Q.1. Explain the browser components and its features.

Answer:-Browser components Now let us learn the architecture of a Web browser with the help of reference architecture. Thisreference architecture is the basic architecture for Web brows ers and helps you to easilyunderstand the various components that exist in the W eb browser. Figure 1.1: Main Components of Browser [1] As shown in the figure 1.1 the Web browser consists of seven main components, e ach having aspecific task to perform and they are: User interface: It consists of an address bar where you can enter the URL, bookmark menu tosave the links of your favourite Web pages, back/forward button to navigate to the pr evious Web page/next Web page, and so on. Browser engine: It is the interface through which you can ask questions to the browser andmanipu late the rendering engine. It also sets the layout of a Web page formatted with HTMLtags within a browser. Rendering engine: It is displays the content you had requested, after obtaining it from therespect ive Web server. Networking: It is used for calling the network for example, raising an HTTP request for a UR Lconnection through the server. Display backend: It provides drawing tools, user interface widgets, and fonts that help todisplay text and graphics. Javascript interpreter: It is used to parse and execute the codes of written using the Java script (refer Unit 6). Data storage: This enables the browser to save all the data on the hard disk and acts as theda tabase of the browser. Features of browser Now that we have learnt about the components of a browser, let us now study so me of the mostimportant features of a browser. The figure 1.2 shows the screen s hot of the Microsofts InternetExplorer Web browser. The arrows point to the featu res that are available on the Web browser along with the name of the correspondi ng feature mentioned at the other end of the arrow. Figure 1.2: Web Browser and its Features From the figure 1.2 you can see some of the features that are present as icons or buttons on aWeb browser. If you do not find it as a button you can find the s ame in one of the menus provided in the menu bar. Let us now briefly discuss the features that are mentioned in the figure1.2: A ddress field: This is the area on the browser window where you enter the Web page address or U RL. At the right end of this area, there is a small arrow pointing towards the m enu bar, whenyou click this arrow you will view a list of some of the Websites t hat you have visited recently.When you click on these URLs you will view the res pective Website or else you can directlyenter the address in the address field.

After you enter the address you can either press "Enter" or click on the "Go" bu tton (which is present next to the downward facing arrow button in some browsers ). Back and forward buttons: The back button is used to go back to the previous page that youhave opened in a particular browser window. The forward button allows you to view pages thatyou have previously viewed in that browser window. In some browsers, there is a smal

l arrow pointing towards the menu bar arrow right next to these buttons, when you click this arrow youwill see the list of Websites that you have visited after opening the browser window. H ome button: When you click this button you will be able to view the page that you have set a shome page. A home page is a default page that opens when you open the browser w indow. Menu bar: A menu bar is a part of each browser window, it contains menus like File, Edit,V iew, Favourites or Bookmarks, Tools and Help. Refresh or reload: When you click the refresh or reload button, the page is updated. For example, i f you think that the contents of a browser window may have changed since the las ttime you viewed it, you can click this button to update the page. Security indicators: At the left corner of the window, a lock icon appears when you use a browser and this is called padlock. If the padlock is in a lock position then you can say t hat your server connection is secure, i.e. the data being sent and received by t he server is encrypted. Thisindicates that nobody else can access this data. The re is another way to find out whether your browser is secure or not and that is done by looking at the URL. If the URL of your Website begins with "https://" f or example, you enter an address "www.gofind.com" in the address fieldand press enter or click "Go" then automatically the address changes to"https://www.gofind .com" indicating that your browser connection is secure. Status bar: This is a bar at the bottom of the browser window which indicates the URL of the Web page currently being loaded into the browser window. It also displays the UR L of the link on which the cursor of your mouse is placed. While loading, the We b page shows a progressindicator which shows how much percentage of a file has b een downloaded. Stop button: This button is used to stop the browser from loading the Web page on to the brow sing window

.2. Describe in detail the building of webpage. Answer:-Building a Web Page We understood the basic concepts of HTML. Now let us study how to organise the content on aWeb page. Building a Web page involves great planning and design. Be fore you design the Web page it is very important to plan the structure of the W eb page and also decide the kind of content that you insert in to the Web page.T he first major issue that you need to address is gathering the right content and organising thegathered content on the Web page. While doing so, you need to und erstand the requirements of the audience who use the Web page clearly. Therefore , you need to define the objectives of your design clearly before gathering the content. While gathering the content, you must ensure thatyou do not include any

content that does not define the objectives. This will make sure that only the right content is used for creating the Web page. After you gather the conten t you also makesure that you organise the content logically. This means you need to structure the content properly on the Web page. This involves providing prop er names to the sections and subsectionsthat you use to categorise the content.

