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Aritmetik
In general, an arithmetic expression, containing numbers, ( ), x, , +, , must be evaluated according to the following priorities:

Aritmetik

If an expression contains only multiplication and division we work from left to right. If it contains only addition and subtraction we again work from left to right. If an expression contains powers or indices then these are evaluated after any brackets.
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Aritmetik

Aritmetik

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Aritmetik
(3 + 7) 5 + (7 3) (2 4)=? = 10 5 + (4) (2) =28 = 6

Aritmetik
Factorial and combinatorial notation permutations and combinations
The factorial notation is a shorthand for a commonly-occurring expression involving positive integers. It provides some nice practice in manipulation of numbers and fractions, and gently introduces algebraic ideas. If n is some positive integer 1 then we write n! = n(n 1)(n 2) . . . 2 1 read as n factorial. For example 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120 Note that 1! = 1. Also, while the above definition does not define 0!, the convention is 0! = 1

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Aritmetik
The factorial notation is useful in the binomial theorem and in statistics. It can be used to count the number permutations of n objects, i.e. the number of ways of arranging n objects in a given order: First object can be chosen in n ways Second object can be chosen in (n 1) ways Third object can be chosen in (n 2) ways ... Last object can only be chosen in 1 way. So the total number of permutations of n objects is n (n 1) (n 2) . . . 2 1 = n! Note that n! = n (n 1)! For 3 objects A, B, C, for example, there are 3! = 6 permutations, which are: ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA Each of these is the same combination of the objects A, B, C that is a selection of three objects in which order is not important. Applied Engineering Mathematics

Aritmetik
Now suppose we select just r objects from the n. Each such selection is a different combination of r objects from n. An obvious question is how many different permutations of r objects chosen from n can be formed in this way? This number is denoted by nPr . It may be evaluated by repeating the previous counting procedure, but only until we have chosen r objects: The first may be chosen in n ways The second may be chosen in (n 1) ways The third may be chosen in (n 2) ways ... The rth may be chosen in (n (r 1)) ways

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Aritmetik

Aritmetik
Number Systems
1-) Decimal (Denary) System

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Aritmetik
2-) Binary System

Aritmetik

3-) Octal System (Base 8)

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Aritmetik
=?

Aritmetik
Example: Convert 110112 to a denary number.

4-) Hexadecimal System (Base 16)

Example:

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Aritmetik
Conversion of denary to binary

Aritmetik

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Algebra
Algebra is that part of mathematics in which the relations and properties of numbers are investigated by means of general symbols. For example, the area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length by the breadth; this is expressed algebraically as A = lxb, where A represents the area, l the length and b the width. The basic laws introduced in arithmetic are generalized in algebra.

Algebra
An algebraic expression is any quantity built up from such a finite number of symbols using only the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication or division. This includes integer powers which are simply successive multiplication, and roots of variables, such as x. Example: Be careful to distinguish between an algebraic expression, such as x2 1, and an algebraic equation such as x2 1 = 0. An expression tells you nothing about the variables involved, it stands alone, whereas an equation can fix the values of the variables. Aslnda algebray u ekilde de grebiliriz. Bir say dnn Ona 15 ekleyin Bunun iki katn aln Bunu ilk dndnz sayya ekleyin Sonucu 3e bln lk dndnz sayy kartn Cevap? Applied Engineering Mathematics Applied Engineering Mathematics

Algebra
Dndmz say Buna 15 ekleyelim Bunu iki katna kartalm Buna ilk dndmz sayy ekleyelim Bunu 3 ile blelim Bundan ilk dndmz sayy kartalm a a+15 2x(a+15)=(2xa)+30 a+(2a)+30=3a+30 (3a+30)/30=a+10 a+10-a=10

Algebra

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Algebra

Algebra

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Algebra
Example:

Algebra
Example:

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Algebra

Algebra
Laws of Indices

Example:

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Algebra
Example:

Limits
Limits of Function Values
Let (x) be defined on an open interval about except possibly at itself. If (x) gets arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) for all x sufficiently close to we say that approaches the limit L as x approaches and we write

which is read the limit of (x) as x approaches is L. Essentially, the definition says that the values of (x) are close to the number L whenever x is close to (on either side of ). rnek: fonksiyonu x=1 civarnda nasl davranr?

The given formula defines for all real numbers x except (we cannot divide by zero). For any we can simplify the formula by factoring the numerator and canceling common factors:

The graph of is thus the line x+1 with the point (1, 2) removed.

