CHEMISTRY FORM 4 LESSON 18

Introduction Most of the chemical substances exist naturally as compound. In this chapter, we are going to have a look on how chemical compounds are formed using chemical bond. The 2 chemical bond involved are * Ionic Bond (electrovalent bond) * Covalent bond

5.1 Ionic bond Atoms tend to achieve stability (octet) by donating or receiving electrons When an atom looses or receive electrons, it will form ion. There are 2 types of ions generally, which is cation and anion.

Type of ion Occur when

Positive ion (cation) Electron(s) is donated

Example : sodium, Na ; potassium, K

Negative ion (anion) Electron(s) is received

Example : fluorine, F ; chlorine, Cl

+
Formation of +1 / 1 ion +

e_

e-

+
Sodium ion, Na+ fluoride ion, F-

Eg : magnesium, Mg ; calcium, Ca

E.g. : oxygen, O ; sulphur, S

+
Formation of +2 / 2 ion 2+

2 e2-

2e+
magnesium ion,Mg2+ E.g. : Aluminium, Al ; Boron, B oxide ion, O2E.g. : nitrogen, N ; phosphorous, P

+
Formation of +3 / 3 ion 3+

3 e3-

3e+
aluminium ion,Al3+ nitride ion, N3-

Since an ionic compound is formed when 2 opposite charge ions attract with each other, and they must be electrically neutral. equal [The total positive charges are ...................... to total negative charges. The compounds formed are based on the equal opposite charge ion. + 2+ 3+

X Y2 Z3

AX A2Y A3Z

BX2 BY B3Z2

CX3 C2Y3 CZ

Naming ionic compound cation The naming of ionic compound is based on the rules where shall be nameanion first, followed by .......................... Following table are examples of some ionic compound and its name.

Ionic bond is formed when 2 opposite charged ion are attracted to each other and form a strong electrostatic force between the ions. The type of ions and the molecular formulae formed from 2 different ions are explained in Chapter 3. The rules remain the same. In this chapter, you need to sketch the dot and cross diagram for how the chemical substance is formed. Lets practice some of the dot-and-cross diagram for a few compounds

Sodium and chlorine reacted to form sodium chloride

Na

Cl

Na

Cl

Potassium and oxygen react to form potassium oxide.

2O

Magnesium and fluorine react to form magnesium fluoride

F Mg F

2+

_ F

Mg

Aluminium and nitrogen react to form aluminium nitride

Al

3+

3-

Al

Aluminium and sulphur react to form aluminium sulphide

Al

3+

2S

Al 2

Magnesium react with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride

Mg

2+

3-

Mg 3

N 2

Calcium react with oxygen to form calcium oxide

Ca

2+

2O

Ca

5.2

Covalent bond

When 2 atoms which required electron to achieve stability (especially for group 14, 15, 16 and 17), what they can do is share electrons together in order to achieve octet state. When 2 electrons from each individual atoms share electrons, they will form a bond, named covalent bond. In covalent bond, there are 3 types of bonding that can be formed, depend on the atom and the number of electron required for each individual atom.

1.Single bond Single bond is formed when one electron from 2 atoms shared each other electrons. E.g. : Fluorine gas. F2 (electron arrangement : 2.7)

Chlorine gas, Cl2 (electron arrangement, 2.8.7)

Cl

Cl

2. Double bond Double bond is formed when 2 electrons from 2 atoms shared each other electron to form 2 single bond. e.g. : Oxygen gas, O2 (electron arrangement : 2.6)

3. Triple bond Triple bond is formed when 3 electrons from 2 atoms shared each other electron to form 3 single bond. e.g. :Nitrogen gas, N2 (electron arrangement : 2.5)

Water, H2O H O H

Carbon dioxide, CO2 O

Ammonia, NH3 H H H C H H N H H Methane, CH4

Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN

Ethene, C2H4

H H

Ionic bond

Covalent bond

Formed between a metal Formed between nonand non metal atoms metal and non metal. Involved electron transfer Involved electron sharing from a metal to non between non metal atoms metal Metal atoms lose Each non-metal atom electrons to form positive contributes an equal ions, whereas non-metal number of electrons for atom gain electrons to sharing form negative Formation of positive and Two atoms share 1, 2, or negative ions enables the 3 pairs of electrons to ions to achieve stable enable each atom to noble gas electron achieve octet arrangements.

Properties

Ionic compound

Covalent compound Gigantic molecule Simple molecular

Melting point and boiling point Physical state at room temperature Volatility Electrical conductivity In water Solubility In organic solvent

High Solid Low Good Soluble Insoluble

High Solid Low Poor Insoluble Soluble

Low Solid, liquid or gas High Poor Insoluble Soluble