02 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer
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www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
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Foreword
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The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service, for example: spreading, modulation and demodulation, despreading, Inner-loop power control and etc.
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Objectives
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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Outline radio interface protocol Architecture Describe key technology of UMTS physical layer Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
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Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview 2. Physical Layer Key Technology 3. Physical Layer Procedure
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Contents
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UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network Iu RNS Iur RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNC Iub NodeB RNS Iu
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UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network. The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core Network through the Iu interface. A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface. Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance GC C-plane signaling Nt DC U-plane information control UuS boundary
RRC control control control control
L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP BMC L2/PDCP L2/BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1
PHY
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The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity. The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering, retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control). The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The access stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication avoidance entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts. Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control services. The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the node B or the RNC.
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Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
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Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell reselection, an admission control, and a layer 2 signaling link establishment. When a RNC is in charge of a specific connection towards a UE, it acts as the Serving RNC. Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number of Radio Bearers can be established for a UE at the same time. These bearers are configured depending on the requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge of ensuring that the requested QoS can be met. Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection: it handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, shared channels). RRC communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation when handovers are managed. Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging information from network to UEs. Broadcasting of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network) or access Stratum. This corresponds to system information regularly repeated. UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates what to measure, when and how to report. Outer loop power control: controls setting of the target values. Control of ciphering: provides procedures for setting of ciphering.
The RRC layer is defined in the 25.331 specification from 3GPP.
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The RLCs main function is the transfer of data from either the user or the control plane over the Radio interface. Two different transfer modes are used: transparent and non-transparent. In non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used: acknowledged or unacknowledged. RLC provides services to upper layers:
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data transfer (transparent, acknowledged and unacknowledged modes). QoS setting: the retransmission protocol (for AM only) shall be configurable by layer 3 to provide different QoS. notification of unrecoverable errors: RLC notifies the upper layers of errors that cannot be resolved by RLC.
The RLC functions are:

p
mapping between higher layer PDUs and logical channels. ciphering: prevents unauthorized acquisition of data; performed in RLC layer for non-transparent RLC mode. segmentation/reassembly: this function performs segmentation/reassembly of variable-length higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC Payload Units. The RLC size is adjustable to the actual set of transport formats (decided when service is established). Concatenation and padding may also be used. error correction: done by retransmission (acknowledged data transfer mode only). flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC transmitting entity may send information.
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MAC services include:

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Data transfer: service providing unacknowledged transfer of MAC SDUs between peer MAC entities. Reallocation of radio resources and MAC parameters: reconfiguration of MAC functions such as change of identity of UE. Requested by the RRC layer. Reporting of measurements: local measurements such as traffic volume and quality indication are reported to the RRC layer.
The functions accomplished by the MAC sublayer are listed above. Heres a quick explanation for some of them:
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Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is multimedia, a user may activate several services at the same time, having possibly different profiles (priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling consists in setting the right transport format for a high bit rate service and for a low bit rate service. Priority handling between UEs: use for efficient spectrum resources utilization for bursty transfers on common and shared channels. Ciphering: to prevent unauthorized acquisition of data. Performed in the MAC layer for transparent RLC mode. Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH resources are divided between different ACSs in order to provide different priorities on a random access procedure.
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PDCP
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UMTS supports several network layer protocols providing protocol transparency for the users of the service. Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to UTRAN protocols. In order to perform this requirement, the PDCP layer has been introduced. Then, functions related to transfer of packets from higher layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the UTRAN network entities. PDCP shall also be responsible for implementing different kinds of optimization methods. The currently known methods are standardized IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) header compression algorithms. Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to PDCP. Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer protocol type. In order to know which compression method is used, an identifier (PID: Packet Identifier) is inserted. Compression algorithms exist for TCP/IP, RTP/UDP/IP, Another function of PDCP is to provide numbering of PDUs. This is done if lossless SRNS relocation is required. To accomplish this function, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buffered and numbered. Numbering is done after header compression. SDUs are kept until information of successful transmission of PDCP-PDU has been received from RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges from 0 to 65,535.
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BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)

