Application Guide PuroSorb PAD

Adsorbent Resins for Food, Pharmaceutical & Biotech Applications

Typical Applications
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API's), antibiotics, debittering of juices, removal and recovery of organic solvents and vapor streams, enzyme carriers. PuroSorb PAD polymeric adsorbents are synthetic polymers that are all highly cross linked and also have a highly porous structure as part of the polymer matrix. These adsorbents in many cases may replace carbon, a common generic adsorbent, with the advantage of being regenerated in situ, unlike carbon which must be regenerated in an independent facility. In most cases, these adsorbents exhibit nonpolar or hydrophobic tendencies which means they readily adsorb organic compounds that are highly soluble. PuroSorb PAD adsorbents are made from clean monomers and have high surface areas that are free from any contaminants such as salts, metals and other minerals, making them especially suitable for food and pharmaceutical use. The use of synthetic polymeric adsorbents in medicine and pharmacy is varied and diffuse. Natural ion exchangers and adsorbents (e.g. kaolin, bentonite, alginates, alumina, charcoal) have been used historically within the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic ion exchangers and adsorbents for medical applications is a relatively recent development, but, due to their flexibility, stability and specificity, their use has become integral within these industries, and new applications are continually being developed.

Pharmaceutical applications for ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents, for which Purolite resins can be used (besides their application as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and excipients, and as water treatment media) include extraction and purification of enzymes, hormones, alkaloids, viruses, antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin), and treatment of fermentation products, etc.

How to Select an Adsorbent

Deciding on the best adsorbents to use will depend upon some of the following important factors: Since most of the adsorbents will be used in an aqueous medium, the first consideration will be to determine whether the compound is polarized or not. There are many factors that might determine polarity and they include boiling point and dielectric constant.

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Next to consider is the size of the compound to be adsorbed and matching this with the pore characteristics of the adsorbents to determine which adsorbent is right for the application. The molecular weight of a compound is another factor for determining adsorbent suitability. Lastly, comparing the adsorbent performance for similar compounds or running and rerunning laboratory trials also helps to determine the validity of any adsorbent. Ultimately, trying the selected adsorbent may be the only way to confirm the best adsorbent selection.

The Choice of Polymeric Adsorbents

Probably the best way to compare different polymeric adsorbents is to run adsorbent isotherms for a particular compound. See Fig 1 to compare the performance of PuroSorb PAD adsorbents against Cephalosporin C. In this example a known quantity of polymeric adsorbent was used to plot the adsorbent capacity for a particular solute at different concentrations. There are two ways in which an experiment may be run for comparison. The first method being the batch - stir method which is most suitable when the goal is to concentrate a single compound or for separation of multiple components.The second method to consider is the column which is well established for ion exchange evaluations. The compounds to be adsorbed are introduced to the top of a column and as they travel down separation takes place. The determination of which adsorbent is best suited will be based on the sharpness of separation. This method also gives kinetic information which will be seen by the sharpness of the breakthrough curves. See Fig 2 Please keep in mind, like ion exchange resins, adsorbents often swell between different phases of operation, and glass columns should be designed to accommodate this expansion otherwise they may be susceptible to breakage.

Elution and Regeneration of Adsorbents

No matter how well the adsorbent polymer removes your species, the ability to readily elute and regenerate will probably be the determining factor to choose one adsorbent over another. Whether its the removal of an impurity or recovery to purify a product, adsorbent selection is not an easy task. It is important to consider the way in which a compound is disassociated from the adsorbent. Steam and water (60C or 140F) are possibilities for elution and regeneration, however because many of the products that are being separated are sensitive to temperature, this might not be the ideal way. In some cases a solvent might be considered. A solvent might enable the interaction of the compound with the polymer adsorbent thereby giving selective desorption. Another possibility might be to change certain condition such as pH, possibly changing the strength of the charge and eluting the species thats being captured. The physical and chemical strength of PuroSorb PAD adsorbents will provide many opportunities to evaluate different unique techniques and options, no matter what process chosen to elute and regenerate the adsorbent.

