Structure Notes

This presentation covers following topics 1) What is foundation? 2) Types of foundations along with brief overview of each of them which include a) Shallow Foundation which is further classified into i. Spread Footing ii. Raft Foundation iii. Compensated Foundation b) Deep Foundation which is further classified into i. Pile Foundation ii. Caissons Foundation 3) Design Procedure of foundations Step-1: Given Data Factored load on column Pu in KN Size of column, l x b in mm SBC of Soil in KN/sq.m Self weight of footing = 10% of Pu

Step-2: Area of footing = Total Load/S.B.C Provide a suitable size of footing L x B Step-3: Net upward pressure intensity, Pu/area of footing. Step-4: Design for flexure Critical section occurs at the face of column l = (L l)/2 Mutr =wl2/2

Step-5: Depth of footing d = [(Mu/(2.76x1000)) ]1/2 Step-6: Calculation of area of steel, Mu = 0.87fyAst(d-0.42xu) Step-7: Check for One-way shear Critical shear force occurs at a distance ofd from face of the column Nominal shear stress, Tu = v/bd for 0.15% of steel from IS456:2000, Table-19 Permissible shear stress If Tc>Tv footing is safe in shear. General building design procedure: Step 1: Plan the approximate layout of the building . Step 2: Calculate dead and snow load. Step 3: Design steelroof decks: Step 4: Select owsjs Step 5: Design beam. Step 6: Design column. Step 7: Design steel column bore plates. Step 8: Design footing Step 9: Create engineering dreawing. Step 10: Final check and submission. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (GRADE M60)

(a) DESIGN STIPULATION:Target strength = 60Mpa Max size of aggregate used = 12.5 mm Specific gravity of cement = 3.15 Specific gravity of fine aggregate (F.A) = 2.6 Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate (C.A) = 2.64 Dry Rodded Bulk Density of fine aggregate = 1726 Kg/m3

Dry Rodded Bulk Density of coarse aggregate = 1638 Kg/m3 Step-1 Calculation for weight of Coarse Aggregate: From ACI 211.4R Table 4.3.3 Fractional volume of oven dry Rodded C.A for 12.5mm size aggregate is 0.68m3 Weight of C.A = 0.68*1638 = 1108.13 Kg/m3 Step-2 Calculation for Quantity of Water: From ACI 211.4R Table 4.3.4 Assuming Slump as 50 to 75mm and for C.A size 12.5 mm the Mixing water = 148 ml Void content of FA for this mixing water = 35% Void content of FA (V) V = {1-(Dry Rodded unit wt / specific gravity of FA*1000)}*100 = [1-(1726/2.6*1000)]*100 = 34.62% Adjustment in mixing water = (V-35)* 4.55 = (34.62 35)*4.55 = -1.725 ml Total water required = 148 + (-1.725) = 146.28 ml Step-3 Calculation for weight of cement From ACI 211.4R Table 4.3.5(b) Take W / C ratio = 0.29 Weight of cement = 146.28 / 0.29 = 504.21 kg/m3 Step-4 Calculation for weight of Fine Aggregate: Cement = 504.21 / 3.15*1000= 0.1616 Water = 146.28 / 1*1000= 0.1462 CA = 1108.13 / 3*1000= 0.3690 Entrapped Air = 2 / 100= 0.020 Total = 0.7376m3 Volume of Fine Aggregate= 1-0.7376 Weight of Fine Aggregate= 0.2624*2.6*1000= 683.24 kg/m3 Step-5 Super plasticizer: For 0.8% = (0.8 / 100)*583.53 = 4.668 ml Step-6 Correction for water: Weight of water (For 0.8%) =146.28 4.668 =141.61 kg/m3

Requirement of materials per Cubic meter Cement = 504.21 Kg/m3 Fine Aggregate = 683.24 Kg/m3 Coarse Aggregate = 1108.13 Kg/m3 Water = 141.61 Kg/ m3
So the final ratio becomes Cement : Fine agg (kg/m3) : Coarse agg (kg/m3) : Water (l/m3): Superplasticizer (l/m3)

Good quality concrete starts with the quality of materials, cost effective designs is actually a by-product of selecting the best quality material and good construction practices. Following are 10 Things to remember during Concrete Mix Design and Concrete Trials. 1. ACI and other standards only serves as a guide, initial designs must be confirmed by laboratory trial and plant trial, adjustments on the design shall be done during trial mixes. Initial design on paper is never the final design. 2. Always carry out trial mixes using the materials for actual use. 3. Carry out 2 or 3 design variations for every design target. 4. Consider always the factor of safety, (1.125, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3 X target strength) 5. Before proceeding to plant trials, always confirm the source of materials to be the same as the one used in the laboratory trials. 6. Check calibration of batching plant. 7. Carry out full tests of fresh concrete at the batching plant, specially the air content and yield which is very important in commercial batching plants. 8. Correct quality control procedures at the plant will prevent future concrete problems. 9. Follow admixture recommendations from your supplier 10. Check and verify strength development, most critical stage is the 3 and 7 days strength. Important note: Technical knowledge is an advantage for batching plant staff, even if you have good concrete design but uncommon or wrong procedures are practiced it will eventually result to failures. We at engineeringcivil.com are thankful to Tumi J. Mbaiwa for submitting these 10 points which are helpful to each and every civil engineer.

Four loads are to be considered in order to measure total load on the footing:
1. Self load of the column x Number of floors 2. Self load of beams x Number of floors 3. Load of walls coming onto the column 4. Total Load on slab (Dead load + Live load) Simply supported beam with uniform loading Max. Deflection @ centre

=5Wl3/384EI

Simply supported beam with point loading

=Wl3/48EI