Also, there must be a logical flow in which you present thecontent.The usability of the page will make the Website reach out to large a group of audience. Only if the page is user friendly it can retain its users. Therefore, you need to des ign the Web page withsimple and reliable interfaces and navigations so that it c an be easily understood and used by theaudience. These interfaces comprises of i mages, graphics, coloured texts and so on. You must provide hyperlinks to relate d content so that the Web page users can navigate to other Web pagesto get more information about the content.Once you have gathered, organised, and structure t he next part is deciding upon the placement of the content on the Web page. A pl an that describes how to organise the various elements of content like text, gra phics and so on, on the Web page is known as the Web layout. Whiledesigning the Web layout, you first need to decide the position and placement of every element of the content. A good designer will not place and position the element randomly on the Web page. Therefore, you need to think about the significance of each el ement, how it is related to theobjectives of the Web page, whether it fits with other elements around it and so on and thendecide the positioning and placement of the elements. As a designer you have to consider all theaspects of style, req uirement, and objective, and then place the element in its appropriate position. This improves the look and feel of the Web page you design. For example, if you arecreating a Web page which talks about the biography of an individual. You wa nt to insert his picture on the Web page; you can either insert it at the right or left top corner of the Web page.Many a times these design aspects are governe d by individual interests and requirements.Some of the basic aspects of Web layo ut that you need to keep in mind while designing a Web page are: Space and white space: Try to use the entire space available on the Web page. However, makesure you do not overcrowd the page with too much information. You need to keep the screenres olution in mind so that your text does not look too small or too large. You can use colours todefine spaces. For example, if you want to have a page which has a specific width, then you cancentre it on the browser screen and make the backgr ound colour and the page colour different. (The page colour is the colour of your Web page and background colour is the colour of the browser window where the We b page is displayed.) When you aligning the Web page at thecentre of the browser window enables the page to be resized for different browsers. Say, if the brows er you use has a large space the page will be displayed along with the backgroun d. In caseyour browser has small space the page will be displayed with less or n o background. Images and graphics: Images and graphics are a major part of your Web layout. You need at you check the image size and position before you put it on the e,images have large impact on the audience than the text. T ext width: Often referred to as scan length this defines the number of words yon one line. Most designers prefer to have seven to eleven words to make sure that tomake sure th Web page. Sinc

you can displa in a line just

the user is able to read it without any difficult. Since, most people are not co mfortable readinglengthy sentences. Therefore, setting a proper width for your W eb page is very essential andimproves the efficiency of the design.Once you fina lise the Web layout you can easily build the Web pages. With the Web layout,more than one designer can work on the same page and still maintain uniformity.Let u

s first create a Web page with few lines of text displayed on it. Later, in the next sub sectionwe will discuss how to format text and images on the Web page. I n the previous section we havealready learnt about the basic document structure of the HTML. Using this let us now create our Web page using the notepad.First w rite a simple HTML code as shown below, on your notepad (refer previous section 2.1 for the structure of an HTML document). You can use the title element <title > and </title> tag to provide a name to the Web page which appears on the title

bar of the browser window. (Refer figure 2.2). Now choose a name for your docume nt and save it as a HTML document. To save it as a HTMLdocument, your document n ame should end with the extension ".html" or 3 .htm. For example, "First Web Page.htm l". Figure 2.1: Icon of an HTML Document Note: All HTML documents will appear with a browser icon. For example, if you are using theMicrosofts Internet Explorer then your HTML document appears as show n in the figure 2.1.Go to the location were you have saved the HTML document and double click on it to view your Web page.

