Country Imports of Leading Fruit and Vegetable Juices

Million U.S. $ 1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0 1993 1994 1995 Citrus Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1996 Apple 1997 Other 1998 1999 2000

Pineapple

EU Third Country Imports of Non Citrus Fruit and Vegetable Juices

Million U.S. $ 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1993 1994 Apple 1995 Pineapple 1996 Other 1997 1998 Mixtures 1999 Grape juice 2000

Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Third Country Imports of Raisins

Market Share by Value
$307 Million $283 Million

Turkey 42% U.S. 26%

Turkey 59% Other 15% U.S. 24% Australia 2%

Other 19%

Australia 13%

1993
Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

2000

EU Third Country Imports of Raisins

Import Unit Values
U.S. $/Ton 2,000

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

US

Turkey

Australia

800 1993 1994 1995 Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

EU Raisin Imports from the United States

Market Share U.S. $/Ton 2,000

30 1,800

1,600 25 1,400

1,200 20 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Market Share

Price

Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Raisin Imports from Turkey

Market Share 65 60 55 50 1,300 45 40 1,200 35 30 25 20 1993 1994 1995 1996 Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1997 1998 1999 2000 1,000 Market Share Price 1,400 U.S. $/Ton 1,500

1,100

EU Wine Imports by Tariff Classification

Million of Hectoliters 600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Sparkling Wine

Table and Fortified Wine In Bottles 2 Liters or less Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

Table and Fortified Wine In Bottles of more than 2 Liters

EU Wine Imports by Country

Million U.S. $ 600 Australia 500 United States Chile South Africa

400

300

200

100

0 1996 Source : World Trade Atlas 1997 1998 1999 2000

Imports of Wine by Principal EU Countries Table and Fortified Wine in containers 2 liters or Less
Millions U.S. $ 1,000

800

600

400

200

0 1996 UK Source: World Trade Atlas 1997 Netherlands 1998 Germany 1999 Sweden 2000

EU Wine Imports: Third Country Market Share Imports By Tariff Classification

Percent 25

20

Table and Fortified Wine in containers holding more than 2 Liters

15

10

Table and Fortified Wine in containers holding 2 Liters or less Sparkling Wine

0 1993 1994 1995 Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas 1996 1997 1998

EU Horticultural Exports

Highlights: EU Exports to Third Countries Between 1996 and 2000, the dollar appreciated by 17 percent against the ECU, making EU exports that much more competitive compared to imports. On the export side three categories accounted for over one third of the net gain in value: beverages, consisting of wine, beer and water; canned vegetables, consisting primarily of tomatoes, artichokes and olives; and enzymes. EU exports of beverages drove the total growth figure. Between 1993 and 2000 the value of total exports grew by nearly 24 percent while the growth in the value of wine exceed 50 percent. Wine is a substantial component of EU horticultural exports, accounting for 23 percent of overall exports in 1993 and nearly 28 percent in 2000. Beer grew by 31 percent during the 1993-2000 period, accounting for 9.9 percent of horticultural exports in 1993 and10.4 percent in 2000. Since 1993, the value of the EU's fresh citrus exports declined by 3 percent . Export volumes, however, increased by 23 percent, due to an 84-percent increase in shipments of mandarins (clementines). The average export price dropped by 21 percent during this period. Orange shipments were down to Russia, Poland, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia but to some extent were replaced by mandarins. Mandarin exports to Poland increased fro 69,000 tons to 137,000 tons and to the United States increased from 23,000 to 79,000 tons.

Top Five Horticultural Categories Account for 60 Percent of EU Exports To Third Countries
Billion $ 25

20

15

10

0 1993 1994 Other Fruits, Fresh Frozen 1995 1996 Beverages Live Plants 1997 1998 1999 2000

Vegetables, Fresh, Frozen, Dried Olives and Artichokes

Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas

Wine is the Primary Export Item included in the Beverage Category

Billion $ 8

0 1993 1994 1995 Wine Source: EuroStat and the World Trade Atlas 1996 Beer 1997 Water 1998 Other 1999 2000

Wine is the Largest Single EU Export Item and Accounts for about 25 percent of Total Horticultural Export Value
Billion $ 20 Wine Percentage 35 30 15 25 20 10 15 5 10 5 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0

Horticultural Wine as a Export Value Percent of Total

Source: EuroStat and the World Trade Atlas

EU Wine Exports to Principal Third Country Markets Table and Fortified Wine in containers holding 2 Liters or less
Billions U.S. $ 1.4 US 1.2 Other Japan Switzerland Canada

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 1996 Source: World Trade Atlas 1997 1998 1999 2000

EU Fresh Citrus Trade with Third Countries

Million U.S. $ 1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total Fresh Citrus Export Value Source: EuroStat and the World Trade Atlas

Total Fresh Citrus Import Value

EU Fresh Citrus Exports to Third Countries and Mandarins as a Percent of Total Fresh Citrus Exports
Million U.S. $ 650 Total Fresh Citrus Export Value Mandarins as a Percent of Total 600 50 550 45 Percent 55

500

450

40

400 35 350

300 1996 1997 Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas 1998 1999 2000