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The main function of BMC protocol are: Storage of cell broadcast message. the BMC in RNC stores the cell broadcast message received over the CBC-RNC interface for scheduled transmission. Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the UTRAN side, the BMC calculates the required transmission rate for the cell broadcast service based on the messages received over the CBCRNC interface, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH resources from from RRC Scheduling of BMC message. The BMC receives scheduling information together with each cell broadcast message over the CBC-RNC interface. Based on this scheduling information, on the UTRAN side the BMC generates schedule message and schedules BMC message sequences accordingly. On the UE side ,the BMC evaluates the schedule messages and indicates scheduling parameters to RRC, which are used by RRC to configure the lower layers for CBS discontinuous reception. Transmission of BMC message to UE. The function transmits the BMC messages according to the schedule Delivery of cell broadcast messages to the upper layer. This UE function delivers the received non-corrupted cell broadcast messages to the upper layer
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The layer 1 (physical layer) is used to transmit information under the form of electrical signals corresponding to bits, between the network and the mobile user. This information can be voice, circuit or packet data, and network signaling. The UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sublayer. These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling procedures. These links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio link is made of one or several transport channels, and one physical channel. The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sublayers: the transport and the physical sublayers. All the processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport sublayer in order to provide different services and their associated QoS. The physical sublayer is responsible for the modulation, which corresponds to the association of bits (coming from the transport sublayer) to electrical signals that can be carried over the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by the physical sublayer. These sublayers are well described in chapters 6 and 7. These two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is made of several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through the use of control channels.
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Spreading Technology
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Spreading consists of 2 steps

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Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
Chips after spreading
OVSF code
Scrambling code
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Spreading is applied to the physical channels. It consists of two operations. The first is the channelization operation, which transforms every data symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). The second operation is the scrambling operation, where a scrambling code is applied to the spread signal.
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Spreading Technology
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OVSF code is used as channelization code The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C ch,2,0 = (1,1) C ch,4 ,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,4 ,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-1) C ch,4 ,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels. They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree. In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k, where SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 k SF-1. A channelization sequence modulates one users bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the different lengths of codes enable to have different user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are for low rate services. The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value. The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes. Furthermore, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the two codes is a mother code of the other. For example C4,3 is not orthogonal with C1,0 and C2,1, but is orthogonal with C2,0. Each Sector of each Base Station transmits W-CDMA Downlink Traffic Channels with up to 512 code channels. Code tree repacking may be used to optimize the number of available codes in downlink.
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Scrambling Code
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Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips. The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers. For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
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Uplink scrambling code All the physical channels in the uplink are scrambled. In uplink, the scrambling code can be described as either long or short, depending on the way it was constructed. The scrambling code is always applied to one 10 ms frame. Different scrambling codes will be allocated to different mobiles. In UMTS, Gold codes were chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
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Primary Scrambling Code

Primary scrambling code 0 Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Secondary scrambling code 1 Secondary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 51116
Set 1
Set 511
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
Secondary scrambling code 5111615
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page16
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Downlink link scrambling code The scrambling codes used in downlink are constructed like the long uplink scrambling codes. They are created with two 18-cell shift registers. 218-1 = 262,143 different scrambling codes can be formed using this method. However, not all of them are used. The downlink scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets, of one primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes each. The primary scrambling codes are scrambling codes n=16*i where i=0511. The 15 secondary scrambling codes associated to one primary scrambling code are n=16*i + k, where k=115. For now 8192 scrambling codes have been defined.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Group 1 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 63*87
512 primary scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling code groups
Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

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There is a total of 512 primary codes. They are further divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups of 8 primary scrambling codes each. Each cell is allocated one and only one primary scrambling code. The group of the primary scrambling code is found by the mobiles of the cell using the SCH, while the specific primary scrambling code used is given by the CPICH. The primary CCPCH and the primary CPICH channels are always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell, while other channels can be scrambled by either the primary or the secondary scrambling code.
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Contents
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Contents
2. Physical Layer Key Technology
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions 2.2 Channel Mapping
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WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

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Logical Channel = information container

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Defined by <What type of information> is transferred
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission

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Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is transmitted over the radio interface
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content

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providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a specific set of codes and phase
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In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and service channel. Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel. Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated channel.
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Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
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As in GSM, UMTS uses the concept of logical channels. A logical channel is characterized by the type of information that is transferred. As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for control plane information and traffic channel for user plane information. The traffic channels are:
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Dedicated Traffic CHannel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel, that transmits dedicated user information between a UE and the network. That information can be speech, circuit switched data or packet switched data. The payload bits on this channel come from a higher layer application (the AMR codec for example). Control bits can be added by the RLC (protocol information) in case of a non transparent transfer. The MAC sublayer will also add a header to the RLC PDU. Common Traffic CHannel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs. This channel is used to broadcast BMC messages. These messages can either be cell broadcast data from higher layers or schedule messages for support of Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of cell broadcast data at the UE. Cell broadcast messages are services offered by the operator, like indication of weather, traffic, location or rate information.
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Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
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The control channels are:

