Artificial Intelligence

AND EXPERT SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY: K.MRUDULA 3/4 B.TECH,CSE ROOM NO:211 SATPURA HOSTEL G.M.R.I.T GMR NAGAR RAJAM E-MAIL:mrudula_mkm@yahoo.co.in K.SATYA PRASANTI 3/4 B.TECH,CSE ROOM NO:117 SATPURA HOSTEL G.M.R.I.T GMR NAGAR RAJAM E-MAIL:satya_prasanti@yahoo.co.in

INTRODUCTION NOTES ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence. Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-suited to. This, paper describes about artificial intelligence and its technogy and limmitations to machines and briefly describes about the major applications of artificial intelligece and its technology .Expert systems is one of major applications of artificial intelligence and also describes about its technology in setilite communications.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Definition...
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established,Which influences how artificial the intelligent behaviour appears. AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as Maths, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Motivation...
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-suited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult... Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behaviour in tackling such complex tasks. Together with this, much of AI research is allowing us to understand our intelligent behaviour. Humans have an interesting approach to problem-solving, based on abstract thought, high-level deliberative reasoning and pattern recognition. Artificial Intelligence can help us understand this process by recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance it beyond our current capabilities.

When will Computers become truly Intelligent?

Limitations...
To date, all the traits of human intelligence have not been captured and applied together to spawn an intelligent artificial creature. Currently, Artificial Intelligence rather seems to focus on lucrative domain specific applications, which do not necessarily require the full extent of AI capabilities. This limit of machine intelligence is known to researchers as narrow intelligence. There is little doubt among the community that artificial machines will be capable of intelligent thought in the near future. It's just a question of what and when... The machines may be pure silicon, quantum computers or hybrid combinations of manufactured components and neural tissue. As for the date, expect great things to happen within this century!

How does Artificial Intelligence work?

Technology...
There are many different approaches to Artificial Intelligence, none of which are either completely right or wrong. Some are obviously more suited than others in some cases, but any working alternative can be defended. Over the years, trends have emerged based on the state of mind of influencial researchers, funding opportunities as well as available computer hardware. Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches, ranging from expert machines to emotional machines.

How to program the Artificial Intelligence...Using object oreinted methodology...

Defining a class.flies=true It is equvalent to the F O L statement. (for all x) x belongs birds flies(x) if we create a parrot object of type bird,it would mean parrot belongs birds and since (parrot flies)=true; we can conclude that parrots can fly.

percepts

actions

FIG : STRUCTURE OF AI PROGRAM Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

Applications...
The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch from the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment

industry for computer games and robotic pets. Lets also not forget big establishments dealing with huge amounts of information such as hospitals, banks and insurances, who can use AI to predict customer behaviour and detect trends. As you may expect, the business of Artificial Intelligence is becoming one of the major driving forces for research. With an ever growing market to satisfy, there's plenty of room for more personel. So if you know what you're doing, there's plenty of money to be made from interested big companies!

Where can I find out about Artificial Intelligence?

Information...
If you're interested in AI, you've come to the right place! The Artificial Intelligence Depot is a site purely dedicated to AI bringing you daily news and regular features, providing you with community interaction as well as an ever growing database of knowledge resources. Whether you are a complete beginner, experienced programmer, computer games hacker or academic researcher, you will find something to suit your needs here.

APPLICATIONS Artificial intelligence is used in major applications 1.Robotics. 2.Genetic algorithms 3.Atonoumus science crafts 4.Bio-technology 5.Bio-chemistry 6.Nueral networks. 7.Machine learning 8.Data mining. 9.Games and Logical puzzles development 10.Computer vision 11.Natural language processing 12.Multi-rover integrated science understanding system 13.Meteorological applications 14.Architechture and design. 15.Expert systems of communications 16.In millatry COMPUTER VISION:
Computer vision is the branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on providing computers with the functions typical of human vision. To date, computer vision has introduced important applications in fields such as industrial automation, robotics,

biomedicine, and satellite observation of Earth. The availability of affordable hardware and software has opened the way for new, pervasive applications of computer vision. Vision involves both the acquisition and processing of visual information. AI powered technologies have made possible such astounding achievements as vehicles that are able to safely steer themselves along our superhighways, and computers that can recognize and interpret facial expressions. Just consider the complexity of the analysis that your brain must engage in before determining that something as apparently simple as the fact that the black squares on a chess board are not holes, but rather part of the surface, and youll have an idea of how sophisticated vision systems must be in order to reliably perform their objectives. And there is so much more to vision than meets the eye, such as when fog or snow obscures a portion of the road ahead of you (or imagine that you are scuba diving in murky waters). Just as you are able to fill in the missing pieces of vaguely defined areas based upon experience and your general knowledge of the environment, AI programs make possible the enhancement, interpretation, recognition, identification and other processing of partial images. AI vision technology has made possible such applications as: image stabilization, 3D modeling, image synthesis, surgical navigation, handwritten document recognition, and vision based computer interfaces.