30

EU Horticultural Trade With the United States

Highlights: EU Trade with the United States

In 1999, the EU became a net exporter of agricultural products to the United States for the first time. Several factors were responsible this development:. The appreciation of the dollar against the ECU helped make U.S. exports more expensive, while making EU commodities more competitive. U.S. bulk commodity shipments to the EU declined due to bio-tech restrictions. Within the horticultural sector, the EU has run a net surplus for some time, due to beverage exports, which account for two thirds of the EU's shipments to the United States. EU horticultural imports from the United States leveled off in 1996, due to a drop in the exports of tree nuts and citrus fruit. Several factors account for this change. Remarkably, the ECU actually appreciated against the dollar, and U.S. commodity prices were a good bit higher than today. EU imports of U.S. almonds more than doubled in value between 1993 and 1996, and by 1996 accounted for 36 percent of total imports from the United States. However, by 2000 the import value fell 36 percent from the 1996 high, and accounted for 27 percent of total imports from the U.S. EU imports of citrus fruit, which were strong between 1993 and 1996, declined by a third since 1996. One key strong area has been EU imports of U.S. wine, where the UK is the leading market. EU imports of U.S. wine have steadily increased. Between 1993 and 2000, wine's share of total imports grew from only 4 percent to 16 percent.

EU Total Agricultural Trade with the United States

Billion $ 12

Imports from the United States

11

10

Exports to The United States

8

7 1996 1997 Source World Trade Atlas 1998 1999 2000

EU Net Agricultural Trade With the United States

Billion U.S. $ 2

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5 1996 1997 1998 Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas 1999 2000

EU Agricultural Imports from the United States

Change in Net Value of Imports from 1996 to 2000 Million U.S. $ 0

-200 Oilseeds -400 Animal Feeds Grains -600 Fruits and Nuts Plywood -800 Edible oils Meat -1,000

-1,200 Source: World Trade Atlas

EU Agricultural Imports from the United States

Change in Value of Fruit and Nuts Imports from 1996 to 2000 Million U.S. $ 0

Almonds, Hazelnuts, etc. Other -200 Citrus Fruit Raisins

-400 Source: World Trade Atlas

EU Horticultural Trade with the United States

Billion $ 5 4.5 4

Exports to the U.S.

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1993 1994 Source World Trade Atlas 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Imports from the U.S.

Net EU Horticultural Trade with the United States

Billion $ 3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 1993 1994 1995 Source World Trade Atlas

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

EU Imports of Selected Tree nuts Market Share of Leading Third Country Suppliers
37.7% 45.7%

34.0% 20.7%

7.5% 31.5% 11.3%

11.5%

$992 Million

$1.15 Billion

1993
United States Turkey

2000
Iran Other

Excludes, Peanuts, Coconuts, Brazil nuts and Cashews Source; Eurostat and World Trade Atlas

EU Imports from the U.S. as a Percent of Total Imports and EU Horticultural Imports from the United States
Billion $ 25 Percent 14 12 20 10 15 8 6 4 5 2 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0

10

Total Imports from 3rd Countries Percent from the U.S.

Source World Trade Atlas

EU Exports to the U.S. as a Percent of Total Exports and EU Horticultural Exports to the United States
Billion $ 16 14 12 10 20 8 15 6 4 2 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 10 5 0 Percent 35 30 25

Total Exports Percent to the U.S.

Source: World Trade Atlas

EU Horticultural Trade with the United States as a Percent of Total Exports and Imports
Percent 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Percentage Exported to the United States

Percentage Imported from the United States

Percentage Imported from the US Percent Exported to the U.S.

Source: World Trade Atlas

Top 5 Principal Horticultural Product Imports from the United States Account for Two Thirds of Total
Billion $ 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1993 1994 Other Juice 1995 1996 1997 1998 Wine Olives and Artichokes 1999 2000

Almonds, Hazelnuts, etc. Essential Oils

Source: World Trade Atlas Tree nuts excludes, Peanuts, Coconuts, Brazil nuts and Cashews

Top 4 Principal Horticultural Product Exports to the United States Account for Nearly 70 Percent of Total
Billion $ 5

0 1993 Other 1994 Wine 1995 Beer 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Mineral Water

Canned Olives and Artichokes

Source: World Trade Atlas

EU Exports to the United States of Selected Commodities Receiving Direct and Indirect Support from the EU Commission and Member States
Million $ 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1996 Fresh Tomatoes Source: World Trade Atlas 1997 Fresh Peppers 1998 Fresh Mandarins 1999 Canned Artichokes 2000 Canned Peaches

EU Wine Trade with the United States

Billion U.S. $ 2

1.5

0.5

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Wine Imports from the US Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas

Wine Exports to the the US

Net EU Wine Trade with the United States

Billion U.S. $ 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Net wine trade Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas

EU Fresh Citrus Trade with the United States

Million U.S. $ 100

80

60

40

20

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Citrus Fruit Imports from the US Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas

Citrus Fruit Export to the US

EU Net Fresh Citrus Trade with the United States

Thousand U.S. $ 40,000

20,000

-20,000

-40,000

-60,000

-80,000

-100,000 1993 1994 1995 1996 Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total EU Fresh Mandarin Exports to Third Countries

Percent Exported to the United States Million U.S .$ 300 Total Mandarin Export Value Percent Exported to the US 100 250 Percent 110

90 200 80

150 70

100 1996 1997 1998 Source: Eurostat and the World Trade Atlas 1999 2000

60