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Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system information types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system information type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system information on the BCH except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can decode system information type 10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH. Paging Control CHannel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging information. It is used to reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in connected mode (Cell_PCH or URA_PCH state). The paging type 1 message is sent on the PCCH. When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode, it shall enter Cell_FACH state and make a cell update procedure.
Dedicated Control CHannel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is used for dedicated signaling after a RRC connection has been done. For example, it is used for inter-frequency handover procedure, for dedicated paging, for the active set update procedure and for the control and report of measurements.
Common Control CHannel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. It is used to send messages related to RRC connection, cell update and URA update. This channel is a bit like the DCCH, but will be used when the UE has not yet been identified by the network (or by the new cell). For example, it is used to send the RRC connection request message, which is the first message sent by the UE to get into connected mode. The network will respond on the same channel, and will send him its temporary identities (cell and UTRAN identities). After these initial messages, the Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission DCCH will be used.
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Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport channel
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel Forward access channel Paging channel Random access channel
(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH) Common transport channel
High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
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In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
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Broadcast CHannel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of system information into the entire cell. Paging CHannel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into the entire cell, such as paging. Random Access CHannel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used for initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non real-time dedicated control or traffic data). Forward Access CHannel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data. Dedicated CHannel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.
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Physical Channel
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A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
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Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two types of physical channel: UL and DL.
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Downlink Physical Channel

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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (Downlink DPCH) Downlink Common Physical Channel
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Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH)
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Downlink Physical Channel
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The different physical channels are: p Synchronization CHannel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the primary and the secondary SCHs. p Common Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH): used to carry common control information such as the scrambling code used in DL (there is a primary CCPCH and additional secondary CCPCH). p Common Pilot CHannels (P-CPICH and S-CPICH): used for coherent detection of common channels. They indicate the phase reference. p Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). p Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). p Page Indicator CHannel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that paging information is available on the S-CCPCH. p Acquisition Indicator CHannel (AICH): it is used to inform a UE that the network has received its access request. p High Speed Packet Downlink Shared CHannel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to carry subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming from layer 2. p High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control message to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc.
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Uplink Physical Channel

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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

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Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel

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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
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The different physical channels are:

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Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH): used to carry random access information when a UE wants to access the network. High Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (HS-DPCCH): it is used to carry feedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK.
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Function of Physical Channel

Cell Broadcast Channels
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel PICH-Paging Indicator Channel PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
Random Access Channels
Node B
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
UE
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
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Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-SCH)

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Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of every time slot
Slot #0 Slot #1
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each time slot
SSC specifies the scrambling code groups of the cell

Slot #14
Primary SCH Secondary SCH
ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips
ac p ac si,1
ac p
i,14
acs
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in order to be able to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the help of the Synchronization Channel. The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups), as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization. The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These sub-channels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time slot. The P-SCH, which is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of the cell is obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the secondary synchronization channel. Each cell of a node B has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
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Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling Code Group Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 61 Group 62 Group 63 #0 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 #1 1 1 2 2 2 10 11 12 #2 2 5 1 3 16 13 12 10 #3 8 16 15 1 6 10 15 15 #4 9 7 5 8 6 11 12 13 #5 10 3 5 6 11 15 9 14 slot number #6 #7 #8 15 14 12 5 15 15 13 9 8 16 16 2 5 9 13 14 10 3 6 5 12 16 11 15 #9 16 10 11 8 1 12 14 11 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 2 5 2 4 15 14 10 11 7 12 16 4 12 13 16 13 15 14 11 6 16 16 15 12 7 12 15 3 11 14 14 16 16 10 12 7 2 11 16 10
Slot #? P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #?
Slot #?
acp 16
256 chips
acp 6
acp 11
..
Group 2 Slot 7, 8, 9
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The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) that indicates which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cells downlink scrambling code belongs to. 16 different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long sequence. There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15 SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one sequence is different from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the maximum correlation value. The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then be able to decode the BCH.
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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

l l
Fixed rate 30Kbps, SF = 256 Primary CPICH

p
A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and downlink DPCH, Only one CPICH per cell
Fixed channel code - Cch, 256, 0 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Broadcast over the entire cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
T slot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i 1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Slot #14
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The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH. The CPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common channels. Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information on the P-CCPCH. There are two types of common pilot channels, the primary and secondary CPICH. The use of the S-CPICH is optional. The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the P-CPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel. Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell. If it is used, the S-CPICH provides the phase reference for the secondary CCPCH and the downlink DPCH. It is transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part of the cell. It is spread by an arbitrary channelization code of SF=256, and scrambled with the primary or with a secondary scrambling code.
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