Expert systems
OVERVEIW
Knowledge-based expert systems, or simply expert systems, use human knowledge to solve problems that normally would require human intelligence. These expert systems represent the expertise knowledge as data or rules within the computer. These rules and data can be called upon when needed to solve problems. Today's expert systems deal with domains of narrow specialization. For expert systems to perform competently over a broad range of tasks, they will have to be given very much more knowledge. ... The next generation of expert systems ... will require large knowledge bases. Intelligent decision support system (DSS) is a generic term used to cover numerous types of intelligent systems that can be applied in the medical field. Clinicians see those systems as black boxes and the security of the medical data used requires that they be thoroughly evaluated, before they are acceptable. TECHNOLOGY OF AI IN EXPERT SYSTEMS OF COMMUNICATION. The practical problems of the communication of expert systems (ES) in CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) applications can be divided into two parts. One is the hardware-software connection (physical) and the other one is the logical connection between the controller(s) and controlled devices. This decomposition was very useful both in the design and implementation phase. The communication functions depend on the capabilities of the expert system. The way of learning and knowledge handling determine the logical levels of the communication. Three different levels of the logical communication among intelligent

controllers in a CIM environment were defined Communication,Knowledge Acquisition.

Control Data,Knowledge

Logical Communication Levels in an Intelligent Flexible Manufacturing System 3 There is no intelligence in the CIM environment. All the AI solutions in the system are working individually, so there is no logical connection among them. The intelligent systems co-operate with each other in a hidden mode. Hidden intelligence means in this term that the knowledge based technology is applied only inside the cell controller and it has no specific actions via the communication channel. A typical example of the hidden case if a KB system is built up on the top of a traditional control system using its original communication. The intelligent agent based experimental systems are using the speech act communication that has many features of human communication origin.

IN SETILITE USING AI (EXPERT SYSTEMS).

A perfect analogy to describe this concept of modularity in satellite mission operations are the commercial office software packages. These packages provide personal computer users with integrated applications which perform specific functions required to run an office. For instance, one popular package provides an application for word processing, an application for telecommunications, a database application, a spreadsheet application, a graphics application and a project management tool,all integrated so that information is readily shared between the applications. The same paradigm can be used for integrating AI applications into satellite ground systems. Standalone AI applications could be integrated into a specific space missions ground system, which would serve as the medium through which the modular applications passed and shared data. The standalone capability would be achieved by rigorously testing each AI application and verifying its capabilities by using established metrics based on human performance. This concept of modularity would provide project managers with greater flexibility than currently exists in executing mission operations. Depending on the level of sophistication of either the spacecraft or its mission (as well as available operations funds), AI tools could be combined together to totally automate mission operations or used in conjunction with humans to partially reduce manning levels. The degree of implementation would be dependent only on the level of risk that a particular project manager was willing to accept.

Machine learning
In Knowledge Discovery, machine learning is most commonly used to mean the application of induction algorithms, which is one step in the knowledge discovery process. This is similar to the definition of empirical learning or inductive learning in Readings in Machine Learning by Shavlik and Dietterich. Note that in their definition, training examples are ``externally supplied, whereas here they are assumed to be supplied by a previous stage of the knowledge discovery process. Machine Learning is the field of scientific study that concentrates on induction algorithms and on other algorithms that can be said to ``learn. Machine learning investigates the mechanisms by which knowledge is acquired

through experience. Machine learning refers to a system capable of the autonomous acquisition and integration of knowledge. This capacity to learn from experience, analytical observation, and other means, results in a system that can continuously self-improve and thereby Includes links to resources for Machine Learning and Data Mining Software, Inductive Logic Programming, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation, etc.. Over the past decade, machine learning has evolved from a field of laboratory demonstrations to a field of significant commercial value.