3.How to use forms? Explain with an example. Answer :Using a Form We have learnt about multimedia files and how to insert multimedia files on the Web page. Letus now discuss about HTML forms. You might have signed up to Gmail , Yahoo! or any of theother online communities. When you visit the page, it asks you to fill and submit an online form.We can use the HTML tags to create such f orms on Web page. Usually, forms contain inputelements like text fields, checkbo xes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and so on.You can create the forms using the <form> tag. First you create the form element using <form>and </form> tags. Next you define the elements that you want to display on the form within theform ele ment. The syntax of the form is as shown below:Let us learn how to create some o f the input elements that we use in a Web page form; T ext fields: This is a single line input filed where you can enter the text. The example code shows how to create it using the tag <input type="text"/>.In the above code, the type attribute is used to specify the type of element you want to create. Inour example we are creating a text field and the value that we pass to "type" attri bute is "text".The attribute "name" is used to define the variable where your in put will be saved. In our example we have defined "Name1" as the variable. In al l the elements that we will discuss belowcontain these two attributes. The text "First name" and "Last name" is displayed in the beginningof the text field as s hown below:The rectangular boxes are the text fields where you enter the text. P assword field: This field is similar to text field and the only difference is that you can view thetext you enter in the text field. However, in password field you cannot see the text that you enter, for every character that you enter you see either an ast erisks (*) or dot (.) . You can use the sametag that you used to create text fiel d except that the value that you pass to the attribute "type" will be "password" . This signifies that the field is a password field. Using the attribute "name" youcan define a variable to store the password that you enter. The example code for the passwordfield is given below, The password field that we have defined in the above code appears as shown below:

Radio buttons: This button allows you to select only one of the items from the given list. For example, for a question asked in a form they provide four answers out of which o nly one answer will be correct and you have to choose only one out of the four. In such cases, you can use radio button. The code given below explains how to in sert radio buttons on the Web page.In the above example code, you can see that w

e are passing the value "radio" to the attribute"type" indicating that the eleme nt that the browser is supposed to display is a radio button. In theradio button element we have to define the value that we want to store in the variable. Here ,"answer" is the variable in which the value which we have defined using the att ribute "value" issaved (true or false). The output of the above code is as shown below:

Note: The arrow is just to indicate the radio button. It is not a part of the output. The circles arethe radio buttons which you can select by clicking on the circle. C heckboxes: The code to define the checkboxes is shown below:You can notice from the above e xample code that the code for checkboxes is similar to the radio buttons. The on ly difference is the value that we pass to the attribute "type". For selecting t hecheckbox element we pass the value "checkbox" to the attribute "type". Another importantdifference which we need to know is that in checkbox you can select an y number of items. For example, you can select all the items given with a checkb ox in a list which is opposite to radio buttons where you were able to select on ly one of the items in the list. The output of the abovecode for checkboxes appe ars as shown below: Note: The arrow is just to indicate the checkboxes. It is not a part of the output. Th e square boxes are the checkboxes by clicking on these boxes you can select the option.. Submit button: This button is used to send form data from the Web page to the Web server.This b utton is created on the Web page using the example code shown below:You can see from the example code shown above that there are few new attributes which wehave defined in the opening <form>, "action" and "method". The "action" attribute sp ecifies theaddress or URL to which the form has to be submitted when you click t he submit button. Whenyou pass the value "get" to the attribute "method" then, t he form data that you send to the URLspecified in the attribute "action" is sent as an attachment to the URL. This means it will not be sent separately but as a part of the URL page. Therefore, the amount of data tha t you can send islimited. It is used to send short forms with one or two input f ields such as text fields, radio buttons, checkboxes and so on. Since, the data is simply attached to the URL and other users onthe Web can easily access it. Th ere is another way of sending the data that is by passing the value"post" to the attribute "method". You can send any number of data or input elements such as t extfields, radio buttons, checkboxes and so on using the 3 post method. Form data se nt using the3 post method can also be encrypted and sent securely using the HTTPS pr otocol.The output of the above code is as shown below

4. G ive an example for cascade style sheets and explain editing with cascadestyle sh eets in detail. Answer:-Web Page Editing with CSS In the previous section, we studied about the benefits of CSS and also the meth