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Limits

Limits
Bir baka rnek olarak:

We say that (x) approaches the limit 2 as x approaches 1, and write

The function g has limit 2 as x-> 1 even though 2 g(1).

The function has limit x 2 as even though is not defined at x=1. Applied Engineering Mathematics

This holds, for example, whenever (x) is an algebraic combination of polynomials and trigonometric functions for which f(x0) is defined.

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Limits
4 3 10-3=7

Limits
rnek:

The Identity and Constant Functions Have Limits at Every Point Some ways that limits can fail to exist are illustrated below.

So what is the answer? Is it 0.05 or 0, or some other value? Problems such as these demonstrate the power of mathematical reasoning, once it is developed, over the conclusions we might draw from making a few observations. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages in revealing natures realities.

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Limits
Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws

Limits

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Limits
rnekler

Limits
Theorem 2: Limits of Polynomials Can Be Found by Substitution

Theorem 3: Limits of Rational Functions Can Be Found by Substitution If the Limit of the Denominator Is Not Zero

rnek: We cannot substitute because it makes the denominator zero. We test the numerator to see if it, too, is zero at It is, so it has a factor of in common with the denominator. Canceling the gives a simpler fraction with the same values as the original for x1 Applied Engineering Mathematics Applied Engineering Mathematics

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Limits

Limits
rnek: We cannot substitute x=0 and the numerator and denominator have no obvious common factors. We can create a common factor by multiplying both numerator and denominator.

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Limits

Limits
One-Sided Limits To have a limit L as x approaches c, a function must be defined on both sides of c and its values (x) must approach L as x approaches c from either side. Because of this, ordinary limits are called two-sided. If fails to have a two-sided limit at c, it may still have a one-sided limit, that is, a limit if the approach is only from one side. If the approach is from the right, the limit is a righthand limit. From the left, it is a left-hand limit.

The Sandwich Theorem

has limit 1 as x approaches 0 from the right, and limit as x approaches 0 from the left. Since these onesided limit values are not the same, there is no single number that (x) approaches as x approaches 0. So (x) does not have a (two-sided) limit at 0.

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Limits

Limits
rnek:

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Limits
Limits Involving (sin )/

Limits
rnek

Theorem rnek

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Limits
Asymptotes
Horizontal Asymptote

Limits
rnek: Finding an Oblique Asymptote

Bir nceki rnekteki

fonksiyonuna geri dnersek

has the line as a horizontal asymptote on y=5/3 both the right and the left because

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Limits
rnekler

Limits
Vertical Asymptote

rnek

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Limits
rnek

Continuity (Sreklilik)
When we plot function values generated in a laboratory or collected in the field, we often connect the plotted points with an unbroken curve to show what the functions values are likely to have been at the times we did not measure. In doing so, we are assuming that we are working with a continuous function, so its outputs vary continuously with the inputs and do not jump from one value to another without taking on the values in between. The limit of a continuous function as x approaches c can be found simply by calculating the value of the function at c. Continuity at a Point The function is continuous at every point in its domain [0, 4] except at x=0, x=2 and x=4. At these points, there are breaks in the graph. Note the relationship between the limit of and the value of at each point of the functions domain. Note the relationship between the limit of and the value of at each point of the functions domain.

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Continuity (Sreklilik)

Continuity (Sreklilik)

rnek

To define continuity at a point in a functions domain, we need to define continuity at an interior point (which involves a two-sided limit) and continuity at an endpoint (which involves a one-sided limit) Applied Engineering Mathematics Applied Engineering Mathematics

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Continuity (Sreklilik)
Polynomial and Rational Functions Are Continuous

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Tanjantlar ve Trevler (Tangents and Derivatives)

Tanjantlar ve Trevler (Tangents and Derivatives)

The dynamic approach to tangency. The tangent to the curve at P is the line through P whose slope is the limit of the secant slopes as Q: P from either side. rnek

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Tanjantlar ve Trevler (Tangents and Derivatives)

Tanjantlar ve Trevler (Tangents and Derivatives)

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Differentiation
rnek

Differentiation

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Differentiation
rnek: Aadaki ekildeki gibi bir y=f(x) fonksiyonunun trevini iziniz.

Differentiation

What can we learn from the graph of At a glance we can see 1. where the rate of change of is positive, negative, or zero; 2. the rough size of the growth rate at any x and its size in relation to the size of (x); 3. where the rate of change itself is increasing or decreasing. Applied Engineering Mathematics Applied Engineering Mathematics

rnek:

There can be no derivative at the origin because the one-sided derivatives differ there: Applied Engineering Mathematics Applied Engineering Mathematics

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