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Fig 1 Adsorbent capacity of PuroSorb PAD products vs. solute concentration

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Fig 2 Sharpness of Separation for PuroSorb PAD products

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Table 1 Typical Characteristics of PuroSorb PAD Adsorbents

Purolite Resins Surface Area (m2/g) Pore Dia () Pore Volume (ml/g) Uniformity Coefficient Polymer Matrix Applications

PuroSorb PAD300 PuroSorb PAD350

General adsorbent suitable for a wide variety of 90 280 0.5 1.6 Acrylic applications. A very unique adsorbent with unusual porosity. Widely used in APIs for extraction of antibiotic intermediates from fermentation broths, separation of peptides, debittering of juices and separation of food additives. Used in chemical processing for the removal of hydrocarbons and pesticides from any waste solution. High capacity and mechanical strength. Used in the pharmaceutical area for separations. Hydrophobic. 1 21 CFR 173.65 (a). compliant Chromatographic separations of individual compounds. 1 21 CFR 173.65 (a). compliant A very unique adsorbent with unusual porosity. Widely used in APIs for extraction of antibiotic intermediates from fermentation broths, separation of peptides, debittering of juices and separation of food additives. General adsorbent suitable for a wide variety of applications. 1 21 CFR 173.65 (a). compliant A moderately polar adsorbent. It has been used for the removal of organic pollutants from ground water, vapor streams and aqueous wastes. It is also used for antibiotic recovery. Hydrophilic This polymer matrix forms an aromatic non-polar surface which provides good selectivity for hydrophobic molecules, including antibiotics and biopharmaceutical molecules. Prime use is in the isolation of these molecules. Good separation of organic impurities in pharmaceutical intermediate broths. Used also for chemical processing for the removal of hydrocarbons from waste in solvents. Hydrophobic. 1 21 CFR 173.65 (a). compliant Removal of very large molecules from aqueous solutions. Hydrophobic. Similar to PAD600. It is good for juice debittering and limited pharmaceutical purification.

700

350

0.7

1.6

Polystyrenic

PuroSorb PAD400 PuroSorb PAD500 PuroSorb PAD550

720

400

0.7

1.6

Polystyrenic

800

500

1.0

1.2

Polystyrenic

950

600

1.1

1.6

Polystyrenic

PuroSorb PAD600 PuroSorb PAD610

830

630

1.1

1.6

Polystyrenic

490

700

1.1

1.6

Acrylic

PuroSorb PAD700

550

700

1.2

1.6

Polystyrenic

PuroSorb PAD900 PuroSorb PAD910 PuroSorb PAD950

1

800

1000

1.5

1.6

Polystyrenic

540

1100

1.6

1.6

Polystyrenic

535

960

1.3

1.6

Acrylic

These products are manufactured under good manufacturing practices and comply with the US Food Food and Drug Administration's Food Additive Regulation 21 CFR 173.65 (a). These regulations should be referred to for complete FDA use recommendations. Product samples may be obtained via the offices detailed below.

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Purolite was founded in 1981 and is a leading manufacturer of ion exchange, catalyst, adsorbent and specialty resins. Headquartered in Bala Cynwyd, PA, the company has ISO-9001 certified manufacturing facilities in the USA, China, and Romania and operates dedicated R&D centers in the USA, China, Romania, Russia, and the UK. Purolite, the only company focused exclusively on the ion exchange market, has 40 sales offices in more than 30 countries.

Americas
The Purolite Company 150 Monument Road Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 USA Tel +1 610 668 9090 Tel +1 800 343 1500 Fax +1 610 668 8139

Europe
Purolite International Ltd Llantrisant Business Park Llantrisant, Wales CF72 8LF UK Tel +44 1443 229334 Fax +44 1443 227073

Asia Pacific
Purolite (China) Co ltd Building D-705 No. 122 Shuguang Road Hangzhou, Zhejiang China, 310007 Tel +86 571 87631382 Fax +86 571 87631385

For further information on Purolite products & services visit www.purolite.com

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