ods by which youcan apply CSS to HTML documents. In this section we will learn s ome simple techniques toformat your HTML document using CSS. Now, before discuss ing about the text formatting let us discuss how you can create styles in astyle sheet and incorporate it in the HTML document. This is achieved using the CSS c lassselector. So, what is this CSS class selector? The class selector is used to specify a style for agroup of HTML elements (refer to Unit 2 for HTML elements) . Using this you can specify a particular style for any HTML element. Below is a n example that helps you understand how touse the class selector. This example uses internal method to apply style to the HTML document (refer se ction 4.2 for internal method). All the CSS class selectors will start with a ". ", followed by the name of theclass selector. In our example, the name given to the class selector is ".center" (refer previoussection for syntax of CSS tag). T he "text-align" attribute is used for aligning the text, in our example, we are passing the value "center" to the attribute "text-align" i.e. the text for which thestyle is applied will be aligned at the centre of the Web page. Now we have created a classselector named "center" to align the text at the centre of the We b page. "<h1class="center">Center-aligned heading</h1>" this line shows how you can call the class definedin the <head> element to apply style. Note, you can ch oose any name you like for the class. In this case, we have chosen to call thecl ass as centre, since it is being used to centre text. As you can see in the code line we are callingthe class "center" using the attribute "class" inside the op ening tag <h1>. Similarly, in the abovecode we are calling the class "center" in side the opening tag <p>. Once you call the class, thestyle will be applied to t he content that you define using the HTML element. We have called theclass "cent er" in the header element and the content that is present in the <h1> element wi ll bealigned at the centre of the Web page. Similarly, the content within the <p > and </p> tags will bealigned at the centre of the Web page. You follow the sam e method of class usage in the stylesheet that is defined in a separate file. Fi rst, you define the class in the style sheet and then link the style sheet to th e HTML document (refer to section 4.2.2) and use the class selector asexplained above.You can also restrict the class to a particular HTML tag. Say for example, you want to create aclass only for the paragraph tag <p>, and the style defined by a class will not be applicable toany other tags. Let us modify the previous code example for better understanding. We have taken a part of the code from the previous code example and modified it. As you cansee in the above code instead of "." we have used "p." before the cla ss selector "centre". Thismeans that the class is restricted only to <p> tag and you cannot use it to apply style to other tags. For example, "<p class="center" >Centre-aligned paragraph.</p>" code line is correct andthe text with in the tag s will be aligned at the centre. However, "<h1 class="center">Centre-aligned hea ding</h1>" code line is incorrect. Even though you define the class, the style w ill not be applied to the text inside the <h1> tag. Formatting the text We have learnt to create CSS class and also how to use them for apply styles in the HTMLdocument. Let us now learn how to format text on an HTML document using the class. T ext indention : This is used to align the text from the margin of the Web page. This is done a sshown below:The above code line is a class that we have defined to apply an ind entation of 30 pixel form themargin. The "text-indent" is a CSS attribute to whi

ch we pass the appropriate indentation value. T ext alignment: We can align the text using the CSS attribute similar to the HTML attributesthat we studied in Unit 2. For example:In the above code line we have defined a p-cl ass with the class name "aligntext". The "text-align"is the CSS attribute used t o align the text on the Web page and "centre" is the value that we passthe attri

bute. This attribute aligns the text to the centre of the Web page. The text can be alignedto the right or justified (refer Unit 2 for example of right alignmen t) . When you pass the value3 justify" to the attribute, each text line on the Web p age will be stretched so that both the rightand left margins are straight. This is similar to the style that you see in this book, were every linein a paragraph is of same length. T ext decoration: This property is used to add effects such as underline, over-line or line-throug hthe Web page text. You can define a class as shown below to achieve text decora tion,In the above example code, the "decoration" is the name given to the class and "text-decoration"it is the attribute used to decorate the text on the Web pa ge. We are passing the value "underline"which underlines the text on the Web pag e. We can pass other values such as: Over-line: The value helps you to draw a line over the text on the Web page. Line-through: This value helps you to draw a line through the text on the Web page. Letter space: This allows you to fix the spacing between the text characters. You can specify itwith the help of the attribute "letter-spacing" and by passing the desired val ue of the space in theform of pixel you can adjust the spacing between the text characters. The example code line for obtaining a character spacing of three pix els is given below: T ext transformation: The text transformation property helps you to control the capitalisation of the text on the Web page. You can make the text all upper caps, lower caps or capita lise the firstcharacter of every word in the given text. This is achieved by usi ng the attribute "text-transform".The code line for text transformation is as sh own below:In the above code line, the "transform" is the CSS class selector name and "text-transform" is theattribute to which we pass the value "uppercase" to convert the text to uppercase. For example, "sachin" will be transformed to "SACH IN". For converting the text to lower case, you can passthe value "lowercase" to the attribute. When you pass the value "capitalise", the first letter of each w ord in the text will appear in capital for example, "garden city of india" will be "GardenCity Of India". Margins: Page, whether it is a page in your text book or the Web page, will have margins. Thisis the portion of the page acts as the border for the page and within this border you can insert thecontent. Figure 4.1 show a Web page along with its marg in widths. Figure 4.1: Web Page with Margins [1]