Games and Logical puzzles development

OVERVEIW
"There are two principal reasons to continue to do research on games....First, human fascination with game playing is long-standing and pervasive. Anthropologists have catalogued popular games in almost every culture....Games intrigue us because they address important cognitive functions....The second reason...is that some difficult games remain to be won, games that people play very well but computers do not. These games clarify what our current approach lacks. They set challenges for us to meet,andthey promise ample rewards. Why are games fun? In part, because they challenge our ability to think. Even simple games like Tic-Tac-Toe, Nim and Kalah, or puzzles like the Eights Puzzle, are challenging to children. More complex games like checkers, chess, bridge, and Go are difficult enough that it takes years for gifted adults to master them. Nearly all games require seeing patterns, making plans, searching combinations, judging alternative moves, and learning from experience, all being skills which are also involved in many daily tasks. IMPORTANCE OF AI IN GAME DEVELOPMENT "In 1950, Claude Shannon published his seminal work on how to program a computer to play chess. Since then, developing game-playing programs that can compete with (and even exceed) the abilities of the human world champions has been a long-sought-after goal of the AI research community. In Shannon's time, it would have seemed unlikely that only a scant 50 years would be needed to develop programs that play world-class backgammon, checkers, chess, Othello, and Scrabble. These remarkable achievements are the result of a better understanding of the problems being solved, major algorithmic insights, and tremendous advances in hardware technology. Computer games research is one of the important success stories of AI. This article reviews the past successes, current projects, and future research directions for AI using computer games as a research test bed."

FIG:DEVELOPMENT OF GAMES USING AI. IN CHESS(A MAN US INTELLIGENT MACHINE) Computers can beat the world's best chess players but have yet to master other classic games like Go. "Ever since Garry Kasparov's sensational 1997 loss to the IBM chess monster Deep Blue, the chess world has thirsted for revenge. But the first opportunity ended in failure in Bahrain , when Kasparov's former pupil and successor as World Champion, Vladimir Kramnik, could only draw an 8-game match against one of the world's leading chess engines, Fritz. But this was just the latest in a long series of human versus computer encounters that illustrate the inexorable march of artificial intelligence (AI). It's a story that began at a Dartmouth University conference in 1956, when several of the founding fathers of AI defined the goals of that infant science. One of them was to create a computer program that could defeat the world chess champion. Success would, those scientists believed, reach to the very core of human intellectual endeavour. By the early 1990s, due in no small part to the successes achieved in computer chess, the interest of the AI community had spread to many other games of skill, including backgammon, bridge, Go and Scrabble. Where exactly are we now in this fascinating struggle? ... Two games proving even tougher to crack than chess are bridge and Go."

Robotics
Overveiw...
Robotics is the art and science of making and using robots. Robots are mechanical devices with a control system that gives them some degree of autonomous control. Robots may be mobile or stationary. They are of great interest to researchers in artificial intelligence (AI) because it gives computers a chance to interact with the real world. Robots have many applications. Industrial robots have long been used for welding and painting. Laboratory robots are used for many repetitive tasks in chemistry, biology and clinical chemistry labs. Medical robots are being designed for Computer Assisted Surgery. In space, robots are being used for unmanned missions to planets, comets and asteroids. Today, robots are used in many ways, from lawn mowing to auto manufacturing. Scientists see practical uses for robots in performing socially undesirable, hazardous or even "impossible" tasks --- trash collection, toxic waste clean-up, desert and space exploration, and more. AI researchers are also interested in robots as a way to understand human (and not just human) intelligence in its primary function -- interacting with the real world "Just as physical robotic design is a handy tool for understanding animal and human anatomy, AI research is useful for understanding how natural intelligence works. For some roboticists, this insight is the ultimate goal of designing robots. Others envision a world where we live side by side with intelligent machines and use a variety of lesser robots for manual labor, health care and communication. A number of robotics experts

predict that robotic evolution will ultimately turn us into cyborgs -- humans integrated with machines. Conceivably, people in the future could load their minds into a sturdyrobot and live for thousands of years! In any case, robots will certainly play a larger role in our daily lives in the future." Robots are comprised of several systems working together as a whole. The type of job the robot does dictates what system elements it needs. The general categories of robot systems are: Controller, Body, Mobility, Power, Sensors, Tools. Virtual agents feature Computerised characters that look, sound, move and seemingly think like real people are emerging from the realms of science fiction into everyday life. 'We do not approach it at all from a human point of view -- robots are really physical embodiments of agents. They wont discuss Plato with you, but they can work 24 hours a day and have cooperation and negotiation strategies [to interact with each other].'"

How robot works... using AI

"Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It's certainly the most controversial: Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but there's no consensus on whether a robot can ever be intelligent. Like the term 'robot' itself, artificial intelligence is hard to define. Ultimate AI would be a recreation of the human thought process -- a man-made machine with our intellectual abilities. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas. Roboticists are nowhere near achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have had made a lot of progress with moremited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability."