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Carrying BCH transport channel Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbpsCch, 256, 1) The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot
256 chips SCH T PCCPCH Data 18 bits slot = 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel. It is broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH. The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The PCCPCH only has one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are data bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel (SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are time multiplexed on every time slot. Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH. Also, it is always scrambled by the primary scrambling code of the cell.
N-32
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

l l l
Carrying Paging Indicators (PI) Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256 N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144
288 bits for paging indication
b0 b 1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
Page32
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing and to save the mobiles battery. The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped. The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use. In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH. Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all identical. If the PI in a certain frame is 1, it is an indication that the UE associated with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
N-33
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

l
Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4

p
Pilot: used for demodulation TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data format
TFCI N TFCI bits
Data N Data bits T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot N Pilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
Page33
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the FACH and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted continuously. It is only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to transmit. At the mobile side, the mobile only decodes the SCCPCH when it expects a useful message on the PCH or FACH. A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something on the RACH. The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate SCCPCHs. If they are mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple transport formats The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different slot formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sublayer. Pilot bit are typically used when beamforming techniques are used. The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer as is the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent on the BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel. As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the dedicated channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The advantage is that it is a fast access channel.
N-34
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

l
Carrying Uplink Signaling, consist of two parts:

p
One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles 10 or 20ms message part
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame) Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Page34
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The PRACH is an open loop power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms (ALOHA approach) to enable a random access from several users. The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of 256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible preambles and transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the network (on the AICH). That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesnt get a response from the network, it has to select a new signature to transmit. The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made of the RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
N-35
PRACH Message Structure

Data Data N data bits
Control
Pilot N Pilot bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
TFCI N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
Page35
The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256. The control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to indicate the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits per slot. The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the signature that was used fo the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol= Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
N-36
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

l
Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256

p
Acquisition-Indicator AI has 16 kinds of Signature
AI part a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33
Unused part a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
Page36
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to control the uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each corresponding to a signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the node B receives the random access from a mobile, it sends back the signature of the mobile to grant its access. If the node B receives multiple signatures, it can sent all these signatures back by adding the together. At reception, the UE can apply its signature to check if the node B sent an acknowledgement (taking advantage of the orthogonality of the signatures). The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame. One access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms). Each access slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued symbols and a long part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due to propagation delays. s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a specific user) and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table. There are 16 sequences <bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum of 16 AIs can be sent in each access slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level signal by the signature it used to know if its access was granted. The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system information type 5.
N-37
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

l l
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
Data Ndata bits Pilot Npilot bits TFCI NTFCI bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
DPDCH DPCCH
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
Page37
There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH). The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry the physical sub-layer control bits. Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC Pilot is used to help demodulation TFCI: transport format control indicator FBI:used for the FBTD. (feedback TX diversity) TPC: used to transport power control command. One the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the spreading factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by higher layers. This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is important to note that symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
l l l l l l
N-38
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

l
DCH consists of dedicated data and control information, DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed; SF = 512 - 4
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page38
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech, data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed. There is only one DPCCH in downlink. The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The chips of one slot is also 2560. Because the SF of downlink DPCH can be 512, so the k can be 7. Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the TFC doesnt change.
N-39
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

l
Bearing service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport channel SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data Ndata1 bits T slot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: T f = 2 ms
Slot #2
Page39
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH. The user data and layer2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several channelization code with fixed SF=16.
N-40
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

l
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size (6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit) HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data Ndata1 bits T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: T f = 2 ms
Slot #2
Page40
HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2 ms,i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe. The following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
p
1.Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM 2.Channelization Code Set (7bits) 3.Transport Size ( 6bits) 4.HARQ process number (3bits) 5.Redundancy version (3bits) 6.New Data Indicator (1bit) 7.UE identity (16 bits)
In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries physical-layer signalling to a single UE. As there should be a possibility for HS-DSCH transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex), multiplex HS-SCCH may be needed in a cell. The specification allows for up to four HS-SCCHs as seen from a UE point of view .i.e. UE must be able to decode four HS-SCCH.
N-41
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )

l
Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation of transport block
p
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256

T slot = 2560 chips HARQ 2 T slot = 5120 chips CQI One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0
Subframe #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Subframe #n
Page41
The uplink HS-DSCH related physical layer signalling consists of:

p
1.Acknowledgements for HARQ 2.Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
As the HS-SCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
N-42
Contents
2. Physical Layer Key Technology
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions 2.2 Channel Mapping
Page42
N-43
Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels BCCH Transport channels BCH FACH PCCH CCCH PCH RACH FACH CTCH DCCH, DTCH FACH DCH HS-DSCH RACH, FACH Physical channels P-CCPCH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH DPDCH HS-PDSCH PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page43
This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical channels correspond to a transport channel. The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC sublayer. Different connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
p
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH; DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH; CTCH is connected to FACH; DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH; PCCH is connected to PCH; CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
These connections depend on the type of information on the logical channels.
N-44
Contents
Page44
N-45
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search