Q.5. Describe the working of search engine. What are the different types of sear ch engine? Explain with its application. Answer:-Working of a Search Engine You have now learnt the meaning and origin of a search engine. Let us now study about theworking of a search engine.How do we search for a Web page using any s earch engine? We open the search engine Websitefor example, www.google.com or ww

w.bing.com and then in the text box provided we type thekeywords of our choice a nd press enter key or click the search button. This process will provideus a lis t of Websites based on the keyword entered.Do you think the working of a search engine so simple? The answer is No. The working of search engines is not this si mple. It involves incredibly detailed processes and methodologies.There might be some differences in the working of different search engines. However, all of th em perform three fundamental tasks includingcrawling the Web by following all pos siblelinks from any Web page, extracting keywords from the collected Web pages a nd building anindex, and allowing users to search for matching Web pages using t he keywords saved in theindex.Search engines today are indexing and responding t o billions of Web pages in a single day. Letus now look at how all these happen. Search engines use the following processes in its working:. Web Crawling.. Indexing.. Searching.We will now study each of these operations in detail. W eb crawling: When you search for information by typing keywords in a search engine Websiteit gives you a list of related information. Prior to listing the related informatio n, it has to find it.In order to retrieve information from the numerous Websites that exist on the WWW, a searchengine utilises special software robots known as spiders. The spiders are simple programs thatscan the Web pages to create a list or index of words that are found on the Websites, and the process of creating a list or index of words by a spider is known as Web crawling.Spiders are also known as bo ts, web robots or automatic indexers. The spider program has toscroll through ma ny Web pages in order to create and maintain a list of useful words. A searcheng ine uses a spider program to gather information that is available on Web pages. The information needs to be gathered so that the search engines can provide us the r elevant Websiteswhen we search for a particular term. Indexing: After the spider program finishes the job of looking for information on the Web pages,the search engines have to store the information such that it is useful fo r the users. This is knownas indexing. An efficient indexing helps us to quickly find information on the Web.We have to note that the data needs to be encoded a nd then stored in a more compact form inorder to save the storage space. The inf ormation is ready for indexing once it is compacted.The two key components respo nsible for indexing or making the gathered data accessible tousers are as follow s: T he information that is stored with the data: Here, a search engine can store the word and theUniform Resource Locator (URL) o f the Web page where the word was found. However, thisresult in limited use of t he Web page as it will not inform the user if the word was used manytimes or onl y once. It will also not specify if the page comprises links to any other page, or if theword was an important phrase on the Web page. Therefore, we can say tha t we will not be ableto put the most important page on top of the list from the search results. T he technique in which the information is indexed: Here, a search engine stores the number of times the word has appeared on the We b page rather than storing only the word and the URL. A particular words value in creases when it appears in the heading, sub heading or in the links.Considering

this, a search engine assigns weight to every entry. Every search engine follows different formulas to allot weight to words in its index. Therefore, we can obse rve that, differentlists are produced by different search engines when we search for a particular word. Most of thesearch engines today are following this techn ique.. Searching: It refers to the process of querying a search engine. A query should have at lea

st aminimum of one word. You can also have complex queries. Complex queries are built usingBoolean operators that help us to refine the search. For example, OR, AND, and NOT are knownas Boolean operators. Table 9.1 illustrates the use each of these Boolean operators. Table 9.1: Boolean Operators and Its Uses Figure 9.1 depicts the working of a search engine.