Nueral networks
"Neural networks represent a meaningfully different approach to using computers in the workplace. A neural network is used to learn patterns and relationships in data. The data may be the results of a market research effort, the results of a production process given varying operational conditions, or the decisions of a loan officer given a set of loan applications. Regardless of the specifics involved, applying a neural network is a substantial departure from traditional approaches." Because of the increasing dependence which companies and government agencies have on their computer networks the importance of protecting these systems from attack is critical. A single intrusion of a computer network can result in the loss or unauthorized utilization or modification of large amounts of data and cause users to question the reliability of all of the information on the network. There are numerous methods of responding to a network intrusion, but they all require the accurate and timely identification of the attack. This is an analysis of the applicability of neural networks in the identification of instances of external attacks against a network. The results of tests conducted on a neural network, which was designed as a proof-of-concept, are also presented. Finally, the areas of future research that are being conducted in this area are discussed.

IMPORTANCE OF NUERAL NETWORKS

Because of the increasing dependence which companies and government agencies have on their computer networks the importance of protecting these systems from attack is critical. A single intrusion of a computer network can result in the loss or unauthorized utilization or modification of large amounts of data and cause users to question the reliability of all of the information on the network. There are numerous methods of responding to a network intrusion, but they all require the accurate and timely identification of the attack.

TECHNOLOGY OF AI IN NEURAL NETWORKS

Artificial neural networks (ANNs)-based techniques have the Potential advantage over conventional techniques in significantly improving the accuracy in fault location. This is so by virtue of the fact that ANNs have the capability of non-linear mapping, parallel processing and learning .These attributes make them ideally suited for providing a high accuracy in fault location under a wide variety of different systems and fault conditions. However, there are still a number of contingencies under which an ANN-based fault location techniques performance can be adversely affected. A number of researchers have been working on modeling of various environmental processes for supporting further process control studies.A model is a useful engineering tool if it is able to predict reaction conditions and rates.Simplifying assumptions associated with the modeling efforts may lead to loss of relevant information and thus affect the simulation accuracy.Techniques of neural networks are alternatives for mitigating such de .ciencies. Neural computing is one of the fastest growing areas of AI.There are two key differences between neural computers and digital computers.First,neural networks are inherently parallel machines and as a result they can solve problems much faster than a serial digital computer.Secondly,many neural nets have the ability to learn .The most frequently used algorithm for neural networks is back propagation.According to Bhat and McAvoy (1990),back propagation is an example for a mapping neural network that develops an approximation to the function y f x from sample x y pairs.Back propagation is distinctive because of its ability to identify non-linear relationships and utilize parallel processing.This algorithm has been applied to a wide variety of practical problems and has been proven successful in its ability to model non-linear relationships.The traditional models are equivalent to two layered linear backpropagation networks,and as such, they are more limited in their ability than the complete back-propagation algorithm.Sometimes a momentum term is adapted to a modi .ed gradient rule so that oscillation is avoided in the convergence process . A limited amount of research has been conducted on the application of neural networks to detecting computer intrusions. Artificial neural networks offer the potential to resolve a number of the problems encountered by the other current approaches to intrusion detection. Artificial neural networks have been proposed as alternatives to the statistical analysis component of anomaly detection systems. Statistical Analysis involves statistical comparison of current events to a predetermined set of baseline criteria. The technique is most often employed in the detection of deviations from typical behavior and determination of the similarly of events to those which are indicative of an attack . Neural networks were specifically proposed to identify the typical characteristics of system users and identify statistically significant variations from the user's established behavior.

DETECTION OF COMPUTER VIRUSES USING ARTIFICIAL NUERAL NETWORKS.

Artificial neural networks have also been proposed for use in the detection of computer viruses. In some (neural networks were proposed as statistical analysis approaches in the detection of viruses and malicious software in computer networks). The neural network architecture which was a self-organizing feature map which use a single layer of neurons to represent knowledge from a particular domain in the form of a geometrically organized feature map. The proposed network was designed to learn the characteristics of normal system activity and identify statistical variations from the norm that may be an indication of a virus.

Conclusion
So the artificial intelligence is applicable to above mentioned applications. Researchers are doing research works on artificial intelligence up to extended level. Artificial intelligence is applicable to real world entity to solve the problems and difficulties of intelligent machines as possible.

REFERENCES:
1.www.google.com_artificial intelligence.htm 2. www.ieeexplore.ieee.org 3.Artificial Intelligence, e.ritch and knight. 4.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE a modern approach, Russel novig, Pearson education.