Slot Synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell
Frame synchronization & Code Group Identification
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step
Scrambling Code Identification
UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
Page45
The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding a cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization of that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
p
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCHs primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization code is used by the UE to detect the existence of a cell and to synchronize the mobile on the TS boundaries. This is typically done with a single filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identification): The secondary synchronization codes provide the information required to find the frame boundaries and the group number. Each group number corresponds to a unique set of 8 primary scrambling codes. The frame boundary and the group number are provided indirectly by selecting a suite of 15 secondary codes. 16 secondary codes have been defined C1, C2, .C16. 64 possible suites have been defined, each suite corresponds to one of the 64 groups. Each suite of secondary codes is composed of 15 secondary codes (chosen in the set of 16), each of which will be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes matches one of the possible suites, the UE has both determined the frame boundary and the group number. CPICH (Scrambling-code identification): The UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all the codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
N-46
Synchronization Procedure - Channel Timing Relationship

Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH P-CCPCH (SFN mod 2 = 0) S-CCPCH,k t PICH PICH for k:th S-CCPCH AICH access slots #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 K:th S-CCPCH P-CCPCH (SFN mod 2 = 1)
DPCH,n 10 ms
n:th DPCH
Page46
This page shows the transmission timing of the various downlink channels. The 256 chips gap in the beginning of each of the PCCPCH slots is to accommodate the transmission of the SCH. The SCH is always transmitted from the base station and is transmitted at the same timing reference as the CPICH. The SCCPCH is only transmitted when there is data available. Therefore ,it has its own transmission timing. The timing offset is a multiple of 256 chips. The PICH has a fixed time offset time offset with respect to the SCCPCH to be able to tell UE that there is paging coming on the PCH mapped onto the SCCPCH
N-47
Random Access Procedure
START Choose a RACH sub channel from available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble No AI Choose a access slot again Choose a signature and increase preamble transmit power The counter of preamble retransmit Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power increased by Power Ramp Step Check the corresponding AI Get positive AI Increase message part power by p-m based on preamble power Send the corresponding message part Get negative AI
Counter> 0 & Preamble power < maximum allowed power N Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Set physical status to be RACH message transmitted Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
END
Page47
Physical random access procedure

p
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH subchannels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability 2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max 4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power. 6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot: A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC; n B: select a signature; n C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power; n D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure. 7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure Signature
n
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. exit the physical random access procedure
N-48
Transmit Diversity - STTD

l
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity (STTD)

p
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding b0 b1 b2 b3 b0 b1 b2 b3 -b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2 Channel bits STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2. Antenna 1
Page48
l l l l
The TX diversity methods in the open-loop mode are (1) space time-block coding-based transmit-antenna diversity (STTD) (2) time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD). In STTD the data to be transmitted is divided between two transmission antennas at the base station site and transmitted simultaneously. The channel-coded data is processed in blocks of four bits. The bits are time reversed and complex conjugated, as shown in above slide. The STTD method, in fact, provides two brands of diversity. The physical separation of the antennas provides the space diversity, and the time difference derived from the bitreversing process provides the time diversity.
These features together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable. In addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both
antennas. The normal pilot is sent via the first antenna and the diversity pilot via the second antenna. The symbol sequence for the second pilot is given in
The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to extract the phase information for both antennas.
The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory for the UEs receiver.
N-49
Transmit Diversity - TSTD

l
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel

Slot #0 Slot #1
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
Slot #2
Slot #14
acp
Antenna 1
acp acs
i,2
acp acs
i,14
acs
i,0
(Tx OFF)
acp acs
i,1
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)
Page49
Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just as with STTD, the support of TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE. The principle of TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two base station antennas in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are transmitted via antenna 1, and in odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH channels only use the first 256 chips of each time slot (i.e., one-tenth of each slot).
N-50
References
l l l
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and Reception TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
l l l l l
Page50
N-51
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02 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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02 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

UTRAN Protocol Structure

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Radio Interface Protocol Structure

RRC control control control control

L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP BMC L2/PDCP L2/BMC

RLC RLC RLC

Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

The RRC layer is defined in the 25.331 specification from 3GPP.

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

The RLC functions are:

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

MAC services include:

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Spreading consists of 2 steps

Chips after spreading

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Primary Scrambling Code

8192 scrambling codes

Secondary scrambling code 5111615

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Primary Scrambling Code Group