Figure 9.1: Working of a Search Engine As you can observe in figure 9.1 a spider program starts the process of indexin g on Websites thatare listed on frequently used servers and on popular Web pages . It indexes the words and links present within a Website. Like this the spider program moves through various areas of theWWW that are widely used and creates i ndex of words and compresses the same to save thestorage space. Then the compres sed data is stored so that the users can access the data byquerying the search e ngine. Types of search engine Now that you have learnt how a search engine works, let us now study the diffe rent types of search engines.The different types of search engines are: Crawler b ased search engines. Human powered directories. Hybrid or mixed search engines.We will now study more about these search engines. C rawler based search engines: In this type of search engines the spiders crawl through the Weband create a lis ting or index of words. Whenever a user enters a query or a keyword using asearc h engine, the word is searched for against these listings or index. The index co nsists of acopy of all the Web pages that is found by the spider. Whenever a cha nge is made to any of theWeb pages, the spider will update the changes in the in dex. This is possible as the spiders arealways crawling through the Web pages on a regular basis. This also affects the way your Website is listed. We should al so note that it takes some time when the spiders crawl through the Web pages and an index is created. Until then the Web page will not be found whe n you searchfor it using a search engine. Google and Yahoo use a crawler based s earch engines. H uman powered directories: In this type of search engine there is a directory which getsinformation from sh ort descriptions about the websites along with the address and title of theWeb p ages that are submitted by the webmasters. These submissions are later reviewed by theeditors. The disadvantage of human powered directories is that it can take months to get your Website reviewed unless you take up a paid inclusion program . We should also note that when auser searches for a topic these directories loo k for only the descriptions that are submitted on theWebsite and not the entire content of the Web page. As such any change made to the Websitedoes not affect i ts listing. The only advantage of this type of a search engine is that a Website which comprises good content could be reviewed for free when compared to a poor site. Earlier Yahoo! was a human powered directory. However, today it uses a cra wler based search engine. H ybrid or mixed search engine: It is a combination or mixture of crawler based search enginesand human powered directories. The basic idea behind a hybrid search engine is to provide theusers

with a combination of results including spidered results and directory results. Google andYahoo are today using hybrid search engines. Google calls this Univer sal Search. The advantageof this type of a search engine is that the multiple ty pes of results complement each other, andultimately offer the users with more co mplete and relevant search results. This is depicted infigure 9.2. Figure 9.2: Result of Search on a Hybrid or Mixed Search Engine In figure 9.2 we can see how a Google looks for the keyword java books. On top

of the list wecan find shopping results, and below it are results from the crawl er based search engines.Towards the right hand side of the screen you can find s ponsored links. Importance of search engine friendly website You have now learnt about the different types of search engines. Let us now lea rn why a searchengine friendly Website is important.

.6.List the benefits and drawbacks of Lamp stack. Answer:-Benefits and drawbacks of LAMP stack Now that you have understood how the LAMP stack originated, we will now discuss the benefitsof LAMP stack that has made it popular.Even though there are variou s commercially available software packages that provide variousfeatures in Web d evelopment, many Web applications today, are using the LAMP stack. This is becau se of the various benefits it provides. The benefits of LAMP stack are as follow s: It is open source software package and thus can be got free of cost. This help s organisations todevelop Web applications without spending hefty amounts for it s licensing. Even thoughMicrosoft offers the ASP (Active Server Pages) extension s free of cost, they charge you for their Operating System, database servers, an d Integrated Development Environment (IDE) . However, sometimes companies may have to pay for customer support for the open source pro ducts thatthey purchase from vendors. It can be installed on a wide range of plat forms. We can use Windows instead of Linux if weare working on Windows platform, or use IIS instead of Apache Web server. This helps us toadapt to our companies current environments by utilising the existing infrastructure. It provides a gre ater support when compared to other commercially available software. This is bec ause the components of LAMP stack are open source and thus we can find support f rom theactual developers who have worked on the project, and also from its commu nity. It is possible for us to find various modules that can be reused. These mod ules are built by acommunity of developers who publish the modules developed by them. This saves time andresults in rapid development of Web applications. It fac ilitates us with an efficient hardware support such as Linux that can run on alm ost allservers. This is possible as it facilitates the administrator with the ch oice of running only what isrequired to perform a particular job. It offers great er performance as we use Linux. When compared to Windows, Linux scales highin pe rformance, memory management, and stability. It is possible for us to find consta nt updates and improvements for the LAMP stack. As youknow, we can find develope rs and support communities that update new features andenhancements constantly.D espite of the above mentioned benefits LAMP stack has a few drawbacks. The drawb acks of LAMP stack are as follows: The main disadvantages of LAMP stack is in upd ating the applications. This is because,whenever you have a new version released , we have to follow the same procedure that is used ininstalling the application

s, to update the changes. There could be confusion as to where the application is installed as the application files are not placed in the file system in a stand ard way. One more disadvantage is that it is difficult to find people who are goo d and qualified indeveloping Web applications on LAMP platform. Hence, organisat ions fear to switch to LAMP